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Purpose Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a flowering plant from the Myrtaceae family, is considered an antitumour substance with versatile biological and pharmacological activities. RTR-1 is an active monomer purified from the root of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. However, the detail of mechanism involving in RTR-1 anti-cancer activity remains to be elucidated, and the effect on gastric cancer cells is unknown. Methods Cell proliferation was determined by MTT and clone formation assay. The effect of RTR-1 on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was analysed utilizing flow cytometry, respectively. Moreover, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related protein. Results Based on MTT and clone formation assay, we noticed that RTR-1 inhibited the proliferation of gastric carcinoma (BGC823 and SGC7901) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results of flow cytometry and Western blotting showed that RTR-1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signaling pathway and induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) pathway. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrate that RTR-1 induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis in gastric carcinoma, indicating its potential application for gastric cancer therapy.

Although crotonic acid (CA) is in high demand due to its use in various industrial applications, the preparation of CA currently requires a multi-step process from the petrochemical cracking of eth...

To attach against clustered low-protection UAVs, this paper proposes a new type of whirling fragment structure and warhead arrangement. The non-linear dynamics software Autodyn was used to carry out a numerical simulation. The detonation drive of whirling fragments by different cavity diameter charges was analyzed. The research results show that as the cavity diameter increases, the pressure peak on the outside of the shell will increase first and then decrease, the detonation wave action time will gradually decrease, and the output of the detonation wave at the end of the detonation action will be smoother; The detonation driving process of the whirling fragment is divided into two stages. The first stage is the sharp acceleration process of the detonation product during the action of the detonation wave; the second stage is the scattering process accompanied by spin motion after the fragment leaves the shell. As the diameter of the cavity increases, the center-of-mass velocity of the whirling fragment decreases; there will be a velocity difference between the head and the tail of the fragment then the velocity will be exchanged. The velocity difference first increases and then decreases with increasing cavity diameter; an increase in the cavity diameter will cause a periodic change in the whirling fragments' rotation, which first decreases and then increases.

The numerical simulation on the initiation process of the covered insensitive explosive PBXN-109 impacted by tungsten rod-type armor piercing projectile was carried out by the shock physical explicit Eulerian dynamic software SPEED. The “up-down” method was used to obtain the projectile critical detonation velocity. The effects of projectile diameter, projectile length, shell thickness and charge material on the projectile critical detonation velocity were obtained. The research results show that the projectile critical detonation velocity decreases as projectile diameter increases. It first decreases and then becomes stable as projectile length increases. It increases linearly as shell thickness increases. The critical detonation velocity of PBXN-109 charge is significantly greater than that of Comp-B charge. Affected by the charge initiation mechanism, the velocity amplification increases as projectile diameter increases, and the maximum value can reach about 154%. Utilizing the insensitive explosive PBXN-109 as the warhead charge can effectively protect against the impact initiation of rod-type projectile.

In order to compare the forming and penetration process of linear shaped charge jet in three different mediums ( in the air/ under water/ under water with air standoff), threedimensional numerical simulation models were established using ANSYS / LS-DYNA software. The forming process and penetration performance of linear shaped charge jets are compared and analyzed. Simulation results show that the jet forming performance in the air is better and the jet head velocity is much higher compared with the under-water condition. By adding a hollow tank in front of the metal liner, the jet forming performance under water can be improved significantly. After 60μs of the detonation, the head velocity of three jets are 2750 m/s, 890 m/s and 2600 m/s , and the maximum penetration depths are 0.734DC、0.092DC, 0.91DC respectively.

In order to reduce the mechanical sensitivity of ε-CL-20, wax and fluororubber polymers were used as coating materials and desensitizers to coat ε-CL-20 by the water suspension method. Through molecular dynamics calculations, fluorine rubber F2311, which had a good combination with ε-CL-20, was selected as the coating material and then ε-CL-20-based composite particles with double-layer structure were prepared. The contact angles of water, glycerin and diiodomethane as the testing liquids on the surface of F2311 and wax were measured by a contact angle measuring instrument, and the thermodynamic parameters of ε-CL-20/F2311 and the ε-CL-20/wax interface were calculated. ε-CL-20 before and after coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the mechanical sensitivity analytical method. The results showed that F2311/wax had uniformly passivated on the surface of ε-CL-20, forming a dense and uniform protective film, and the CL-20 crystal form did not change after coating. The double-layer composite structure effectively reduces the sensitivity of ε-CL-20 and improves the thermal stability of ε-CL-20.

