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The aim of this study was to examine the influence of electrostatic fields on seed vigor (VI), mean rate of germination (MGR) and coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) of five soybean genotypes. Testing was conducted at the Novi Sad Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops on the seeds of five soybean varieties: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, and NS Blackstar. The seeds were exposed to different voltages of direct current (DC): 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min and 3 min. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving VI, MGR and CVG. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to a particular genotype, since inadequate treatments may deteriorate the quality of seeds., Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na vigor semena (VI), srednju brzinu klijanja (MGR) i koeficijent srednje brzine klijanja (CVG) pet genotipova soje. Testiranje je sprovedeno u novosadskom Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na semenu pet sorti soje: Sava, NS 2024, NS 1347, NS 3127, i NS Blackstar. Seme je bilo izloženo različitim vrednostima jednosmerne struje (DC) napona: 0 V (kontrola), 3 V, 6 V i 9 V, u trajanju od 0 min (kontrola), 1 min i 3 min. Nakon toga seme je stavljeno na naklijavanje na temperaturi od 25°C u trajanju od osam dana, a posle toga utvrđene su vrednosti parametara klijanja. Rezultati su pokazali značajan uticaj elektrostatičkog polja na VI, MGR i CVG u zavisnosti od genotipa i napona. Najbolji uticaj na sve parametre klijanja ostvaren je kod genotipa NS 2024. Primenom elektrostatičkog polja od 6 V ostvaren je najbolji efekat kod svih ispitivanih parametara. VI je povećan za 19,75%, dok su MGR i CVG za 5.22% viši u odnosu na kontrolu. Pored toga, rezultati su pokazali da je potrebno utvrditi tačnu kombinaciju napona i vremena ekspozicije za određeni genotip, jer u suprotnom dolazi do značajnog pogoršanja parametara klijavosti semena.

The aim of the research was to test the effect of application of plant growth regulators ascorbic acid (AsA), glycine betaine (GB) salicylic acid (SA), and water (H2O) on morphological characteristics of soybean plant (plant height, number of lateral branches, total number of nodules, number of fertile nodules, number of pods and weight of 1000 seeds). The field trial was conducted at an experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2016–2017. The plant of the soybean cultivar ‘Sava’ was treated twice. The first treatment was done in the R1 reproductive stage and the second treatment was done in the R3 reproductive stage. Research has shown that in a favorable year (2016), the application of GB had the best effect on the number of lateral branches and fertile nodules. The use of SA achieved a significantly higher 1000 seed weight in relation to the control, but also water, regardless of the weather conditions during the vegetation. In 2016, compared to the control, the 1000 seeds weight increased by 10.36%, while in 2017 the effect was slightly higher by 12.92%. However, studies have shown that the use of growth regulators can also have a negative effect on the morphological characteristics of soybean plants, depending on the year and the weather conditions during the growing season.

The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of the electrostatic field on seeds of soybean (Glycine max L), vetch (Vicia spp. L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The DC voltage of 9V was used. The durations of seed treatment were 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 minutes. The trial was set up as a randomized block design with four replications. 4x100 seeds of each variant and control (untreated seed) were treated. After treatment, seed quality was examined using a germination test (optimal temperature) and a cold test (low temperature). The results of the study showed that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depended on the plant species, the time of seed treatment and the temperature conditions in which the seed germinated after treatment. The increase in germination energy ranged up to 18.18% in vetch, and a decrease of up to 12% was observed in chickpea. The application of the electrostatic field had a significantly greater impact on seeds that were exposed to low temperatures in the germination process after treatment. The increase in seed germination ranged up to 82.35% in chickpeas, and the decrease amounted to 92.68% in peas. In addition, the obtained results indicate that it is not possible to talk about the universal application of a certain duration of seed treatment., Cilj rada je bio ispitivanje uticaja elektrostatičkog polja na seme soje (Glycine max L.), grahorice (Vicia spp. L.), graška (Pisum sativum L.), sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.) i nauta (Cicer arietinum L.) koji su selekcionisani na Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Za tretiranje je korišćen jednosmerni napon jačine 9 V. Vreme tretiranja semena iznosilo je 0 (kontrola), 1, 2 i 3 minuta. Nakon tretiranja, ispitan je kvalitet semena primenom standardnog testa klijavosti (optimalna temperatura) i hladnog testa (niska temperatura). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je efekat elektrostatičkog polja na kvalitet semena zavisio od biljne vrste, vremena tretiranja semena i temperaturnih uslova u kojima je seme klijalo nakon tretiranja. Povećanje energije klijanja se kretalo do 18,18% kod grahorice, a smanjenje do 12% kod nauta. Značajno veći uticaj primena elektrostatičkog polja imala je na semenu koje je posle tretiranja izloženo niskoj temperaturi u procesu klijanja. Povećanje klijavosti semena se kretalo do 82,35% kod nauta, a smanjenje do 92,68% kod graška. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da se ne može govoriti o univerzalnoj primeni određenog vremena tretiranja, jer se može dogoditi da ono ne odgovara određenoj biljnoj vrsti, pa može doći do pogoršanja kvaliteta semena.

