Search

One of the most important principles in contractual matters, related to the effects produced towards the contracting parties, is that of its binding force, having its source in the will of the contracting parties, in their autonomy of will, sacralized by the power of law recognized to this will. In the introductory part of the study, it was brought into discussion whether the legal power of the binding force of the contract, enshrined in the current Civil Code, is still up-to-date compared to the realities of our days, when, under the influence of economic, social and globalist phenomena, we are witnessing a limitation of the freedom of will, to its censuring at legal level, to the possibility of the judge to adjust the contract, even beyond the will of the parties. As support for the argument, reference was made to the UNIDROIT principles, to the Principles of the European Contract Law, to the Reference Framework Project, to the Portuguese Civil Code and to that of Quebec, which enshrine the binding force of the contract, without confering it the power of law. The binding force of the contract subsists because the objective law, the legislation, recognizes and grants it, and the private norm, as the law of the parties, which details the binding nature of the contract, must be in accordance with the objective law, without being assimilated with the objective legislation. In outlining the principle of the binding force of the contract, we bent over and brought into discussion the distinction between the obligational nature and the binding nature of the contract, which operates regardless of the obligational or non-obligational content of the contract. The binding nature of the contract, its binding force, acts not only with regard to its content, as it is established by the express or implicit clauses, from its interpretation, from the implied clauses that are part of the contract [Article 1272 (2) of the Civil Code], but also regarding the extended and accepted clauses or the negotiated or common standard clauses, even if, in our opinion, the latter represent a way to supplement the contract. Contractual fidelity is analyzed in this study not only from the perspective of the debtor, bound by the fulfilment of the obligation assumed with the diligence of a good owner, but also from the perspective of the creditor, whose conduct must not make the execution of the contract more difficult. Cooperation seen as a means of achieving the common interest entails the creditor's duty to minimize the damage, in the case of the debtor's abdication from the binding force of the contract. In terms of the binding force of the contract, its modification and cessation are examined in relation to the principle of symmetry and asymmetry, the first having as its basis the agreement of the parties, and the second the contractual clause or the legal provision. In the operation of the mutual cessation of the contract, the study distinguishes between revocation and termination, and in terms of the extent of the effects, between future cessation and retroactivation of the cessation, when the nature of the services allows it. In the approach to unilateral denunciation, of contractual or legal origin with a mutual character, there were discussed the mitigated and derived aspects of the operation of denunciation, with regard to some contracts, the exercise of this potestative right in good faith and the protective features of contract retraction, in the matter of consumer protection. Likewise, the particularities of the forced cessation of the intuitu personae contracts, included among the cases of contract lapsing, were emphasized, and the legislative interventionism in the modification of the contract in various forms of manifestation was explained and justified by the social utilitarianism of contracts. The study emphasizes the restrictive character of the adaptation of the contract as a means of safeguarding it, associated with those effects that come out of the zone of reasonable risk, seriously affecting the contractual balance and calling into question the contractual justice. The adaptation of the contract goes beyond the framework of interpretation of the clauses, sometimes calling into question their modification, whenever it is imposed by the requirement to revive the ratio of proportionality, to ensure the utility and social security of the contract. The paper deals with the problem of adapting the contract in the spirit of the decisions of the Constitutional Court, which transpose the adaptive process of the contract, by identifying the balance point of the benefits, without reducing it to their value threshold and without ignoring the circumstances or the fluctuations that occurred after the conclusion of the contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Praxis & Saber is the property of Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, every aspect of society’s activities is regulated by laws from the national and local levels. The increasing number of legal documents interwoven with each other also leads to difficulties in searching and applying in practice. In addition, later legal documents may change or invalidate previous legal documents. The construction of knowledge maps that involve one or a group of legal documents is an effective approach to represent actual knowledge domains. A legal knowledge graph constructed from laws and legal documents can enable a number of applications, such as question answering, document similarity, legal search, legal information retrieval, and legal argument claims. In this paper, we describe an ontology-based knowledge map approach for building a Vietnamese legal linked data from the source of about 325,000 legal documents. This study includes an integrated ontology to represent the legal knowledge from legal documents. This model integrates the ontology of relational knowledge and the graph of entities in the form of a concept graph. It can express the semantics of the content of a given legal document. In addition, this study also addresses potential legal applications, which can use the built linked data as a foundation resource of legal. We also highlight open challenges in the realization of knowledge graphs in a technical legal system that enables this approach at scale.