YZG-331 is a synthetic novel derivates of N

Background The detail of mechanism involving in PP-10 anti-cancer activity remains to be elucidated, and the effect on HCC cells is unknown. Methods: MTT and colony formation assays were used to determine the effect of PP-10 on cell growth. Flow cytometry analysis and Hoechst 33258 were used to assess apoptosis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore changes in apoptosis-associated pathways. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression levels. Results: In our study, PP-10 significantly suppressed cancer cell viability while had low toxicity to normal cells, with the HCC cell lines HepG2 and HuH7 being particularly sensitive to PP-10 treatment. PP-10 induced mitochondrial-related apoptosis in HepG2 and HuH7 cells. Moreover, GSEA showed that the MAPK signaling pathway could be correlated with PP-10–induced apoptosis. We used western blotting to confirm that PP-10 induced apoptosis in HepG2 and HuH7 cells by modulating the JNK/SPAK signaling and inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway. Conclusion: Collectively, our results show that PP-10 induces apoptosis via the JNK/SPAK and STAT3 signaling pathways in HepG2 and HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.

An analysis of the penetration–explosion (PE) effects of four distributions of inactive/active composite jets shows that a well-designed inactive/active double-layer liner can promote composite jet damage. Penetration experiments were then carried out for shaped charge jets having a single inactive (Cu) liner or an inactive/active (Cu/Al) double-layer liner with variable liner height. The behaviors and firelight patterns of the different jets were captured by high-speed photography. The perforation, deformation area, and deflection were measured for each plate, showing that the Cu/Al jets have stronger PE effects. Numerical simulation shows that the tip of the composite jet generated from the full-height liner is only Cu, whereas for the other jet, from the double-layer liner, Cu is almost wrapped entirely by Al.

Background: Paris polyphylla is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been used as a haemostatic, antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Gastric cancer (GC) is a global health problem, with more than 1 million people newly diagnosed with gastric cancer worldwide each year.Methods: The MTT and colony formation assay were used to test the anti-proliferative effects of PP-26 on MGC-803 and BGC-823 cells. Flow cytometry assays, Hoechst 33258 staining assay and Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK were used to test apoptosis. JC-1 staining used to measure changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and western blot analysis were used to test apoptotic and PI3K/Akt pathway related proteins.Results: PP-26 had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MGC-803 and BGC-823 cells, but had no obvious anti-proliferative effect on normal liver LO2 cells and normal embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells. Additionally, PP-26 induced typical apoptotic morphological changes, such as nuclear pyknosis, nuclear cracking and apoptotic bodies. Moreover, PP-26 induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. And PP-26 modulated the expression of Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bax, caspase-9/-3 and PARP proteins and induced cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Next, using an irreversible general caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK), we confirmed the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by PP-26. Furthermore, PP-26 inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β. The inhibition of Akt protein activated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.Conclusion: Collectively, these results indicated that PP-26 inhibited the proliferation of MGC-803 and BGC-823 cells by inhibiting the Akt signalling pathway and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Aiming at solving the trouble that digital image information is easily intercepted and tampered during transmission, we proposed a color image encryption scheme based on alternate quantum random walk and controlled Rubik’s Cube transformation. At the first, the color image is separated into three channels: channel R, channel G and channel B. Besides, a random sequence is generated by alternate quantum walk. Then the six faces of the Rubik’s Cube are decomposed and arranged in a specific order on a two-dimensional plane, and each pixel of the image is randomly mapped to the Rubik’s Cube. The whirling of the Rubik’s Cube is controlled by a random sequence to realize image scrambling and encryption. The scrambled image acquired by Rubik’s Cube whirling and the random sequence received by alternate quantum walk are bitwise-XORed to obtain a single-channel encrypted image. Finally the three-channel image is merged to acquire the final encrypted image. The decryption procedure is the reverse procedure of the encryption procedure. The key space of this scheme is theoretically infinite. After simulation experiments, the information entropy after encryption reaches 7.999, the NPCR is 99.5978%, and the UACI is 33.4317%. The encryption scheme with high robustness and security has a excellent encryption effect which is effective to resist statistical attacks, force attacks, and other differential attacks.

