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The Great Mosque of Tlemcen is a unique case, as it is one of the few mosques dating back to the Almoravid period that is almost intact. It has evolved in a constantly changing space and now has a conjoined public square, following an occidental configuration, which is quite rare. The size of this square suggests that it could be put to use as an additional vector for the valorisation of the mosque, but the current situation is different. This added space, introduced by occidental culture, creates a dual architectural language with several other buildings that mark all the layers of evolution in the urban fabric. Apart from its religious function, this mosque used to play the role of a covered public square, a role that has eroded over time. The aim of this research is to analyse the relationship between the building and its surroundings, as well as the population's perception of this relationship. Additionally, the research is intended to highlight changes in the perception of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen's public square over time, depending on historical, political, and social contexts. This research relies on an approach that combines different methods, including a thorough analysis of historical, cartographic, and legislative documents. Through this approach, we were able to conduct a comparative analysis with other similar cases. Finally, field research allowed us to understand the relationship between space and society. Despite the legal recognition of the surroundings as a historical monument, this status is not widely perceived and integrated into the population's sense of heritage space. This is reflected in private and even public actions, despite the instrumentalisation of this heritage status, with appropriations of protected space that occur outside of regulations and become part of the landscape expression of the building in its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsustainable level of environmental degradation has led academics and activists to look for different ways to protect the environment and to question whether the law provides more efficient ways to do so. The theory of the legal subjectivity of nature based on ecocentrism offers to solve the environmental problem by recognizing the inherent value of nature to endow it with rights. In this article, I analyze the latest legal decisions and rules in South American countries that recognize nature, particularly rivers and water sources, as legal subjects of rights to determine if and to what extent they represent an ecocentric turn and to identify the challenges of this legal trend in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to highlight the expertise of First Nations women in water management and use, and the necessity of having their voices heard in this space, as their voices have not received the attention or respect, yindyamarra, they deserve in Australian water law and policy. Before critically examining the articulation of a right to water in the international human rights framework as it applies to First Nations women, this article opens by introducing the nature and importance of First Nations women’s water rights. The article then turns to Australia, outlining the emergence of First Nations rights generally, before turning its attention to water rights. In that respect, Commonwealth law and policy is analysed, given that it is the nation-state with legal personality in international law. Two contrasting case studies follow, illustrating the importance and fragility of First Nations women’s water rights. The article concludes that international law evidences a deficit discourse, providing little basis for nationstates to recognise the holistic nature of water rights of First Nations women, and that Commonwealth law and policy, although showing promising signs, has yet to provide any meaningful scope for First Nations women to use and manage water according to First Nations law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The virtual world, often referred to as "Metaverse", has recently emerged as the forum for people to communicate and socialise with each other. It will not be long before economic activities take place in the Metaverse, booming the Metaverse economy. To provide legal certainties to such activities, the law on the subjects of such activities, namely avatars, needs to be explored, besides the law on the objects in the virtual world, or digital assets, which have already been extensively discussed. There can be three possible approaches to the law of avatars. They are to treat an avatar either as a device (thing) deployed by a person or corporation in the real world, as an agent of the latter, or as an entity with distinct legal personality. Depending on which approach is to be followed, the existing laws of identity management and trust services, those of agency or those of mutual recognition of legal personalities may be useful in forming the law on avatars. When choosing the approach to the issue, law-makers have to make a policy decision, carefully examining the economic and social benefits and problems that each approach will entail. In doing so, the functional analysis of the corporate law will be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European legal framework is not devoid of norms that are directly or indirectly applicable to facial recognition technology for identification purposes within law enforcement. However, these various norms, which have different targets and are from multiple sources, create a kind of legal patchwork that could undermine the lawful use of this technology in criminal investigations. This paper advocates the creation of a specific law on the use of facial recognition technology for identification in law enforcement, based on existing regulations, to specifically address the pressing issues arising in this domain. The ultimate aim is to allow its use under certain conditions and to protect the rights of the people involved, but also to provide law enforcement authorities with the necessary tools to combat serious crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has made rulings on three cases involving transgender rights, force-feeding in prisons, and the treatment of individuals with mental disorders. In the first case, Georgia was found to have violated the Convention by denying transgender men legal gender recognition due to a lack of clear legal procedures. In the second case, Ukraine was found to have violated the Convention by force-feeding a prisoner without sufficient medical necessity or legal regulations. In the third case, Denmark was found not to have violated the Convention by readmitting a person to a psychiatric ward as part of their treatment sentence. These rulings emphasize the importance of clear legal frameworks and respect for human rights in different contexts. The text also discusses two separate cases before the ECHR, one involving allegations of medical negligence and the other related to the state's presumed failure to protect the right to informed consent to a surgical intervention. [Extracted from the article]

