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The natural process of aging gradually causes changes in living organisms, leading to the deterioration of organs, tissues, and cells. In the case of osteoarthritis (OA), the degradation of cartilage is a result of both mechanical stress and biochemical factors. Natural products have already been evaluated for their potential role in the prevention and treatment of OA, providing a safe and effective adjunctive therapeutic approach. This review aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of natural products and their derivatives in osteoarthritis via a systematic search of literature after 2008, including in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and animal models, along with clinical trials and meta-analysis. Overall, 170 papers were obtained and screened. Here, we presented findings referring to the preventative and therapeutic potential of 17 natural products and 14 naturally occurring compounds, underlining, when available, the mechanisms implicated. The nature of OA calls to initially focus on the management of symptoms, and, in that context, several naturally occurring compounds have been utilized. Underlying a global need for more sustainable natural sources for treatment, the evidence supporting their chondroprotective potential is still building up. However, arriving at that kind of solution requires more clinical research, targeting the implications of long-term treatment, adverse effects, and epigenetic implications.

Background: Breastfeeding is not only important for the bond between the mother and the child but is also associated with many health benefits. Socio-demographic factors have been found to be important for the initiation and longer duration of breastfeeding., Aim: To record the breastfeeding characteristics and to explore possible associations with socio-cultural and demographic factors in a culturally diverse area in Greece., Materials and Methods: A questionnaire including information about breastfeeding characteristics, medical history and demographics was completed by parents of children in the primary schools of the area., Results: The study included 700 school-age children (352 boys), mean age 9.4±1.9 years. Breastfeeding was reported in 54.9% of them, with median (IQR) duration of 120 (range 60-360) days. Prevalence of breastfeeding was slightly higher in semi-urban areas, versus rural or urban settlements, but the duration there was significantly lower (p<0.001). Better educated mothers tended to initiate or sustain breastfeeding for a longer period; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Children of the native Muslim minority had been breastfed for a longer time (median duration 360 vs. 120 days, p<0.001), however, no difference was noted in prevalence., Conclusion: Prevalence of breastfeeding in Greece is approximately 55%, similar to previous reports and along with duration is determined by certain socio-cultural factors., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Introduction : Real-world effectiveness of hemato-oncology pharmaceuticals may not necessarily mimic clinical trial efficacy results, mainly due to demographic and clinical practice variability. The aim of this review was to systematically assess the availability of real-world evidence (RWE) and the transferability of clinical trial (CT) efficacy results to real life, for novel agents recently approved to manage lymphomas, leukemias, and multiple myeloma. This is the largest cross-indication review comparing RWE to CT results, aspiring to inform clinical practice and decision-making when funding hemato-oncology pharmaceuticals. Areas covered : The review methodology focused on identifying all novel agents that entered EU landscape between 2012 and 2016 by using European Medicines Agency (EMA) database, while conducting a systematic PubMed literature review of RWE in the specific hematological malignancies, in order to compare RWE versus CT efficacy endpoints. Expert opinion : In total, 18 international nonproprietary names (INNs) that received EMA approval for any indication were included and the registrational efficacy results are presented. Eight (44%) INNs proved to have relevant RWE generated in at least one approved indication. The analysis of findings revealed high variability in terms of RWE availability and transferability of CT results to relevant real-life experience among the disease areas investigated.

