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The use of seedling grafts has been increasingly popular in the production of fruit vegetables in Korea. Superior scion cultivars grafted on seedling rootstocks tolerant to soil-borne diseases often results in higher crop yield and quality. For the production of healthy grafted transplants, seedlings have to be grown under the most favorable cultural conditions. Substrate composition and property as well as mineral nutrition play an important role. Various substrates containing peatmoss, perlite, vermiculite, and coir-dust have been tested for their influence on seedling growth. In the chemical properties of substrates investigated just before grafting and after formation of grafted union, the ECs in 4 substrates rose as the pre-plant fertilizer level was elevated. The ECs in peatmoss containing substrates were lower than those in coir dust containing substrates when all substrates contained equal amount of pre-plant fertilizers. The ECs in substrates containing vermiculite were higher than those in perlite. In all substrates, the elevation of pre-plant fertilizer levels resulted in the increase in NO3 −-N and K+ concentrations and decrease in Na+ concentration. The recommended EC levels of substrates for the raising of plug seedlings of bedding plants are applicable to fruit vegetables when the seedlings are grown in peatmoss + perlite (PP) substrate. But those in peatmoss + vermiculite (PV), coir-dust + perlite (CP) and coir-dust + vermiculite (CV) substrates should be altered based on the kinds and rates of substrate components. In case of crops, the water melon rootstock ‘Cham Bak’ (Lagenaria siceraria Standl), showed the stronger salt tolerance than cucumber rootstock ‘Heukjong Hobak’ (Cucurbita ficifolia) indicating that pre-or post-plant fertilizer levels should be varied based on the kinds of crops grown. The peppers grew well in PP and PV substrates rather than CP or CV substrates in before or after grafting. This also implies that the components of substrates should be changed based on the specific crops.

The relationship between the total amount of micronutrients absorbed by the above-ground plant tissue and the occurrence of visible micronutrient deficiency symptoms in two strawberry cultivars as influenced by elevated phosphorus (P) levels in fertigation solution was investigated. The plants were cultured with a fertilizer solution containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 mM P and tissue nutrient content were determined at 120 days after transplanting. Young leaves of the plants grown with nutrient solution P levels higher than 4 mM and 2 mM, respectively, in ‘Keumhyang’ and ‘Seonhong’, developed interveinal chlorosis. Tissue concentrations (mg·kg−1 dry weight) of metallic micronutrients [iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] in both cultivars did not decrease, but the total amount absorbed by the aboveground plant tissue decreased in the treatments in which nutrient deficiencies were observed. These results indicate that total amount of micronutrients is a better indicator of P-induced micronu...

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of variouis organic substrates on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings in a shaded plastic house. In the investigation of optimal substrate, the eight substrate were formulated by adjusting blending rate of peatmoss, perlite, coir dust(coco peat), and vermiculite. Then, the changes in physico·chemical properties of root substrates as well as their influences on the growth characteristics and yield were deter- mined at six months after sowing. The elevation of the blending rate of peatmoss from 50% to 70% with decrease in the rate of inorganic component (mixture of perlite and vermiculite) from 50 to 30% resulted in the increase in container capacities and decrease in total porosities and air-filled capacities. The concentrations of NH4-N, P2O5 and K increased as the incorpo- ration rate of castor seed meal, phosphate ore, and langbenite, respectively, were elevated during the root medium formula- tions. The PPV-1 and PPV-4 substrates produced high stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, leaf area and root length among eight substrate. Root fresh weight was heaviest in PPV-4 compound nursery media. The results of this experi- ment will be utilized in the new substrate application for ginseng organic culture in shaded vinyl house.

