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L’Eglise catholique de Chine est divisee en deux branches : l’une encadree par le Parti communiste et largement independante du Saint-Siege ; l’autre placee sous l’autorite du pape et brimee par le gouvernement de Pekin qui rejette toute forme d’ingerence. Le remplacement de Benoit XVI par Francois a suscite des espoirs de normalisation des relations entre le siege apostolique et la Chine. Toutefois, le nouveau pape affichera probablement la meme fermete que son predecesseur a l’egard de Pekin. politique etrangere

Tunnelling works have become progressively more risky, due to their increasing scale and sophistication as well as the variability of the geological conditions in which they are being constructed. This, coupled with risk avoidance by many clients in Asia for example, is leading to a high frequency of disputes and litigation over contract and insurances claims. As a result new initiatives are expected soon from insurers that will impact upon clients, designers and contractors requiring a higher standard of risk management and the implementation of a new code of practice for such works. (Anon, 2003) Whilst the new code is an important first step it does not go far enough in the experience of the writer in helping the tunnelling industry identify, quantify and manage major inherent risks in tunnelling works today. A series of case histories of completed tunnel projects covering the widest range of tunnelling methods, ground conditions and risks types has been used as a basis for identifying the nature of the risks commonly encountered in major tunnel projects. This research was presented in previous work by the writers together with a quality risk assessment system recommended for use in conjunction with the IMS risk evaluation system. The IMS system (see Table 1 below) has been developed from the writers' experiences and a data bank of over 50 major projects largely undertaken in Asia covering all aspects of tunnelling activities and related risks. The scoring system has been tried and tested by evaluation of all 17 case histories. This check has demonstrated that the system works well in terms of providing a simple assessment of the project risk level, risk categories and risk types. This approach guides the user towards identification and evaluation of real engineering risks to be mitigated when conducting risk assessments for projects. A reporting format is included to provide separate sections for financing and insuring purposes. (A) "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier". For the covering abstract see ITRD E124500.

This review of the Geology of Hong Kong embraces all geotechnical and many engineering aspects involved in the development of Hong Kong. This is the first comprehensive study of these combined topics and whilst existing literature has provided valuable background data on particular aspects, much original research has been carried out and is presented here. The development of modern Hong Kong since the Second World War is akin to that of man fighting against a “hostile geological environment.” In this period the population has tripled to about 5.5 million persons in an area topographically unsuitable for habitation by a large population and without any significant natural resources. This paper describes how these and other geological constraints have been mastered by cut-and-fill methods on a massive scale to provide a narrow platform of intense high-rise development around the steep and rugged coastline, and a series of New Towns in the Territory9s hinterland. The geology of Hong Kong, associated constraints, foundation conditions, construction materials, engineering structures, environmental concerns and the use of underground space in these urban areas, and in the Territory as a whole, are discussed. Perhaps illustrative of the dynamism of Hong Kong is the fact that in the few years taken to write this review the Territory has undergone a further major boom in the building of high-rise developments and has seen the construction of a second harbour crossing and reclamation of another 26 ha of land for expansion of its port facilities. This will soon be followed by a major construction boom involving extension of all infrastructure including large highway tunnels, power lines, a territory-wide sewage disposal system and possibly a second airport to be built on reclaimed land. As a result of the constant, rapid development of Hong Kong any review of this nature embracing civil engineering works will soon become outdated, although geological and geotechnical constraints will remain the same.

The doubling construction and the Kronecker product construction for Hadamard matrices are generalized to recursive constructions for homogenous tuple systems. These generalizations lead in turn to recursive constructions for affine 2-designs and certain other resolvable designs.

The theoretical gap between micro and macro levels of sociological analysis is handled by a concept set that integrates normative and transactional analyses of social phenomena. The concept set of situational logic-which refers to an actor's location in social structure and access to power and resources-when combined with equilibrium analysis, provides the necessary tools to comprehend how social systems operate. Political Systems of Highland Burma is analyzed to demonstrate that situational logic is (a) a sufficient analytic tool to reduce Leach's analysis to more lucid and parsimonious proportions, and (b) a basic conceptual tool in our understanding of social events.

This chapter discusses indoor–outdoor anthropology. It describes the conditions underlying the evolution of group-cultures. The chapter presents the distinction between indoor and outdoor group-cultures by virtue of the control exercised over the environments within which action and interaction occur. It is argued that what makes communities viable at all within their natural and social environment is the capacity to organize their internal affairs in such a way as to provide supportive and stable environments. These, then, are the indoor environments: the plazas, the dancing grounds, the kivas and churches, the masonic halls and most other secret environments, the theaters and game grounds, and rinks and fields. It is recommended that the populations of evolving group-cultures indoors be related through networks to communes so that experimental steps can be taken in which new communities are formed on the basis of knowledge of social and cultural process.

This chapter describes experimental small-group cultures. The argument in support of the relevance of experimental small-group cultures rests with some established principles while dispensing with others. The chapter describes different kinds of small-group cultures including task forces (crews, hunting groups); teams; and experimental task groups. In these group-cultures, persons come together and learn to act together; resulting from this purposive behavior, tasks are specified during the course of which persons learned to act coordinately. Rules, procedures, and ends being agreed upon, a body of information could flow through and sometimes structure small-groups. The chapter describes Lin's group-culture that began with three men and added a girl as a second-generation member. Unlike Buster's group and somewhat like Cranshaw's, Lin's group tended at times to collapse all of its interactions into two-generation directions.