Irish law allows for some LGBTQI + parents to be jointly recognized as legal parents of their children, but legal recognition is dependent on the mode of conception of the child and, as a result, many LGBTQI + parent families cannot secure full legal recognition of their families. Because these families fall outside of the legally recognized parenting pathways, limited empirical research has been conducted to understand their experiences. This article presents the findings of a survey that was conducted with 99 Irish LGBTQI + parents to investigate the nuances of, and legal difficulties faced by, the families in obtaining legal recognition of their family relationships. The article presents the findings of a bivariate descriptive analysis that was used to analyze the quantitative data and a thematic analysis used to examine the qualitative open-ended comments. The results serve to identify the difficulties experienced by respondents in obtaining legal recognition of their family relationships in Ireland. Following this analysis, the article considers how Irish law might better respond to the reality of these parenting arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnoherpetology improves our understanding of the conservation implications of nature-based cultural practices through investigations of the influence of traditional culture on frog and reptile species (herptiles). Improved understanding of the implications of human activities on these taxa is especially important as herptiles are experiencing global population declines. Furthermore, improved understanding of nature-based cultural practices can better inform conservation planning that includes cultural practices as defined by South African legislation. The herptile-based cultural practices recorded from a sample of 275 online questionnaire respondents and 68 publications show some cultural practices to compel or inspire protection of herptiles. Conversely, other practices were found to pose a conservation risk as they either involve killing herptile species or they perpetuate negative perceptions towards them. Leveraging protective cultural practices as a conservation tool and mitigating culture-motivated threats requires integrating cultural aspects into modern law. Such an integrative approach is possible under South African legislation's provisions for socially inclusive conservation planning and recognition of customary law. Integrative conservation approaches are also in line with international policy such as the Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. In addition to an inventory of herptile-based cultural practices, the study also assesses their feasibility as conservation tools. Furthermore, this study highlights a need for quantification of their conservation implications (both positive and negative) and aligning protective traditional cultural practices with modern means of law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by the advancement of artificial intelligence (A.I.) technology within the context of intellectual property laws in the U.S. It argues for the inclusion of A.I. as authors and inventors within copyright and patent laws, advocating for legal recognition and protection of A.I.-generated creative works and innovations.

"The Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships: Emerging Families in Ireland and Beyond" by Brian Tobin is an insightful book that examines the evolution of legal recognition for same-sex relationships in Ireland, drawing comparisons with other common law jurisdictions. The book explores the question of how to best progress rights and recognition for non-traditional relationships and family forms. It analyzes the legal context, the role of courts, and the legislative and social factors that have influenced the recognition of same-sex relationships in Ireland. The book also discusses the challenges and limitations in achieving legal intervention and highlights the importance of understanding these complexities in debates surrounding same-sex relationships and parental rights. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a case in which the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) considered whether the lack of legal recognition and protection for same-sex couples in Poland violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The court ruled that Poland had failed to comply with its positive obligation to ensure legal recognition and protection for same-sex unions, thereby violating the right to private and family life and engaging in indirect discrimination based on sexual orientation. The ruling has implications for all member states of the Council of Europe and highlights the importance of the ECtHR in advancing same-sex rights. [Extracted from the article]

