Search

Objective: To discuss and substantiate the 30% critical threshold of fetal arterial oxygen saturation and to complete the puzzle with low fetal arterial oxygen saturation and low scalp pH data, scalp samples have been performed while fetal arterial oxygen saturation registration during labor was in place and while the saturation was < or = 30%.Study Design: Between 1993 and 1996, 46 term fetuses during active labor had parallel arterial oxygen saturation registration by pulse oximetry combined with cardiotocograph. They include patients in whom the saturation was < or = 30% for at least 10 minutes. In these cases scalp pH sample values have been obtained simultaneously. Outcome data, Apgar scores, cord gases, and whether the infants were transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit have been examined. Compared with this, there were other cases during labor that had also parallel fetal arterial oxygen saturation and cardiotocographic registration, where the saturation was > 30%. Also in these cases scalp pH was determined to support and demonstrate the predictive value of fetal arterial oxygen saturation for scalp pH, especially in the low ranges. All 46 fetuses were evaluated during periods of nonreassuring cardiotocograph with Nellcor N-400 Fetal Oxygen Saturation Monitoring Systems and FS 14 B sensors in a multicenter study involving three German obstetric centers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was done on all raw data, as well as the receiver operating characteristic curve from the preceding analysis.Results: These data validate the critical threshold of 30% fetal arterial oxygen saturation and show an extremely good separation of "good" versus "bad" at a fetal arterial oxygen saturation of 30%, especially when seen in conjunction with data points that are > 7.20. Data at < or = 7.20 scalp pH and < 30% fetal arterial oxygen saturation can be a big help in calculating the sensitivity and specificity of fetal arterial oxygen saturation in predicting neonatal outcome (e.g., Apgar score, cord pH).Conclusion: Low fetal arterial oxygen saturation data of < 30% for at least 10 minutes or longer correlate significantly with low scalp pH values and have a predictive value concerning fetal outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:  The aim of this guideline was to find evidence on whether carrying out Doppler examinations and CTGs in low-risk cohorts of pregnant women improves outcomes., Methods:  First, a systematic search for guidelines was carried out. Identified guidelines were evaluated using the DELPHI instrument of the AWMF. Three guidelines were found to be suitable to evaluate CTG. Two DEGUM best practice guidelines were judged suitable to describe the methods. All studies on this issue were additionally analyzed using 8 PICO questions. A structured consensus of the participating professional societies was achieved using a nominal group process and a structured consensus conference moderated by an independent moderator., Recommendations:  No antepartum Doppler sonography examinations should be carried out in low-risk cohorts in the context of antenatal care. No antepartum CTG should be carried out in low-risk cohorts. NOTE:  The guideline will be published simultaneously in the official journals of both professional societies (i. e., Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde for the DGGG and Ultraschall in der Medizin/European Journal of Ultrasound for the DEGUM)., Competing Interests: The conflicts of interest of all the authors are listed in the German-language long version of the guideline., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Purpose These recommendations issued by the AGG (Section Maternal Diseases in Pregnancy) were developed as a rapid orientation on maternal rheumatic diseases for counselling and disease management in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Methods The standard literature, consensus and position papers, guidelines and recommendations by other specialist associations were evaluated by a task force of the Section and summarized in these recommendations following a joint consensus process. Recommendations This paper provides an orientating overview of the physiology, pathophysiology and definitions of rheumatic diseases which is relevant for gynecologists and obstetricians. The recommendations focus on the maternal, fetal and neonatal diagnostic workup in cases with underlying maternal rheumatic disease., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The authors state that they have no conflict of interest./Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Introduction: Breastfeeding to strengthen the immune system suggests allergy prevention as a possible option. The connection between breastfeeding and the development of atopic-allergic diseases is being discussed. The primary aim of this work was to investigate an association of the first early skin-to-skin contact following cesarean section with the development of atopic diseases within the 1st year of life., Methods: The present study was conducted as a bicentric prospective cohort study in central Germany with a 15-month recruitment period. Data collection was by telephone interviews with a follow-up of 12 months. The statistical evaluation procedure was based on a hierarchical test of the association of early skin-to-skin contact between mother and child with the two main outcome measures. The primary outcome is the duration of breastfeeding. The second outcome is the onset of atopic-allergic disease within the 1st year of life., Results: Mothers breastfed longer if they had skin-to-skin contact within the first 30 minutes postpartum [χ²(df=5) = 19.020, p=0.002], if they breastfed their newborns early immediately after birth (p<0.001), and if the first skin-to-skin contact lasted more than one hour [χ²(df=4) = 19.617, p<0.001]. Regarding atopic-allergic diseases, no significant effects of skin-to-skin contact were found in relation to disease development. Regarding breastfeeding, no significant effects of atopic-allergic diseases could be detected either., Conclusions: The results of this study reflect the benefits of skin-to-skin contact in the context of breastfeeding and atopic disease. The current scientific knowledge regarding skin contact and the development of atopic-allergic diseases should be extended and deepened., Competing Interests: The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported., (© 2024 Stephan Y. et al.)

