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The objectives of the study were to improve the functionality of fermented salami using probiotics, to evaluate the effects of the addition of probiotics on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and sensory acceptance of fermented salami, and to introduce a brand‐new probiotic food to the market for meat products. Fermented salami samples were produced using various formulations, including no probiotic (A), non‐probiotic starter cultures (B) or probiotic cultures [Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR32 200B (C), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP115 400B (D), Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 (E), and L. rhamnosus LR32 200B + L. plantarum LP115 400B (F)]. The samples were kept at 4°C for 60 days, and their probiotic viability as well as their chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory qualities were assessed at intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The probiotic addition enhanced the safety and quality of the product while favorably affecting the microbiological, physical, chemical, and sensory properties of the samples. The sample produced with mixed probiotics (F) had the highest moisture and fat content and the lowest pH. Lactic acid bacteria counts were found above 6.0 log CFU/g in the samples produced with probiotic at the end of the storage. Probiotic added products were rated higher than products without probiotics in terms of color, texture, flavor, and overall acceptance during storage. Consequently, a probiotic fermented salami with high probiotic cell counts and meeting the sensory preferences of the consumers was produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The gut microbiota may play an important role in the development and functioning of the mammalian central nervous system. The assumption of the experiment was to prove that the use of probiotic bacterial strains in the diet of mice modifies the expression of brain proteins involved in metabolic and immunological processes. Objectives and results: Albino Swiss mice were administered with Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 every 24 h for 28 days. Protein maps were prepared from hippocampal homogenates of euthanized mice. Selected proteins that were statistically significant were purified and concentrated and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Among the analysed samples, 13 proteins were identified. The mean volumes of calcyon, secreted frizzled-associated protein 3, and catalase in the hippocampus of mice from both experimental groups were statistically significantly higher than in the control group. In mice supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1, a lower mean volume of fragrance binding protein 2, shadow of prion protein, and glycine receptor α4 subunit was observed compared to the control. Conclusion: The psychobiotics Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1enhances expression of proteins involved in the activation and maturation of nerve cells, as well as myelination and homeostatic regulation of neurogenesis in mice. The tested psychobiotics cause a decrease in the expression of proteins associated with CNS development and in synaptic transmission, thereby reducing the capacity for communication between nerve cells. The results of the study indicate that psychobiotic bacteria can be used in auxiliary treatment of neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most prevalent probiotic bacterium employed in the food industry is Lactobacillus because it can produce metabolites with antibacterial capabilities and exhibits hostility towards infections and microorganisms that cause spoilage. Aim: This study set out to identify naturally occurring Lactobacillus and plantaricin (pln EF) coding genes in raw cow milk and to assess the antibacterial potency of isolated Lactobacillus isolates. Methods: Following enrichment in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth, single colonies were isolated, and pure colonies were obtained by streaking on MRS agar. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the cultural positivity of all isolates. Additionally, the presence of plantaricin was verified by targeting the pln EF gene through PCR. Outcome: Out of the 166 raw milk specimens acquired from cows, 153 (91.17%; CI: 86.98–95.76) were identified as positive for Lactobacillus through both culture and biochemical screening. Subsequently, 121 (72.89%; CI: 65.46–79.49) of the isolates were affirmed to harbour Lactobacillus through PCR analysis. Within this subset, 6 isolates (4.96%; CI: 1.84–10.48) were found to possess the plnEF gene. When exposed to Lactobacillus isolates, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica displayed an average maximum zone of inhibition with a diameter measuring 24 mm. In contrast, Escherichia coli exhibited an average minimum zone of inhibition, featuring a diameter of 11 mm. Additionally, the Lactobacillus isolates demonstrated inhibitory zones against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, measuring 14, 22 and 19 mm, respectively. Clinical significance: Lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacilli, are plentiful in cow milk and possess broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacilli are common microorganisms in the human body. Some species were used as probiotics supplement for many purposes such as preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, or improving allergic diseases or diarrhea. Previously, Lactobacillus infection was thought of as contamination due to its low pathogenicity. However, there have been reports of invasive Lactobacillus infection in immunocompromised patients or patients with comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics, antibiotic treatment and outcomes of pediatric patients with invasive Lactobacillus infection. We retrospectively reviewed pediatric patients diagnosed with invasive Lactobacillus infection between 2004 and 2020. Invasive Lactobacillus infection was diagnosed if sterile sites yielded Lactobacillus spp. Clinical manifestations, chronic diseases, potential predisposing factors, medical treatments, antimicrobial susceptibility tests and outcomes were recorded. Fifteen pediatric patients were diagnosed with invasive Lactobacillus infection, accounting for 2.4% of total invasive Lactobacillus infections during the 16-year period. Eleven infections were bacteremia, two were intra-abdominal infections, and two were biliary tract infections. Fever was the most common symptom. Potential predisposing factors were immunocompromised status, central venous device, prolonged antibiotics use and receiving supplemented probiotics for at least one week. All patients survived with favorable outcomes. Most pathogens were identified as Lactobacillus spp , and two were Lactobacillus rhamnosus , which were related to supplemented probiotics. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that Lactobacilli were all sensitive to ampicillin but resistant to glycopeptides. Invasive Lactobacillus infections in pediatric patients were rare. Despite its low pathogenicity, Lactobacillus could cause invasive infection in those immunocompromised patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Survivors of sepsis may encounter cognitive impairment following their recovery from critical condition. At present, there is no standardized treatment for addressing sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a prevalent bacterium found in the gut microbiota and is an active component of probiotic supplements. LGG has demonstrated to be associated with cognitive improvement. This study explored whether LGG administration prior to and following induced sepsis could ameliorate cognitive deficits, and explored potential mechanisms. Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham surgery, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and CLP+LGG. Cognitive behavior was assessed longitudinally at 7-9d, 14-16d, and 21-23d after surgery using an open field test and novel object recognition test. The impact of LGG treatment on pathological changes, the expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the phosphorylation level of the TrkB receptor (p-TrkB) in the hippocampus of mice at two weeks post-CLP (16d) were evaluated using histological, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analyses. Results: The CLP surgery induced and sustained cognitive impairment in mice with sepsis for a minimum of three weeks following the surgery. Compared to mice subjected to CLP alone, the administration of LGG improved the survival of mice with sepsis and notably enhanced their cognitive functioning. Moreover, LGG supplementation significantly alleviated the decrease in hippocampal BDNF expression and p-TrkB phosphorylation levels caused by sepsis, preserving neuronal survival and mitigating the pathological changes within the hippocampus of mice with sepsis. LGG supplementation mitigates sepsis-related cognitive impairment in mice and preserves BDNF expression and p-TrkB levels in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a time-dependent complex biological process of organisms with gradual deterioration of the anatomical and physiological functions. The role of gut microbiota is inevitable in the aging process. Probiotic interventions improve gut homeostasis and support healthy aging by enhancing beneficial species and microbial biodiversity in older adults. The present preliminary clinical trial delves into the impact of an 8-week Lactobacillus rhamnosus intervention (10 × 109 CFU per day) on the glycaemic index, lipid profile, and microbiome of elderly subjects. Body weight, body fat, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are assessed at baseline (Week 0) and after treatment (Week 8) in placebo and probiotic groups. Gaussian regression analysis highlights a significant improvement in LDL cholesterol in the probiotic group (p = 0.045). Microbiome analysis reveals numeric changes in taxonomic abundance at various levels. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria increases its relative frequency (RF) from 14.79 ± 5.58 at baseline to 23.46 ± 8.02 at 8 weeks, though statistically insignificant (p = 0.100). Compared to the placebo group, probiotic supplementations significantly increased the proteobacteria abundance. Genus-level analysis indicates changes in the abundance of several microbes, including Escherichia-Shigella, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides, but only Butyricimonas showed a statistically significant level of reduction in its abundance. Probiotic supplementations significantly altered the Escherichia-Shigella and Sutterella abundance compared to the placebo group. At the species level, Bacteroides vulgatus substantially increases after probiotic treatment (p = 0.021). Alpha and beta diversity assessments depict subtle shifts in microbial composition. The study has limitations, including a small sample size, short study duration, single-strain probiotic use, and lack of long-term follow-up. Despite these constraints, the study provides valuable preliminary insights into the multifaceted impact of L. rhamnosus on elderly subjects. Further detailed studies are required to define the beneficial effect of L. rhamnosus on the health status of elderly subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on evaluating the therapeutic effect of synbiotics containing Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium infantis, and fructooligosaccharides in hospitalized children with acute non-bloody diarrhea. It reports that the synbiotic treatment regimen shows promise in reducing diarrhea symptoms, suggesting further research is needed to optimize dosages, efficacy, and specific applications in pediatric care.

Probiotics, like lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, benefit health by populating the digestive system, which houses numerous microbial species. Studies demonstrate their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, crucial in preventing oral conditions like dental caries. Our research evaluated a probiotic strain's anti-biofilm efficacy against oral pathogens in 45 individuals' saliva, alongside its biofilmforming potential. Analysis revealed significant biofilm inhibition in 36 samples. Comparisons based on age, gender, and geography further supported these findings. We propose further exploration of probiotics tailored to specific demographics to enhance oral health outcomes, suggesting a promising avenue for preventing oral microbial diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), the well‐characterized human‐derived probiotic strain, possesses excellent properties in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, immunoregulation and defense against gastrointestinal pathogens in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that the SpaC pilin of LGG causes intestinal epithelium injury by inducing cell pyroptosis and gut microbial dysbiosis in zebrafish. Dietary SpaC activates Caspase‐3−GSDMEa pathways in the intestinal epithelium, promotes intestinal pyroptosis and increases lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐producing gut microbes in zebrafish. The increased LPS subsequently activates Gaspy2−GSDMEb pyroptosis pathway. Further analysis reveals the Caspase‐3−GSDMEa pyroptosis is initiated by the species‐specific recognition of SpaC by TLR4ba, which accounts for the species‐specificity of the SpaC‐inducing intestinal pyroptosis in zebrafish. The observed pyroptosis‐driven gut injury and microbial dysbiosis by LGG in zebrafish suggest that host‐specific beneficial/harmful mechanisms are critical safety issues when applying probiotics derived from other host species and need more attention. Highlights: SpaC pilin acts as a causative factor of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG‐induced intestinal mucosa damage in zebrafish.Dietary SpaC directly induces intestinal pyroptosis by activating GSDMEa in zebrafish.Dietary SpaC induces gut microbial dysbiosis characterized by higher abundance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐producing gut microbes in zebrafish.LPS‐producing gut microbes subsequently activate Gaspy2−GSDMEb pyroptosis pathway in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Xanthan gum can be utilised to overcome the structural defects in alginate microbeads and to improve the stability of microbeads under harsh conditions, that is, high acidic pH and homogenisation speeds. Present study was conducted to assess the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG using alginate (1.5% w/v) and xanthan gum (0.5% w/v) for encapsulation and structural modifications of microbeads. Homogenisation emulsion technique was used for encapsulation at various homogenisation speeds, that is, 3000 rpm (HS1), 6000 rpm (HS2), 9000 rpm (HS3) and 12 000 rpm (HS4). The resultant microbeads were characterised for diameter, beads yield, structural morphology using the scanning electron microscopy, probiotic count, bacterial survival, storage stability and homogenisation efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the beads produced at 12 000 rpm are more uniform, spherical in shape and have large surface area when compared with the other treatment groups. The diameter of microbeads was reduced from 323.1 to 238.2 μm as the homogenisation speed increased from 3000 to 12 000 rpm. The highest bacterial count (i.e., 9.45 log CFU g−1), homogenisation efficiency (91.6%), beads yield (23.0%), survivability (86.5%) and storage stability (9.84 to 7.90 log CFU g−1) were recorded at 12 000 rpm (HS4). Conclusively, the homogenised encapsulated microbeads at 12 000 rpm significantly improved the beads surface and sphericity, and bacterial survivability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: During edible film production, several processes are carried out to maintain the probiotic viability, increasing its cost. However, fermentation to culture probiotics that will be later used for edible film production may increase their resistance during production, application and storage. Therefore, this study aimed to develop edible films based on potato starch or sweet potato flour and non‐fermented or fermented (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) whey solution. Edible films were evaluated for their physical, probiotic survival, antioxidant capacity and structural characteristics after 28 days of storage (4 and 20 °C). Selected films were used for covering commercial surimi to evaluate their effect on some quality properties. The edible films presented a moisture content of 12.68–18.97%, colour characteristics according to the powder used in their formulation, and a probiotic count higher than 9‐log cycles. The fermentation process improved the stability of antioxidant compounds in edible films during storage and gastrointestinal simulation. According to the handling characteristics, edible films based on potato starch (100%) and potato starch/sweet potato (90/10% and 80/20%) were formulated and applied. Although the consumers well‐accepted covered surimi, the probiotic counts were lower than 6‐log after storage, values below the threshold required to exert its beneficial effects in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recently, there has been growing interest in intentionally incorporating fermentation starters into the traditional brewing process. Our study examined the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the flavour profiles of sweet fermented glutinous rice (SFGR). Saccharomyces cerevisiae obviously increased the ethanol content, whereas Lactobacillus rhamnosus notably raised the total acidity. Lactic acid became the dominant organic acid after the addition of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The volatiles were analysed using electronic nose (E‐nose) and gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS). S4 sensor of E‐nose exhibited the most extensive response to all samples. Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased ethanol and 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol levels, while Lactobacillus rhamnosus led to a significant increase in acetone. Principal component analysis effectively discriminated the aroma of SFGR with different starters. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between the E‐nose and GC‐IMS results. Our study shows that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus can enhance the flavour of fermented rice products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Findings are conflicting regarding the effect of zinc supplementation on disease severity in children with acute gastroenteritis. Purpose: To examine the effects of probiotics and zinc on the clinical outcomes of infants and children with acute infectious diarrhea. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, children with mild or moderate to severe acute gastroenteritis in the Kurdistan Region from November 2021 to June 2022 were diagnosed clinically and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group (n=50) received probiotics and zinc, whereas the control group (n=51) received probiotics alone for 1 week. The product contained live Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (10×106 colony-forming units/day for 7 days). Zinc syrup was administered to the probiotic plus zinc group. Each 5 mL of syrup contained 15 mg of zinc sulfate. Dehydration and disease severity in both groups were measured using the Clinical Dehydration Scale and the Modified Vesikari Scale, respectively. An illness episode was defined as an episode of gastroenteritis with a total score of =9 on the Modified Vesikari Scale (range, 0-20). Results: The probiotic and probiotic plus zinc groups were similar in age (1.79 years vs. 1.69 years, respectively; P= 0.645), sex (male/female ratio: 1.43 and 1.0, respectively; P=0.373), and medical characteristics. The groups had similar mean dehydration and disease severity scores and a similar incidence of dehydration recovery (some dehyd ration, 3.92% and 4.00%, respectively; P=1.000), and recovery from mild gastroenteritis (0.0% and 2.0%, respec tively; P=0.495) at 2 weeks. Significant decreases in mean dehydration severity and disease severity score (1.80 to 0 and 6.66 to 0, respectively; P<0.001) and the development of dehydration (some dehydration, from 94.0% to 4.0%; P<0.001) from baseline to 2 weeks were noted in the probiotics plus zinc group. The probiotics group responded similarly. The development of mild gastro enteritis was significantly reduced from baseline to 2 weeks (90.2% to 0% and 78.0% to 2.0% in the probiotics and probiotics plus zinc groups, respectively; P<0.0001). The probiotics plus zinc group had a shorter mean recovery time (1.34 days vs. 2.00 days, respectively; P<0.001). Conclusion: Taking probiotics plus zinc did not significantly affect disease severity in children with gastroenteritis at 2 weeks. However, the probiotics plus zinc group recovered more quickly than the probiotics group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate flower extract, rich in anthocyanins, demonstrates beneficial health-promoting properties such as an anti-diabetic and antioxidant effect, among others. However, the potential health-promoting properties may be hindered by the low stability of anthocyanins. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess whether stabilizing carriers, namely HP-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD), α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD), Inulin (Inu) and Arabic gum (AGu) affect the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of lyophilized pomegranate flower extract, how they influence stability, release profile, and whether the systems exhibit prebiotic activity. Interactions between pomegranate flower extract and these factors were analyzed using FT-IR. The structures were examined through microscopic imaging while for the prepared prebiotic systems, antidiabetic activity was determined and confirmed by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase; antioxidant activity was expressed by DPPH and CUPRAC assays. The content of pelargonidin-3,5-glucoside in these systems was assessed using the HPLC method. The release profiles of pelargonidin-3,5-glucoside were examined in a medium at pH = 6.8 and pH = 1.2, and the stability was assessed after subjecting the systems to high temperatures (T = 90 °C). The prebiotic potential was evaluated for 10 prebiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis Lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, Lactobacillus reuteri, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus fermentum lf, Streptococcus thermophilus). As a result of the conducted research, better functionalities of the obtained systems containing Pomegranate flower extract were proven in terms of prebiotic and antidiabetic effects. The obtained delivery systems for pelargonidin-3,5-glucoside allow for better use of its health-promoting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins that cause human and animal health concerns. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the primary hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotoxicity in humans and animals. Because of the important role of dairy products in human life, especially children, AFM1 is such a major concern to humans because of its frequent occurrence in dairy products at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to human and animal health. Reduced its bioavailability becomes a high priority in order to protect human and animal health. This study aimed to investigate, in vivo, the ability of lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus rhamnosus GAF01, LR) and clay mineral (bentonite, BT) mixture to mitigate/reduce AFM1-induced immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in exposed Balb/c mice. The in vivo study was conducted using male Balb/c mice that treated, orally, by AFM1 alone or in combination with LR and/or BT, daily for 10 days as follows: group 1 control received 200 µl of PBS, group 2 treated with LR alone (2.108 CFU/mL), group 3 treated with BT alone (1 g/kg bw), group 4 treated with AFM1 alone (100 μg/kg), group 5 co-treated with LR + AFM1, group 6 co-treated with BT + AFM1, group 7 co-treated with BT + LR + AFM1. Forty-eight h after the end of the treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the blood, spleen, thymus, liver and kidney were collected. The blood was used for biochemical and immunological study. Spleen and thymus samples were used to thymocytes and splenocytes assessments. Liver and kidney samples were the target for evaluation of oxidative stress enzymes status and for histological assays. The results showed that AFM1 caused toxicities in male Blab/c mice at different levels. Treatment with AFM1 resulted in severe stress of liver and kidney organs indicated by a significant change in the biochemical and immunological parameters, histopathology as well as a disorder in the profile of oxidative stress enzymes levels. Also, it was demonstrated that AFM1 caused toxicities in thymus and spleen organs. The co-treatment with LR and/or BT significantly improved the hepatic and renal tissues, regulated antioxidant enzyme activities, spleen and thymus viability and biochemical and immunological parameters. LR and BT alone showed to be safe during the treatment. In summary, the LR and/or BT was able to reduce the biochemical, histopathological and immunological damages induced by AFM1 and indeed it could be exploited as one of the biological strategies for food and feedstuffs detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic soya ice cream was prepared by using food grade bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei S1(MF443873) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus KC6 (MF443875). Bacteria have been encapsulated in milk and sodium alginate beads to improve their viability in soya ice -cream. Viable cell number of entrapped probiotic isolates was observed with calcium chloride concentration of 0.1M at pH 7.0, hardening time of 8h. Morphological characterization of microencapsulated beads was done by using SEM. Probiotic soy ice-cream was stored at -20°C for 30 days and was investigated for sensory qualities, microbial count and physicochemical characteristics. Microencapsulated probiotic icecream was found more stable during storage as compared to those containing free probiotic microorganisms. As far as physico-chemical characteristics of probiotic enriched soy ice-cream is concerned, though changes in quality attributes viz. pH, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, total soluble solid and antioxidant content during storage interval have been observed but these changes were statistically non-significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut allergy affects about 1%–3% of the pediatric population in the world, with an important increase in the last decades. Nowadays, international guidelines recommend the early introduction of peanuts in the infant diet, with poor information about the quantity and the frequency of the intake. Allergen immunotherapy may represent the only therapeutic strategy able to modify the natural history of peanut allergy. In particular, oral immunotherapy showed the most promising results in terms of efficacy, but with significant rates of adverse reactions, mostly gastrointestinal. In 2020, the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency approved Palforzia®, an oral drug for patients aged 4–17 years. Several studies are ongoing to improve the tolerability of oral immunotherapy and standardize the desensitization protocols. Sublingual immunotherapy permits to offer much lower doses than oral immunotherapy, but fewer adverse events are shown. Subcutaneous immunotherapy is associated with the greatest systemic adverse effects. Epicutaneous immunotherapy, for which Viaskin® patch was approved, has the highest safety profile. Innovative studies are evaluating the use of biological drugs, such as omalizumab or dupilumab, and probiotics, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, in monotherapy or associated with oral immunotherapy. Therapy for peanut allergy is constantly evolving, and new perspectives are ongoing to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics are beneficial for animal health and new potential probiotics need to be characterized for their prospective use in improving animal health. In this study, 32 bacterial strains were isolated from a Norwegian forest cat (castrated, 12 years old) and a Persian cat (castrated, 10 years old), which were privately owned and had indoor access. Results: Lactobacillus rhamnosus CACC612 (CACC612) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CACC789 (CACC789) were selected as potential probiotics; characterization of the two strains showed equivalent acid tolerance, similar cell adhesion rates on the HT-29 monolayer cell line, and superior bile tolerance compared