Since the Taliban's return in 2021, Taliban as a pro-Pashtun movement, have launched a systematic campaign against human rights in Afghanistan that affects all ethnic minority groups including Turkish minorities Kyrgyz Uzbeks Tatar Hazara Qizilbash. Taliban fighters have been accused of helping to forcibly evict Turkish minorities in northern Afghanistan, with the evictions targeting members of the ethnic mainly Uzbek, Turkmen and Hazara communities. Ethnic Uzbeks and Turkmen allege that Pashtuns seized their homes and land in the northern province of Jowzjan with the help of the Taliban. As a de-facto non-recognized government in Afghanistan by any States and the United Nations, the Taliban claims to be the de-jure government by the right of conquest of the capital in a civil war under the customary international law. On the other hand, the legal government of Afghanistan recognized by the United Nations, after its defeat in the civil war, still does not recognized as a government in exile with the capacity of signing international treaties by the United Nations. The recognition of the legal government of Afghanistan by the United Nations and the member States as the "government in exile" is the most important paramount to achieve the protection the Turkish Minorities from ethnic cleansing campaigns of the Taliban. The legality of the "government in exile of Afghanistan" within the United Nations legal system depends on the existing on whether Taliban is an occupying power in Kabul or not. This article aims to prove the existing legal background of the government in exile of Afghanistan for the first time int eh world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the controversy surrounding the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health. It challenges the claim that this is the first time the Court has revoked a recognized constitutional right by providing examples of previous rulings that have been overturned. The article also addresses criticisms related to religious freedom and fetal personhood, arguing that the decision allows for a compromise on abortion laws at the state level. It refutes arguments in favor of abortion rights, including the famous violinist analogy, and argues against the concept of body-self dualism. The text emphasizes the violation of the human fetus's body through abortion as a human rights violation and advocates for the protection of every individual human being, including those before birth. [Extracted from the article]

'Animal Question' and 'Artificial Intelligence' constitute two parallel paths of a radical conceptual review of legal subjectivity. The essay aims to investigate the reasons and limits of the arguments in support of the recognition of legal personality to animals and automatons. The analysis is divided into three distinct phases: a reconstruction of the evolutionary course of the subject of law between the modern and contemporary age; the determination of ontological assumptions for the extension of subjectivity to other entities; the definition of the teleological dimension for the use of new forms of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic counseling is a fast-growing profession worldwide, with genetic counselors taking on increasingly comprehensive and autonomous roles in the healthcare sector. However, the absence of appropriate legal frameworks could potentially create risks of harm to the public. Legal recognition serves to protect the public from risk of harm by regulating the safe and competent practice of healthcare professionals. Genetic counseling is not legally recognized in most world jurisdictions. Examination of the legal status of genetic counseling in different jurisdictions and whether existing legal mechanisms are adequate to address potential risks of harm is therefore timely. This paper examines the different roles of genetic counselors in the Canadian province of Quebec and the state of Qatar, the authors’ respective jurisdictions. It considers the types of harms that may be created where appropriate legal mechanisms are lacking, considering the socio-political and legal differences between the two jurisdictions. Moreover, it examines the legal status of genetic counseling in Quebec and Qatar to determine whether these statuses appropriately address the identified risks of harm. The authors argue that existing legal frameworks are inadequate to address these risks and recommend that additional regulatory mechanisms be implemented to properly protect the public from risks of harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privately protected areas (PPAs) are a potentially innovative conservation tool. Legal recognition is necessary for their success, especially where there are institutional challenges to nature conservation, such as in South America. Although PPAs have increased in South America since the early 2000s, there is a critical information gap pertaining to their legal frameworks. We analyzed the level of landowner commitment to and governmental support for PPAs across countries in South America that officially recognize PPAs. We analyzed the legal framework governing PPAs and reviewed literature on them. This process was done in English and Spanish. The information we gathered was validated by 16 conservation experts from 10 South American countries. Because Peru is 1 of only 2 South American countries where local communities create and manage PPAs, we studied Peruvian PPAs in more detail by examining official creation documents and interviewing 13 local conservation professionals. We found inadequate minimum duration of PPAs and vague guidelines for conducting economic activities within them and a lack of governmental support (e.g., financial and technical support) for PPAs. Support was limited to the exemption from rural property taxes, which are relatively low compared with countries outside South America. In Peru, PPAs run by individuals and communities needed different legal frameworks because they were created with different objectives and had different sizes and duration of commitments. The prompt improvement of legal frameworks across South America is necessary for PPAs to achieve their aim of being places for enduring nature conservation in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although European Union legal frameworks tend to conceive of sex and gender in binary terms, a growing number of countries in Europe and around the world have been increasingly allowing for third gender markers and non-binary possibilities in identity documents, passports, and public registries, of which the X marker in the sex or gender field has become the most common. However, initiatives like the X, which may initially signal trans-friendliness, must be considered alongside heightened border surveillance. As more and more European countries begin to follow this trend of expanding possibilities for registering (non-binary) gender (e.g. Malta, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands), we look here to some illustrative examples (e.g. Nepal, Canada, Pakistan) that have been at the forefront of non-binary legal recognition to interrogate the complications and conundrums that these developments may provoke in European contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Criminal procedure law consists of legal principles, such as a fair and impartial trial and within a reasonable time, presumption of innocence, the principle "in dubio pro reo," independence of the court, equality of parties, the principle "ne bis in idem"3 etc. Among the main principles recognised by International Conventions, the Constitutions of States, and Criminal Procedure Laws is the principle, "The right not to be tried twice for the same offence," or as it is also known, "ne bis in idem." The principle "in bis in idem" is used in Kosovo's criminal proceedings, and recognition of this principle by international convention, including its recognition by the Law of the European Union, is analysed in this paper. The legislation of Kosovo was established with the influence and assistance of the international community, which had an administration mandate until 17 February 2008, the date on which Kosovo declared its independence and, hence, separated from the former Yugoslavia. The new state is not a member of the UN but is officially recognised by more than 100 countries. In 2010, the International Court of Justice issued the Advisory Opinion which concluded, "The declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo on 17 February 2008 had not violated general international law." The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the importance of this principle when dealing with criminal cases before regular courts, the legal security that this principle provides to society, and the implementation of international legal instruments in the national law. Methods: The paper uses methods of analysis and synthesis, the descriptive method, as well as the method of doctrinal interpretation of legal norms of criminal proceedings. Results and conclusions: This principle has been accepted by international instruments and by Kosovo's constitutional and legal system. The application of this principle in the criminal justice system in Kosovo forms legal certainty for citizens and constitutes protection of the rights and legitimate interests of persons involved in criminal proceedings. Kosovo has applied international standards in the implementation of criminal legislation and has directly incorporated international human rights instruments into its constitutional system (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the UN in 1966, ensued by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of church and state is -- in different shades - a central theme of the free church tradition. The essay first examines its roots in the history of the Reformation and its development in the Anglo-Saxon world. There, an approach to a productive separation of church and state with an affinity for politics and the shaping of society is revealed. The main part of the essay is dedicated to the so called classic free churches in Germany. Three situations of political upheaval (1848, 1918/19, Weimar Republic/"Third Reich") show how, in the face of experiences of repression, questions of legal and social recognition were in the foreground. There was a lot of effort to maintain a supposedly apolitical attitude that did not advance the potential of democratization and a productive separation of church and state. By looking at the basic developments of the early post-war period, the focus is finally directed to present-day perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In continental Europe, legal discourses around abortion have traditionally been loaded with meta-legal considerations. The increasing transition from a system based on causes of depenalisation to a time-frame system has lightened these considerations, through the recognition of abortion as a legal right. Yet this has not been accompanied by the recognition of a constitutional right to reproductive self-determination, as seminal Roe v. Wade did in the United States in 1973. The Spanish Constitutional Court’s Decision 44/2023 has recognised this right. It has done so one year after Roe was overruled by Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, leaving the regulation of abortion in the hands of states as part of their democratic mandate. Against this, Spanish Constitutional Decision 44/2023 couches access to abortion within the right to democratic self-determination in matters of intimate citizenship, thus creating a space where democratic coexistence can rely on an agreement to disagree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of the legal ownership and rights of the Mar Menor in the law 19/22 introduces the Spanish legal system into the ecocentric approach: nature is recognized by Law as a subject of rights and not simply as an object of regulation. This innovation opens a door in Europe towards what the United Nations knows as the jurisprudence of the Earth, a concept that sinks its foundations in the indigenous worldviews and the resistance of native peoples to the homogeneity of the modern State, and that was consolidated in comparative law in 21th century. The rights of nature were introduced by constitutional, legislative and jurisprudential means, and today they are one of the main references in the construction of an ecological ethic from a green constitutionalism engaged in the ecological transition and the fight against climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the 2008 Constitution, Ecuador became a pioneer in the constitutional recognition of nature as a legal subject, while simultaneously promoting large-scale mining and placing it at the center of its economic future. Against this backdrop, the article focuses on the analysis of potential dogmatic contradictions within the Ecuadorian legal framework, between the rights of nature and mining entitlements associated with large-scale mining operations. In this context, it provides a synthesis of the trajectory and development of the rights of nature in Ecuador, alongside an historical overview of large-scale mining in the country and a brief summary of the environmental impacts documented in academic literature. Based on this, a series of doctrinal tension points were identified, as per the provisions of the Ecuadorian Constitution. To develop this article, the theoretical-doctrinal method was employed, encompassing two levels: hermeneutic and theoretical-doctrinal. The argument presented posits that the Ecuadorian legal regime has