An ideal wound dressing not only needs to absorb excess exudate but should also allow for a moist wound-healing environment as well as being mechanically strong. Such a dressing can be achieved by combining both a natural (alginate) and synthetic (poly(ethylene glycol) polymer. Interestingly, using an electron beam on (meth)acrylated polymers allows their covalent crosslinking without the use of toxic photo-initiators. The goal of this work was to crosslink alginate at different methacrylation degrees (26.1 and 53.5% of the repeating units) with diacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDA) using electron-beam irradiation at different doses to create strong, transparent hydrogels. Infrared spectroscopy showed that both polymers were homogeneously distributed within the irradiated hydrogel. Rheology showed that the addition of PEGDA into alginate with a high degree of methacrylation and a polymer concentration of 6 wt/v% improved the storage modulus up to 15,867 ± 1102 Pa. Gel fractions > 90% and swelling ratios ranging from 10 to 250 times its own weight were obtained. It was observed that the higher the storage modulus, the more limited the swelling ratio due to a more crosslinked network. Finally, all species were highly transparent, with transmittance values > 80%. This may be beneficial for the visual inspection of healing progression. Furthermore, these polymers may eventually be used as carriers of photosensitizers, which is favorable in applications such as photodynamic therapy.

Purpose The aim of this guideline was to find evidence on whether carrying out Doppler examinations and CTGs in low-risk cohorts of pregnant women improves outcomes. Methods First, a systematic search for guidelines was carried out. Identified guidelines were evaluated using the DELPHI instrument of the AWMF. Three guidelines were found to be suitable to evaluate CTG. Two DEGUM best practice guidelines were judged suitable to describe the methods. All studies on this issue were additionally analyzed using 8 PICO questions. A structured consensus of the participating professional societies was achieved using a nominal group process and a structured consensus conference moderated by an independent moderator. Recommendations No antepartum Doppler sonography examinations should be carried out in low-risk cohorts in the context of antenatal care. No antepartum CTG should be carried out in low-risk cohorts. Note The guideline will be published simultaneously in the official journals of both professional societies (i.e., Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde for the DGGG and Ultraschall in der Medizin/European Journal of Ultrasound for the DEGUM)., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The conflicts of interest of all the authors are listed in the German-language long version of the guideline./ Die Interessenkonflikte der Autorinnen und Autoren sind in der Langfassung der Leitlinie aufgelistet., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease with a range of clinical presentations which manifest as combinations of weakness of the ocular, bulbar, and respiratory muscle groups and muscles of the extremities. Young women of reproductive age are most commonly affected. Preconception planning, the impact of pregnancy, prepartum management, drug therapy in pregnancy, myasthenic and cholinergic crises, fetal monitoring, peripartum management including analgesia and anesthesia during labor and cesarean section as well as neonatal management and neonatal myasthenia gravis are described here and the appropriate recommendations are given., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest./Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

The incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (chronic IBD) in persons of reproductive age is high. Chronic IBD does not typically lead to impaired fertility. Nevertheless, the percentage of women suffering from chronic IBD who have children is lower than that of the general population, due to self-imposed childlessness. Providing women with open, unbiased information and, if necessary, helping them to overcome baseless fears should therefore be an essential part of preconception counseling. With the exception of methotrexate, most standard drugs can and should be continued during pregnancy. If the pregnancy occurs during an inactive phase of disease, the rate of complications in pregnancy should, in principle, not be higher than normal. Nevertheless, pregnant women with chronic IBD are classed as high-risk pregnancies. Organ screening in accordance with DEGUM II criteria should be carried out in every case, and women must be monitored for the potential development of placental insufficiency. Any flare-ups which occur during pregnancy should be treated in full. Vaginal delivery can be considered if there is no perianal manifestation of disease; however, the individual risk must be carefully weighed up., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest./Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Objectives Female genital malformations may be present in the form of individual entities, they may involve neighboring organs or they may occur in the context of complex syndromes. Given the anatomical structures of the vulva, vagina, uterus and uterine appendages, the clinical picture of malformations varies greatly. Methods This S2k-guideline was developed by representative members from different medical specialties and professions as part of the guidelines program of the DGGG, SGGG and OEGGG. The recommendations and statements were developed and voted on using a structured consensus process with neutral moderation. Recommendations This guideline is the first comprehensive summary of female genital malformations from infancy to adulthood which covers clinical examinations, diagnostic workups and treatment options. Additional chapters have been included on complex urogenital malformations, vascular malformations, psychosomatic care, and tumor risk., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The conflicts of interest of all of the authors are listed in the German-language long version of the guideline./Die Interessenkonflikte der Autoren sind in der Langfassung der Leitlinie aufgelistet., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objectives Female genital malformations may take the form of individual entities, they may involve neighboring organs or they may occur in the context of complex syndromes. Given the anatomical structures of the vulva, vagina, uterus and adnexa, the clinical picture of malformations may vary greatly. Depending on the extent of the malformation, organs of the urinary system or associated malformations may also be involved. Methods This S2k-guideline was developed by representative members from different medical specialties and professions as part of the guidelines program of the DGGG, SGGG and OEGGG. The recommendations and statements were developed using a structured consensus process with neutral moderation and voted on. Recommendations The guideline is the first comprehensive presentation of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for female genital malformations. Additional chapters on classifications and transition were included., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The conflicts of interest of all of the authors are listed in the German-language long version of the guideline./Die Interessenkonflikte der Autoren sind in der Langfassung der Leitlinie aufgelistet., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

These statements and recommendations should provide appropriate information about maternal and fetal routes of infection, screening, detection of risk factors, diagnostic procedures, treatment, birth planning and peripartum and postpartum management of maternal hepatitis infection and offer pointers for prenatal counselling and routine clinical care on delivery wards., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest./Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Aims Obesity is an increasing problem, even in young women of reproductive age. Obesity has a negative impact on conception, the course of pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes. Caring for obese pregnant women is becoming an increasingly important aspect of standard prenatal care. This guideline aims to improve the care offered to obese pregnant women. Methods This S3-guideline was compiled following a systemic search for evidence and a structured process to achieve consensus. Recommendations Evidence-based recommendations for the care of obese pregnant women were developed, which cover such as areas as preconception counselling, identification of risks, special aspects of prenatal care and prenatal diagnostic procedures, intrapartum management, and long-term effects on mother and child., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Interessenkonflikt The conflicts of interest of all of the authors are listed in the long version of this guideline./Die Interessenkonflikte der Autoren sind in der Langfassung der Leitlinie aufgelistet., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Photodynamic treatment is a promising tool for the therapy of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we highlight photosensitizer-loaded hydrogels as an application system for infected wounds. The poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based and electron beam-polymerized hydrogels were mechanically stable and transparent. They were loaded with two photoactive, porphyrin-based drugs - tetrakis(1 methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin p -toluenesulfonate (TMPyP) and tetrahydroporphyrin - p toluenesulfonate (THPTS). The hydrogels released a sufficient amount of the photosensitizers (up to 300 μmol l -1 ), relevant for efficiency. The antimicrobial effectivity of loaded hydrogels was investigated in a tissue-like system as well as in a liquid system against a multiresistant Escherichia coli . In both systems, light induced eradication was possible. In contrast, hydrogels alone showed only minor antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the loaded hydrogels were successfully tested against seven multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, namely Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumonia , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli and Achromobacter xylosoxidans . The eradication of these pathogens, except A. xylosoxidans , was successfully demonstrated. In general, TMPyP-loaded hydrogels were more effective than THPTS-loaded ones. Nevertheless, both photosensitizers displayed effectivity against all investigated bacteria strains. Taken together, our data demonstrate that photosensitizer-loaded hydrogels are a promising new tool to improve the treatment of wounds infected with problematic bacterial pathogens., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A major goal of membrane science is the improvement of the membrane performance and the reduction of fouling effects, which occur during most aqueous filtration applications. Increasing the surface hydrophilicity can improve the membrane performance (in case of aqueous media) and decelerates membrane fouling. In this study, a PES microfiltration membrane (14,600 L m -2 h -1 bar -1 ) was hydrophilized using a hydrophilic surface coating based on amide functionalities, converting the hydrophobic membrane surface (water contact angle, WCA: ~90°) into an extremely hydrophilic one (WCA: ~30°). The amide layer was created by first immobilizing piperazine to the membrane surface via electron beam irradiation. Subsequently, a reaction with 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC) was applied to generate an amide structure. The presented approach resulted in a hydrophilic membrane surface, while maintaining permeance of the membrane without pore blocking. All membranes were investigated regarding their permeance, porosity, average pore size, morphology (SEM), chemical composition (XPS), and wettability. Soxhlet extraction was carried out to demonstrate the stability of the applied coating. The improvement of the modified membranes was demonstrated using dead-end filtration of algae solutions. After three fouling cycles, about 60% of the initial permeance remain for the modified membranes, while only ~25% remain for the reference.

