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58. Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

Author

Sbarra, AN, Rolfe, S, Nguyen, JQ, Earl, L, Galles, NC, Marks, A, Abbas, KM, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abegaz, KH, Abiy, HAA, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abushouk, AI, Accrombessi, MMK, Adabi, M, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adham, D, Afarideh, M, Aghaali, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, R, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, MB, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemnew, BT, Ali, BA, Ali, M, Alijanzadeh, M, Alinia, C, Alipoor, R, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, SM, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Altirkawi, KA, Amare, B, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Armoon, B, Aryal, KK, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asgari, S, Atafar, Z, Ausloos, M, Awoke, N, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayanore, MA, Aynalem, YA, Azadmehr, A, Azari, S, Babaee, E, Badawi, A, Badiye, AD, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barac, A, Baradaran-Seyed, Z, Baraki, AG, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Bayou, YT, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bell, ML, Berbada, DA, Berhe, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Birhanu, M, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, A, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, SR, Borzouei, S, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Nagaraja, SB, Butt, ZA, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castro, F, Chattu, VK, Chehrazi, M, Chin, KL, Chu, D-T, Cook, AJ, Cormier, NM, Cunningham, B, Dahlawi, SMA, Damiani, G, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Danovaro, MC, Dansereau, E, Daoud, F, Darwesh, AM, Darwish, AH, Das, JK, Weaver, ND, De Neve, J-W, Demeke, FM, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Desalew, A, Deshpande, A, Desta, DM, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhungana, GP, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Dipeolu, IO, Djalalinia, S, Do, HT, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Doyle, KE, Dunachie, SJ, Duraes, AR, Kalan, ME, Leylabadlo, HE, Edinur, HA, Effiong, A, Eftekhari, A, El, Sayed, I, El, Sayed, Zaki, M, Elema, TB, Elhabashy, HR, El-Jaafary, SI, Elsharkawy, A, Emamian, MH, Enany, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, A, Etisso, AE, Farahmand, M, Faraon, EJA, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farioli, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Gad, MM, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrehiwot, AM, Gebremariam, KT, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gebreslassie, AA, Gedefaw, GA, Gezae, KE, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffari, R, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghajarzadeh, M, Gheshlagh, RG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Gholamian, A, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Girmay, A, Gomes, NGM, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, BNG, Grada, A, Guimarães, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Handiso, DW, Hanif, A, Haririan, H, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, MM, Hasanpoor, E, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henry, NJ, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hollerich, GI, Rad, EH, Hoogar, P, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hu, G, Huda, TM, Humayun, A, Ibitoye, SE, Ikilezi, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imani-Nasab, MH, Inbaraj, LR, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Islam, MM, Iwu, CJ, Iwu, CCD, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Jalilian, F, Javidnia, J, Jenabi, E, Jha, V, Ji, JS, John, O, Johnson, KB, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Kabir, Z, Kabir, A, Kalani, H, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Matin, BK, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khammarnia, M, Khan, MS, Khan, EA, Khan, J, Khan, MN, Khatab, K, Khater, MM, Khatib, MN, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei, M, Khazaei, S, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinyoki, DK, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolola, T, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, MUG, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lad, SD, Lal, DK, Lam, F, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Lasrado, S, Lee, SWH, Lee, PH, LeGrand, KE, Lenjebo, TL, Li, S, Liang, X, Liu, PY, Lopukhov, PD, Machado, DB, Mahasha, PW, Mahdavi, MM, Maheri, M, Mahotra, NB, Maled, V, Maleki, S, Malik, MA, Malta, DC, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masaka, A, Mayala, BK, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehri, F, Mehta, KM, Memiah, PTN, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, MB, Mengesha, EW, Mestrovic, T, Mihretie, KM, Miller-Petrie, MK, Mills, EJ, Milne, GJ, Mirabi, P, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, HR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, DK, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadbeigi, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, AS, Mohammed, H, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Moosavi, MA, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Joo, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosapour, A, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, SM, Khaneghah, AM, Mueller, UO, Muluneh, AG, Munro, SB, Murray, CJL, Murthy, GVS, Muthupandian, S, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, M, Nangia, V, Nansseu, JR, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, HLT, Nguyen, CTK, Nguyen, TH, Nigatu, YT, Nikbakhsh, R, Nikfar, S, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Oh, I-H, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, JO, Olusanya, BO, Bali, AO, Omer, MO, Onwujekwe, OE, Osgood-Zimmerman, AE, Owolabi, MO, P, A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pashaei, T, Pasupula, DK, Paternina-Caicedo, AJ, Patton, GC, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pepito, VCF, Pescarini, JM, Pigott, DM, Pilgrim, T, Pirsaheb, M, Poljak, M, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Pourmirza, Kalhori, R, Prada, SI, Prakash, S, Quazi Syed, Z, Quintana, H, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rajati, F, Rameto, MA, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rasella, D, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Renjith, V, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Reta, MA, Rezaei, N, Rezai, MS, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Ribeiro, AI, Rickard, J, Rios-Blancas, M, Rios-González, CM, Roever, L, Rostamian, M, Rubino, S, Rwegerera, GM, Saad, AM, Saadatagah, S, Sabour, S, Sadeghi, E, Moghaddam, SS, Saeidi, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Sajadi, SM, Salahshoor, MR, Salam, N, Salem, H, Salem, MR, Salomon, JA, Kafil, HS, Sambala, EZ, Samy, AM, Saraswathy, SYI, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Saroshe, S, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Schaeffer, LE, Schwebel, DC, Senthilkumaran, S, Shabaninejad, H, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, AA, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, MB, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharifi, H, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shetty, RS, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Shirkoohi, R, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, TJ, Silverberg, JIS, Simonetti, B, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Sinke, AH, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorrie, MB, Soyiri, IN, Spotin, A, Spurlock, EE, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, MB, Suleria, HAR, Abdulkader, RS, Taherkhani, A, Tapak, L, Taveira, N, Taymoori, P, Tefera, YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Teklehaimanot, BF, Tekulu, GH, Tesfay, BE, Tessema, ZT, Tessema, B, Thankappan, KR, Tohidinik, HR, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Uddin, R, Ullah, I, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, MS, Vaezi, M, Valadan, Tahbaz, S, Valdez, PR, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Violante, FS, Vollmer, S, Waheed, Y, Wakefield, J, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Weldesamuel, GT, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wiens, KE, Wiysonge, CS, Woldu, G, Wondafrash, DZ, Wonde, TE, Wu, A-M, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, SHY, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, TY, Yeshaw, Y, Yilgwan, CS, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yousefifard, M, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Zadey, S, Zahirian, Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zaman, SB, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zangeneh, A, Zarei, F, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, X-JG, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Hay, SI, Lim, SS, Mosser, JF, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Department of Oncology, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Rolfe, Sam, Nguyen, Jason Q., Earl, Lucas, Ahmed, MB, Mosser, Jonathan F, Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Unión Europea. Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER/ERDF), Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malasia), Panjab University (India), NIHR - Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (Reino Unido), Australian Research Council, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborator, and Violante FS