To explain the axial fracture phenomenon of Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP), the fracture mechanism of long rod EFP during the forming phase is analyzed by the stress wave theory. When the velocity gradient [Formula: see text] between the head and tail parts exceeds the critical value [Formula: see text], the EFP would fracture in the axial direction. Based on the Johnson–Cook constitutive model parameters and the special conditions in the forming phase of EFP, the critical velocity gradient [Formula: see text] can be determined by theoretical calculation and then validated by experimental results for both copper and tantalum EFPs. The experimental results for EFP’s fracture agree well with the prediction of the theoretical analysis. The theoretical analysis method can be applied as an important measure to determine the critical velocity gradient and predict the fracture of long rod EFP, providing reference for the application of new kinds of high density materials in the EFP research area.

To explore the role and molecular mechanism of circRNA protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (circ-PRMT5) in regulating cisplatin (DDP) resistance and immune response of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).The expression of circ-PRMT5, miR-138-5p and myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay, and western blot assay were utilized to evaluate DDP sensitivity. Interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess immune system's ability. A xenograft tumor model was established to explore the role of circ-PRMT5 in DDP resistance in vivo. The interaction between miR-138-5p and circ-PRMT5 or MYH9 was predicted by starBase and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay.Circ-PRMT5 and MYH9 were upregulated and miR-138-5p was downregulated in DDP-resistant NSCLC tissues and cells. Circ-PRMT5 knockdown enhanced DDP sensitivity of NSCLC cells by inhibiting cell viability, migration and invasion and inducing apoptosis. Circ-PRMT5 knockdown also increased immune response by promoting the levels of IL-2 and TNF-a and decreasing the production of TGF-β. Moreover, circ-PRMT5 interference improved DDP sensitivity of NSCLC in vivo. MiR-138-5p was a direct target of circ-PRMT5 and its knockdown abated the effects of circ-PRMT5 downregulation on DDP resistance and immune response.Circ-PRMT5 knockdown increased DDP sensitivity and immune response of NSCLC cells by regulating miR-138-5p/MYH9 axis, hinting potential value of circ-PRMT5 in the diagnosis and treatment for NSCLC.

The Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technique has attracted attention in a wide range of manufacturing research areas, including the defense industry because of its high efficiency and good consistency of manufactured material properties. Shaped charge liner is the crucial unit in the shaped charge warhead. However, jet performance formed by SLM-produced liner remains to be studied systematically. In the present research work, the SLM technique was applied to manufacture CuSn10 shaped charge liners. Casted CuSn10 liners were also fabricated using the classical turning method for comparison. The grain size of the SLM-produced liner was found to be much smaller than the machined liner due to the rapid heating and cooling rate during the SLM manufacturing process. This contributed to improved jet performance. A flash X-ray photography system was applied to capture jet stretching appearances. Necking appears at the jet tip formed by the machined liner, while the jet formed by the SLM-produced liner remains continuous. Penetration test results show that the penetration depth of the jet formed by the SLM-produced liner is around 27% larger than that formed by the machined liner. Segments along the sidewall of the penetration tunnels were selected for in-depth micro analysis. Energy dispersed spectrum (EDS) surface scanning results indicate the composition at the side wall of the penetrated tunnel. Metallurgical microscope was applied to distinguish four different phase zones of the target. The width of these different zones indicates the severity of the lateral interaction between the jet and target, which can be adopted to evaluate jet penetration capability. The present study analyzes the factors that influence jet performances and proves that SLM technology is well-adapted in the manufacturing of shaped charge liners.

BackgroundPrimary small cell breast carcinoma (SCBC) is an uncommon malignancy with highly invasive behavior. The aim of this study was to find out more about the incidence, clinicopathologic characteristics and identify potential prognostic factors of SCBC.MethodsData of patients with primary diagnosis of SCBC between 1975 and 2018 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The incidence after adjustment for age and percentage change per year in incidence were calculated. Disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed among these SCBC patients identified from the SEER database. The whole cohorts were randomized into training and validation cohorts as ratio of 7: 3. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of survival with the training cohorts. Predictive models were constructed with training cohorts, and nomogram validation was performed using receiver operating characteristic curves, concordance indices and calibration curves in both training and validation cohorts.Results323 SCBC patients were enrolled finally during the research period. The overall incidence after adjustment for age between 1990 and 2018 was 0.14 per million per year, and the prevalence of the incidence has plateaued. Most of these tumors were poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. The most prevalent presenting stage was Stage II. Patients identified in this study were randomly divided into training (n = 226) and testing (n = 97) cohorts. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that chemotherapy, surgery and stage were important predictors of DSS and OS.ConclusionSCBC is considered an infrequent breast neoplasm with aggressive characteristics. Tumor stage is associated with poor prognosis. Combination of surgery and chemotherapy is the main treatment for SCBC.