Seed vitality and vigour are the two most common parameters related to seed quality. It is crucial to have reliable methods and tests for seed quality and seed vigour testing. The standard germination test can be used to predict field emergence, but laboratory seed testing conditions are often in conflict with field conditions. Validated tests for vigour evaluation in legumes are the conductivity test, the accelerated ageing test and the tetrazolium test. Also, other types of vigour tests have been used to solve different problems in the seed sector. The modern approach, the computerised image analysis of legume seeds and sprouts, based on interactive and traditional methods, is a promising alternative for vigour determination., Vitalnost semena i vigor su dva najčešća parametra u vezi sa kvalitetom semena. Veoma je važno imati pouzdane metode i testove za ispitivanje kvaliteta i vigora semena. Standardni test klijavosti se može koristiti za predviđanje nicanja u polju, ali uslovi u kojima se nalazi seme tokom ispitivanja često su u suprotnosti sa uslovima na polju. Validovani testovi za procenu vigora leguminoza su test provodljivosti, test ubrzanog starenja i tetrazolijum test. U proučavanju životne sposobnosti semena leguminoza, zavisno od problema koji bi trebalo rešiti, koriste se i drugi vigor testovi. Savremeni pristup, zasnovan na interaktivnim i tradicionalnim metodama mašinskog učenja, omogućava pouzdanu ocenu semena i ponika leguminoza i predstavlja dobru alternativu za objektivno određivanje vigora.

This paper presents the plant genetic resources maintained by the Center of Excellence for Legumes of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia. The genetic resources of legumes (soybean, alfalfa, red clover, pea and vetch) are an invaluable source material and a rich source of genetic divergence for the development of varieties adapted to specific agricultural and environmental conditions. Soybean is the most important of all cultivated legumes and occupies the largest area under cultivation. The alfalfa collection consists of over 800 genotypes with different agronomic traits and dormancy values. The novel alfalfa breeding concept - breeding for yield per se, based on natural heterosis in the development of half hybrids - was introduced in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Center of Excellence for Legumes has 757 soybean genotypes, 655 red clover genotypes, about 730 pea genotypes and 495 vetch genotypes. The development of the winter pea variety for grain (NS Mraz), the first of its kind in South-Eastern Europe, was significant for science., Cilj rada je bio da se prikažu biljni genetski resursi (BGR) kojima raspolaže Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Instituta od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju. Genetski resursi leguminoza (soja, lucerka, crvena detelina, grašak i grahorice) predstavljaju dragocen polazni materijal i izvor raznovrsne genetske divergentnosti za stvaranje novih sorti prilagođenih određenim agroekološkim uslovima. Među leguminozama, soja zauzima najveće površine i spada u red najznačajnijih gajenih biljaka u svetu. Do sada postignuti i valorizovani rezultati istraživanja u zemlji i svetu potvrđuju lidersku poziciju u regionu i šire, a novosadsku genetiku soje čine prepoznatljivom. Kolekcija lucerke poseduje oko 800 genotipova različitih varijateta i nivoa dormantnosti. Kraj XX i početak XXI veka, karakteriše primena novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke na prinos per se, koji treba da iskoristi prirodni heterozis u cilju stvaranja semihibrida. Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze raspolaže sa 655 genotipova crvene deteline, oko 730 genotipova graška i 495 genotipova grahorica. Značajan doprinos nauci je stvaranje prve sorte ozimog graška za zrno u Jugoistočnoj Evropi (NS Mraz).

Alfalfa cutting schedule is a more significant factor in achieving high quality, high yields and stand persistence than numerous cultural practices such as irrigation, fertilisation, pest control, sowing management, variety selection, etc. The objective of this research was to determine dry matter (DM) yield and plant density of alfalfa stand as affected by the three different cutting schedules: C 1 - early (first flower, 5 cuts), C 2 - medium (late flower, 4 cuts), and C 3 - late (green pod, 3 cuts), and two seeding rates: S1-8 kg ha-1 and S2-16 kg ha-1, during 2009 - 2011. The numbers of plants per square metre were determined six weeks after sowing, in the spring 2010 and in spring 2011. In each year and over a two year total, C 3 had significantly lower DM yield than other treatments. Alfalfa harvested at the C 1 stage produced higher total DM yield (45.0 t ha-1) than harvesting at the C 3 stage (36.4 t ha-1). Cutting schedule did not influence plant populations of alfalfa stand. The final plant densities were approximately the same in all cutting treatments (early - 90; medium - 85; late - 90 plants m-2). The analysed agronomic traits were not significantly affected by seeding rate.

Plava ili obična lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je široko rasprostranjena krmna biljka namenjena za iskorišćavanje kao zelena krma, seno, senaža, silaža ili za ispašu širom sveta, zbog visoke hranljive vrednosti krme i široke adaptabilnosti. Setva je kompleksna agrotehnička operacija koja se sastoji iz više elemenata: vremena i dubine setve, i setvene norme. Upotreba optimalne količine semena pri setvi lucerke je jedna od najvažnijih agrotehničkih mera, jer se odgovarajućom setvenom normom obezbeđuje optimalan broj biljaka po jedinici površine, sa kojima se može postići visoka proizvodnja kvalitetne stočne hrane i sniziti troškovi zasnivanja lucerke.

Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that can exhibit estrogen-like activity. Isoflavones are one of the best studied groups of phytoestrogens known for their human health benefits. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the leading forage legumes in northern and south-eastern Europe, the United States and Canada. In recent years, the use of natural antioxidants found in red clover has attracted interest due to their presumed nutritional and therapeutic values (Vlaisavljevic et al., 2014; Vlaisavljevic et al., 2017). Studies of utilization of red clover by the pharmaceutical industry have pointed that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in the prevention of menopausal symptoms (Lipovac et al., 2010), osteoporosis (Atkinson et al., 2004a), estrogen-related cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer (Atkinson et al., 2004b; Velentzis et al., 2008) and heart disease (Cano et al., 2010; Dixon, 2004). The isoflavones content in red clover is controlled by genetic and environmental factors (Boot et al., 2006; Sivesind and Seguin, 2005; Tsao et al., 2006; Visnevschi-Necrasov et al., 2013).

Field peas are mostly used for animal nutrition in the Balkan region and in the countries of the former USSR, while in the countries of Western Europe, Canada, the USA and the Middle East they are mostly used for human nutrition. Over three years (2010-2012), the yield and grain yield components of the most widespread field pea varieties were examined. The lowest number of plants was determined in 'NS Junior' intended for combined use (65 plants/m2), while 'Dukat' and 'Partner' had 88 and 85 plants/m2 on average, respectively. The average stem height was 158 cm for 'NS Junior', and 65 and 70 cm for 'Dukat' and 'Partner', respectively. 'Dukat' (4846 kg/ha) and 'Partner' (4521 kg/ha) had significantly higher grain yields compared with 'NS Junior' (2717 kg/ha). The content of crude protein in the grain was highest in 'NS Junior' (27.6%), while 'Dukat' and 'Partner' had lower contents (23-25%)., Proteinski grašak se uglavnom koristi za ishranu životinja u našem regionu i u zemljama bivšeg SSSR-a, dok se u zemljama zapadne Evrope, Kanade, SAD-a i Bliskog istoka najviše koristi za ishranu ljudi. Tokom tri godine (2010-2012) ispitivane su komponente prinosa i prinos zrna najrasprostranjenijih sorti proteinskog graška. Najmanji broj biljaka utvrđen je kod sorte NS Junior, namenjene za kombinovanu upotrebu (65 biljaka / m2), dok su sorte Dukat i Partner imale u proseku 88 i 85 biljaka / m2. Prosečna visina stabljike za sortu NS Junior iznosila je 158 cm, a za sorte Dukat i Partner 65 i 70 cm. Sorte Dukat (4846 kg / ha) i Partner (4521 kg / ha) imale su znatno veći prinos zrna u poređenju sa sortom NS Junior (2717 kg / ha). Sadržaj sirovih proteina u zrnu bio je najveći kod sorte NS Junior (27,6%), dok su sorte Dukat i Partner imale između 23 i 25%.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the successful production of cultivated plants. One of the most sensitive stage to the water deficit in plants is seed germination. There are various methods of pre-sowing treatments that aim to reduce the negative impact of drought stress and improve seed germination. One of them is priming seeds. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of priming seeds in solutions - KNO3 (1%), ascorbic acid - AsA (100 mgl-1) and potassium chloride KCl (1%) on the reduction of the negative effect of drought stress. The effect of drought stress was simulated using different concentrations of PEG 6000 (0 (control), -0.30, -0.51, -0.80 MPa). The results of the research showed that with the increase of water deficiency, the effect of priming seeds is greater. At the water potential of the solution of -0.30 MPa, germination energy and seed germination increased on average by 6.77% and 5.08%, while at the water potential of the solution of -0.80 MPa, the increase was 19.28% and 16.75%, respectively. Also, priming seeds significantly reduced the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the content of free proline. From all the above, it can be concluded that priming of seeds is a method that can serve to improve the germination of soybean seeds in conditions of drought stress., Suša je jedan od najvažnijih faktora koji ograničava uspešnu proizvodnju kulturnih biljaka. Jedna od najosetljivijih faza na nedostatak vode kod biljaka je klijanje semena. Postoje razne metode odnosno predsetveni tretmani koj imaju cilj da smanje negativan uticaj nedostatka vode i poboljšaju klijanje semena. Jedan od njih je potapanje semena. Cilj ovog eksperimenta bio je da se ispita uticaj potapanja semena u rastvore - KNO3 (1%), askorbinsku kiselinu - AsA (100mgl-1) i kalijum hlorid KCl (1%) na smanjenje negativnog uticaja suše. Dejstvo suše simulirano je primenom različitih koncentracija PEG-a 6000 (0 (kontrola), -0,30, -0,51, -0,80 MPa). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je sa povećanjem nedostatka vode efekat potapanja semena veći. Pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od -0,30 MPa enerija klijanja i klijavost semena povećani su, u proseku, za 6,77% odnosno 5,08% dok je pri vodnom potencijalu rastvora od - 0,80 MPa povećanje iznosilo 19,28% odnosno 16,75%. Takođe, potapanje semena značajno je smanjilo intenzitet lipidne peroksiacije i sadržaj slobodnog prolina. Iz svega navedenog može se zaključiti da je potapanje semena metod koji može da poboljša klijanje semena soje u uslovima suše.