not been adequately constructed or updated to integrate the principles of the constitutional recognition of the rights of nature, nor to address the potential violations of these rights resulting from large-scale mining activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approaching the legal knowledge of Agroecology and Law in a static and linear way as it is proposed in most of the current legislation in agricultural and environmental matters with a marked utilitarian and anthropocentric cut, limits the study of these matters to a simple systematic logic operation of normativity, leaving the epistemological task of the researcher exclusively restricted to the notion of legal dogmatics separated from ancestral reality, peasant decisions codified or not, and their temporal-spatial results. The integration of legal sciences to agroecological thought transcends the vision of law reduced to positivism and legal formalism, encompassing the focus of law as a component of culture and as an instrument of governance and public policies. The comprehensive perspective of the law integrates the advances of internal rights and international law in the recognition and protection of Mother Earth, ancestral knowledge and knowledge, and peasant women. In considering the Law in Agroecology, the knowledge, uses and practices built by the peasant communities and their own construction of the right from and to the communities must be recognized and embraced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the complex notion of the right to defence in Arab legislation, comparing it to international standards. The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental nature and importance of defence rights, by examining its linguistic and terminological definitions. The concept of the right to defence is widely recognised in academic discourse as a crucial mechanism that enables individuals to effectively respond to external infringements upon their rights, thereby providing them with substantial legal safeguards. This study systematically investigates three primary objectives: comprehending the fundamental nature of defence rights, scrutinising these rights on both international and national levels, and elucidating key guarantees such as comprehension of charges, confrontation of evidence, freedom of speech, access to legal counsel, and the privilege to remain silent. The fundamental right to defence is recognised and protected by international treaties and national laws within the judicial framework. The aforementioned inherent right predates its formal legal expressions and should be upheld even in the absence of explicit legal recognition. By disregarding these primary risks, the integrity of justice is compromised. As a result, the significance of this matter is underscored in the majority of international agreements and domestic laws. This study emphasises the importance of safeguarding defence rights as fundamental to ensuring a just trial, as well as their acknowledgment within international treaties and agreements. However, the complete alignment of these rights with global standards is still an ongoing process. The recommendations primarily centre on enhancing the protection of individuals' rights to a fair defence, guaranteeing suspects' access to legal representation, and implementing measures to hold authorities accountable for any undue restrictions imposed. The study culminates by highlighting the sagacity of Prophet Muhammad, who espoused the prioritisation of mercy over punitive actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this study lies in the investigation of the national legislation of the Central Asian countries governing the implementation of travel company activities in these countries, as well as the features, establishment, development, and problems. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legislative framework, as well as to investigate the level of the regulatory framework for governing the tourism sector and ensuring the rights of people who use tourist services as exemplified by particular Central Asian countries. Dialectical, formalization, legal recognition, formal legal, hermeneutic, logical legal, systemic, structural-functional, axiomatic, and inductive methods were among those used for this investigation. The definitions of "travel company activities" and "travel services," as well as the features of the Central Asian tourism industry, the creation and evaluation of laws controlling the tourism industry, and the laws of certain Central Asian nations controlling the industry are the outcomes of this study. The provisions consolidated in this paper are of practical value primarily for authorized persons whose activities are directly aimed at regulating and ensuring the implementation of all subjects and participants of travel company activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically examines the transformation of the educational landscape through the integration of generative AI with Open Educational Resources (OER) and Open Educational Practices (OEP). The emergence of AI in content creation has ignited debate regarding its potential to comprehend and generate human language, creating content that is often indistinguishable from that produced by humans. This shift from organic (human-created) to synthetic (AI-created) content presents a new frontier in the educational sphere, particularly in the context of OER and OEP. The paper explores the generative AI's capabilities in OER and OEP, such as automatic content generation, resource curation, updating existing resources, co-creation and facilitating collaborative learning. Nevertheless, it underscores the importance of addressing challenges like the quality and reliability of AI-generated content, data privacy, and equitable access to AI technologies. The critical discussion extends to a contentious issue, ownership in OER/OEP. While AI-generated works lack human authorship and copyright protection, the question of legal liability and recognition of authorship remains a significant concern. In response, the concept of prompt engineering and co-creation with AI is presented as a potential solution, viewing AI not as authors, but powerful tools augmenting authors' abilities. By examining generative AI's integration with OER and OEP, this paper encourages further research and discussion to harness AI's power while