to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Subsequently, they exhibited inhibitory effects against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli (KCTC 2617), Salmonella Derby (NCCP 12,238), Salmonella Enteritidis (NCCP 14,546), Salmonella Typhimurium (NCCP 10,328), Clostridium difficile JCM 1296T. From evaluating host effects, the viability of the feline macrophage cell line (Fcwf-4) increased with the treatment of CACC612 or CACC789 (P < 0.05). The induced expression of immune-related genes such as IFN-γ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, and TNF-α by immune stimulation was significantly attenuated by the treatment of CACC612 or CACC789 (P < 0.05). When 52 clinical factors of sera from 21 healthy cats were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the animals were obviously clustered before and after feeding with CACC612 or CACC789. In addition, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) significantly increased after CACC612 feeding (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In this study, feline-originated probiotics were newly characterized and their potentially probiotic effects were evaluated. These results contribute to our understanding of the functional effects of feline-derived probiotics and support their industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caries and periodontitis are the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide. Major factors contributing to the development of these oral conditions include poor oral hygiene, dental biofilm formation, high carbohydrates diet, smoking, other systemic diseases, and genetic factors. Various preventive measures have been established to mitigate the risk of caries and periodontal disease development. The present review aims to discuss the role of the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum in the prevention and treatment of caries and periodontal diseases. The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO. The search involved PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus and considered the PICO format. Studies were screened by two reviewers independently, and disagreements were solved by consensus with a third reviewer. Data extraction included details about the type of probiotics, strains, and purpose of administration. A total of 15 RCTs were included, of which just 1 was about tooth cavities. Overall, 87% of the included studies were good-quality papers regarding the Jadad Scale. Several studies agreed on the potential of probiotics L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum, both alone and combined, to prevent and improve clinical outcomes in caries and periodontal treatments, weaker evidence is provided for the microbiological benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the benefits associated with weight reduction, the anatomical and functional changes of bariatric surgery may favor the development of undesirable side effects such as the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using probiotics in individuals with GIS 1 year after being submitted to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB). Materials and Methods: This is an experimental, prospective, randomized, cross-over, triple-blind, placebo-controlled study, carried out with patients 1 year after being submitted to RYGB and who reported at least one moderate GIS. Subjects were randomized into two groups and completed the two research periods: in one they received placebo capsules, in the other 50 billion CFU of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus gasseri), both for 8 weeks, with 8 weeks of wash-out period in between, and were evaluated for the presence of Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and GIS, through the Hydrogen breath test and Gastric Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) questionnaire. Results: Of a total of 56 participants, 47 individuals completed the study. No significant effects were observed in neither the gastrointestinal symptoms or in the prevalence of SIBO with the use of probiotics. Conclusion: Supplementation of the probiotics chosen for this study does not seem to alleviate GIS or influence the improvement of SIBO in symptomatic patients after 1 year of RYGB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid bacteria are considered an inexhaustible source of bioactive compounds; indeed, products from their metabolism are known to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. Recently, we demonstrated that Cell-Free Supernatants (CFS) obtained from Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus (L.) rhamnosus, and Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri can impair Candida pathogenic potential in an in vitro model of epithelial vaginal infection. This effect could be ascribed to a direct effect of living lactic acid bacteria on Candida virulence and to the production of metabolites that are able to impair fungal virulence. In the present work, stemming from these data, we deepened our knowledge of CFS from these four lactic acid bacteria by performing a metabolomic analysis to better characterize their composition. By using an untargeted metabolomic approach, we detected consistent differences in the metabolites produced by these four different lactic acid bacteria. Interestingly, L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus showed the most peculiar metabolic profiles. Specifically, after a hierarchical clustering analysis, L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus showed specific areas of significantly overexpressed metabolites that strongly differed from the same areas in other lactic acid bacteria. From the overexpressed compounds in these areas, inosine from L. rhamnosus returned with the best identification profile. This molecule has been described as having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, and neuroprotective properties. The biological significance of its overproduction by L. rhamnosus might be important in its probiotic and/or postbiotic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic extracellular vesicles are biochemically active structures responsible for biological effects elicited by probiotic bacteria. Lactobacillus spp., which are abundant in the human body (e.g., gut), are known to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and are commonly used in food products, supplements, and in discovery research. There is increasing evidence that Lactobacillus–derived extracellular vesicles (LREVs) have potent immunomodulatory capacity that is superior to probiotics themselves. However, key mechanistic insights into the process that controls production and thus, the function of LREVs, are lacking. Currently, it is unknown how the probiotic culture microenvironment orchestrates the type, yield and function of LREVs. Here, we investigated how multifactor modulation of the biomanufacturing process controls the yield and biological functionality of the LREVs. To achieve this, we selected Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus as the candidate probiotic, initially cultivated under traditional culture conditions, i.e., 100% broth concentration and pH 5.5. Subsequently, we systematically modified the culture conditions of the probiotic by adjusting three critical process parameters: (1) culture medium pH (pH 3.5, 5.5 and 7.5), (2) growth time (48 and 72 h), and (3) broth concentration (50% and 10% of original broth concentration). EVs were then isolated separately from each condition. The critical quality attributes (CQA) of LREVs, including physical characteristics (size, distribution, concentration) and biological composition (protein, carbohydrate, lipid), were analysed. Functional impacts of LREVs on human epidermal keratinocytes and Staphylococcus aureus were also assessed as CQA. Our findings show that the production of LREVs is influenced by environmental stresses induced by the culture conditions. Factors like broth concentration, pH levels, and growth time significantly impact stress levels in L. rhamnosus, affecting both the production and composition of LREVs. Additionally, we have observed that LREVs are non-toxicity for keratinocytes, the major cell type of the epidermis, and possess antimicrobial properties against S. aureus, a common human skin pathogen. These properties are prerequisites for the potential application of EVs to treat skin conditions, including infected wounds. However, the functionality of LREVs depends on the culture conditions and stress levels experienced by L. rhamnosus during production. Understanding this relationship between the culture microenvironment, probiotic stress response, and LREV characteristics, can lead to the biomanufacturing of customised probiotic-derived EVs for various medical and industrial applications.

The objective of the study was to systematically assess whether the oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Four randomised clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, a total of 252 patients. Success of treatment was reported in 50 out of 82 patients (58.82%) from the LGG group, compared with 28 from 82 (34.14%) in the placebo group (p = 0.05). The number of pain episodes was lower in the LGG group compared with the placebo group (n = 117, 95% CI: 1.50 [–2.03; –0.97], p < 0.05). The use of LGG resulted in a decrease in the perception of pain intensity in the study population overall (n = 219, 95% CI: –0.61 [–1.13; –0.09], p < 0.05). A higher dosage of LGG was less effective than a lower dosage in improving the overall treatment success (p = 0.05). The dosage of LGG was not statistically significant in improving pain severity (p = 0.12).