Značaj lucerke u srpskoj poljoprivredi, kao i njena velika tržišna vrednost nameće stalnu potrebu za unapređenjem proizvodnje ove krmne biljke koja zauzima velike površine, kako u svetu tako i u našoj zemlji. Sveobuhvatni cilj doktorske disertacije je da se oceni uticaj različitih sistema gajenja (režima kosidbe) na prinos i hranljivu vrednost lucerke, doprinese rešavanju praktičnih pitanja u proizvodnji lucerke (redefiniše optimalna količina semena za setvu) i odredi fenološka faza u momentu kosidbe u kojoj se postiže balans prinosa i kvaliteta suve materije lucerke. Trogodišnje istraživanje (2010-2012) je izvedeno na oglednim poljima Odeljenja za krmno bilje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na dva lokaliteta (Rimski Šančevi i Čenej). Poljski ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja na oba lokaliteta. U radu su analizirane četiri sorte lucerke (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Medijana ZMS V i NS Alfa); dve setvene norme od 8 i 16 kg/ha i tri sistema kosidbe u zavisnosti od fenološke faze razvoja biljaka: I – rani (10% cvetalih biljaka), II – srednje rani (50% cvetalih biljaka), i kasni (početak zametanja mahuna). Tretmani su aranžirani po sistemu podeljenih parcela (split-plot metod), a kao osnovna parcela (veličina 72 m2) korišćena je setvena norma, dok su sve ostale kombinacije sorti i režima kosidbe tretirane kao podparcele (veličina 6 m2). Dimenzije podparcele su 5 m dužina i 1,2 m širina, sa međurednim razmakom od 20 cm. Razmak između blokova je 1 m. Među ispitivanim sortama nije bilo značajne razlike u visini prinosa i komponentama prinosa suve materije lucerke, kao ni u pogledu njihovog kvaliteta. Različite količine semena za setvu lucerke, od 8 i 16 kg/ha, nisu uticale na prinos suve materije kao ni na komponente prinosa (visina biljaka, udeo lista u prinosu, broj izdanaka i broj biljaka). U umereno-kontinentalnim klimatskim uslovima, kakvi vladaju u većem delu u Republike Srbije, nema opravdanja povećanja setvene norme izn, The importance of alfalfa in Serbian agriculture, as well as its high market value, imposes a constant need for the improvement of this forage crop production that occupies large areas both in the world and in our country. The overall objective was to evaluate the effect of different growing systems (cutting regimes) on yield and nutritional value of alfalfa, contribute to solving practical issues in alfalfa production (redefine the optimal amount of seed for sowing) and specify the phenological stage in the moment of cutting when the balance of yield and dry matter quality of alfalfa is achieved. Three-year study (2009-2012) was carried out on experimental fields of Forage Crops Department of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, at two sites (Rimski Šančevi and Čenej). Field trial was set up in a randomized block design with three replications at both sites. Four cultivars of alfalfa were studied in this dissertation (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Medijana ZMS V and NS Alfa); two sowing rates from 8 and 16 kg/ha and three cutting systems depending on crop phenological stage of development: I – early (10% of flowering plants), II – medium early (50% of flowering plants), and late (beginning of pod setting). Treatments were arranged by split-plot method, and the basic plot (size 72 m2) was used as the sowing rate, while all the other combinations of cultivars and cutting regimes were treated as sub-plots (6 m2). Sub-plot dimensions were 5 m in length and 1.2 m in width, with interrow distance of 20 cm. Inter-block distance was 1 m. There were no significant differences in yield and yield components of alfalfa dry matter, or in their quality, among the tested cultivars. Different amounts of seed for alfalfa sowing, from 8 and 16 kg/ha, did not affect the dry matter yield, or the yield components (crop height, leaf ratio in yield, number of shoots, and number of plants). In moderate-continental climatic conditions, which are present in the majority of the R

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia has an 80-year long tradition in plant breeding and seed production. The Institute’s basic activities include scientific research, extension services, and production of the basic categories of its own seed. It is a well-developed chain from the basic science, through breeding and seed production, to seed market and farmers. With over 100 researchers, the Institute is one of the largest institutions of its kind in southeast Europe. Its fundamental and applied research are primarily focused on the development of the high-yielding field and vegetable crop cultivars, including forage and industrial crops, medicinal plants and spice herbs tolerant to major diseases and resistant to unfavourable biotic and non-biotic factors. The Institute has a well-developed international scientific cooperation, and it participates in various international and bilateral projects. In addition to research, the Institute develops its commercial sector and thereby functions both as a research institute and a seed company. The Institute has created a new seed brand 'NS seme', which has already become a synonym for high quality and high yield. Over 1000 cultivars of field and vegetable crops have been developed at the Institute so far. Of that number, almost 500 have been registered and commercially grown abroad. The institute's cultivars compete for their place at seed markets of 26 countries, from Argentina, through EU countries, Ukraine and Russia, to China and India.