This chapter describes natural small-group cultures. It presents a study that explores the ways in which culture is ordered, that is, the way its inflow of information becomes nonrandom in groups and its outcome assumes a particular form. The interest then is with cultures, specifically group-cultures. The chapter elaborates Roberts' group-culture prototype, which concerns the ordering of the content of culture. Roberts' prototype is described as content-ordering group culture. It is argued that content-ordering inflow describes a working through or transformation of content into a particular outcome that is governed by the capacities of group-cultures to process information in a particular way. The chapter also elaborates task-ordering inflow that describes a working through or transformation toward a particular outcome that is governed by the capacities of group-cultures to process information that identifies or defines a region of activity in a group's external system. The outcome-directedness of this behavior generates the definition of intersecting regions between group and environment.

This chapter describes small-groups and small-group cultures from both experimental and ethnographic points of view. It discusses Roberts' (1951:83) overview of the utility in studying small-group cultures. According to Robert, small-group cultures are subject to operational definition: they are relatively easily observed and easily comparable; they are universally distributed and numerous; they vary in their persistence in time; they can be created experimentally; sometimes they exist independent of larger group-cultures, but mainly they are characterized by being interlocked with one another. The first test of the inflow-outcome relationship in small-group cultures follows from the early development of small-group culture studies. This fundamental test refers to the transmissibility of content. If cultural content cannot diffuse, it cannot persist; if groups cannot become the media of cultural transmission, then they must innovate all of their knowledge and beliefs.

Small-groups having a common activity can be identified in bounded space and time among interacting persons. The major dimensions of interaction identified are frequency, duration, and direction. From these, certain effects in behavior in persons who have been grouping are expected. Participants should recall an event and identify both the activity and persons interacting within the space. They should express some attitudes toward the event itself and toward fellow participants. The directions of interactions in events should provide evidence of subgroupings within small-groups as well as disclose the structure of the grouping as a whole. With the repetition of events, persons who group should show evidence of attitude changes that tend to become positive toward one another and behavior changes should be similar among them. Crews, committees, teams, and hunting task forces, though different from each other, are all groups as they bind people in a specific set of activities involving a common definition.

The operation of RPAS includes a cognitive problem for the operators(Pilots, maintainers, ,managers, and the wider organization) to effectively maintain their situational awareness of the aircraft and predict its health state. This has a large impact on their ability to successfully identify faults and manage systems during operations. To overcome these system deficiencies an asset health management system that integrates more cognitive abilities to aid situational awareness could prove beneficial. This paper outlines an artificial immune system (AIS) approach that could meet these challenges and an experimental method within which to evaluate it.

Designing Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is inherently complex. UAS are a system of systems (SoS) and IVHM is a product-service, thus the designer has to take into account many factors, such as: the design of the other systems of the UAS (e.g. engines, structure, communications), the split of functions between elements of the UAS, the intended operation/mission of the UAS, the cost verses benefit of monitoring a system/component/part, different techniques for monitoring the health of the UAS, optimizing the health of the fleet and not just the individual UAS, amongst others. The design of IVHM cannot sit alongside, or after, the design of UAS, but itself be integrated into the overall design to maximize IVHM’s potential. Many different methods exist to help design complex products and manage the process. One method used is the V-diagram which is based on three concepts: decomposition & definition; integration & testing; and verification & validation. This paper adapts the V-diagram so that it can be used for designing IVHM for UAS. The adapted v-diagram splits into different tracks for the different system elements of the UAS and responses to health states (decomposition and definition). These tracks are then combined into an overall IVHM provision for the UAS (integration and testing), which can be verified and validated. The stages of the adapted V-diagram can easily be aligned with the stages of the V-diagram being used to design the UAS bringing the design of the IVHM in step with the overall design process. The adapted V-diagram also allows the design IVHM for a UAS to be broken down in to smaller tasks which can be assigned to people/teams with the relevant competencies. The adapted V-diagram could also be used to design IVHM for other SoS and other vehicles or products.

Unmanned air systems (UAS) have replaced the pilot of an aircraft with a set of sensors in order to fly. This often leads to lack of remote pilot situational awareness due to the physical and psychological distance and that the sensors do not fully recreate the sensory capacity of a human. One way in which this problem manifests is identifying and responding to faults on-board the aircraft. If there is no sensor in place to identify the fault it will go detected with the remote pilot having to infer what the fault might be from information that is available and take the appropriate contingency action. This problem becomes more apparent as the level of autonomy increases, with less human reasoning in the loop. Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) uses sensors to provide information on the state of systems within the UAS. To ascertain the amount, type and location of these sensors, the information required from the health monitoring system need to be established. This paper presents a requirements analysis procedure to capture the high-level requirements for an IVHM system, on-board an aircraft, that will be acting as an advisor to the human pilot. The requirements analysis is conducted using a systems engineering approach to capture requirements beyond the technological needs, identifying the interactions of the IVHM system with other systems on-board the aircraft, within the UAS and external to the UAS. This process of requirements analysis and capture will enable a designer of an IVHM system for a UAS to be aware of the needs, their importance in relation to each other, the interactions of the IVHM system with the rest of the UAS, and implications external to the UAS. The designer can make the necessary informed trade-offs between the more and less important needs, and limit negative interactions. In addition, the paper will discuss the difference in the high-level requirements for an IVHM system acting as an advisor to a human on a UAS with a low level of autonomy and one of a high level of autonomy and a low level of human interaction.