Background: The Mediterranean diet is a healthy eating pattern that protects against the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels due to pancreatic beta-cell functional impairment and insulin resistance in various tissues. Inspired by the ancient communities, this diet emphasizes eating primarily plant-based foods, including vegetables, legumes, fruits, cereals, and nuts. Importantly, virgin olive oil is used as the principal source of fat. Red meat is consumed in low amounts while wine and fish are consumed moderately., Objective: Here, we review the most beneficial components of the Mediterranean Diet and tentative mechanisms of action for prevention and/or management of T2DM, based on research conducted within the last decade., Methods: The references over the last five years have been reviewed and they have been selected properly according to inclusion/ exclusion criteria., Results: Several bioactive diet components were evaluated to prevent inflammation and cytokine-induced oxidative damage, reduce glucose concentration, carbohydrate absorption and increase insulin sensitivity and related gene expression., Conclusion: The adherence to a healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise and habits remains the best approach for the prevention of diabetes as well as frequent check-ups and education. Though diabetes has a strong genetic component, in recent years many reports strongly point to the critical role of lifestyle specific epigenetic modifications in the development of T2DM. It remains to be established how different components of the Mediterranean Diet interact and influence the epigenetic landscape to prevent or treat the disease., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Coumarins belong to the benzopyrone family. They are naturally plant-derived or synthetically obtained substances, presenting a wide variety of biological activities, offering an extented therapeutic profile. Their structural characteristics correlated to physicochemical properties define their pleiotropic biological responses., Areas Covered in This Review: Recent patent publications (2015-2016), describing coumarins and their derivatives are analyzed. Synthesis, biological evaluations in vitro /in vivo e.g. antiviral, anticancer, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammmatory protocols are included. Furthermore, several pharmaceutical applications and pharmaceutical compositions are also described. Expert opinion: Several synthetic coumarins, hybrids and derivatives (azoles, sulfonyl, furazan, pyrazole etc) have been found to possess promising anticancer, antitumor anti-proliferative activities. Their clinical evaluation will be critical to assess therapeutic utility. The compounds for which the mechanism of action is well defined can serve as lead compounds for the design of new more potent molecules.

Pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement (PCE) represents the non-medical use of prescribed medication for the improvement of cognitive functioning and academic performance. Although there are some studies about PCE prevalence, it is less clear how users and non-users of PCE substances differ with respect to their positive and negative student experiences (e.g. academic burnout and engagement with studies) and in social cognitive variables that relate to decision-making and self-regulation of PCE use. The present study assessed whether students with different experiences of PCE substance use displayed differences in academic burnout, study engagement, and social cognitive variables relevant to PCE use. Three hundred and forty-seven university students (mean age (M) = 22.15 years, SD = 1.69; 54% females) completed a battery of anonymous questionnaires on academic burnout, engagement with studies, social cognitive variables relevant to PCE use, and self-reported use of PCE substances and non-prescribed nutritional supplements. Three user groups emerged, namely non-users (51.9%, n = 180), single users of non-prescribed dietary supplements (25.4%, n = 88), and dual users of both non-prescribed dietary supplements and PCE (22.8%, n = 79). Multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the three user groups in intentions, attitudes, social norms, and anticipated regret toward PCE use. No significant differences were observed with respect to academic burnout and work engagement. The findings show that university students may engage in PCE use independent of their student experiences. Rather, a chemically assisted performance enhancement mindset seems to differentiate users from non-users of PCE substances.