Subjects
and promotion of well-being, Vacunación Masiva, Internationality, Disease prevention, children under 5 years old, Geographic Mapping, Rural Health, medicine.disease_cause, Cross-reactivity, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Vaccination Refusal, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, immunity patterns, Pediatric, 0303 health sciences, Public health, Multidisciplinary, biology, Vaccination, Uncertainty, IMMUNIZATION, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, COVERAGE, 3. Good health, TIME, 3.4 Vaccines, Child, Preschool, Infectious diseases, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Antibody, Engineering sciences. Technology, AFRICA, General Science & Technology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, 610 Medicine & health, Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Article, Vaccine Related, 03 medical and health sciences, measles vaccine, Measels, Low- and middle-income countries, Local burden of disease, Clinical Research, medicine, Humans, Healthcare Disparities, Preschool, PROGRESS, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, MORTALITY, Developed Countries, Prevention, Comment, Vacunación, Urban Health, Prevention of disease and conditions, Virology, Coronavirus, Good Health and Well Being, Cobertura de Vacunación, biology.protein, Immunization, business, Measles
Abstract

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children., Although progress in the coverage of routine measles vaccination in children in low- and middle-income countries was made during 2000–2019, many countries remain far from the goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019.

Published
2021

59. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Paulson, K.R., Kamath, A.M., Alam, T., Bienhoff, K., Abady, G.G., Abbas, J., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abd-Elsalam, S.M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abreu, L.G., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E., Abushouk, A.I., Adamu, A.L., Adebayo, O.M., Adegbosin, A.E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O.O., Adeyinka, D.A., Adsuar, J.C., Afshari, K., Aghaali, M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmed, M.B., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akinyemi, O.O., Aklilu, A., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E., Al-Eyadhy, A., Ali, T., Alicandro, G., Alif, S.M., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N.A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alumran, A.K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Ameyaw, E.K., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amit, A.M.L., Amugsi, D.A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C.L., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C.A.T., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Ärnlöv, J., Artanti, K.D., Arzani, A., Asaad, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A.A., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Athari, S.S., Athari, S.M., Atnafu, D.D., Atreya, A., Atteraya, M.S., Ausloos, M., Awan, A.T., Ayala Quintanilla, B.P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Aynalem, Y.A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z.N., Darshan, B.B., Babaee, E., Badiye, A.D., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Banik, Pa.C., Barker-Collo, S.L., Barqawi, H.J., Bassat, Q., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Beghi, M., Bell, M.L., Bendak, S., Bennett, D.A., Bensenor, I.M., Berhe, K., Berman, A.E., Bezabih, Y.M., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhandari, D., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z.A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Birihane, B.M., Biswas, R.K., Bohlouli, S., Bragazzi, N.L., Breusov, A.V., Brunoni, A.R., Burkart, K., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Caetano dos Santos, F.L., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camargos, P., Cámera, L.A., Cárdenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J.J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Castelpietra, G., Cerin, E., Chang, J-C, Chanie, W.F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chaturvedi, S., Chen, S., Cho, D.Y., Choi, J-Y.J., Chu, D-T, Ciobanu, L.G., Cirillo, M., Conde, J., Costa, V.M., Couto, R.A.S., Dachew, B.A., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, H., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darmstadt, G.L, Das, J.K., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., Davis, A.C., Davletov, K., De la Hoz, F.P., De Leo, D., Deeba, F., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dervenis, N., Desalew, A., Deuba, K., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dhingra, S., Dhungana, G.P., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Dubljanin, E., Duraes, A.R., Eagan, A.W., Edinur, H.A., Efendi, F., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I.Y., El-Jaafary, S.I., Emami, A., Enany, S., Eyawo, O., Ezzikouri, S., Faris, P.S., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fauk, N.K., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V.L., Ferede, T.Y., Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J.L., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R.C., Freitas, M., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Gad, M.M., Gaidhane, A.M., Gaidhane, S., Gaihre, S., Gallus, S., Garcia-Basteiro, A.L., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Gardner, W.M., Gaspar