In Serbia, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is grown on about 140,000 ha, out of which 3–7% are intended for seed production. Climatic factors (amount and distribution of precipitation) are the main determinants of alfalfa seed yield. Average alfalfa seed yield in Serbia is about 250 kg ha-1, and seed production is characterized by huge variation (15–800 kg ha-1). The most challenging year for seed production is the establishment year, i.e., the first year of plant life. To be successful on the market, new alfalfa varieties are selected for high forage production, quality of forage, and persistence. However, outstanding seed-yield potential is also needed. Even if breeding for seed yield is not prioritized, genetic variation among cultivars is known. In order to explore genetic variation for alfalfa seed yield and its components in the establishment year, a trial with 400 accessions was established at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, on May 21, 2018. The genotypes were tested in a partially replicated design. For the purpose of this study, we extracted model best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) for 20 populations, which represent a part of the European alfalfa core collection. The plot size was 6 m2 . Seed yield and its components were recorded for each plot. The 2018 field season was not favorable for alfalfa seed production in Serbia, but the results clearly demonstrate differences among varieties for total seed yield and its components in the establishment year. Seed yields varied from 31.8 kg ha-1 for the variety ‘Tereza’ to 96.7 kg ha-1 for the variety ‘Etincelle’. Higher seed yields were obtained with less dormant varieties (dormancy ratings 5–6), while lower yields were recorded with more dormant varieties (dormancy ratings 3–4). Analyses showed that, even under unfavorable conditions, genetic variation could be important for alfalfa seed production in the year of establishment.

Semihibridna strategija oplemenjivanja lucerke se bazira na ukrštanju populacija sa ciljem izbegavanja potrebe za inbred linijama u cilju delimičnog zahvatanja efekata heterozisa. Cilj istraživanja je bio: a) da se proveri agronomski potencijal novostvorenih semihibrida lucerke, b) da se reafirmiše hibridno oplemenjivanje, i c) ukaže na posledice i razlike u metodici primenjene semihibridne strategije. Izbor heterotične grupe zavisi od: genetičke uniformnosti roditelja, primenjenog sistema kosdibe, rejonizacije sorte i načina umnožavanja semena semihibrida. Roditeljske populacije trebaju biti iste grupe dormantnosti, slično tolerantno na abiotski i biotski stres u cilju smanjenja genetičkog opterećenja semihibrida. Kako je lucerka autotetraploidna vrsta, oplemenjivanje se radi na populacionom nivou/populacionim hibridima, te U sledećim koracima treba eksperimentalno potvrditi da li će se heterotični sfekti pojavljivati u narednim generacijama (4-6) umnožavanja semena semihibrida.

Osnovni uslov za uspešan oplemenjivački rad je postojanje genetičke varijabilnosti unutar biljne vrste i ona se selekcionim radom može proširiti ili sužavati. Do osamdesetih godina prošlog veka, jari krmni graškovi kao i graškovi za suvo zrno, nisu se gajili u tadašnjoj SFR Jugoslaviji. Jedino je institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada, imao registrovane sorte ozimih krmnih graškova za krmu; NS Pionir i NS Dunav, koje su priznate 1972. godine. Ove dve sorte su se gajile u proizvodnji, pre svega u združenoj setvi sa strninama, za proizvodnju kabaste stočne hrane odličnog kvaliteta, za ishranu preživara. Od 1981. godine, započinje program oplemenjivanja jarih i ozimih graškova, namenjenih za proizvodnju krme, za proizvodnju suvog zrna i za kombinovano korišćenje. Naravno, za početak je trebalo sakupiti kolekciju različitih genotipova iz celog sveta i onda pristupiti planskoj hibridizaciji a sve sa ciljem da se rekombinuju geni odgovorni za pojedina svojstva i stvore nove homozigotne linije, buduće sorte. Danas, 2019. godine, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada, ima u posedu jednu od najboljih kolekcija ove biljne vrste u Evropi, sa više od 2000 akcesija.

Alfalfa is an autotetraploid, perennial forage crop adapted to different environments and management systems. Trial with 12 alfalfa populations was established in spring of 2014. The research involved 9 commercial alfalfa varieties from IFVCNS, Serbia, and included 3 experimental populations in the final phase of breeding program. The main objectives of this paper were to examine the impact of variety selection on alfalfa yield and plant height in intensive cutting management in order to define harvesting strategies (using 6 and 5 cuts per season), with main goal to maximize profit on alfalfa farms in Serbia and Southeast Europe. Our study clearly demonstrates that there is genetic potential in some Serbian varieties (NS Sila, Nera, NS Jelena, and Banat VS) for use in intensive cutting systems with 6 cuts per year that can meet farmers' needs in conventional or organic type of alfalfa hay production.This research represents an initial guideline for the alfalfa variety selection in intensive cutting management systems in Serbia and Southeast Europe., Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je najznačajnija višegodišnja krmna biljka visokih prinosa krme, sena, senaže, odlične hranljive vrednosti. Sistem kosidbe predstavlja odlučujući faktor u determinaciji prinosa i kvaliteta lucerke. U cilju provere reakcije populacija lucerke stvorenih u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na intenzivan sistem kosidbe (sa primenjenih 6 otkosa u II i III godini života i 5 otkosa u IV godini trajanja useva) postavljen je ogled u Novom Sadu u 2014. godini, a rezultati su praćeni tokom 2015-2017. godine. U ispitivanje je uključeno 9 priznatih sorti i 3 eksperimentalne populacije lucerke stvorene u različitom vremenskom periodu, primenom različitih metoda oplemenjivanja i germplazme različitog porekla. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da režim kosidbe lucerke treba prilagoditi tipu/grupi sorti, načinu proizvodnje i rejonu gajenja. Najveći prinosi suve materije tokom perioda ispitivanja registrovani su kod sorti NS Sila (18,4 t/ha), Nera (18,2 t/ha), Banat VS (17,9 t/ha) i NS Jelena (17,7 t/ha) u intenzivnom sistemu kosidbe. Režim kosidbe sa 6 otkosa u Srbiji predstavlja realan način proizvodnje, ali prilagođavanje ovom sistemu kosidbe zavisi od cilja proizvodnje, sorte, rejona gajenja, starosti useva. Genetički potencijal NS sorti lucerke koji odgovara maksimalnom intenzitetu kosidbe sa 6 otkosa u godini ostvaren je sa sortama NS Sila, Nera, Banat VS i NS Jelena, a za sistem kosidbe sa 5 otkosa u godinama pune eksploatacije, a koji najviše odgovara farmerima u umereno-kontinentalnom klimatu Srbije, mogu se preporučiti i sorte NS Banat ZMS II, NS Mediana ZSM V. Ostvareni rezultati predstavljaju značajan doprinos razumevanju značaja primene intezivnog sistema kosidbe tokom godina iskorišćavanja a posebno kritičnoj fazi vezanoj za izbor sorte i različite rejone gajenja, načine iskorišćavanja, kao i potrebe različitih tržišta za senom lucerke.