Introduction: Non-prescription over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are widely used by patients to control aches, pain, and fever. One of the most frequently used OTC medications worldwide is paracetamol (acetaminophen). The aim of the present study was to fill the current knowledge gap regarding the beliefs and attitudes of people in Greece associated with the use of paracetamol during the years of financial crisis., Methods: The present study employed a sample of individuals visiting community pharmacies in the second largest city of Greece, Thessaloniki. All participants anonymously answered a questionnaire regarding their beliefs and characteristics of paracetamol consumption. Their answers were then statistically analyzed., Results: The generic paracetamol compound was shown to be more well known than the original. A significant percentage of participants, ranging between 9.9% and 33.7%, falsely believed that certain medications [mainly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)] contained paracetamol. Participants' age, level of education, and gender were shown to be predictive of this false belief. Additionally, 11.1% of participants believed that the maximum allowed daily dose of paracetamol was higher than the correct one. Better educated individuals were less likely to consume alcohol in parallel with paracetamol (odd ratio 0.230, 95% confidence interval 0.058-0.916, P = 0.037)., Conclusion: Paracetamol is commonly used, both in its original and generic forms. However, a significant number of individuals confuse it with NSAIDs. Age, level of education, and gender are important determinants of the characteristics of paracetamol consumption. It seems that patients prefer to take paracetamol on their own decision during the financial crisis.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used, having numerous indications. However, despite their therapeutic role, they are associated with serious cardiovascular (CV) adverse events. Objectives-Methods: This review comprising recent observational studies and metaanalyses over the past few years aims at updating the assessment of CV adverse events, namely stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), CV death, atrial fibrillation (AF), serious bleeding and heart failure related to the use of 4 of the most widely prescribed NSAIDs: ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and mefenamic acid., Results: The best safety profile related to MI was found for naproxen, while the worst safety profile, with excessively increased risk for stroke, MI and major bleeding, was for diclofenac. Naproxen showed higher risk for major bleeding than ibuprofen and the risk for stroke was slightly higher than ibuprofen. Regarding heart failure, ibuprofen presented the highest risk while the highest risk for AF was attributed to the current use of diclofenac. There are few data related to mefenamic acid, which showed a strong association with increased risk for stroke and a moderately increased risk for MI., Conclusion: Further research is needed in order to devise new guidelines for safer use of NSAIDs.

From the aerial parts of Thymus sibthorpii Bentham (Lamiaceae), five flavonoids apigenin (1), 7-methoxy-apigenin (2), naringenin (3), eriodictyol (4) and eriodictyol-7-glucoside (5), have been isolated together with caffeic acid methyl ester (6), rosmarinic acid (7) and rosmarinic acid methyl ester (8). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. The extracts and the isolated compounds were tested for their free radical scavenging activity using the following in vitro assays: (i) interaction with the free stable radical of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), (ii) inhibition of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation induced by the dihydrochloric acid of 2,2-azobis-2-amidinepropane (AAPH) and (iii) the scavenging activity of enzymatically produced superoxide anion. Their inhibitory activity toward soybean lipoxygenase was evaluated in vitro, using linoleic acid as a substrate. The antioxidant results of the extracts are discussed in terms of their constitution in phenolic compounds, which were determined following the Folin-Ciocalteu method.

The interest towards coumarin-based structures stems from their polypharmacological profile. Herein, we present a series of Mannich bases and 7-azomethine-linked coumarin derivatives exhibiting antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities, in addition to the already known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Among others, compounds 15 and 16 were found to be the most potent and selective inhibitors of platelet aggregation whereas compound 3 also proved to be the most potent in the clot retraction assay. Structure-activity relationship studies were conducted to elucidate the molecular determinants responsible for the herein observed activities. The chance of inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 was also investigated for evaluating the platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid. Taken together, these results suggest that the investigation of other targets connected to the antiplatelet activity, such as phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3), could be a viable strategy to shed light on the polypharmacological profile of coumarin-based compounds. Docking simulations towards PDE3 were also carried out.

In an attempt to synthesize potential new multitarget agents, 11 novel hybrids incorporating cinnamic acids and paracetamol, 4-/7-hydroxycoumarin, benzocaine, p-aminophenol and m-aminophenol were synthesized. Three hybrids-2e, 2a, 2g-and 3b were found to be multifunctional agents. The hybrid 2e derived from the phenoxyphenyl cinnamic acid and m-acetamidophenol showed the highest lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition and analgesic activity (IC50 = 0.34 μΜ and 98.1%, whereas the hybrid 3b of bromobenzyloxycinnamic acid and hymechromone exhibited simultaneously good LOX inhibitory activity (IC50 = 50 μΜ) and the highest anti-proteolytic activity (IC50= 5 μΜ). The hybrid 2a of phenyloxyphenyl acid with paracetamol showed a high analgesic activity (91%) and appears to be a promising agent for treating peripheral nerve injuries. Hybrid 2g which has an ester and an amide bond presents an interesting combination of anti-LOX and anti-proteolytic activity. The esters were found very potent and especially those derived from paracetamol and m-acetamidophenol. The amides follow. Based on 2D-structure-activity relationships it was observed that both steric and electronic parameters play major roles in the activity of these compounds. Molecular docking studies point to the fact that allosteric interactions might govern the LOX-inhibitor binding.