Fonseca, M., Gebremedhin, K.B., Getacher, L., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S.A., Gill, T.K., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E.V., Godinho, M.A., Goel, A., Golechha, M., Gona, P.N., Gopalani, S.V., Goudarzi, H., Grivna, M., Gugnani, H.C., Guido, D., Guimarães, R.A., Gupta, R.D., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haider, M.R., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G.J., Hargono, A., Hasaballah, A.I., Hasan, M.M., Hasan, S.S., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R.J., Hayat, K., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S.E., Ikuta, K.S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Inamdar, S., Inbaraj, L.R., Iqbal, K., Iqbal, U., Islam, M.M., Islam, S.M.S., Iso, H., Iwagami, M., Iwu, C.C.D., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Jagnoor, J., Jain, V., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Javanmardi, F., Jayaram, S., Jayatilleke, A.U., Jenabi, E., Jha, R.P., Ji, J.S., John, O., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalankesh, L.R., Kamyari, N., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kemmer, L., Khalid, N., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E.A., Khan, G., Khan, M., Khan, Md.N., Khang, Y-H, Khatab, K., Khater, A.M., Khater, M.M., Khayamzadeh, M., Khosravi, A., Kim, D., Kim, Y-E, Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Kopec, J.A., Kosen, S., Koul, P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G.A., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lalloo, R., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lassi, Z.S., Lauriola, P., Lee, P.H., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.H., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, S., Liang, J., Lim, L-L, Limenih, M.A., Lin, R-T, Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Mackay, M.T., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Magnani, F.G., Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R., Maheri, M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A.A., Malta, D.C., Mamun, A.A., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M.A., Martinez, G., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F.R., Masoumi, S.Z., Maulik, P.K., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J.J., Medina-Solís, C.E., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Memish, Z.A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mersha, A.M., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I.M., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamad, O., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadi, S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Moni, M.A., Moore, C.E., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nagaraju, S.P., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Narasimha Swamy, S., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R.I., Nena, E., Nepal, S., Netsere, H.B., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, C.T.Y., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nigatu, Y.T., Nigussie, S.N., Nixon, M.R., Nnaji, C.A., Nomura, S., Noor, N.M., Noubiap, J.J., 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R.C., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S.M., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Rothenbacher, D., Rubagotti, E., Rumisha, S.F., Ryan, P.M., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Salahshoor, M.R., Salehi, S., Salem, M.R., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J.A., Samodra, Y.L., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Saraswathy, S.Y.I., Sarker, A.R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Saxena, S., Saya, G.K., Saylan, M., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M.P., Schwebel, D.C., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Sha, F., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shahbaz, M., Shaheen, A.A., Shahid, I., Shaikh, M.A., Shakiba, S., Shalash, A.S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shannawaz, M., Sharafi, K., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shiferaw, W.S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J.I., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shuval, K., Siddiqi, T.J., Sidemo, N.B., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J.P., Silverberg, J.I.S., Simonetti, B., Singh, B.B., Singh, J.A., Singhal, D., Sinha, D.N., Skiadaresi, E., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Sleet, D.A., Sobaih, B.H., Sobhiyeh, M.R., Soltani, S., Soriano, J.B., Spurlock, E.E., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Steiropoulos, P., Stokes, M.A., Stortecky, S., Sufiyan, M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Swope, C.B., Sykes, B.L., Szeto, M.D., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tadesse, E.G., Taherkhani, A., Tamiru, A.T., Tareque, M.I., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, F.H., Tessema, G.A., Tessema, Z.T., Thankappan, K.R., Thapar, R., Tolani, M.A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Traini, E., Tran, B.X., Tripathy, J.P., Tsapparellas, G., Tsatsakis, A., Tudor Car, L., Uddin, R., Ullah, A., Umeokonkwo, C.D., Unim, B., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Usman, M.S., Vacante, M., Vaezi, M., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Venketasubramanian, N., Verma, M., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, 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B.A., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, H., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darmstadt, G.L, Das, J.K., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., Davis, A.C., Davletov, K., De la Hoz, F.P., De Leo, D., Deeba, F., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dervenis, N., Desalew, A., Deuba, K., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dhingra, S., Dhungana, G.P., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Dubljanin, E., Duraes, A.R., Eagan, A.W., Edinur, H.A., Efendi, F., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I.Y., El-Jaafary, S.I., Emami, A., Enany, S., Eyawo, O., Ezzikouri, S., Faris, P.S., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fauk, N.K., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V.L., Ferede, T.Y., Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J.L., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R.C., Freitas, M., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Gad, M.M., Gaidhane, A.M., Gaidhane, S., Gaihre, S., Gallus, S., Garcia-Basteiro, A.L., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Gardner, W.M., Gaspar