This Letter proposes a single event double-upset (SEDU)-fully-tolerant latch, referred to as FBSET, mainly featuring four interlocked branch circuits implemented by stacking three PMOS and one NMOS transistors or three NMOS and one PMOS transistors to achieve low power dissipation. The latch exhibits up to 84.56% area-power-delay product saving compared with recently reported latches. Simulation results validate that the proposed latch is completely immune to SEDU.

The behind-armor debris (BAD) formed by the perforation of an EFP is the main damage factor for the secondary destruction to the behind-armor components. Aiming at investigating the BAD caused by EFP, flash X-ray radiography combined with an experimental witness plate test method was used, and the FEM-SPH adaptive conversion algorithm in LS-DYNA software was employed to model the perforation process. The simulation results of the debris cloud shape and number of debris were in good agreement with the flash X-ray radiographs and perforated holes on the witness plate, respectively. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of EFP's penetration under various impact conditions were conducted. The results show that, an ellipsoidal debris cloud, with the major-to-minor axis radio (a/b) smaller than that caused by shaped charge jets, was formed behind the target. With the increase of target thickness (h) and decrease of impact velocity (v0) and obliquity (θ), the value of a/b decreases. The number of debris ejected from target is significantly higher than that from EFP. Based on the statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the BAD, An engineering calculation model was established considering the influence of h, v0 and θ. The model can with reasonable accuracy predict the quantity and velocity distribution characteristics of BAD formed by EFP.

A Cu-based bimetallic hollow structure can be effectively used to enhance the selective oxidation and electrocatalytic activity of a catalyst and to reduce its cost. In this paper, we developed a facile and scalable method for the construction of CuAu bimetallic hollow particles from Cu2O nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs). The synthetic process includes Au growth on the Cu2O NPA surface and silica encapsulation, which is followed by polyol reduction of Cu2O, calcination in air and etching of the SiO2 layer. The obtained hollow CuAu NPs (average diameter of 540 nm and wall thickness of 60 nm) outperform hollow Cu NPs in terms of catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4 in aqueous solution. The activity factors (K = 354 and 255 s−1 g−1) are 2.4 and 1.7 times larger than that of the hollow Cu catalyst, depending on the Au content in the CuAu particles. In addition, the prepared catalyst was stable in the reaction system and can be recycled via centrifugation without a significant loss of catalytic activity.

Monodisperse nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs) have great potential for applications in biomedical detection, light harvesting, and photocatalysis, but the synthesis of these materials using a one-pot method remains challenging due to the difficulty of the separation of the nucleation and growth processes. In this paper, monodisperse spherical Cu2O NPAs were synthesized using a simple one-pot strategy. The size of the Cu2O NPAs was controlled from 294 nm to 443 nm, and the size distribution was as narrow as δ = 8.1% and 5.6%. The key to the formation of NPAs with a narrow size distribution can be attributed to the in situ generated CuCl acting as seeds to control the aggregation process of the primary Cu2O NPs. This method is extremely simple and scalable, and the reaction was conducted in air and aqueous solution at room temperature.

Circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) are widely expressed in human cells and play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Some circRNAs have microRNA (miRNA) binding response elements and interact with miRNA to regulate the expression of target genes.Four patients with a preliminary diagnosis of dengue fever (DF), peripheral whole blood sample in anticoagulant was collected before treatment (pretreatment group) and after effective treatment (posttreatment group), and eight samples were separated and used to screen differentially expressed circRNAs with microarray analysis. The relative expression level of circRNAs was determined using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TargetScan v7.1 and miRDB v5 bioinformatics software were used to predict circRNA-binding miRNAs; dual luciferase reporters were constructed to detect binding between circRNA and miRNA. Microarray screening revealed 263 differentially expressed circRNAs in peripheral leukocytes pretreatment versus posttreatment; 107 of these were upregulated and 156 were downregulated. RT-PCR confirmed that hsa_circ_0015962 was significantly upregulated and hsa_circ_0006459 significantly downregulated (P