In this study, we highlight hydrogels prepared by electron-beam polymerization. In general, the electron-beam-polymerized hydrogels showed improved mechanical and optical transmittances compared to the conventional UV-cured hydrogels. They were more elastic and had a higher crosslinking density. Additionally, they were transparent over a broader wavelength range. The dependence of the mechanical and optical properties of the hydrogels on the number of single differential and total irradiation doses was analyzed in detail. The hydrogels were prepared for usage as a drug delivery material with methylene blue as a drug model. In the first set of experiments, methylene blue was loaded reversibly after the hydrogel synthesis. Electron-beam-polymerized hydrogels incorporated twice as much methylene blue compared to the UV-polymerized gels. Furthermore, the release of the model drug was found to depend on the crosslinking degree of the hydrogels. In addition, electron-beam polymerization enabled the irreversible binding of the drug molecules if they were mixed with monomers before polymerization.

Purpose: To provide real-world evidence using misoprostol vaginal insert (MVI) for induction of labor in nulliparous and parous women at two German Level I Centers in a prospective observational study., Methods: Between 1 August 2014 and 1 October 2015, eligible pregnant women (≥ 36 + 0 weeks of gestation) requiring labor induction were treated with MVI. Endpoints included time to and mode of delivery rates of tocolysis use, tachysystole, uterine hypertonus or uterine hyperstimulation syndrome and newborn outcomes., Results: Of the 354 women enrolled, 68.9% (244/354) achieved vaginal delivery (nulliparous, 139/232 [59.9%]; parous 105/122 [86.1%]; p < 0.001). Median time from MVI administration to vaginal delivery was 14.0 h (nulliparous, 14.5 h; parous, 11.9 h; p < 0.001). A total of 205/244 (84.0%) and 228/244 (93.4%) women achieved a vaginal delivery within 24 h and 30 h, respectively. The most common indications for cesarean delivery were pathologic cardiotocography (nulliparous, 41/232 [17.4%]; parous, 13/122 [10.7%]; p = 0.081) and arrested labor (dilation or descent; nulliparous, 45/232 [19.4%], parous, 3/122 [2.5%]; p ≤ 0.001). A total of 24.3% of women experienced uterine tachysystole and 9.6% experienced uterine tachysystole with fetal heart rate involvement, neither of which were significantly different for nulliparous and parous women. In total, 42/345 (12.2%) of the neonates had an arterial pH < 7.15 and 12/345 3.5% had a 5-min Apgar score ≤ 7., Conclusion: When clinically indicated, MVI was efficient and safe for induction of labor in women with an unfavorable cervix. Women, however, should be counseled regarding the risk of uterine tachysystole prior to labor induction with MVI.

Purpose: This is an official interdisciplinary guideline, published and coordinated by the German Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG) and the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The guideline was developed for use in German-speaking countries and is backed by the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine (DGAI), the Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Research (GTH) and the German Association of Midwives. The aim is to provide a consensus-based overview of the diagnosis and management of peripartum bleeding obtained from an evaluation of the relevant literature., Methods: This S2k guideline was developed from the structured consensus of representative members of the various professional associations and professions commissioned by the Guideline Commission of the DGGG., Recommendations: The guideline encompasses recommendations on definitions, risk stratification, prevention and management.