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding in myriad industries and systems. This study sought to investigate public trust in using AI in the criminal court process. While previous research has identified factors that influence trust in AI, such as perceived accuracy and transparency of algorithms, less is known about the role of influential leaders—such as judges—in shaping public trust in new technology. This study examined the relationship between locus of control, anthropomorphism, cultural values, and perceived trust in AI. Participants completed a survey assessing their perceptions of trust in AI in determining bail eligibility, bail fines and fees, sentencing length, sentencing fines and fees, and writing legal documents (e.g., findings and disposition). Participants were more likely to trust AI performing financial calculations rather than determining bail eligibility, sentence length, or drafting legal documents. Participants' comfort with AI in decision-making also depended on their perceptions of judges' trust in AI, and they expressed concerns about AI perpetuating bias and the need for extensive testing to ensure accuracy. Interestingly, no significant association was found with other participant characteristics (e.g., locus of control, anthropomorphism, or cultural values). This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of judges as influential leaders in shaping public trust in AI and examining the influence of individual differences on trust in AI. The findings also help inform the development of recommended practices and ethical guidelines for the responsible use of AI in the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) oversight role in the pharmaceutical market is critical to the health of patients and the health care system. This study characterized the FTC's policy on the pharmaceutical market in recent decades, identifying the types of actions it has favored, barriers it has faced, and authorities that remain untested. Objective: To review FTC legal actions in the pharmaceutical market from 2000-2022. Evidence Review: Legal actions were determined through manual review of search results from the FTC's online Legal Library as well as a 2023 FTC report on pharmaceutical actions. The alleged misconduct, type of legal action taken, timing, and outcome were collected from press releases, complaints, orders, and other legal documents. Findings: From 2000-2022, the FTC challenged 62 mergers, brought 22 enforcement actions against allegedly unlawful business practices, and made 1 rule related to pharmaceuticals. Alleged misconduct in enforcement actions involved anticompetitive settlements in patent litigation (n = 11), unilateral actions by brand manufacturers to delay generic competition (n = 6), noncompete agreements (n = 4), and monopolization (n = 3), with 10 outcomes involving monetary payment, totaling $1.6 billion. Of the 62 mergers the FTC challenged, 61 were allowed to continue, 58 after divesting certain drugs to third-party competitors. The FTC's reliance on drug divestitures decreased from 18 drugs per year from 2000-2017 to 4.3 per year from 2017-2023. Conclusions and Relevance: The FTC brought about 1 enforcement action and 3 merger actions per year against pharmaceutical manufacturers from 2000-2022, pursuing a small fraction of the estimated misconduct and consolidation in the pharmaceutical marketplace. Although the FTC faces substantial legal and practical limitations, important tools remain untested, including a rule defining "unfair methods of competition," that may allow it to more effectively prevent repetitive patterns of anticompetitive behavior. This Special Communication examines the Federal Trade Commission's policy and legal actions related to alleged misconduct, consolidation, and anticompetitive behavior in the pharmaceutical market between 2000 and 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's era of technological advancement and the emergence of communication tools connecting individuals and communities online, this research aims to shed light on the potential employment of modern communication means in defining and announcing lost items. Consequently, facilitate the return of lost items to their owners smoothly and easily by presenting the legal provisions regulating the definition and announcement of lost items and assessing their compatibility with the utilization of these means. After thorough research and analysis, it is evident that the use of contemporary means in defining and searching for lost items plays a significant role for both the finder and the owner, as well as for media and advertisement platforms dealing with lost and found items. Any social system, such as the communication and media system, is employed for specific purposes, and communication and media, as social activities, serve various functions and roles for the community, including announcing lost items. The purpose of media is to advertise through modern media channels to clarify the intended message. Advertising is the demonstration, and the intention here is to describe the various aspects of advertising that lead to the dissemination and broadcast of visual and auditory lost item news. The study finds that defining lost items through modern means is permissible according to Islamic law, including print media, radio, television, and the internet network. The legal obligation to use modern communication means is obligatory, and ancient scholars would have considered it a fundamental basis for deliberating on legal rulings, including the announcement of lost items. Visual and auditory media, such as television and radio, play an active role in presenting lost items and found objects. The research relied on the descriptive and analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the legal approach to abortion in Indonesia, focusing on the significant conflict between the Indonesian Criminal Code's provisions on abortion and the stance of the Reproductive Health Law. The study aims to understand the implications of this legal contradiction on women's reproductive health and rights, and propose potential solutions to harmonize the legal framework. It employs a comparative legal analysis method, investigating the origins, interpretations, and effects of the respective laws, with data collected from legal documents, scholarly articles, and databases. The findings reveal that the existing legal contradiction potentially contributes to unsafe abortion practices, leading to adverse health consequences and undermining women's rights. The study proposes amendments to align the Criminal Code with the Reproductive