A clogging layer would be formed on surface of the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) when the dredged slurry is treated using the vacuum preloading method. The clogging layer decreases the efficiency of drainage consolidation seriously. A numerical model is built to study the slurry particle movements and the resulting clogging layer of the vacuum-treated slurry, by adopting the discrete element method (DEM) and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for describing the slurry particles/PVD membrane and the pore water, respectively. The effectiveness of the CFD-DEM solver and the numerical model is verified through comparisons to the analytical solution of single-particle settling problem and to PIV (particle image velocimetry) test results on slurry particle displacements. Characteristics of movements associating with particles of different size and locations within the clogging layer are compared and analyzed. It is found that the maximum velocity and the final displacement of particle of larger size are generally larger. The displacement of particle, when its motion finally ceases, increases with the distance between its initial location and the PVD membrane. Particles of larger size stop moving firstly and form the skeleton of the clogging layer; while particles of smaller size keep moving within the skeleton, and thus render the clogging layer more compacted.

Background Previous studies have indicated that harmine hydrochloride (HAR-HC) has anti-tumor characteristics. However, its potential impact on human leukemia cells is unknown. In this study, we explored the potential mechanism of HAR-HC effects on human leukemia cells in vitro. Methods MTT assay was used to detect cell viability; A flow cytometer was used to analyze the cell cycle; Anexinn V-FITC/PI was used to detect cell apoptosis; Western blotting assay was used to analyze the expression of related proteins. Results The result of flow cytometry suggested G2/M phage arrest in K562 cells induced by HAR-HC. The expression levels of Cyclin E2, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, pro-caspase-3, and PARP decreased and the expression levels of Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, p21, Myt-1, p-cdc2 (Tyr15), cleaved -caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP increased. Moreover, the expression of p-JNK and p-ERK1/2 increased and autophagy was induced in the HAR-HC treatment group. Additionally, HAR-HC facilitated autophagy by activating the ERK1/2 pathway. Conclusion HAR-HC induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis by activating the JNK, and ERK1/2 pathways in the human leukemia K562 cells.

Xiangqiang Zhang,1,* Jinxia Cheng,1,* Peiyan He,2 Jinyan Zhu,3 Zhixian Chen,2 Shenyu Miao,4 Guocai Wang,5 Jianwei Jiang,2 Yuechun Wang1 1Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jianwei JiangDepartment of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail jjw703@jnu.edu.cnYuechun WangDepartment of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail 893689214@qq.comPurpose: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a flowering plant from the Myrtaceae family, is considered an antitumour substance with versatile biological and pharmacological activities. RTR-1 is an active monomer purified from the root of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. However, the detail of mechanism involving in RTR-1 anti-cancer activity remains to be elucidated, and the effect on gastric cancer cells is unknown.Methods: Cell proliferation was determined by MTT and clone formation assay. The effect of RTR-1 on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was analysed utilizing flow cytometry, respectively. Moreover, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related protein.Results: Based on MTT and clone formation assay, we noticed that RTR-1 inhibited the proliferation of gastric carcinoma (BGC823 and SGC7901) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results of flow cytometry and Western blotting showed that RTR-1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signaling pathway and induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) pathway.Conclusion: Taken together, these results demonstrate that RTR-1 induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis in gastric carcinoma, indicating its potential application for gastric cancer therapy.Keywords: RTR-1, gastric carcinoma cells, cell cycle, apoptosis, ER stress, STAT3

An effective heterogeneous catalyst for ring-expansion carbonylation of epoxides may have additional advantages over the homogeneous counterpart in terms of facile product separation and recyclability. A new Al(III) picket fence phthalocyanine complex was synthesized and directly knitted using the Friedel–Crafts reaction to prepare a solid porous network, which was ultimately used to immobilize [Co(CO)4]− ions. The resulting heterogeneous catalyst, [Lewis acid]+[Co(CO)4]−, efficiently catalyzes the conversion of various epoxides into the corresponding β-lactones with high selectivity (99%) and stoichiometric conversion under mild reaction conditions, along with good functional group tolerance.