In the present project, a series of coumarin analogues, were synthesised and evaluated for their antioxidant and soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. A variety of structural modifications on the coumarin scaffold revealed interesting structure–activity relationships concerning the different biological assays. Prenyloxy-coumarins 9 and 10 displayed the best combined inhibition of lipid peroxidation and soybean lipoxygenase. Thiocoumarins 11 and 14 were identified as potent lipoxygenase inhibitors whereas hydrazone analogues 15 and 16 were efficient DPPH radical scavengers.

We describe herein the synthesis of stable aromatic and heteroaromatic sulfonyl-amidoximes, from the reaction of amidoximes with the corresponding sulfonyl chlorides, in low to excellent yields. Evaluation of their antioxidant activity has shown that 17 out of 28 compounds highly compete DMSO for hydroxyl radicals, while five of them inhibit lipid peroxidation. Combining the reducing and anti-lipid peroxidation ability it seems that compounds 13 and 31 could be used as lead molecules., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

A key goal of our recent research efforts has been to develop novel 'triggerable nanoparticle' systems with real potential utility in vivo. These are designed to be stable from the point of administration until a target site of interest is reached, then triggered for the controlled release of therapeutic agent payload(s) at the target site by changes in local endogenous conditions or through the application of some exogenous stimulus. Here we describe investigations into the use of enzymes to trigger RNAi-mediated therapy through a process of enzyme-assisted nanoparticle triggerability. Our approach is to use PEG(2000)-peptidyl lipids with peptidyl moieties sensitive to tumour-localized elastase or matrix metalloproteinase-2 digestion, and from these prepare putative enzyme-triggered PEGylated siRNA-nanoparticles. Our results provide initial proof of concept in vitro. From these data, we propose that this concept should be applicable for functional delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to tumour cells in vivo, although the mechanism for enzyme-assisted nanoparticle triggerability remains to be fully characterized.

Nanoparticle mediated functional delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) in vivo typically requires the formulation of pDNA-nanoparticles with a surface layer of stealth/biocompatibility polymer (usually poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG]). This PEG layer ensures the colloidal stability of pDNA-nanoparticles in biological fluids and minimizes nanoparticle interactions with the reticulo-endothelical system. Unfortunately, the presence of the PEG layer appears to contribute to a reduction in efficiency of functional delivery of pDNA once target cells are reached. For this reason, we have focused recent research efforts on "triggerable" nanoparticle systems. These are designed to be stable from the point of administration until a target site of interest is reached, then triggered for the controlled release of therapeutic agent payload(s) at the target site by changes in local endogenous conditions or through the application of some exogenous stimulus. Here, we describe investigations into the potential use of enzymes to trigger pDNA-mediated therapy through a process of enzyme-assisted nanoparticle triggerability. Our approach is to use PEG(2000)-peptidyl lipids with peptidyl moieties sensitive to tumor-localized elastase or matrix metalloproteinase-2 digestion, and from these prepare putative enzyme-triggered PEGylated pDNA-nanoparticles. Our results provide initial proof of concept in vitro. From these data, we propose that this concept should be applicable for functional delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to tumor cells in vivo, although the mechanism for enzyme-assisted nanoparticle triggerability remains to be fully characterized.