Health Law, policy reforms, and cultural initiatives based on international best practices and scholarly recommendations. The research emphasizes the need for comprehensive reproductive health services that respect women's rights and protect their health, thereby advocating for a safer and more inclusive environment in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on case files from a Canadian provincial review board tasked with determining the disposition of persons found 'not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder', we explore the role of the forensic hospital report in the production of medico-legal risk knowledges. Through a detailed case study, we show how the report's content and particular material form allow the Board to produce the 'significantly threatening individual' – the very thing the Board (and report) are meant to presuppose. We therefore call on scholars to document their documents, and, in the spirit of actor-network theory (ANT), to analytically treat socio-legal objects as active participants in knowledge's creation. By accounting for the 'knowledge moves' the hospital report might allow, encourage, or prohibit human actors to make, we hope even ANT sceptics can use these tools to better understand various legal decision-making processes and their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the legal challenges of Cambodia's intellectual property rights in the context of Southeast Asia. Despite significant progress in adopting legal frameworks in line with international standards, Cambodia's IP system still needs to develop compared to that of other ASEAN countries. This study focuses on Cambodia's commitment to the implementation of the WTO and ASEAN obligations and details the legal provisions for trademarks, copyrights and patents. This section highlights issues such as the complexity of trademark registration procedures, restrictions on the application of IP rights and the absence of comprehensive legislation in emerging IP categories. Furthermore, it examines the effectiveness of dispute settlement mechanisms and the role of national institutions such as the National Commercial Arbitration Center (NCAC). The findings highlight the need for continuous legal reforms to promote a strong intellectual property environment, attract foreign investment and support Cambodia's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the author is to investigate a slightly obscure topic: the practice of interwar military justice in Hungary and its related questions, with an emphasis on matters concerning the peculiarities on how to implement them. The bill - which came into effect in 1930 - was born amidst uncommon historical conditions, since the Trianon Peace Treaty basically degraded Hungary into a quasi-numb entity. It is without a doubt that the decade-long consolidation - and its achievements - that came after can be regarded as one of the most prominently successful periods of the era's political history. The historical pressure, the necessity of being able to defend ourselves along with the importance of national security demanded that our army remained intact, despite the prohibitions that surrounded its existence. This called for ensuring that the legal environment was modernized enough to be capable of supporting this goal. The system of regulations inherited from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was subjected to scrutiny and as a result ended up as a state-of-the art framework that even surpassed the European standards it aimed to match. This paper, putting emphasis on the most important dogmatic junctions, will further review these regulations - substantive or procedural contents alike -. After a brief diversion towards taking a glimpse into the historical situation, we will introduce the system of sanctions and punishments pertaining to military personnel, and proceed with the regulations related to their implementation, which in turn will offer a glimpse into the contemporary philosophy that surrounded military justice and procedure. In accordance, further regulations containing provisions regarding infrastructure, personnel, accommodation, and institution security in general would emerge. The author of the article provides a summary of the most important current relevant legal provisions. It touches upon the military justice system and its subsystems, introduces the more substantive procedural rules, and concludes with an argument on practical implementation. It will also raise the theoretical question on a future independent regulation which would take place in accordance with the reforms of the Hungarian military and the national strategy on defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of wood as a high-value product does not stop there. Paper, furniture, carbon, and rubber are examples of other non-wood forestry products that we often encounter in everyday life but come from forests. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential of the South Korean market for forestry products. In this study, we use qualitative methodology to understand and evaluate the opportunities and problems faced by Indonesian forestry products, as well as the global market potential for these products. The potential for Indonesian wood commodities and wood products to enter the South Korean market which has minimal domestic supply still has great potential. With abundant supply, offering quality, competitive prices and guaranteeing the required legal documents, it is believed that Indonesia has the opportunity to answer the needs of wood and wood products in the South Korean market in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Stiftungswesen is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses a court case in Italy involving the unauthorized use of an image of Michelangelo's David for commercial purposes. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism sued the publisher of GQ Italia magazine for publishing an altered image of David on the magazine's cover without permission. The court found the defendant guilty of violating image rights for cultural goods and ordered them to pay damages. The court also prohibited the defendant from using the image for commercial purposes and required them to publish the judgment in multiple media outlets. The article also explores the legal protection and image rights of cultural goods in Italy, emphasizing the importance of consent and promoting cultural development. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the violation of constitutional freedoms in Turkey through the prevention of access to content and websites. It argues that these provisions restrict freedom of expression and the freedom to work and establish private enterprises, as guaranteed by the Constitution. However, it also acknowledges that there are legitimate aims for these restrictions, such as protecting consumers and maintaining the orderly functioning of markets. The Turkish Constitutional Court has declared certain provisions of the Law on Consumer Protection invalid, as they were found to contravene articles of the Turkish Constitution that protect fundamental rights, freedom of expression, and the freedom to work and establish private enterprises. The Court found that these provisions did not uphold the principle of necessity and did not provide alternative, less restrictive measures. The decision will come into effect nine months after its publication in the Official Gazette. The given text discusses a case before the Turkish Constitutional Court regarding the annulment of certain sentences in the Law on the Protection of Consumers. The sentences in question pertain to penalties for breaching advertising regulations and the authority of the Advertising Board. The Constitutional Court decided to annul some of the sentences and gave Parliament nine months to make a new regulation. The decision is in line with previous judicial practice and emphasizes the importance of proportionality and alternative measures in blocking access to content and websites. The legislature now has the opportunity to revise content removal/blocking provisions or introduce a notification system. [Extracted from the article]

The study provides the challenges enforcing EU legislation on tourism in Albania, focusing on tourist protection in the travel package contract. The primary objective is to evaluate the role of the European Union in improving the legislation in the tourism sector in member states or aspiring ones, and the legal instruments used to govern tourism in the EU and Albania. The main aim is to highlight the alignment of domestic tourism legislation with community law and assess whether it has improved the standards for tourist services. This paper supports the hypothesis that the slow implementation of legal reforms in tourism enterprises is not contributing to the expected success of this sector. To prove this hypothesis this study relies on the analytic research method, theoretical consultation with important legal documents in tourism, and the historical interpretation of the legal reforms carried out during this period. The study also uses the comparative method to examine the impact of the criteria set out in European Union legislation in tourism and their transposition into domestic law in the context of Albania's EU integration. Strengthening consumer rights is a challenge for countries in a perpetual transition like Albania. Undoubtedly, the protection of the tourist consumer, even though at first sight it represents protection 'for luxury services', is one of these objectives of general consumer protection. Therefore, it is necessary, not only that the Albanian legal framework regarding travel package contracts complies with Community law, but also that the tourist consumers be sensitized about their rights, as well as that the enforcement of the law by the responsible institutions should be strengthened. The main findings are that even though there is a legal basis aligned with community law that regulates and protects the interests of the tourist consumers in the travel package contract, it has not provided the appropriate effects due to the lack of tourist entrepreneurs' willingness in the field of tourist travel to enforce legal requirements, negligence of the customers to protect their rights and mainly of the state authorities in enforcing the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of foreign investment on the human rights generally has increased and interaction between them has shown to be complex in nowadays. Human rights considerations enter into the discourse of international investment law since increasing number of states are beginning to include references to human rights in their investment treaties and investor-state contracts, in particular for the new generation of investment treaties. Human rights related issues have played a vital role in various contexts of investment proceedings as w ell and whether an investment tribunal can apply to human rights law depends both on the relevant jurisdictional clause and the applicable law. To consider all this issue, the article takes a qualitative approach by examining secondary data, in particular, difference concepts, legal documents and applying case law as well. Moreover, in order to present existing window of opportunity for States, article outlined some findings and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature on the subject, legal design is perceived primarily as a graphic tool for obtaining more readable and accessible legal documents. In this article, I take up a polemic with this approach, pointing out that legal design can be an important indicator of social change. By harnessing inclusive, participatory, and social design methods and incorporating non-design areas of the market into the area of design thinking, the legal design allows for the decentralization and democratization of design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informing the public is mainly about clear and effective communication. The information provided by public authorities should be simple and easy to understand. This is facilitated by the use of "understandable language." The article analyzes the European Union language policy and ways to implement it in legislation. The need to use understandable language in legal documents and international legal regulation revealed the essence of the concept of "understandable language," regarding the organization of texts (structure, presentation logic), design of materials, and word selection. "Clear language" is highlighted as a condition for a dialogue between authorities and citizens because the vagueness and the incomprehensibility of communication lead to confusion and lawlessness. The methodological basis of scientific research is anthropological, hermeneutics, formal-legal, comparative, dialectical, system-functional, formal-logical methods, and methods