The success of a landed space exploration depends largely on the final landing site, and the most important factor of landing site selection is the safety of lander, so, hazard detection and avoidance are crucial during asteroid landing. Many approaches have been proposed at present, most of them just detect hazard and select an area that is free of hazard threaten, however, in some cases, the selected site should not be the places that located in closed environment, such as the inner of crater. To tackle the issue, an approach for selecting landing site with closed environment avoidance based on a single image during optical coarse hazard detection was proposed in this paper, the approach was designed under the scheme of Chang’e-3’s landing process. The approach begins with hazard detection based on a proposed binary method. And then, for searching the candidate circular landing areas, the skeletons of areas with no hazard are taken into account, and then, control constraints are considered to select the landing areas that are accessible by the lander. Finally, the final selected circular landing area are chosen by a proposed scoring method, this method combines the factors of circular areas, including radius, the connection among circular areas, circular area’s texture and the cluster relation between circular area’s center and all the hazard. At last, serious of experiments would be conducted to test the performance of the proposed approach.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of silibinin on SW1990 pancreatic cancer cells. An MTT assay following silibinin treatment demonstrated an inhibitory effect on AsPC-1 and SW1990 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Propidium iodide staining analysis identified the cell cycle arrest of G1 phase and western blotting analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E2, cyclin A and cyclin B1 were decreased. The expression of G1-associated cell cycle-dependent kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and CDK6, were also decreased, whereas the expression of p15 (p15INK4B) was increased. In addition, after SW1990 cells were incubated with various concentrations of silibinin, early and late apoptotic cells were detected using flow cytometry. Silibinin increased the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and subsequent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was also observed. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, Bcl-2-like 1 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 were decreased, whereas the expression of Bcl-like protein 4 did not alter and the expression levels of Bcl-2-like 1 small and Bcl-2-like protein 11 were increased. The expression levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phospho-JNK were also increased. In conclusion, silibinin inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle G1 arrest via upregulating p15INK4B and induced mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulating JNK/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling pathway in human pancreatic cancer SW1990 cells.

Hierarchical ∼10 nm Cu nanoparticle (NP)-aggregated sub-micro cage catalysts (diameter: ∼800 nm) with a hollow interior and porous shell were prepared from SiO 2 encapsulated Cu2 O nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs) using a facile and scalable method. The Cu cages were analyzed by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersed X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Owing to the small primary Cu NPs and characteristic porous shell and hollow interior, the Cu cages showed an extraordinarily high catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH 4 in aqueous solution. The activity factor (K = 520 s−1 g−1) is approximately 2.8 times greater than the previous highest K value of unsupported Cu catalysts. In addition, the excellent catalytic activity of the Cu cages in hydrogenation of CO2 to formate, with a TON value of 58 at 200 °C, was comparable to that of various noble metal-supported heterogeneous catalysts and surpassed the vast majority of homogeneous first-row transition metal catalysts.

A novel offset-cancelling current-mode sense amplifier (OC-CSA) to improve the sensing speed of embedded flash (eFlash) memory is proposed. To reduce the precharge time related to random address transitions, this OC-CSA adopts a new precharge acceleration scheme. Moreover, by employing offset cancellation, double sensing margin and strong positive feedback techniques, the new OC-CSA can achieve a sensing speed 1.6 × faster than other OC-CSAs. A 130 nm 1 Mb eFlash macro to confirm the high-speed capability of the proposed OC-CSA is fabricated. The experiment results show the new OC-CSA can achieve a read access time of 11 ns at VDD = 1.3 V.

Highly stretchable and conductive fibers have attracted great interest as a fundamental building block for the next generation of textile-based electronics. Because of its high conductivity and high aspect ratio, the Ag nanowire (AgNW) has been considered one of the most promising conducting materials for the percolation network-based conductive films and composites. However, the poor dispersibility of AgNWs in hydrophobic polymers has hindered their application to stretchable conductive composite fibers. In this paper, we present a highly stretchable and conductive composite fiber from the co-spinning of surface-modified AgNWs and thermoplastic polyurethane (PU). The surface modification of AgNWs with a polyethylene glycol derivative improved the compatibility of PU and AgNWs, which allowed the NWs to disperse homogeneously in the elastomeric matrix, forming effective percolation networks and causing the composite fiber to show enhanced electrical and mechanical performance. The maximum AgNW mass fraction in the composite fiber was 75.9 wt %, and its initial electrical conductivity was as high as 14 205 S/cm. The composite fibers also exhibited superior stretchability: the maximum rupture strain of the composite fiber with 14.6 wt % AgNW was 786%, and the composite fiber was also conductive even when it was stretched up to 200%. In addition, 2-dimensional (2-D) Ag nanoplates were added to the AgNW/PU composite fibers to increase the stability of the conductive network under repeated stretching and releasing. The Ag nanoplates acted as a bridge to effectively prevent the AgNWs from slippage and greatly improved the stability of the conductive network.