addressing potential concerns, thereby contributing to the dialogue on responsible and effective use of generative AI in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Legal Records / Pravni Zapisi is the property of Union University Law School, Belgrade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recognition of a person, their life, health, honor, dignity, inviolability and security as the highest social value, as a key principle of the Constitution of Ukraine and its implementation in the spectrum of public authority is the subject of in-depth theoretical and legal analysis. Historical origins of modern perception of human value. reaching the depths of the birth of the Christian faith, revolutionary events in the European space of the past, world wars, the adoption of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights are reflected in many constitutions of states, including modern Ukraine. At the same time, certain problems are obvious in this area, including: differences in the perception of the content of human rights in Western and Eastern civilizations, Christian and Muslim beliefs, diverse constitutional declaration and further legislative implementation, the separation of new human rights is increasingly attracting the attention of scholars and practitioners. Some of these problems have been the subject of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reconsiders the political economy of investment treaty law. It starts by focusing on the broad consensus of investors, capital-exporting and capital-importing countries, and international organizations. These constituencies diverge over matters of distribution and, to certain extent, representation. Yet, they likely agree on matters of recognition. They see many regions and local communities simply as backward or traditional. Foreign investment gets represented as a road towards modernization. However, many of the local communities disagree. Locals are not systematically opposed to investment. Rather, they are likely to have legitimate concerns beyond those of the usual constituencies of investment treaty law. They want local institutions by which to articulate their positions, and they want investment projects to be embedded within local culture and traditions. Matters of recognition complicate the job of arbitrators, calling into question whether investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) is an appropriate mechanism to govern foreign investment involving local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Rural State: Making Comunidades, Campesinos, and Conflict in Peru's Central Sierra" by Javier Puente is a book that examines the history of the Comunidad Campesina de San Juan de Ondores in the central Peruvian Andes. Puente argues that the internal armed conflict in Peru from 1980 to 2000 was primarily an agrarian conflict, contrary to assumptions of state abandonment in rural areas. The book explores the processes of change in the central sierra, the history of San Juan de Ondores, and the remaking of social relations of production in the countryside. Puente's work sheds light on the tensions between state agents and local communities and the historical roots of land struggles in Peru. [Extracted from the article]

This study examines the legal challenges related to preserving sunken military vessels as Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) in Colombia. These challenges include Spanish galleon shipwrecks, limited international cooperation, and the lack of legal recognition for sunken military vessels under domestic law (Law 1675 of 2013). To address these issues, this article reviews the concepts of warship and sovereign immunity as they relate to the status of sunken military vessels. The study places a particular focus on the USS Kearsarge, a military shipwreck in Colombian territorial waters protected by the Sunken Military Craft Act of 2004 (SMCA) of the United States. Additionally, it analyzes the legal frameworks and management of UCH in both Colombia and the United States, as well as providing two lists of Colombia's sunken military vessels and foreign sunken military vessels in its waters. The research concludes by highlighting the complexities of managing UCH in Colombia and offering a prospectus on the future of the USS Kearsarge wreck site as shared heritage. Ultimately, this study underscores the need for a more comprehensive legal framework and greater international cooperation to ensure the preservation and protection of sunken military vessels in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This article uses a case study of Uganda to examine the contentious politics surrounding Indigenous land rights in contemporary Africa, notably regarding the right to 'free, prior and informed consent' (FPIC). Drawing upon insights from recent fieldwork, it contrasts the diverse struggles of two of Uganda's most prominent Indigenous groups. Whereas the Batwa constitute a small group of (traditionally) hunter-gatherers from the southwestern District of Kisoro (and surrounding areas) who have low capacity to challenge the state, the Karamojong are a much larger group of agro-pastoralists from the northeastern region of Karamoja who have a long history of conflict and opposition to the central government. These cases highlight the diverging capacities of groups to protect their traditional lands, yet their shared struggle to secure both legal recognition as Indigenous and their right to FPIC from a hostile government. Given the obstacles facing these groups and the potential for FPIC to deepen cleavages between—and within—communities, the article concludes with some reflections for advancing the rights of Uganda's Indigenous peoples without enflaming the divisive identity politics that can accompany Indigenous land rights movements in certain political contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the community movements of female fishermen, to obtain justice and fight discrimination for equal citizenship. Issuance of Indonesian Law concerning the protection of fishermen as a formal law to protect fishermen does not fully target female fishermen groups. One of the female fishermen movements in the coastal communities, which is joined by a community organization, was trying to request an adjustment of the occupation identity written in the National Identification Card (NIC) from housewife