In comparison to other annual forage legumes, such as pea (Pisum sativum L.), advances in breeding vetches (Vicia spp.) are rather modest. One of the main obstacles in increasing the cultivation area under vetches is uncertain seed production, mostly due to their indeterminate stem growth and non-uniform maturity, with the genes controlling these important traits still unattested. In contrast, in wild populations of common vetch (V. sativa L.) the genes have been identified, isolated in this study, and mutant plants with more than usual two pods per node tested. Crossing these mutant genotypes with wild-type ones demonstrated that the number of pods in this vetch species is controlled by two genes, orthologs to FN and FNA in pea. If both genes are recessive, a plant will have more than two flowers per each node and, depending on not yet clarified environmental factors, more than two pods per node. Developing vetch cultivars with more than two pods per node may be one of the solutions for enhancing seed production in this crop.

One of the most important problems in establishing perennial legumes are weeds in the stages of the early growth and development of a perennial legume. Field pea is a short term, annual crop and can reduce weed invasion, and also it can provide increased forage yield in the first cut in the first year. The goal of this study was to examine the potential of intercropping field pea with perennial legumes for forage production. The trial with three replications was carried out at Experimental Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad at Rimski Šančevi in 2015. Alfalfa and red clover were the under sown crops, and field pea was the companion crop. Control variants were pure stand of alfalfa and red clover and their mixture with oat. At the harvestable stage of pea, forage yield (t ha-1) and weed proportion (%) were monitored.

In temperate regions, normal-leafed field pea still represents an important crop for grain and animal consumption, even though there is increasing interest in afila type cultivars because of their better standing ability. The effect of dual legume intercropping on grain yield of normal-leafed pea was studied during 2015 and 2016 in order to reduce lodging, to improve grain yield stability and to analyse the competitiveness of field pea with annual legumes and wheat. The research involved six species grown as sole crops: normal-leafed pea (Pisum sativum L. (Partim)), semi-leafless pea (Pisum sativum L. (Partim), faba bean (Vicia faba L. (Partim)), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and wheat as a control (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol) and intercrop mixtures of normal-leafed pea with other five species. Grain yield (t ha(-1)), yield components, land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient and aggressivity value for grain yield were monitored. The highest grain yield of normal-leafed pea (2.87 t ha(-1)) was obtained from the mixture with semi-leafless pea in 2015 and from the mixture of wheat + normal-leafed pea (5.26 t ha(-1)) in 2016. The lowest number of pods and seeds per plant was formed by normal-leafed pea as a sole crop in 2015 (5.2 and 19.2, respectively). The obtained results showed that a thousand seed weight differed between treatments; however, the differences were not significant. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.40), relative crowding coefficient (4.44) and the positive value of aggressivity (0.19) were observed in the mixture of fenugreek + normal-leafed pea. The results demonstrated that semi-leafless + normal-leafed pea and fenugreek + normal-leafed pea are the most beneficial mixtures for grain production, while faba bean was a less suitable component for intercropping with normal-leafed pea.