A novel experiment combined with projection method was developed to investigate the composition and density gradient of composite materials during the shaped charge jet formation process. Shock Physics Explicit Euler Dynamic (SPEED) simulation was applied to clarify the jet formation and penetration with built-in offset initiation in order to verify the validation of the experimental system. Tungsten-copper (W-Cu) liner was selected as a specific example for the experiment design and execution in this paper. The microstructures of the W-Cu jet recovered from the target surface were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, Cu contents were detected by energy dispersed spectrum (EDS) along the penetration trail. The result shows that Cu contents vary with positions in the jet and density defects occur in the jet with a maximum of about 10% reduction at the jet tip. The relation between jet densities and positions was successfully established, providing a good basis for the shaped charge penetration calculation in the future work.

Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a naturally occurring biodegradable and biocompatible polyester and considered as a class of potentially thermoplastic biopolymers in industry. The alternating copolymerization of cheap and available propylene oxide and carbon monoxide may be an efficient synthetic route for PHB. Here, we studied the base effects on the synthesis of PHB using a well-defined [(salph)Cr(THF)2]+[Co(CO)4]− catalyst combined with various bases. It was found that base not only affects the yield of PHB, but also the molar ratio of each unit in the product.

Drugs, including small molecule anticancer drugs, have to be delivered and released into the cytoplasm or nucleus in order to elicit a therapeutic effect. In the present study, a novel corona core‑shell nanoparticle was proposed for enhanced cellular uptake and light‑responsive intracellular release. Light‑responsive core‑shell nanoparticles, i.e., gold nanoparticles‑coated liposomes (CS), were prepared and further modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) (CCS). HA modification enhances the endocytosis of the nanoparticles by HA receptor‑expressing cells, while the plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles enable their light‑triggered drug release. The results demonstrated that the uptake of CCS in HA receptor‑expressing MDA‑MB‑231R cells was significantly enhanced compared with unmodified CS. Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation (700 nm; 100 mJ/cm2; 5 pulses) rapidly triggered the intracellular release of a fluorescent dye, 6‑carboxyfluorescein (6‑CF), from CCS and CS trapped in endolysosomes. The released 6‑CF was evenly distributed throughout the entire cytosol and nucleus. Finally, the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin towards MDA‑MB‑231 cells was significantly increased by CCS delivery upon pulsed laser irradiation. In conclusion, with enhanced cellular uptake and light‑triggered intracellular release, CCS significantly enhanced the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin, and may serve as a promising avenue for intracellular drug delivery.

This Letter proposes a low-cost, single event double-upset tolerant latch which utilises interlocked nodes to keep data, clock gating (CG) in Muller C-element (MCE) to turn off the storage cell, a three-input MCE to block the soft error from the storage cell and a weak keeper to prevent high impedance state. The storage cell in the proposed latch has better reliability than the conventional triple path dual-interlocked storage cell (TPDICE). Most up-to-date single event double-upset (SEDU) tolerant latches are carried out with too large cost penalties. The proposed one saves up to 93.32% area-power-delay product (APDP) compared with one up-to-date SEDU tolerant latch and even saves 36.36% APDP compared with only single event upset (SEU) tolerant latch in the referential. Simulation results have verified SEU and SEDU tolerance of the proposed latch.

When the reactive structure materials (RSMs) are used as projectile to damage the target, the advance activation of RSMs under explosive launch will seriously affect its effective damage ability. In order to test the characteristics of RSM, an innovative explosive driving device was designed and adopted to drive two typical RSM samples impacting a 6-mm thick medium carbon steel target at approximately 2200m/s. The vacuum powder metallurgy sintered tungsten-zirconium material projectile with a diameter of 9.0mm and density of 10.01g/cm3 named sample A. Sample B was vacuum plated with 0.1-mm thick ductile alloy based on sample A. The fragmentation and activation behavior of two samples under explosive loading were observed by high-speed camera (PHOTRON, FASTCAM APX RS). The damage patterns of target were obtained to compare the difference of the two samples’ comprehensive damage capability. Moreover, the two samples’ dynamic behavior have been analyzed based on the experimental data, which proved that the coating structure played an important role in keeping integrity of RSM under explosive loading. The results of the current work provide experimental method and innovative RSM structure for further studying the dynamic behavior of RSM under explosive loading.