Background: The combination of the qualitative fetal fibronectin test and cervical length measurement has a high negative predictive value for preterm birth within 7 days; however, positive prediction is poor. A new bedside quantitative fetal fibronectin test showed potential additional value over the conventional qualitative test, but there is limited evidence on the combination with cervical length measurement., Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare quantitative fetal fibronectin and qualitative fetal fibronectin testing in the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth within 7 days in symptomatic women who undergo cervical length measurement., Study Design: We performed a European multicenter cohort study in 10 perinatal centers in 5 countries. Women between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation with signs of active labor and intact membranes underwent quantitative fibronectin testing and cervical length measurement. We assessed the risk of preterm birth within 7 days in predefined strata based on fibronectin concentration and cervical length., Results: Of 455 women who were included in the study, 48 women (11%) delivered within 7 days. A combination of cervical length and qualitative fibronectin resulted in the identification of 246 women who were at low risk: 164 women with a cervix between 15 and 30 mm and a negative fibronectin test (<50 ng/mL; preterm birth rate, 2%) and 82 women with a cervix at >30 mm (preterm birth rate, 2%). Use of quantitative fibronectin alone resulted in a predicted risk of preterm birth within 7 days that ranged from 2% in the group with the lowest fibronectin level (<10 ng/mL) to 38% in the group with the highest fibronectin level (>500 ng/mL), with similar accuracy as that of the combination of cervical length and qualitative fibronectin. Combining cervical length and quantitative fibronectin resulted in the identification of an additional 19 women at low risk (preterm birth rate, 5%), using a threshold of 10 ng/mL in women with a cervix at <15 mm, and 6 women at high risk (preterm birth rate, 33%) using a threshold of >500 ng/mL in women with a cervix at >30 mm., Conclusion: In women with threatened preterm birth, quantitative fibronectin testing alone performs equal to the combination of cervical length and qualitative fibronectin. Possibly, the combination of quantitative fibronectin testing and cervical length increases this predictive capacity. Cost-effectiveness analysis and the availability of these tests in a local setting should determine the final choice., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Worldwide, post-partum haemorrhage (PHH) remains one of the leading causes for maternal mortality. The German Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the German Midwifes' Society, the German Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis and the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care updated the former guideline. The resulting recommendations are the results of a structured literature search and a formal consensus process and contain all aspects of PPH including diagnosis, causes, risk factors and therapy. Key aspect of the anaesthesiological and haemostatic therapies is the development of an interdisciplinary standard operating procedure containing medical options related to the bleeding's cause and severity as well as the surgical option. For suspected PPH, this guideline emphasizes clinical and laboratory-based diagnostics, as only those will enable an early identification of the bleeding's causes and the resulting causative therapy. Recommendations cover evidence-based application of uterotonics for atony as well as tranexamic acid, calcium, factor concentrates and blood products. Additionally, recommendations are given on the topics of cell salvage, controlled hypotension and restrictive transfusion triggers., (© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.)

In the present study, the neutralization ability of the antimicrobial effect of glyphosate by different humic acids was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of glyphosate for different bacteria such as Bacillus badius, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Escherichia coli, E. coli 1917 strain Nissle, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were determined in the presence or absence of different concentrations of humic acid (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg mL(-1)). Our findings indicated that humic acids inhibited the antimicrobial effect of glyphosate on different bacteria. This information can help overcome the negative impact of glyphosate residues in feed and water., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) is most commonly diagnosed using physical examination; however, accurate decision making in ambiguous cases is a major challenge in current obstetric practice. As this may influence a woman's subsequent management, a number of tests designed to assist with confirming a diagnosis of PROM are commercially available. This study sought to evaluate the published data for the accuracy of two amniotic fluid-specific biomarker tests for PROM: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1 - Actim® PROM) and placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1 - AmniSure®)., Methods: Main analysis included all PubMed referenced studies related to Actim® PROM and AmniSure® with available data to extract performance rates. To compare accuracy, a comparison of pooled indexes of both rapid tests was performed. Studies in which both tests were used in the same clinical population were also analysed. Membrane status, whether it was known or a suspected rupture, and inclusion or not of women with bleeding, were considered., Results: All the available studies published in PubMed up to April 2013 were reviewed. Data were retrieved from 17 studies; 10 for Actim® PROM (n = 1066), four for AmniSure® (n = 1081) and three studies in which both biomarker tests were compared directly. The pooled analysis found that the specificity and positive predictive value were significantly higher for AmniSure® compared with Actim® PROM. However, when 762 and 1385 women with known or suspected rupture of membranes, respectively, were evaluated, AmniSure® only remained significantly superior in the latter group. Furthermore, when the two tests were compared directly in the same study no statistically significant differences were observed. Remarkably, women with a history or evidence of bleeding were excluded in all four studies for AmniSure®, in two Actim® PROM studies and in two of the three studies reporting on both tests., Conclusions: No differences were observed in the performance of the two tests in studies where they were used under the same clinical conditions or in women with known membrane status. Although AmniSure® performed better in suspected cases of PROM, this may need further analysis as exclusion of bleeding may not be representative of the real clinical presentation of women with suspected PROM.