Značaj lucerke u srpskoj poljoprivredi, kao i njena velika tržišna vrednost nameće stalnu potrebu za unapređenjem proizvodnje ove krmne biljke koja zauzima velike površine, kako u svetu tako i u našoj zemlji. Sveobuhvatni cilj doktorske disertacije je da se oceni uticaj različitih sistema gajenja (režima kosidbe) na prinos i hranljivu vrednost lucerke, doprinese rešavanju praktičnih pitanja u proizvodnji lucerke (redefiniše optimalna količina semena za setvu) i odredi fenološka faza u momentu kosidbe u kojoj se postiže balans prinosa i kvaliteta suve materije lucerke. Trogodišnje istraživanje (2010-2012) je izvedeno na oglednim poljima Odeljenja za krmno bilje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na dva lokaliteta (Rimski Šančevi i Čenej). Poljski ogled je postavljen po slučajnom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja na oba lokaliteta. U radu su analizirane četiri sorte lucerke (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Medijana ZMS V i NS Alfa); dve setvene norme od 8 i 16 kg/ha i tri sistema kosidbe u zavisnosti od fenološke faze razvoja biljaka: I – rani (10% cvetalih biljaka), II – srednje rani (50% cvetalih biljaka), i kasni (početak zametanja mahuna). Tretmani su aranžirani po sistemu podeljenih parcela (split-plot metod), a kao osnovna parcela (veličina 72 m2) korišćena je setvena norma, dok su sve ostale kombinacije sorti i režima kosidbe tretirane kao podparcele (veličina 6 m2). Dimenzije podparcele su 5 m dužina i 1,2 m širina, sa međurednim razmakom od 20 cm. Razmak između blokova je 1 m. Među ispitivanim sortama nije bilo značajne razlike u visini prinosa i komponentama prinosa suve materije lucerke, kao ni u pogledu njihovog kvaliteta. Različite količine semena za setvu lucerke, od 8 i 16 kg/ha, nisu uticale na prinos suve materije kao ni na komponente prinosa (visina biljaka, udeo lista u prinosu, broj izdanaka i broj biljaka). U umereno-kontinentalnim klimatskim uslovima, kakvi vladaju u većem delu u Republike Srbije, nema opravdanja povećanja setvene norme izn, The importance of alfalfa in Serbian agriculture, as well as its high market value, imposes a constant need for the improvement of this forage crop production that occupies large areas both in the world and in our country. The overall objective was to evaluate the effect of different growing systems (cutting regimes) on yield and nutritional value of alfalfa, contribute to solving practical issues in alfalfa production (redefine the optimal amount of seed for sowing) and specify the phenological stage in the moment of cutting when the balance of yield and dry matter quality of alfalfa is achieved. Three-year study (2009-2012) was carried out on experimental fields of Forage Crops Department of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, at two sites (Rimski Šančevi and Čenej). Field trial was set up in a randomized block design with three replications at both sites. Four cultivars of alfalfa were studied in this dissertation (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Medijana ZMS V and NS Alfa); two sowing rates from 8 and 16 kg/ha and three cutting systems depending on crop phenological stage of development: I – early (10% of flowering plants), II – medium early (50% of flowering plants), and late (beginning of pod setting). Treatments were arranged by split-plot method, and the basic plot (size 72 m2) was used as the sowing rate, while all the other combinations of cultivars and cutting regimes were treated as sub-plots (6 m2). Sub-plot dimensions were 5 m in length and 1.2 m in width, with interrow distance of 20 cm. Inter-block distance was 1 m. There were no significant differences in yield and yield components of alfalfa dry matter, or in their quality, among the tested cultivars. Different amounts of seed for alfalfa sowing, from 8 and 16 kg/ha, did not affect the dry matter yield, or the yield components (crop height, leaf ratio in yield, number of shoots, and number of plants). In moderate-continental climatic conditions, which are present in the majority of the

Alfalfa, as the most important perennial forage legume, is cultivated in Serbia on about 200.000 ha. In the world and in Serbia sowing rates are very variable (15-30 kg ha-1 ). The aim of this research was to investigate effect of seeding rate on dry matter yield of alfalfa and number of plants. The trial with three replications was located at experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegateble Crops at Rimski Šančevi. In the second and third year of growth (2010-2011) influence of two different seeding rates (8 kg ha-1 and 16 kg ha-1) on dry matter yield was tested. A two-year average of the total dry matter yield was determined from the four cuts of four cultivars. The number of plants per square metre after emergence, then in the fall of the seeding year, and again the next spring and autumn was determined. A sowing rate had no influence on the yield of dry matter of alfalfa. The same dry matter yield (22.2 t ha-1) was achieved under both low and high seeding rate. The sowing rates did not affect plant density. At the end of the year of establishment number of plants per square metre was approximately the same in both seeding rates (8 kg ha-1 - 270 plants per m2 and 16 kg ha-1 – 273 plants per m2 ). In the third year of growth a plant density of 88 plants per square metre was the same in both low and high seeding rates. Results obtained in our study clearly show that higher seeding rates do not produce higher yields and higher density of alfalfa plants.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important forage crop in the world, regarding growing area and economic value, because of its high yield level, good persistence, high protein content and energy value. In alfalfa, concept of intra-population breeding means direct selection for yield, through recurrent phenotypic selection using some form of progeny testing. Significant differences between genotypes were found for green forage and dry matter yields. The observed variation for both yield traits was much higher at population level than for the selected plants that will form new improved population. In the next steps of breeding process selected plants will be intercrossed in isolation to develop a new, improved population. Alfalfa breeding programs should focus on yield per se, with the use of old and new knowledge on the genetic control of yield and with adaptation of existing or developing new breeding procedure., Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je najvažnija krmna biljka u svetu, kako sa stanovišta površina koje zauzima tako i njene ekonomske vrednosti predstavljene kroz visok prinos, trajnost (dužinu života), odličan kvalitet i energetsku vrednost. Koncept intrapopulacionog oplemenjivanja kod lucerke podrazumeva direktnu selekciju na prinos primenom rekurentne fenotipske selekcije uz korišćenje testova potomstava. Značajne razlike između genotipova su zabeležene za prinos zelene krme i suve materije. Variranje osobina prinosa je bilo značajno veće na nivou cele populacije nego kod odabranih biljaka. Budući koraci u oplemenjivanju lucerke su sledeći: odabrane biljke će se umnožavati u izolaciji sa ciljem stvaranja nove, popravljene populacije. Novostvorena populacija će se testirati sa nekim od progenih testova i porediti sa početnom populacijom (sorta Nijagara) i komercijalnim sortama lucerke. Nova populacija biće testirana DNK markerima u cilju provere homogenosti, tj. u cilju provere genetičke ujednačenosti. Programi oplemenjivanja lucerke trebalo bi da se fokusiraju na prinos per se, uz korišćenje starih i novih znanja vezanih za genetičku kontrolu agronomski važnih osobina, uz adaptaciju postojećih i razvoju novih oplemenjivačkih procedura.