For a SCJ (shaped charge jet), the wave-shaper deviation caused by defects in assembling tolerance affects the propagation of detonation wave and the liner collapsing. In this paper, Shock Physics Explicit Euler Dynamic (SPEED) software was applied to simulate the jet forming and penetration process with built-in offset wave-shaper. The detonation wave and the compression process were observed. Morphology of the deflected jet and the asymmetric entrance profile of the jet penetrating target were obtained. The calculation results show that the wave-shaper off-axis will make the detonation wave asymmetrical and the lateral velocity of the jet increases as the offset increases which causes lateral effects and makes the hole entrance irregular. When the wave-shaper offset reaches 0.0244CD, the penetration depth of the deflected jet decreases more than 50% compared to the stable jet.

Purpose Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a flowering plant from the Myrtaceae family, is considered an antitumour substance with versatile biological and pharmacological activities. RTR-1 is an active monomer purified from the root of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. However, the detail of mechanism involving in RTR-1 anti-cancer activity remains to be elucidated, and the effect on gastric cancer cells is unknown. Methods Cell proliferation was determined by MTT and clone formation assay. The effect of RTR-1 on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was analysed utilizing flow cytometry, respectively. Moreover, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related protein. Results Based on MTT and clone formation assay, we noticed that RTR-1 inhibited the proliferation of gastric carcinoma (BGC823 and SGC7901) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results of flow cytometry and Western blotting showed that RTR-1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through the ATM-Chk2-p53-p21 signaling pathway and induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) pathway. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrate that RTR-1 induces cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis in gastric carcinoma, indicating its potential application for gastric cancer therapy.

This paper presents a novel highly reliable dual port 12T static random access memory (SRAM) bitcell. Compared with the state-of-the-art soft-error-tolerant bitcells and the traditional 6T, the proposed 12T exhibits much larger read noise margin (RSNM), and also saves 85.4% read access time on average, making it much suitable for high-speed highly reliable applications.

Background Norcantharidin (NCTD) is known to impact on cell progression in many cancers; however, its activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not yet been characterized. In the present study, we set out to determine the cytotoxic effects of NCTD on the proliferation and apoptosis on A549 cells and their underlying mechanisms. Methods NSCLC cell line A549 cells were cultured. A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of NCTD. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT and cell clone formation assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. After A549 cells were treated with NCTD for 24 hours, the mitochondrial membrane potential was measured. The protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, light chain 3 (LC3), et al. was tested by western blot. The expression of LC3 and Tom20 protein was detected by immunofluorescence. Results NCTD suppressed the proliferation of NSCLC cells while decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing G2/M phase arrest. NCTD induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by increased B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein and Bcl-2-associated X protein/myeloid cell leukemia 1 ratios. Aside from autophagy, NCTD induced mitophagy, with an increase in LC3 expression and a decrease in sequestosome 1 (p62) expression in the cytoplasm, accompanied by increased levels of Phospho-adenosine 5'-monophosphate -activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), Phospho-c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase (p-JNK), and Phospho-c-jun (p-c-jun) and a decreased level of Phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT). Conclusions This study has elucidated that NCTD restrains NSCLC cell progression via regulation of AMPK/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1)/JNK pathways. This evidence provides insight into a novel treatment for NSCLC.

In order to obtain the charge structure of rod-shaped tantalum-tungsten alloy (Ta-W) explosively formed projectile (EFP) with good performance indicators, the LS-DYNA numerical simulation software was used to study the arc-cone liner different charge structure parameters (such as curvature radius, half cone angle and thickness of liner, charge height and shell thickness) on the forming of Ta-W EFP so that the optimal range of each structural parameter was determined. The primary and secondary order of the influence of various structural parameters on the forming performance of Ta-W EFP was obtained by orthogonal optimization design, and the optimized plan of rod-shaped Ta-W EFP was determined (curvature radius of liner is 1.16071D, half cone angle of liner is 68.5°, thickness of liner is 0.02054D, charge height is 0.85714D and shell thickness is 0.08929D, where D is charge diameter). The results show that the performance indicators of the optimized plan of rod-shaped Ta-W EFP are better, whose velocity is 2312m/s, length-to-diameter ratio is 4.41998, compactness is 0.95929 and necking ratio is 0.21109.