The influence of various concentrations of the standard fertilizer on the performance of seedling grafts tomato was investigated using coconut coir containing root media. Two different formulations of coir dust (CO) with perlite (PL) and vermiculite (VM) (5:5 and 7:3 mixtures of CO + VM and CO + PL, v/v) were used as growing media. Five variations (0, 0.1, 1, 2, 4x conc.) of a standard fertilizer (SF) containing (mg · L−1) 190 N, 54.5 P2O5, 149 K2O, 542 CaO, 24.3 MgO, 19.5 S, and micronutrients in pre-plant fertilizers were used for seedling growth before grafting. The root stock (cultivar J3B Strong) and scion (cultivar Sunmyung) were grown in 50 cell (volume 33 cc) and 105 cell (volume 18 cc) trays, respectively. Both were fertilized once a week with the N concentrations of 50, 120, and 200 mg · L−1 (using 14-00-14 and 20-10-20 commercial analysis fertilizers alternately) in stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. At 31 days after sowing, seedling plants of both the root stock and scion were excised above the soil line, trimmed, and used for seedling grafting. The cut grafted plants were planted into the 50-cell pack trays (cell volume 33 cc) and incubated for 7 days inside a plastic tunnel under a shade cloth for callusing and adventitious root formation. After an additional 7 days of gradual acclimatization with lower humidity, the rooted grafted plants began to receive fertilizer treatments once a week. When examined 31 days after sowing, the highest weights of the root stock seedlings were obtained with the 2x SF solution in CO + PL mix (4.1 g/seedling) and 1x SF solution in CO + VM mix (5.0 g/seedling). The electrical conductance (EC) of the soil extracts for the two treatments were 3.85 and 1.94 dS · m−1, respectively. Fresh weights of the grafted plants (Sunmyung/J3B Strong) grown in CO + VM and CO + PL mixes were not significantly different from each other when measured 13 days after grafting. Elevated plug-phase fertilizer levels in CO + PL mix resulted in an increase of fresh weights from the grafted plants in 13 days. However, substrate EC (5.19 dS · m−1) at 4x SF solution in CO+PL mix was much higher than that recommended for plug seedling production. Grafted plants were tolerant to high salinity. Fresh weights of grafted plants were higher when grown with 200 mg · L−1N in CO + PL mix or 100 mg · L−1 N CO + VM mix than other treatments. The substrate ECs of the two treatments were 3.85 and 1.94 dS · m−1, respectively. Grafted plants grew well when exposed to elevated substrate salt concentrations. Results of this experiment suggest that the production of high quality tomato seedling grafts is possible with salt concentrations much higher than that recommended for plug seedling production. The optimum fertilizer concentration, however, must be determined separately for a given root medium mixture containing coconut coir.

This research was designed to compare the subjective evaluation of texture image and preference between offline and online by structural characteristics of women` jacket fabrics for spring and summer. 78 participants evaluated the sensibility image and preference of various fabrics. The data were analysed by factor analysis, t-test, Pearson`s productive correlation, regression, and multi dimensional scale. The results were as follows: Sensibility image factors of women` jacket fabrics were `classic` `sophisticated` `natural` `characteristic` and `practical`. Between offline and online, sensibility images showed no differences. In sensibility images, `classic`-`sophisticated`, `natural`-`practical`, and `practical`-`characteristic` images showed significant correlation. By analyzing the contribution of fabric structure on sensibility images, density affected on the `classic` image offline and online. By the results of regression analysis, thickness, density and weave affected on the tactile preference. In sensibility images, `classic`, `sophisticated` `characteristic` images were the influencing factor. `Sophisticated`, `natural`, `characteristic` and `practical` images affected on the purchase preference.

The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of pre-plant micronutrient mixes and various ammonium/nitrate (NH4 +/NO3 −) ratios in a fertilizer solution on growth and the nutrient uptake of French marigold ‘Orange Boy’ in a plug culture. Two kinds of granular glass frits containing six micronutrients were produced and incorporated into peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v) substrate at a rate of 0.3 g · L− 1. The five NH4 +/NO3 − ratios in fertilizer solution were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0, each giving a total nitrogen (N) supply of 80, 100, and 120 mg · L− 1in the root substrate during stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The plants produced a significantly higher fresh and dry matter yield at 35 days after sowing when grown in 25/75 N nutrition in micronutrient fertilizer 1 (MF1) and 50/50 in micronutrient fertilizer 2 (MF2) than in the other NH4 +/NO3 − ratios tested. Treatments of the highest accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) in plant...

XML as a standard for representing data and document structure is widely used in every area, and we have to write XML compilers which process the XML documents according to a user`s intention. Because it takes time and costs to write XML compilers by hand, we need some generators that automatically generate XML compilers. In this paper, we introduce an XML compiler generator named XCC. It reads DTD and semantic rules, and it generates XML compiler and Java classes which correspond to the elements defined in the DTD.