This study aimed to identify substances including Lactobacillus rhamnosus vitaP1 (KACC 92054P) that alleviate hangover-induced emotional anxiety and liver damage. The association between emotional anxiety caused by hangover and the genes P2X4, P2X7, SLC6A4 was investigated. In vitro and in vivo analyses were conducted to assess the influence of free-panica on alcohol-induced upregulated gene expression. Additionally, the concentration of AST, ALT, alcohol, and acetaldehyde in blood was measured. Free-panica, consisting of five natural products (Phyllanthus amarus, Phoenix dactylifera, Vitis vinifera, Zingiber officinale, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus), were evaluated for their regulatory effects on genes involved in alcohol-induced emotional anxiety and liver damage. The combination of these natural products in free-panica successfully restored emotional anxiety, and the concentration of AST, ALT, alcohol, and acetaldehyde in blood to those of the normal control group. These findings support the potential development of free-panica as a health functional food or medicinal intervention for relieving hangover symptoms and protecting liver from alcohol consumption. Key points: • Alcohol-induced P2X4, P2X7, and SLC6A4 gene expression was assessed. • Mitigating alcohol-induced emotional anxiety of free-panica was assessed. • Free-panica showed alleviating alcohol-induced emotional anxiety in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known as an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the breakdown of self‐tolerance, resulting in disease onset and progression. Macrophages have been implicated as a factor in the development of SLE through faulty phagocytosis of dead cells or an imbalanced M1/M2 ratio. The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on M1 and M2 macrophages in new case lupus patients. For this purpose, blood monocytes were collected from lupus patients and healthy people and were cultured for 5 days to produce macrophages. For 48 h, the macrophages were then cocultured with either probiotics or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Flow cytometry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were then used to analyze the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD80, and human leukocyte antigen – DR (HLADR) markers, as well as cytokine expression (interleukin [IL]1‐β, IL‐12, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF‐α], IL‐10, and transforming growth factor beta [TGF‐β]). The results indicated three distinct macrophage populations, M0, M1, and M2. In both control and patient‐derived macrophage‐derived monocytes (MDMs), the probiotic groups showed a decrease in CD14, CD80, and HLADR expression compared to the LPS group. This decrease was particularly evident in M0 and M2 macrophages from lupus patients and M1 macrophages from healthy subjects. In addition, the probiotic groups showed increased levels of IL‐10 and TGF‐β and decreased levels of IL‐12, IL1‐β, and TNF‐α in MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects compared to the LPS groups. Although there was a higher expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in lupus patients, there was a higher expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines in healthy subjects. In general, L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus could induce anti‐inflammatory effects on MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects. Significance statement: Macrophages have been implicated as a factor in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus through faulty phagocytosis of dead cells or an imbalanced M1/M2 ratio. The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on M1 and M2 macrophages in new case lupus patients. L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus could induce anti‐inflammatory effects on macrophage‐derived monocytes (MDMs) from both healthy and lupus subjects. In both control and patient‐derived MDMs, the probiotic groups showed a decrease in cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD80, and Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR expression compared to the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) group. Also observed the increased levels of interleukin (IL)‐10 and transforming growth factor beta and decreased levels of IL‐12, IL1‐β, and tumor necrosis factor α in MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects compared to the LPS groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different organic compounds can have varying degrees of impact on the activity of Lactobacillus paracasei. The study focused on the impact and action mechanism of different organic selenium products on the bioactivity of two strains of L. paracasei. The growth, antioxidant activity, extracellular polysaccharide secretion, quorum sensing (QS), and biofilm formation of the strains before and after the addition of organic selenium crude products and three organic selenium standard were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of crude organic selenium promoted the various activities of the strain. l‐selenocysteine had the strongest regulatory effect, with maximum GIM1.80 biofilm formation when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 μg/mL; l‐selenomethionine resulted in the highest activity of the signal molecule Auto inducer‐2 of GDMCC1.155, when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 μg/mL. The results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the addition of organic selenium effectively improved the morphological structure of the two bacterial cells. Molecular docking revealed that the mechanism by which organic selenium regulates QS in Lactobacillus was achieved by binding two crucial receptor proteins (histidine protein kinase HKP and periplasmic binding protein LuxP) from specific sites. Furthermore, organic selenium products have a beneficial regulatory effect on the biological activity of L. paracasei. Overall, these findings provide a new alternative (organic selenium) for regulating the viability and beneficial activity of L. paracasei. Significance Statement: The study found that organic selenium can promote the growth, antioxidant activity, and biofilm formation of Lactobacillus by activating quorum sensing (QS). Uniquely, organic selenium can both positively and negatively regulate QS and biofilm formation of Lactobacillus, and critical concentrations have also been obtained. Furthermore, the regulating mechanism of organic selenium on the activity of Lactobacillus was revealed. This study provides a new alternative for regulating and stimulating the beneficial activity of probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of probiotic-containing products are on the market, and their use is increasing. Probiotics are thought to support the health of the gut microbiota, which in turn might prevent or delay the onset of gastrointestinal tract disorders. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, autism, osteoporosis, and some immunological illnesses are among the conditions that have been shown to possibly benefit from probiotics. In addition to their ability to favorably affect diseases, probiotics represent a defense system enhancing intestinal, nutritional, and oral health. Depending on the type of microbial strain utilized, probiotics can have variable beneficial properties. Although many microbial species are available, the most widely employed ones are lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. The usefulness of these bacteria is dependent on both their origin and their capacity to promote health. Probiotics represent a valuable clinical tool supporting gastrointestinal health, immune system function, and metabolic balance. When used appropriately, probiotics may provide benefits such as a reduced risk of gastrointestinal disorders, enhanced immunity, and improved metabolic health. Most popular probiotics, their health advantages, and their mode of action are the topic of this narrative review article, aimed to provide the reader with a comprehensive reappraisal of this topic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic organisms including the gut microbiota have an essential antioxidant status, as a result of which these bacteria protect organisms from various pathologies and diseases. The goal of the given investigation is (1) the isolation and purification of the isoforms of endogenous О2−-producing associate from gastrointestinal bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum); (2) determination of the effective concentrations of exogenous О2− produced by a complex of NADPH-containing protein component and Fe(III) (NPC-Fe(III)) from raspberries on the growth of the gastrointestinal bacteria in a nutrient medium in vitro. Ion-exchange chromatography on cellulose DE-52 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at the pH of 9.5 was used to isolate and purify the NLP-Nox isoforms. Specific maximal optical absorption spectra of the Nox isoforms were observed in a weakly opalescent aqueous solution of the NLP-Nox isoforms. The specific contents of these NLP-Nox isoforms, as well as their composition, the stationary concentration of produced О2−, and the mechanism of О2− production were determined. The stimulating effect on the growth of these gastrointestinal bacteria in the nutrient medium of MRS broth and MRS agar in vitro under the influence of О2−, as a product of a new thermostable and acid-stable complex NPC-Fe(III) was determined. The NPC-Fe(III) complex, from raspberries was determined as well. Thus, for the first time, the isolation and purification of О2−- producing thermostable NADPH-containing lipoprotein–NADPH oxidase (NLP-Nox) associate from gastrointestinal bacteria membranes (continuously producing О2− under the aerobic conditions), and the stimulation of these bacteria growth by О2− formed by the complex from raspberries were demonstrated. The О2−-producing associate NLP-Nox was isolated and purified from the gut microbiota. NLP-Nox associate produces О2− by using a protein-bound non-free NADPH as a substrate. The NPC-Fe(III) isolated from raspberries generates О2−. The effective quantities of О2− promotes the growth and development of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt drink is one of the fermented dairy products. Probiotic yogurt drink has special health properties due to the presence of probiotics. Also, adding herbalmedicinal plants including chavil to this product can make it more attractive. However, the shelf life of probiotic bacteria in yogurt drink is not very long. This research was therefore carried out to increase the shelf life of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in yogurt drink by nanoencapsulation technique with Persian gum and whey protein isolate. Particle size and SEM was used for determination nanoencapsulated bacteria (bead) characteristics. In this regard, three samples of yogurt drink containing free Lactobacillus rhamnosus, its bead and the control were produced. Some characteristics including pH, acidity, sensory including color, taste, consistency and overall acceptability of yogurt drink were measured as well as the shelf life of probiotic bacteria under gastrointestinal conditions and storage in the refrigerator. The results showed that the beads had a size from 246.98 to 356.2 nm. The efficiency of nanoencapsulation was 87.2%, and the SEM images showed that the bacteria were covered well. At the end of the storage time, the decrease in pH (3.41) and increase in acidity (97.3 °D) of the sample containing beads was highest. The counting of free and beads also showed that the shelf life of bead was greater than free bacteria in yogurt drink. In the 21st day of storage, the product was eligible for probiotics. Moreover, the bead survival in simulation gasterointestinal condition was 3.33 log cfu/ml. The evaluation of the sensory parameters also showed that the sample containing bead had the lowest score among the panellist in all the sensory components except the texture. In conclusion, it can be stated that the yogurt drink containing the bead sample can qualify as a probiotic product during 21 days of storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are toxic residues that exert harmful effects because of their accumulation in the biological tissues. This study aimed to investigate the fitness of chicken breast meat, gizzard and liver for the human consumption in relation to their heavy metal residues. In addition, biodegradable effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the heavy metals concentrations in chicken fillet samples was assessed. Lead, cadmium and arsenic concentrations were investigated in a total of ninety random samples of raw chilled chicken meat, gizzard and liver (30 of each), which were collected from poultry slaughter shops in Benha city, Qalubiya governorate, Egypt by the atomic absorption technique. Furthermore, in vivo degradable effect of L. rhamnosus on heavy metal residues in chicken fillet was investigated during refrigeration storage. Liver samples had significant higher levels of heavy metals than gizzard and meat, with the incidences of 56.7%, 46.7% and 16.7% for lead, cadmium and arsenic, respectively. Moreover, 28.9%, 24.4% and 28.9% of the examined samples were unfit for human consumption based on their heavy metal contents, and in accordance with the respective Egyptian standards. In addition, L. rhamnosus had a significant reduction effect on arsenic, cadmium and lead with the reduction (%) of 56, 71.5 and 82.6% at the end of the experiment, respectively. Accordingly, regular investigation of heavy metals levels in commercial meat products and their feed stuffs is recommended. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus showed promising diminishing effect on heavy metal accumulation in meat products, where advanced research on its effect on the environment is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 200 samples of chicken products collected randomly from Quesna and El-Bagour in Menoufia governorate. The collected samples were represented by chicken breast, thigh, gizzard and liver (50 of each) and subjected to bacteriological examination for detection of Helicobacter species particularly, Helicobacter pylori. Further, the effect of L. rhamnosus culture to control such serious pathogen contaminating chicken products was studied. Helicobacter spp., detected in 4%, 6%, 12% and 20% of breast, thigh, gizzard and liver, respectively and H. pylori represent 4%, 4% 6% and 10% from this examined samples, respectively. H. pylori inoculated chicken fillet (1×106/g) which are not treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (control +ve) showed increase in prevalence of H. pylori 1.0×106, 1.3×106, 1.9×106 and 2.4×106 at zero time, 1st day, 2nd day and 3rd day, respectively. While chicken fillets treated with L. rhamnosus (1x106/g) Effect on prevalence of H. pylori inoculated into chicken fillets with a reduction percent of 35%, 52% and 69% but L. rhamnosus (1x107/g) showed remarkable reduction of H. pylori prevalence with a reduction percent of 54%, 67% and 81% at 1st day, 2nd day and 3rd day, respectively. L. rhamnosus effected on virulence genes of H. pylori isolated from treated chicken fillet as L. rhamnosus (1x106/g) destructed cagA gene and L. rhamnosus (1x107/g) destructed cagA and vacA genes so using of Lactobacillus rhamnosus culture as a method of control has a good effect on prevalence of H. pylori and its virulence genes in chicken fillets and L. rhamnosus (1x107/g) more effective than L. rhamnosus (1x106/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor recurrence and unfavorable bacterial biofilm formation on implants after bone tumor resection remain challenging in clinical settings. However, this dilemma also provides inspiration for the development of bioactive implants and a new route for the management of bone tumors through biofilm formation. Here, based on the characteristic that bacteria prefer to adhere to implants, 3D‐printing bioceramic scaffolds modified with probiotic biofilms are designed to augment antitumor immunity. In comparison with Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is demonstrated to more easily form biofilms on bioceramics and is selected to engineer etched bioceramics. The LGG biofilm subjected to pasteurization guarantees good biocompatibility and enhanced doxorubicin (Dox) loading. Furthermore, the LGG biofilm combined with Dox imparts the scaffolds with multiple properties of direct chemo‐killing for tumor cells and potent immune activation. The modified scaffolds efficiently inhibit bone tumor recurrence and bone metastasis in murine tumor model receives surgical resection. Moreover, based on 3D‐printing technology, the probiotic biofilm modified scaffolds with adjustable shapes are also demonstrated to repair shape‐specific bone defects after tumor elimination. Collectively, the multifunctional 3D‐printing scaffolds realize the integrated treatment of tumor elimination and bone repair, providing a promising strategy for clinical treatment of bone tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human health is seriously threatened by antibiotic-induced intestinal disorders. Herein, we aimed to determine the effects of Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) combined with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on the intestinal barrier function of antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis neonatal mice. Methods: An antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis neonatal mouse model was created using antibiotic cocktails, and the model mice were randomized into the control, AI-2, LGG, and LGG + AI-2 groups. Intestinal short-chain fatty acids and AI-2 concentrations were detected by mass spectrometry and chemiluminescence, respectively. The community composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing, and biofilm thickness and bacterial adhesion in the colon were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Transcriptome RNA sequencing of intestinal tissues was performed, and the mRNA and protein levels of HCAR2 (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2), claudin3, and claudin4 in intestinal tissues were determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. The levels of inflammatory factors in intestinal tissues were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). D-ribose, an inhibitor of AI-2, was used to treat Caco-2 cells in vitro. Results: Compared with the control, AI-2, and LGG groups, the LGG + AI-2 group showed increased levels of intestinal AI-2 and proportions of Firmicutes and Lacticaseibacillus, but a reduced fraction of Proteobacteria. Specifically, the LGG + AI-2 group had considerably more biofilms and LGG on the colon surface than those of other three groups. Meanwhile, the combination of AI-2 and LGG markedly increased the concentration of butyric acid and promoted Hcar2, claudin3 and claudin4 expression levels compared with supplementation with LGG or AI-2 alone. The ELISAs revealed a significantly higher tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level in the control group than in the LGG and LGG + AI-2 groups, whereas the interleukin 10 (IL-10) level was significantly higher in the LGG + AI-2 group than in the other three groups. In vitro, D-ribose treatment dramatically suppressed the increased levels of Hcar2, claudin3, and claudin4 in Caco-2 