to fisherman to access the benefits of this law. Using four key dimensions of citizenship proposed by Stokke (2017), this paper seeks to fill a gap in the study of participatory and inclusive policy at the community level. We found that female fishermen experience unjust treatment in terms of recognition, welfare distribution, and political representation. They developed a shared identity based on their awareness of and encounters with unfair treatment, which is expressed in all four dimensions of citizenship, membership, legal status, rights, and participation. They learned a lot from this experience about how to identify each problem related to the four dimensions of citizenship, which serves as a strategy for developing and enhancing their sense of citizenship identity. Through a series of advocacy efforts and agreements, the recognition of female fishermen's citizenship is pursued to fulfill their requests. These female fishermen's initiatives to secure legal recognition of their identity employ transformative and affirmative strategies. This legal recognition will strengthen their access and other positive externalities, particularly on the welfare distribution programs and political representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the directions of adaptation of the civil legislation of Ukraine in the field of inheritance with EU law, as well as the institution of inheritance in Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to study and determine the main directions and conditions for adapting and approximating the Ukrainian civil legislation regulating inheritance in relation to the law of the European Union countries. The methods used to study this topic include: the dialectical method, legal recognition method, comparative legal method, formal legal method, historical method, hermeneutical method, structural and functional method. During the research, the concepts of "inheritance" and "adaptation" were defined; the history of the development of inheritance relations was studied, from the regulation of Roman law to the present; the characterization of the institute of inheritance law in Ukraine, including its main components; the directions of adaptation of national legislation in the field of inheritance to the legal standards of the European Union countries were determined. The practical significance of the results obtained is expressed in the possibility of applying the scientific provisions and conclusions of the article for further improvement of legislation in the field of inheritance, as well as effective adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of inheritance to the standards of European Union law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How could one person justifiably create reasons for another? This article reissues this familiar 'standing' objection to authority, to demonstrate the structural contribution of recognition to both the idea of authority and its justification. Drawing upon theories of recognition of reasons and persons, it argues that authority must be robustly recognised, not merely identified, by both its subjects and its claimants. Such recognition operates in either roles or relations of authority to make a subject's relevant reasons for action an authority's business. By transmitting reasons between persons on both sides of roles or relations, recognition does the connective work that is necessary to distinguish the idea of authority from other concepts of control, while structuring its justification to require both standing between persons and standards in accordance with reasons. Without the connection between persons and transmission of reasons that comes through robust recognition, one's power over another is both claimed and received not as authority, but as coercion or persuasion; the claim itself entails meddling with (rather than serving) subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Qisthu: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Hukum is the property of Qisthu: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu-Ilmu Hukum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a short description of approaches towards cross-border insolvency (territorialism, universalism and modified universalism). It then describes the amendments to the Brazilian Bankruptcy Law (BBL) that embody the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on the recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings. It concludes with an overview of the Prosafe case under the Brazilian perspective, as it was the first request for recognition in Brazil following the BBL amendments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on various genres in the attempt for gaining recognition as a gifted writer and literary authority. Topics include capitalizing on the popularity of allegorical novels, which had become a source of entertainment in social circles; and proper dramatic structure and adherence to classical rules, positioning himself as an authority on theatrical artistry.

Natural language processing (NLP) technologies and applications in legal text processing are gaining momentum. Being one of the most prominent tasks in NLP, named-entity recognition (NER) can substantiate a great convenience for NLP in law due to the variety of named entities in the legal domain and their accentuated importance in legal documents. However, domain-specific NER models in the legal domain are not well studied. We present a NER model for Turkish legal texts with a custom-made corpus as well as several NER architectures based on conditional random fields and bidirectional long-short-term memories (BiLSTMs) to address the task. We also study several combinations of different word embeddings consisting of GloVe, Morph2Vec, and neural network-based character feature extraction techniques either with BiLSTM or convolutional neural networks. We report 92.27% F1 score with a hybrid word representation of GloVe and Morph2Vec with character-level features extracted with BiLSTM. Being an agglutinative language, the morphological structure of Turkish is also considered. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first legal domain-specific NER study in Turkish and also the first study for an agglutinative language in the legal domain. Thus, our work can also have implications beyond the Turkish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]