In this paper we introduce a new style multiparadigm language named Argos which applies a compositional approach [20] to multiparadigm programming. Argos is a superset of the Java, and its grammar has an extension point which allows other languages to be used in Argos programs. Therefore, Argos can support object-oriented programming and multiparadigm programming by enabling each method in a class to be implemented with one of the Java, C, Prolog, Python, and XML languages. Since Argos allows the existing languages to be used, it has advantages such as easiness of learning and high reusability. The Argos compiler is implemented according to the delegating compiler object (DCO) model[28,29]. The compiler partitions a program Into several parts according to the languages used in methods and delivers the parts the languages` processors which compile the parts.

The Co-Compostage (CC) of Palm (Poenix dactylifera L.) Fiber (PF) and Sewage Sludge (SS) at volume rate (1PF/1SS), mixed with Top Soil (TS) have been used as a substrate for cucumber cultivated in soilless crop system. Five substrates with volume ratio T (CC-TS) were tested: T (10-0), T (9-1), T (8-2), T (7-3) and T (6-4). They were compared to peat in nursery and to TS in Cucumis sativus L. crop production. Total porosity, bulk density, moisture content, rate of drainage, pH and electritical conductivity of T (8-2) and T (7-3) were relatively favorable for plant growth. After 45 days of growth and in comparison to peat, T (9-1), T (8-2) and T (7-3) gave the best parameters of root development: volume, architecture, length, number, best seedling growth and a positive correlation (R = 0.751) between root and shoot dry matter. After 120 days, cucumber attained the best root development under T (8-2) and T (7-3). Fruits production of these substrates was 40% higher than those of the control.

An actinomycete designated Streptomyces cn1 with a high proteolytic activity and capacity to degrade feather keratin was isolated and its effectiveness for altering feathers to yield a slow-release N fertilizer was evaluated. The pattern of N release in column elution tests from feathers ground to a particle size ≤1 mm, but otherwise unaltered, was characterized by a first period of release from weeks 2 through 5 with a high peak at week 3 and a second period of release from 14 to 20 weeks. The release of N during the first period was 10.5% and during the second period it was 7.3% for a total of only 17.8% of the N contained in these feathers. Grinding feathers to a finer particle size ≤0.5 mm caused increases in N release during the two periods to 14.7% and 15.8% N, respectively, for a total of 30.5% and second period N release began 5 weeks earlier at week 9. Microbial hydrolysis with Streptomyces cn1 for 1 though 5 days resulted in an adverse reduction in total N released, due in part to drying of feathers after hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of feathers for 7 days resulted in 42.6% of total N released over 20 weeks with 77.0% of this released during weeks 6 through 20. The second period of release began at week 8. Hydrolysis of feathers for 9 days was best for purposes of a slow-release fertilizer. Forty five percent of total N was released over 20 weeks with 89.3% of this released during the second period that began in week 7. Root substrate pH was increased in all treatments where feathers were applied. This would require a reduction in the rate of limestone incorporated into a commercial substrate when feather N is used. Pepsin digestibility and ninhydrin tests provided some insight into the N release mechanism but did not effectively predict N release from the feather products. determined in column experiments. Extension of microbial hy- drolysis time and grinding of feathers to provide more surface area for microbial attack could possibly result in increased enzymatic cleavage of peptide bonds, and consequently in faster mineraliza- tion by soil microorganisms. Several attempts have been made to isolate microorganisms from soil which have keratinase activity (De and Chandra, 1982; Elmayergi and Smith, 1971; Williams et al., 1990). However, most of this effort has been directed toward keratinase enzymes used for increasing the digestibility of feathers as an animal feed. There- fore, the objectives of this research were to isolate a strain of actinomycete with a high proteolytic activity from soils and to study the effectiveness of this organism with respect to developing a slow releasing N fertilizer of four months or longer duration from feather keratin.