cells induced by AI-2 + LGG. Conclusions: AI-2 promotes the colonization of LGG and biofilm formation to improve intestinal barrier function in an antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis neonatal mouse model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely agreed that microbial biofilms play a major role in promoting infection and delaying healing of chronic wounds. In the era of microbial resistance, probiotic strains or their metabolic products are emerging as an innovative approach for the treatment of hard-to-heal (chronic) wounds due to their antimicrobial, healing, and host immune-modulatory effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG against mono- and dual-species biofilms of wound pathogens in a 3D in vitro infection model. Mature biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained on collagen scaffolds in the presence of a simulant wound fluid (SWF) and treated with CFS at different doses and time intervals. At 1:4 dilution in SWF, CFS caused a marked reduction in the colony forming-unit (CFU) numbers of bacteria embedded in mono-species biofilms as well as bacteria released by the biofilms in the supernatant. CFU count and electron microscopy imaging also demonstrated a marked antibiofilm effect against dual-species biofilms starting from 8 h of incubation. Furthermore, CFS exhibited acceptable levels of cytotoxicity at 24 h of incubation against HaCaT cells and, differently from ciprofloxacin, failed to induce resistance after 15 passages at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Overall, the results obtained point to L. rhamnosus GG postbiotics as a promising strategy for the treatment of wound biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics represent beneficial living microorganisms that confer physiological, nutritional, and functional advantages to human health, holding significant potential for development of functional foods. This research aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize potential probiotic bacterial strains sourced from fermented and non-fermented foods from Pakistan. A total of 341 bacterial strains were isolated from diverse food samples (81) collected from various regions of Pakistan. Strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The identified strains belonged to genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Microbacterium, Shigella, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Sporosarcina, Paenibacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Kosakonia, Dietzia, Leclercia, Lacticaseibacillus, Levilactobacillus, Kluyvera, Providencia, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Pantoea, Mammaliicoccus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Alkalihalobacillus. Selected strains were chosen for probiotic assessment, employing existing literature as a guideline. Among these selections, six strains exhibited hemolytic activity, and seven strains displayed resistance to multiple antibiotics, prompting their exclusion from subsequent evaluations. The remaining strains demonstrated auto-aggregation capacities spanning 3.39–79.7%, and displayed coaggregation capabilities with reported food-borne pathogens. Furthermore, nine strains exhibited antimicrobial properties against food-borne pathogens. The assessment encompassed diverse characteristics such as cell surface hydrophobicity, survival rates under varying conditions, cholesterol reduction ability, casein digestion capability, and antioxidant activity. Phylogenomic analysis, digital-DNA DNA hybridization (digi-DDH), and average nucleotide identity (ANI) calculations unveiled novel species potentially belonging to the genera Sporosarcina and Dietzia. Based on these findings, we advocate for the consideration of Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. cohnii NCCP-2414, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus NCCP-2569 and Levilactobacillus brevis NCCP-2574 as prime probiotic candidates with the potential for integration into formulation of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on viral replication and cellular response to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection, including the secretion of antiviral and inflammatory mediators from well-differentiated nasal epithelial cells (WD-NECs). Methods and results The WD-NECs from healthy adult donors (N  = 6) were cultured in vitro , exposed to different strains of L. rhamnosus (D3189, D3160, or LB21), and infected with HRV (RV-A16) after 24 h. Survival and adherence capacity of L. rhamnosus in a NEC environment were confirmed using CFSE-labelled isolates, immunofluorescent staining, and confocal microscopy. Shed virus and viral replication were quantified using TCID50 assays and RT-qPCR, respectively. Cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Pro-inflammatory mediators were measured by multiplex immunoassay, and interferon (IFN)-λ1/3 was measured using a standard ELISA kit. Lactobacillus rhamnosus was able to adhere to and colonize WD-NECs prior to the RV-A16 infection. Lactobacillus rhamnosus did not affect shed RV-A16, viral replication, RV-A16-induced IFN-λ1/3 production, or LDH release. Pre-exposure to L. rhamnosus , particularly D3189, reduced the secretion of RV-A16-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by WD-NECs. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that L. rhamnosus differentially modulates RV-A16-induced innate inflammatory immune responses in primary NECs from healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minced meat (MM) has a high surface-to-volume ratio, which makes it prone to the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria due to increased exposure to oxygen and high nutrient levels. In this study, postbiotics were used as a natural preservative to extend the shelf life of MM. Lyophilized postbiotics from Lactobacillus rhamnosus were incorporated into bacterial nanocellulose (BNNC) to create an antimicrobial film for packaging MM. The effectiveness of the postbiotic-embedded BNNC film against Staphylococcus aureus was tested using the disk diffusion method and the optimal postbiotic concentrations were determined using the microdilution broth method. Structural changes of the BNNC film after immersion in postbiotics were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and the attachment and chemical nature of the functional groups in the sample were confirmed using FTIR. The antimicrobial efficacy of the postbiotic-embedded BNNC film against S. aureus in MM was also tested. The results showed that BNNC with 10% (P10-BNNC) and 4% (P4-BNNC) postbiotic concentrations were the optimal films, as confirmed by SEM and FTIR. The P-BNNC films significantly reduced the number of S. aureus during storage of MM for 9 days at 4°C. In conclusion, BNNC can serve as a suitable carrier for creating antimicrobial films using postbiotics derived from LAB for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide. Recent studies suggest that postbiotics derived from probiotic bacteria have the potential as an adjunct therapy for CRC. This study investigates the anti-cancer effects of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) postbiotics on the HT-29 cell line. Materials and Methods: Through MTT and scratch assay, we investigated the anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of B. breve and L. rhamnosus postbiotics on HT-29 cells. Furthermore, postbiotic-mediated apoptosis was assessed by analyzing the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. We also investigated the effects of B. breve postbiotics on the expression of three important genes involved in metastasis, including RSPO2, NGF, and MMP7. Consequently, we validated the expression of selected genes in twelve adenocarcinoma tissues. Results: The results demonstrated the significant impact of postbiotics on HT-29 cells, highlighting their ability to induce anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and apoptosis-related effects. Notably, these effects were more pronounced using B. breve postbiotics than L. rhamnosus. Additionally, B. breve postbiotics could inhibit metastasis through upregulation of RSPO2 while downregulating NGF and MMP7 expression in HT-29 cells. Conclusion: Our research suggests that postbiotic metabolites may be effective biological products for the prevention and treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop bioactive bi-layer edible films based on starch (primary layer) and LAB-fermented whey and/or mango pulp powder solutions (secondary layer). Bioactive bi-layer edible films were evaluated for their physical properties, mechanical properties, antioxidant capacity, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus availability for 28 days (4 and 20 °C). Selected bioactive bi-layer edible film was applied to sushi to evaluate its sensory acceptance. The results indicated that bi-layer edible films based on LAB-fermented whey/mango solutions presented a higher quantity of phenolic compounds (95.87–107.67 mg GAE/100 g) and higher antioxidant capacity (74.84–77.64%). In addition, the higher viability (106–107 CFU/g) of L. rhamnosus after edible film production was obtained in those formulated with whey. After the storage period, the antioxidant capacity of all edible films was significantly affected by the storage time, while edible films containing whey in their formulation and stored at 4 °C had a L. rhamnosus count higher than 6 log cycles, which is the minimum required threshold to exert its beneficial effects in humans. The sushi covered with the selected bi-layer edible film was well accepted by the consumers, showing acceptance values between "I like it" and "I like it much". Therefore, the