Fonseca, M., Gebremedhin, K.B., Getacher, L., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S.A., Gill, T.K., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E.V., Godinho, M.A., Goel, A., Golechha, M., Gona, P.N., Gopalani, S.V., Goudarzi, H., Grivna, M., Gugnani, H.C., Guido, D., Guimarães, R.A., Gupta, R.D., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haider, M.R., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G.J., Hargono, A., Hasaballah, A.I., Hasan, M.M., Hasan, S.S., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R.J., Hayat, K., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S.E., Ikuta, K.S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Inamdar, S., Inbaraj, L.R., Iqbal, K., Iqbal, U., Islam, M.M., Islam, S.M.S., Iso, H., Iwagami, M., Iwu, C.C.D., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Jagnoor, J., Jain, V., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Javanmardi, F., Jayaram, S., Jayatilleke, A.U., Jenabi, E., Jha, R.P., Ji, J.S., John, O., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalankesh, L.R., Kamyari, N., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kemmer, L., Khalid, N., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E.A., Khan, G., Khan, M., Khan, Md.N., Khang, Y-H, Khatab, K., Khater, A.M., Khater, M.M., Khayamzadeh, M., Khosravi, A., Kim, D., Kim, Y-E, Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Kopec, J.A., Kosen, S., Koul, P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G.A., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lalloo, R., Lami, F.H., Landires, I., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lassi, Z.S., Lauriola, P., Lee, P.H., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.H., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, S., Liang, J., Lim, L-L, Limenih, M.A., Lin, R-T, Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Mackay, M.T., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Magnani, F.G., Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R., Maheri, M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A.A., Malta, D.C., Mamun, A.A., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M.A., Martinez, G., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F.R., Masoumi, S.Z., Maulik, P.K., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J.J., Medina-Solís, C.E., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mejia-Rodriguez, F., Memish, Z.A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mersha, A.M., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I.M., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamad, O., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadi, S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Moni, M.A., Moore, C.E., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nagaraju, S.P., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Narasimha Swamy, S., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R.I., Nena, E., Nepal, S., Netsere, H.B., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, C.T.Y., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nigatu, Y.T., Nigussie, S.N., Nixon, M.R., Nnaji, C.A., Nomura, S., Noor, N.M., Noubiap, J.J., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O.O., Ogbo, F.A., Olusanya, B.O., Olusanya, J.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Ortiz, A., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Mahesh, P.A., Padubidri, J.R., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Pal, P.K., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Pangaribuan, H.U., Pardo-Montaño, A.M., Park, E-K, Patel, S.K., Patton, G.C., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A.E., Pepito, V.C.F., Peprah, E.K., Pereira, J., Pérez-Gómez, J., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Pilgrim, T., Pinheiro, M., Piradov, M.A., Pirsaheb, M., Platts-Mills, J.A., Pokhrel, K.N., Postma, M.J., Pourjafar, H., Prada, S.I., Prakash, S., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahimzadeh, S., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahmani, A.M., Ramezanzadeh, K., Rana, J., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rasella, D., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawasia, W.F., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Riahi, S.M., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Rothenbacher, D., Rubagotti, E., Rumisha, S.F., Ryan, P.M., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Salahshoor, M.R., Salehi, S., Salem, M.R., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J.A., Samodra, Y.L., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Saraswathy, S.Y.I., Sarker, A.R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Saxena, S., Saya, G.K., Saylan, M., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M.P., Schwebel, D.C., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Sha, F., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shahbaz, M., Shaheen, A.A., Shahid, I., Shaikh, M.A., Shakiba, S., Shalash, A.S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shannawaz, M., Sharafi, K., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shiferaw, W.S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J.I., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shuval, K., Siddiqi, T.J., Sidemo, N.B., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J.P., Silverberg, J.I.S., Simonetti, B., Singh, B.B., Singh, J.A., Singhal, D., Sinha, D.N., Skiadaresi, E., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Sleet, D.A., Sobaih, B.H., Sobhiyeh, M.R., Soltani, S., Soriano, J.B., Spurlock, E.E., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Steiropoulos, P., Stokes, M.A., Stortecky, S., Sufiyan, M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Swope, C.B., 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S.B., Zamani, M., Zamanian, M., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Xi-J.G., Ziapour, A., Hay, S.I., Murray, C.J.L., Wang, H., and Kassebaum, N.J.