The structure of feather keratin protein was modified in attempts to develop a slow-release N fertilizer of 12 weeks duration or longer by steam hydrolysis to break disulfide bonds, enzymatic hydrolysis with Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) to break polypeptide bonds, and steam hydrolysis (autoclaving) to hasten mineralization followed by cross-linking of the protein by a formaldehyde reaction to control the increased rate of mineralization. Release of N in potting substrate within elution columns from ground, but otherwise untreated, raw feathers occurred mainly during the first 5 weeks with a much smaller release occurring from weeks 8 to 12. Steam hydrolysis resulted in an increase of N during the first 5 weeks and a decrease during weeks 8 to 11. Cumulative N release over 11 weeks increased from 12% in raw feathers to 52% for feathers steam hydrolyzed for 90 minutes. This favored an immediately available fertilizer but not a slow-release fertilizer. Microbial hydrolysis with B. licheniformis resulted in a modest reduction of N release during the first 5 weeks and a small increase during weeks 8 to 11. Both shifts, while not desirable for an immediately available fertilizer, enhanced the slow-release fertilizer potential of feathers but not sufficiently to result in a useful product. Steam hydrolyzed feathers cross-linked with quantities of formaldehyde equal to 5% and 10% of the feather weight released less N during the first 5 weeks, more during weeks 6 and 7, and less during weeks 9 to 12 compared to raw feathers. The first two shifts were favorable for a slow-release fertilizer while the third was not.

Mineralization of N from nonviable cells of Brevibacterium lactofermentum (Okumura et al.) mixed into soilless substrate in elution columns occurred largely during the first 5 weeks with a peak between 2 and 3 weeks. Over a 12-week period, 73% of the total N was recovered in the eluent. To prolong the period of N release to meet the requirements of a slow-release fertilizer, the bacterium was bonded to kraft lignin, a polyphenolic substance highly resistant to degradation. To retard mineralization further, the bacterium-lignin mixture was reacted with formaldehyde to form amino cross-links within and between protein chains. Bonding to lignin was undesirable because N release occurred during the same period as from the bacteria unbound to lignin and the total amount of N recovered was reduced to only 42%. Cross-linking with formaldehyde was less desirable since N was released mainly during the first 4 weeks with a peak during the first elution (0 time) and the total amount of N released was even lower than for the bacterium-lignin mixture. Additions of urea to the latter reaction did not satisfactorily improve subsequent N mineralization. In a second set of treatments lignin was withheld and the bacterium was reacted with weights of formaldehyde (a.i.) equivalent to 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0%, and 10.0% of the dry weight of bacterium. Formaldehyde quantities ≤1.0% either had no effect or lowered the mineralization of N without altering time of release. Five percent and 10% formaldehyde successfully reduced release of N during the first 4 weeks and increased it thereafter. The best rate was 5%. In this treatment N was released from week 2 through the end of the test (12 weeks). Peak release occurred at 6 weeks. This resulting N source, while not a stand alone product, does have a slow-release property that could lend itself to use in combination with other slow-release N sources.

The influence of elevated levels of micronutrients on the growth and flowering of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) was investigated. Plants were grown with nutrient solution containing 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mM boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), or zinc (Zn) and toxicity development was monitored. The threshold micronutrient concentrations that induced visible foliar toxicity symptoms were 0.5 mM B, 4 mM Cu, 4 mM Fe, 2 mM Mn, 1 mM Mo, and 5 mM Zn. The dry matter yields during the 5 week experimental period were reduced when micronutrient concentrations exceeded 0.5 mM B, 3 mM Cu, 3 mM Fe, 6 mM Mn, 0.5 mM Mo, and 5 mM Zn in the fertilizer solution. Leaf chlorophyll contents decreased when the nutrient solution concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were greater than 0.5 mM, 3 mM, and 2 mM, respectively. Visual toxicity symptoms of the six micronutrients were characterized.