A series of 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen (MOP) analogs, suitable for structure-antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity relationship studies, were synthesized using as key-reactions the selective monobromination of MOPs with N-bromosaccharin and either a Heck reaction or a Suzuki coupling or a Suzuki coupling followed by a Wittig reaction to install side-chains of the acrylate- or benzoate- or cinnamate-type, respectively. The 8-MOP analogs 19 and 24, incorporating at position 5 of the psoralen nucleus a butyl acrylate or a tert-butyl cinnamate moiety, were the most powerful inhibitors of soybean LOX and inhibited effectively lipid peroxidation. Analog 19 was a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than the reference compound indomethacin and of comparable cytocompatibility to 8-MOP whereas analog 24 was a weaker inhibitor of inflammation than indomethacin and significantly more cytotoxic than 8-MOP. The results of the biological tests are discussed in terms of structural characteristics., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Coumarins are a group of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds. They belong to the benzopyrones family and possess a wide variety of cytoprotective and modulatory functions, which may be translated to therapeutic potentials for multiple diseases. Their physicochemical properties seem to define the extent of the biological activity., Areas Covered: In this review recent patent publications (2008 – 2011), describing coumarins and their derivatives, are analyzed. Synthesis, combinatorial techniques, biological evaluation in vitro/in vivo/ex vivo, e.g. antimitotic, immunomodulating, antiviral, anticancer and cytotoxic agents, as well as some new biological assays, are included. In addition to selected biological data, a wide range of pharmaceutical applications and pharmaceutical compositions are also summarized., Expert Opinion: Several natural and synthetic coumarins and derivatives with potent in vivo/in vitro biological responses appear to be promising anticancer activities. Their clinical evaluation will be critical to assess therapeutic utility. The compounds for which the mechanism of action is well defined can serve as lead compounds for the design of new more promising molecules.

Vascular oxidative stress, endothelial injury, and thrombosis are intertwined processes that display a synergistic pathological effect in many cardiovascular diseases. Antithrombotic therapy with anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet agents, combined with interventions against vascular oxidative stress and/or inflammation, both boosting endothelial antithrombotic potential, could display a synergistic action in the treatment of thrombosis. Of the compounds 10a-h and 11a-d, shown to possess thrombin inhibitory activity, 11a-d were found to display radical scavenging activity, 10a, 10d, and 10f were demonstrated to inhibit lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid, and 10b and 10h inhibited soybean lipoxygenase. The observed combination of thrombin inhibition with lipid peroxidation and/or lipoxygenase inhibitory activity makes compounds 10 and 11 interesting candidates for further investigations towards multiple antithrombotic drugs., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) have been shown to have critical roles in fatty acid oxidation, triglyceride synthesis, and lipid metabolism - making them an important target in drug discovery. Here we describe the in silico design, synthesis and in vitro characterisation of a novel series of 2,5-disubstituted indoles as PPARα/γ dual agonists. PPAR activation assays are performed with known agonists diazabenzene (WY14.643), aminopyridine (BRL49653) and bisaryl (L165.041), as positive controls. All the indole compounds synthesized are found to be active PPARα and PPARγ agonists, with particular efficacy from those with 2-naphthylmethyl substitution. This is a useful demonstration of a new de novo design methodology implemented by the protobuild program and its ability to rapidly produce novel modulators for a well characterized drug target.

We describe herein a convenient straightforward synthesis of 5-amino-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, upon the reactions of amidoximes with carbodiimides, as well as their further derivatization to acetamides, in good yields. Most of the compounds exhibited in general low interaction with the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl. Compounds 32 and 39 inhibited significantly soybean lipoxygenase. Selected compounds were screened for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenin paw edema model and showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (26, 51%). The ability of the compounds to release NO in the presence of a thiol factor has been also investigated., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

In the present work a series of novel coumarin-3-carboxamides and their hybrids with the alpha-lipoic acid were designed, synthesized and tested as potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The new compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity, their activity to inhibit in vitro lipoxygenase and their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. In general, the derivatives were generally found to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Discussion is made based on the results for the structure-activity relationships in order to define the structural features required for activity.