developed bi-layer edible films can serve as an alternative for adding health-promoting compounds to sushi with an adequate sensory acceptance of the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethyl lactate was produced with corn stover as a carbon source by a cascade bioprocess without adding any enzymes. Immobilized Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was co-cultivated in a modified gas lift bioreactor. Cellulase from Aspergillus niger was 8.05 U/mL in the gas lift bioreactor. The fermentation broth was transferred into an anaerobic fermenter, in which the immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus was cultivated. The maximum esterase activities were over 5005 U/mL and the ethyl lactate yield was over 8.76 g/L during five repeated batches. Without adding any cellulase and esterase, ethyl lactate production was achieved during five repeated batches by the cascade of the aerobic process and the anaerobic process with the lignocellulose as a carbon source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential for the first time of essential oils (EOs) from six cultivars (Druzhba, Raya, Hebar, Hemus, Yubileina, Sevtapolis) of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cultivated in Türkiye (Tekirdag) against a panel of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The chemical composition of EOs, analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealed 34 different components in the six cultivars. The results indicate that the main major constituents of all EOs were monoterpenoid linalool (47.60-64.13%) and linalyl acetate (12.92-26.08%). Based on principal component analysis (PCA) cvs. Druzhba, Raya and Hebar were situated in the centre right quadrant of the plot and were characterised by linalool and linalyl acetate in subgroup one. The results of antimicrobial assays revealed that lavender EOs were active against all strains of bacteria tested. For bacteria, the strongest activity of cv. Hemus was observed against Enterococcus faecalis (IZ = 19 ± 0.10 mm, MIC = MMC = 6.25 (µg/mL), while the weakest potency was seen against the gram-negative Salmonella enterica (IZ = 21 ± 1.00 mm, MIC = MMC = 31.25 (µg/mL). Based on PCA, the first subgroup of cvs. Hebar and Raya was characterised by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, E. faecalis and Lactobacillus pentosus and was situated in the bottom right quadrant of the plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are rapidly multiply by using prebiotic compounds in benefit microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi and/or some plant-derived compounds like oligosaccharides. In this study, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from three medicinal plants belonging to the Asteraceae family including Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., Cichorium intybus L., and Gundelia tournefortii L. on the growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NIMBB006), and their antibacterial activity against four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus subtilis) and antioxidant capacity were investigated. The main polysaccharide components were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The highest amounts of extracted polysaccharide were detected in two herbs i.e. C. intybus and G. tournefortii with high antioxidant activity. The maximum values of the antibacterial properties were related to polysaccharide isolated from T. officinale against four studied bacteria and polysaccharide isolated from each three herb against S. typhi. Totally, the extracted polysaccharides from T. officinale (2%) was significantly more effective in increasing the growth of L. rhamnosus (NIMBB006) as a native probiotic in comparison to two commercial prebiotics i.e. inulin and dextrose. In conclusion, the major constituents such as cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside, N-acetylcysteine, and glutamic acid in T. officinale may play a major role in biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both tea polyphenols (TP) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have been shown to alleviate obesity, and regulate lipid metabolism. However, the combined effects and their underlying mechanisms of action remain elusive. In the present work, the effects of TP, Lactobacillus rhamnosus R5 (R5), and TP+R5 on blood lipids and the gut microbiota of mice fed with a high-fat diet were compared. Results showed that the combination of TP and R5 effectively increased the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and the atherosclerosis index (AI) in mice fed with a high-fat diet. The combination treatment resulted in a modification of the structure of the gut microbiota in mice, as evidenced by a decrease in the F/B ratio, and an increase in the abundance of beneficial genera, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibaculum rodentium, and Ruminococcus_uncultured bacterium. Additionally, the contents of SCFAs (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) in faeces also increased. These could provide new ideas for anti-obesity methods, and a theoretical basis for the development of foods combining probiotics and tea polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is a vital trace element that plays an important role in humans and other organisms. It plays an active role in the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria. Iron deficiency or excess can negatively affect bacterial hosts. Studies have reported a major role of iron in the human intestine, which is necessary for maintaining body homeostasis and intestinal barrier function. Organisms can maintain their normal activities and regulate some cancer cells in the body by regulating iron excretion and iron-dependent ferroptosis. In addition, iron can modify the interaction between hosts and microorganisms by altering their growth and virulence or by affecting the immune system of the host. Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) were reported to increase trace elements, protect the host intestinal barrier, mitigate intestinal inflammation, and regulate immune function. This review article focuses on the two aspects of the iron and gut and generally summarizes the mechanistic role of iron ions in intestinal immunity and the remodeling of gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The depletion of beneficial bacteria in the gut has been found in patients with acne vulgaris, and in previous studies, the supplement of Lactobacillus rhamnosus led to the improvement of adult acne. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism of L. rhamnosus in the amelioration of acne vulgaris has not been elucidated yet. Methods: To mimic the human intestinal environment, a pseudo-germ-free rat model was used, and then gut microbiota from healthy individuals and acne patients were transplanted into rats. The effects of L. rhamnosus and tryptophan (Trp) metabolites on a rat acne model were investigated by gavage. Then, 16S rRNA analysis and targeted measurement of metabolites were performed to discover the differences in gut microbiota and metabolites between groups. Finally, HaCaT cells pretreated with Cutibacterium acnes were employed to validate the effect and mechanism of Trp metabolites on acne. Results: L. rhamnosus significantly improved acne-like symptoms in rats by suppressing the level of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, andTNF-α. L. rhamnosus induced an increase in the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole via targeted Trp metabolic analyses. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus promoted bacterial diversity and also enhanced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio, which was positively related to both IAA and indole. Finally, the roles of IAA and indole in alleviating acne vulgaris were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, which could be reversed by AhR inhibitors. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that L. rhamnosus could exert its therapeutic effects on acne vulgaris by modulating the gut microbiota and regulating associated Trp metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are known to cause liver toxicity as they can spread through the food chain. Most researches on their toxicity have focused on individual organs, neglecting the crucial "gut-liver axis"—a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut and liver. Probiotics have shown promise in modulating the effects of environmental pollutants. In this study, we exposed mice to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG, 100 mg/kg b.w./d) and/or polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, 5 mg/kg b.w./d) for 28 d via gavage to investigate how probiotics influence live toxicity through the gut-liver axis. Our results demonstrated that PS-MPs induced liver inflammation (increased IL-6 and TNF-α) and disrupted lipid metabolism. However, when combined with LGG, these effects were alleviated. LGG also improved colon health, rectifying ciliary defects and abnormal mucus secretion caused by PS-MPs. Furthermore, LGG improved gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by PS-MPs. Metabolomics and gene expression analysis (Cyp7a1 and Cyp7b1) indicated that LGG modulated bile acid metabolism. In summary, LGG appears to protect the liver by maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing gut barrier integrity, and reducing the liver inflammation. These findings confirm the potential of LGG to modulate liver toxicity caused by PS-MPs through the gut-liver axis, offering insights into probiotics' application for environmental pollutant detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]