Seed geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) micronutrient toxicity symptoms were induced by applying elevated levels of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn in fertilizer solution. Beginning at the 3-4 true leaf stage, seedling plants established in 11-cm (0.67-liter) pots containing peat-lite growing medium were fertilized at each irrigation for 5 weeks with solutions containing 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 m M plus the standard concentration of each micronutrient. The standard solution contained 20 µM B, 0.5 µM Cu, 10 µM Fe, 10 µM Mn, 0.5 µM Mo, and 4 µM Zn. All treatment solutions contained a fixed level of macronutrients. Visible foliar toxicity symptoms were produced when the nutrient solution contained 0.5 m M B, 0.5 mM Cu, 5 mM Fe, 1 mM Mn, 0.25 mM Mo, or 0.5 mM Zn. Reduction in dry matter yield was evident when 1 mM B, 2 mM Cu, 3 mM Fe, 2 mM Mn, 0.5 mM Mo, or 1 mM Zn was used in the fertilizer solution. Leaf chlorophyll contents decreased as Cu and Mn levels in the concentration range tested increased. Elevated levels of Fe increased tissue chlorophyll contents. The relationship between the nutrient solution and tissue concentrations of each of the six micronutrients was determined. A soil medium high in nutrient holding capacity does not usually require additional supply of micronutrient s when used for short-term crops such as bedding plants. Micronutrient fertiliza- tion, however, is essential for bedding plants grown in the soil-less root media , which are now extensively used in greenhouse crop production. Growers formulate micronutrients based on the Hoagland solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950), or use commer- cial fertilizers containing both macro- and micronutrients. Since plants require only minute quantities of these elements, a nutrient imbalance may occur when commercial fertilizers are used with water containing high levels of some micronutrients. Micronutri- ent deficiencies and toxicities have been reported for boron in chrysanthemum (Gogue and Sanderson, 1973), Easter lily (Marousky, 1981) and begonia (Elliot and Nelson, 1981; Nelson et al., 1979), for molybdenum in poinsettia (Hammer and Bailey, 1987), for manganese in Spathiphyllum (Broschat and Donselman, 1986), and for iron in Tolmiea (Smith, 1985). Such investigations are largely lacking in bedding plants. The objective of this study was to induce and characterize micronutrient toxicity symptoms of seed geraniums grown in a peat-lite mix.

Hemangioma is a benign vascular proliferation. Intramuscular hemangiomas are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all hemangiom as, and occur normally in the trunk and extremities. Approximately 10-20% of intramuscular hemangiomas are found in the head and neck region, m ost often in the masseter muscles. The typical clinical characteristic is a painful soft tissue mass without cutaneous changes. The suggested t reatment is a surgical excision. We report a case of an intramuscular hemagnioma of the masseter muscle. The patient was a 56 year old male who visited our cli nic complaining of left facial swelling after 2 years of follow up at a different clinic. After magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the mass was exc ised under general anesthesia. The biopsy revealed the mass to be an intramuscular hemangioma. We report the clinical and pathological characteristic s as well as the treatment of a case of an intramuscular hemangioma of the masseter muscle.

Correlations between the nutrient solution concentration and tissue content of micronutrients were determined for geranium, marigold and petunia. When nutrient solution contained 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 mM of boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), the tissue content of each microelement increased linearly with increasing levels of the same micronutrient in the fertilizer. Equations for these correlations were established for the six micronutrients used for each species. Increasing levels of micronutrients did not influence tissue macroelement contents. Increasing levels of one micronutrient had little influence on the accumulation of other micronutrients in the tissue. Plant toxicity symptoms developed when the leaf content of microelements increased to a level 5-10 times that of plants grown with the control (Hoagland) solution.

The effect of the variation of NH4+:NO3− ratios (meq/l: 0:100, 40:60, 50:50, 65:35 and 100:0) in the nutrient solution on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa var Seolhyang) growth was evaluated. A mixture of large particle size (2 to 5 mm) and small particle size (smaller than 1 mm) of perlite was used as growing substrate and the nutrient solutions were applied once a week to the root substrate. The growth responses were determined 120 days after transplanting. The use of NO3− as the sole source of nitrogen in the nutrient solution resulted in the highest vegetative growth among the treatments tested. On the contrary, the exclusive use of NH4+ in the nutrient solution suppressed plant growth severely. The initial symptoms of ammonium toxicity appeared on the lower leaves, with the curling down of the old leaves. The margins turned brown and finally died. The introduction of the two nitrogen forms as the treatment ratio 60:40 (NH4+:NO3−) resulted in the optimal growth performance and nutrient uptake of this variety. The rate K/Ca+Mg=0.57, which was close to the best rate 0.67, allowed the optimal uptake of all nutrients. The data of the growth characteristics, nutrient content and electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were subjected to a polynomial regression analysis. The results show a high correlation between these data and the variation of NH4+:NO3− ratios. The values of the fresh and dry weight and N content of above-ground plant tissue to this variation were linear, with R2 coefficients of 0.95***, 0.94**, and 0.71*. The changes in the NO3− concentration in the petiole sap, EC and pH of the root substrate were quadratic, with a coefficients of R2= 0.99***, 0.98***, and 0.73*.Key words: Growth characteristics, NH4+: NO3− ratios, nutrient content, strawberry.