Chalcones are a group of phenolic compounds which possess a wide variety of cytoprotective and modulatory functions. They have been shown to possess antioxidant, oxygen scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of experimental systems and can trigger the intracellular cascade of protective pathways offering a promising stratagem for therapeutic applications. In this research we will review the anti-inflammatory effect of chalcone derivatives and new approaches.

Angular pyrrolocoumarins were synthesized from the reaction of 4-hydroxyindole or 5-hydroxyindole with DMAD and PPh(3) and were tested for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. These compounds significantly inhibited the carrageenin-induced paw edema (60.5%-73.4%) and have important scavenging activity. Although their interaction with the free stable radical DPPH is not high, compound 9 is the most potent (73.4%) in the in vivo experiment. Compound 7 seems to be a potent LOX inhibitor. An attempt was made to correlate the biological results with their structural characteristics and physicochemical parameters.

A series of coumarin analogs, designed and synthesised as potential fluorescent zinc probes were evaluated for their biological activity as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. The effect of the synthesised compounds on inflammation, using the carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema model, was studied. In general, the compounds were found to be potent anti-inflammatory agents (26.5-64%). Compound 5 was found to interact significantly with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH) whereas the remainder were inactive in this assay. The compounds inhibit in general the soybean lipoxygenase and scavenge superoxide anion radicals. The anti-inflammatory activity seems to be connected with their reducing activity. Their RM values were determined as an expression of their lipophilicity. Theoretical calculations of their lipophilicity as clog P were performed indicating that only a poor relationship exists between their lipophilicity and anti-inflammatory activity.

A series of N-substituted-quinolinone-3-aminoamides and their hybrids containing the alpha-lipoic acid functionality were designed and synthesized as potential bifunctional agents combining antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The new compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and for their ability to inhibit in vitro lipoxygenase as well as for their anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. In general, the derivatives were found to be potent antioxidant or anti-inflammatory agents. The results are discussed in terms of structure-activity relationships and an attempt is made to define the structural features required for activity.

Thrombin has become an important target for designing antithrombotic drugs in the recent years. Thus, we have undertaken a QSAR analysis aimed at individuating the physicochemical properties governing the inhibitory activity of such compounds. The QSAR equations for ten series of derivatives have been calculated and discussed. The series studied are all those that we found in the literature suitable for a QSAR study. The equations we obtained show that the main physicochemical properties affecting the inhibitory activity are almost the same for all the series and can be individuated by the use of proper parameters. The conclusions of this analysis can be summarized as follows: a). hydrophobicity plays a critical role; b). steric factors are also significant but in some cases the collinearity between steric and hydrophobic parameters does not allow one to draw any final conclusion.

Several linear and angular coumarins designed and synthesised as possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents were evaluated for their biological activities, using the carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema model. In general, the compounds were found to be potent anti-inflammatory agents. Compound (4) was found to possess protective properties in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. The compounds were found to interact with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH) whereas most of them were essentially inactive in other tests. The anti-inflammatory activity seemed to be connected with their reducing activity. R(M) values were determined as an expression of their lipophilicity which was also calculated as clog P. Only a poor relationship existed between lipophilicity and anti-inflammatory activity.

The antioxidant activities (in vitro) and the lipophilicity (as RM values) of 12 DL-omega-phenyl-amino acid octyl esters with anti-inflammatory/analgesic activities were studied. The tested compounds were found to interact with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH), whereas most of them were essentially inactive in other tests. DL-2-Amino-4-(4-aminophenyl)butyric acid octyl ester was found to be the most active. The anti-inflammatory activity does not seem to be connected with O2-. or HO. scavenging activity at least under the experimental conditions applied. However, the interaction with DPPH was found to be correlated with their anti-inflammatory activity. Between the lipophilicity and the anti-inflammatory activity only a poor relationship exists. For a subgroup of the derivatives of the phenyl glycine octyl ester (1-8) a significant correlation was found between the RM values and the calculated clog P lipophilicity.