Abstract

Background Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an

Published
2021

60. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018.

Author

Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Bhattacharjee N.V., Schaeffer L.E., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald S.B., Donkers K.M., Letourneau I.D., Collison M., Schipp M.F., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adeyinka D.A., Adham D., Advani S.M., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed M.B., Aichour M.T.E., Aji B., Akinyemi O.O., Aklilu A., Akunna C.J., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemu B.W., Alemu A., Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., 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Alhassan R.K., Alif S.M., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi D.A., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago M.T., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh Z.A., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri H.A., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Asemahagn M.A., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir M.M., Ataro Z., Athari S.M., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Ayza M.A., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Banik P.C., Baraki A.G., Barboza M.A., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Berhe A.K., Berhie K.A., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas R.K., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi N.L., Braithwaite D., Brunoni A.R., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Camera L.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie W.F., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin K.L., Chowdhury M.A.K., Cook A.J., Costa V.M., Cromwell E.A., Dachew B.A., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das J.K., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Earl L., Edinur H.A., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny Y.M., El Tantawi M., Endalew D.A., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faris P.S., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi A.O., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Feigin V.L., Feleke B.E., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt N.A., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gayesa R.T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebregiorgis B.G., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Geramo Y.C.D., Gesesew H.A., Gessner B.D., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Godinho M.A., Gona P.N., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasan S.S., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy M.I., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Holla R., Hon J., Hong S.H., Hoogar P., Hosseini S.N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Househ M., Huda T.M., Huluko D.H.H., Hussain S.A., Hwang B.-F., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani M.A., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia M.D., Javaheri T., Jha R.P., John O., Johnson K.B., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi S.E., Kasa A.S., Kasahun G.G., Kassa Z.Y., Kassa G.G., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie T.S., Keiyoro P.N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D.B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M.N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khoja A.T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D.P., Lal D.K., Lami F.H., Landires I., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Laurens M.B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., LeGrand K.E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J.C.F., Machado D.B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D.R., Mahasha P.W., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D.D., Marrugo Arnedo C.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Meitei W.B., Mekonnen T., Meles G.G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Meretoja T.J., Mersha A.M., Metekiya W.M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Mini G.K., Mir S.A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H.M., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Mokdad A.H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G.B.B., Munir M., Muriithi M.K., Murthy G.V.S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Naqvi A.A., Nascimento B.R., Nayak S., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Netsere H.B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A.R., Nnaji C.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okello D.M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Padubidri J.R., Pakhare A.P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pangaribuan H.U., Pasupula D.K., Patel S.K., Patel U.K., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Toroudi H.P., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Pham H.Q., Pickering B.V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pottoo F.H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rai R.K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L.D., Reiner R.C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Roba H.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salam N., Salem M.R., Kafil H.S., Santos I.S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M.A., Shaka M.F., Shalash A.S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S.K.S., Siddiqi T.J., Sidemo N.B., Singh B.B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sobhiyeh M.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M.B., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tadesse E.G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M.G., Teklehaimanot B.F., Temsah M.-H., Tesema G.A., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A.B., Titova M.V., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J.P., Truong P.N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C.D., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S.V., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F.S., Vo B., Wado Y.D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wiysonge C.S., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y.G., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Young M.F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yousuf A.Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S.S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D.T., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N.J., and Hay S.I.

Abstract

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.Copyright © 2021, The Author(s).

Published
2021

61. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.

Author

Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Pigott D.M., Cromwell E.A., Osborne J.C.P., Unnasch T.R., Basanez M., Gass K.M., Barbre K.A., Hill E., Johnson K.B., Donkers K.M., Shirude S., Schmidt C.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Beshir Ahmed M., Yihunie Akalu T., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alipour V., Andrei C.L., Ansari F., Ansha M.G., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Amin Baig A., Banach M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Butt Z.A., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Do H.T., El Sayed Zak M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh D.A., Faraj A., Harandi M.F., Fatahi Y., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Abdullah K.H., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., De Hidru H.D., Higazi T.B., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Jha R.P., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Matin B.K., Karimi S.E., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Kelbore A.G., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Nuruzzaman Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Kianipour N., Kibret K.T., Kim Y.J., Kosen S., Krohn K.J., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li S., Longbottom J., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Maleki A., Mamun A.A., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mendoza W., Mengesha E.W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Hafshejani A.M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser J.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju T.O., Olagunju A.T., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Ur Rahman M.H., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schipp M.F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Kumar Shetty B.S., Shin J.I., Shivakumar K.M., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock E.E., Sufiyan M.B., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson R.L., Thomson A.J., Traini E., Tran B.X., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke C.J., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman O.A., Melchers N.V.S.V., Violante F.S., Wolde H.F., Wonde T.E., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., and Pigott D.M.

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 x 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0.71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50.2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5x5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ult

Published
2021

62. Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries.