Alfalfa is the most important forage crop in Serbia grown for high yields of quality fodder. In order to expand alfalfa production on pseudogleys, research was conducted in the vicinity of Kraljevo. Results suggest the potential for growing alfalfa on acid soils in Serbia. The combined use of 2.5 t ha-1 and 5 t ha-1 lime and 30 t ha-1 manure on the pseudogley increases the soil pH, humus content and available phosphorus and potassium levels, while decreasing the content of mobile aluminum, thus making the soil suitable for alfalfa production and high biomass yields (115.9 t ha-1) during 3-4 years of stand utilization., Lucerka je najznačajnija krmna biljka u Srbiji jer daje visoke prinose kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane, koja se najviše koristi u ishrani preživara, uglavnom kao seno. Zbog izuzetne osetljivosti na niske pH vrednosti zemljišta, u cilju proširenja areala, lucerka je gajena na pseudogleju, na području Kraljeva. Đubrenje lucerke samo mineralnim đubrivima ne utiče na promenu agrohemijskih osobina pseudogleja, ali se dodavanjem kreča prinos lucerke značajno povećava. Rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost gajenja lucerke na ovom tipu zemljišta uz odgovarajuće đubrenje. Primenom 2,5 t ha-1 i 5 t ha-1 kreča u kombinaciji sa 30 t ha-1 stajnjaka na pseudogleju se povećava pH vrednost zemljišta, raste sadržaj humusa, pristupačnog fosfora i kalijuma, i smanjuje se sadržaj mobilnog aluminijuma, što ga čini podesnim za gajenje lucerke i postizanje visokih prinosa biomase (115,9 t ha-1) tokom perioda iskorišćavanja od 3-4 godine. U gajenju lucerke na kiselim zemljištima, mora se voditi računa o ekonomičnosti primene mineralnih đubriva i kreča.

It is essential to apply advanced management for successful production of alfalfa hay with premium quality (high content of protein and minerals). The maximum yield and the best quality of alfalfa in Serbia can be obtained by cutting four or five times per year. In alfalfa stands, use of cutting system with three cuts per year is inefficient and does not allow full exploitation of cultivar genetic potential and environmental conditions. It is possible, and economically beneficial to grow alfalfa on pseudoglay soils after application of lime and organic manure, with recommended rates 2.5 t ha-1 lime and 30 t ha-1 manure. Cutting alfalfa at the beginning of flowering stage (5 cuts per year) provides hay with better quality - higher content of crude protein and lower portion of fibre fractions (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin), and there is no reduction in dry matter yield. There is no differences in alfalfa quality after application of lower (2.5 t ha-1) and higher dose (5.0 t ha-1) of lime + 30 t ha-1 of organic manure, but there is significant increase of dry matter yield and protein yield per hectare followed by higher level of metabolic energy per unit area. Upon the results of this study, base of successful alfalfa production would be to develop management system and cultivars for different environments that would maximize hay yields without significant loses of quality., Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj genotipa i tehnologije gajenja na prinos i kvalitet lucerke. Postavljena su dva ogleda sa istim setom sorti (Banat VS, Nijagara, NS Alfa i NS Mediana ZMS V) na lokalitetima Rimski šančevi i Drakčići - rejon Kraljeva. Na lokalitetu Čenej ispitivan je uticaj sorte i sistema kosidbe na prinos i kvalitet lucerke, dok je u regionu Kraljeva ispitivan uticaj genotipa i različitih tretmana đubrenja krečom i stajnjakom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da za uspešnu proizvodnju treba sejati sortno seme lucerke, a da izbor sorte zavisi od ekoloških uslova (zemljišta) i primenjene agrotehnike (režima kosidbe, đubrenja, navodnjavanja). Košenjem lucerke 3 puta godišnje ne iskorišćavaju se genetički potencijal sorte i agroekološki uslovi naše zemlje. Na pseudoglejnim zemljištima se može gajiti lucerka, posle primene krečnog materijala i stajnjaka. Rezultati ukazuju na značaj primene 2,5 t/ha kreča i 30 t/ha stajnjaka. Košenjem u fazi početka cvetanja (5 otkosa) dobija se bolji kvalitet - veći sadržaj sirovih proteina i manji udeo frakcija celuloze (NDF, ADF, ADL), a ne dolazi do smanjenja prinosa suve materije lucerke. Kvalitet lucerke se ne razlikuje posle primene niže (2,5 t/ha) i više (5,0 t/ha) doze krečnog materijala i 30 t/ha stajnjaka, ali dobija se povećanje prinosa suve materije, a time i veći prinos proteina i veća metabolička energija (NEM, NEL) po jedinici površine. Prinos i kvalitet suve materije lucerke najviše zavise od tehnologije gajenja (nivoa agrotehnike) i izbora sorte.