of abstraction and generalization. The study purpose is to find out the emergence, the essence of the concept of "clear language" and to determine practical recommendations for the implementation of this concept in public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opole Studies in Administration & Law (OSAO) / Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne (OSAP) is the property of University of Opole / Uniwersytet Opolski and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of analysis in the current theoretical and practical research is an act with a high degree of social danger that exists in objective reality and manifests within the tourism sector - sexual exploitation in the field of travel and tourism. This exploitation is characterised by prerequisites for being carried out in a hidden and unnoticed manner. It is a multidimensional activity with objective and subjective features that affect the diverse rights of victims, primarily children. The primary goal of this study is to illustrate the necessity for adequate criminal law protection for every child worldwide from this form of abuse and to present several specific proposals. This article applies comparative legal research and socio-legal research of legal provisions of different legislation regulating sexual exploitation in travel and tourism. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable advancements have been achieved on an international level with regard to the promotion of women's rights and their equitable engagement in economic activities and the labour market. However, despite the widespread endorsement of equal pay for men and women by international authorities, its practical application has proven to be challenging. The United Nations has reported that an estimation places the global gender wage disparity at 20%. In addition to being a concern within the realm of gender justice, wage inequality has far-reaching implications for societies and their economies. Addressing this issue is a top priority for both the international community and developing nations. Given the significance of examining the status of the right to equal pay in both Iran and the international legal system, this study investigates the following question: "Are there suitable criteria for the right to equal pay in Iran's domestic law and the international legal system?" In providing an answer, legal documents and texts were consulted. The research findings suggest that the international legal system has made some progress in recognizing the right and establishing norms in this area; however, effective practical measures are necessary to achieve this equality. This right has been acknowledged in Iranian legislation through labor contract regulations and employment laws, and in certain instances, a guarantee of proper implementation has been established; however, deficiencies persist in this domain. Consequently, further endeavors appear imperative to advance the complete realization of this right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the study of the principle of the right to freedom of movement, as a concept of human rights that includes the right of people to move from one place to another on the territory of a country and to leave the country, including the possibility of returning, including change of place where the individual lives. This analysis required the study of the national jurisprudence and EEC, member states of the European Union of third countries, because this fundamental principle is one of the scientific freedoms that the European institutions are investigating, considering that visa restrictions may affect these freedoms. The author identified what implies the application of this principle in all the procedures regarding minors in close connection with respecting the principle of the best interest of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The so-called Epitome Guelferbitana of the Lex Romana Visigothorum, or (Alaric's) Breviary, has survived, following the oldest version of the Lex Salica, in a manuscript from about 760 ad, now in Wolfenbüttel. The Epitome probably originates from mid 6th century in northern Burgundy, and may have been drafted by an instructor of law. It stands out thanks to its practical handling of the later Roman law at that time and environment, adapting traditional regulations to contemporary demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphor theories can provide new methodological means for the analysis of Akkadian cuneiform legal documents, especially with regard to the interpretation of terms and legal concepts in Babylonian contracts. In this article we examine the metaphorical phrase of ina ḫūd libbišu(from/in the joy of his heart), which becomes a terminus technicus in the Neo-Babylonian contracts and show that it did not only supersede the traditional waiver of action clauses but also introduced a real voluntative element, by which a seller consented to the transfer of ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Jurisprudence is the property of Jurnal Jurisprudence and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Renewable energy sources (RES) will play a key role in the transition to clean energy. Financial and socio-economic benefits determine the investment management in these energy sources. This article aims to indicate current energy policy goals, present socio-economic benefits resulting from renewable energy investments, and review further development directions in Poland. The research was carried out using desk research, case studies, and literature review methods to provide a broader economic context for RES investments. The scope of the research included both the Polish and the European Union contexts. The authors examined the Polish objectives of investment in renewable energy contained in strategic, planning, and other legal documents compared to EU targets, reviewed possible investments in renewable energy, and indicated wind farms and photovoltaic investments as the most effective ones from the point of view of further development which aims to meet the EU's goals by 2030. The authors also demonstrated a wide range of socio-economic benefits based on literature reviews, analysis of policy documents, and regulations regarding the energy sector, and examined a specific example of investment implementation and identified the ecosystem of beneficiaries and their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)