Author

Sambala E.Z., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiens K.E., Wiysonge C.S., Woldu G., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefifard M., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zarei F., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Lim S.S., Mosser J.F., Biswas A., Sbarra A.N., Rolfe S., Nguyen J.Q., Earl L., Galles N.C., Marks A., Abbas K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahi M., Abegaz K.H., Abiy H.A.A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Afarideh M., Aghaali M., Ahmad T., Ahmadi R., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemnew B.T., Ali B.A., Ali M., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipoor R., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Amare B., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Armoon B., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asgari S., Atafar Z., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azadmehr A., Azari S., Babaee E., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhtiari A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Banik P.C., Barac A., Baradaran-Seyed Z., Baraki A.G., Basu S., Bayati M., Bayou Y.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Berhe K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birhanu M., Bisanzio D., Bohlouli S., Bolla S.R., Borzouei S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Nagaraja S.B., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castro F., Chattu V.K., Chehrazi M., Chin K.L., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Cunningham B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Danovaro M.C., Dansereau E., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Das J.K., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Desta D.M., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Doyle K.E., Dunachie S.J., Duraes A.R., Kalan M.E., Leylabadlo H.E., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etisso A.E., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Fazlzadeh M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gad M.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremariam K.T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Gedefaw G.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghaffari R., Ghaffarifar F., Ghajarzadeh M., Gheshlagh R.G., Ghashghaee A., Ghiasvand H., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Girmay A., Gomes N.G.M., Gopalani S.V., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Haririan H., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hollerich G.I., Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Ibitoye S.E., Ikilezi G., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Islam M.M., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Javidnia J., Jenabi E., Jha V., Ji J.S., John O., Johnson K.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kabir A., Kalani H., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khammarnia M., Khan M.S., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Lasrado S., Lee S.W.H., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Lenjebo T.L., Li S., Liang X., Liu P.Y., Lopukhov P.D., Machado D.B., Mahasha P.W., Mahdavi M.M., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Maled V., Maleki S., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Mayala B.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mirabi P., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei H.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed H., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moosavi M.A., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Khaneghah A.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Munro S.B., Murray C.J.L., Murthy G.V.S., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen C.T.K., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikfar S., Nikpoor A.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pashaei T., Pasupula D.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Patton G.C., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pepito V.C.F., Pescarini J.M., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pirsaheb M., Poljak M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Prada S.I., Prakash S., Quazi Syed Z., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rajati F., Rameto M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Rios-Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Rostamian M., Rubino S., Rwegerera G.M., Saad A.M., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Moghaddam S.S., Saeidi S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salomon J.A., Kafil H.S., Samy A.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Saroshe S., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shabaninejad H., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silverberg J.I.S., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sinke A.H., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spotin A., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Abdulkader R.S., Taherkhani A., Tapak L., Taveira N., Taymoori P., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Teklehaimanot B.F., Tekulu G.H., Tesfay B.E., Tessema Z.T., Tessema B., Thankappan K.R., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Sambala E.Z., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiens K.E., Wiysonge C.S., Woldu G., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Wu A.-M., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefifard M., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zarei F., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Lim S.S., Mosser J.F., Biswas A., Sbarra A.N., Rolfe S., Nguyen J.Q., Earl L., Galles N.C., Marks A., Abbas K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahi M., Abegaz K.H., Abiy H.A.A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abushouk A.I., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Afarideh M., Aghaali M., Ahmad T., Ahmadi R., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Alemnew B.T., Ali B.A., Ali M., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipoor R., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Amare B., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Armoon B., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asgari S., Atafar Z., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azadmehr A., Azari S., Babaee E., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhtiari A., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Banik P.C., Barac A., Baradaran-Seyed Z., Baraki A.G., Basu S., Bayati M., Bayou Y.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Berhe K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birhanu M., Bisanzio D., Bohlouli S., Bolla S.R., Borzouei S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Nagaraja S.B., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castro F., Chattu V.K., Chehrazi M., Chin K.L., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Cunningham B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Danovaro M.C., Dansereau E., Daoud F., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Das J.K., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Desta D.M., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Doyle K.E., Dunachie S.J., Duraes A.R., Kalan M.E., Leylabadlo H.E., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etisso A.E., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Fazlzadeh M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gad M.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremariam K.T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebreslassie A.A., Gedefaw G.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghaffari R., Ghaffarifar F., Ghajarzadeh M., Gheshlagh R.G., Ghashghaee A., Ghiasvand H., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Girmay A., Gomes N.G.M., Gopalani S.V., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Handiso D.W., Hanif A., Haririan H., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hollerich G.I., Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hu G., Huda T.M., Humayun A., Ibitoye S.E., Ikilezi G., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Islam M.M., Iwu C.J., Iwu C.C.D., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Javidnia J., Jenabi E., Jha V., Ji J.S., John O., Johnson K.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir Z., Kabir A., Kalani H., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khammarnia M., Khan M.S., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Lasrado S., Lee S.W.H., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Lenjebo T.L., Li S., Liang X., Liu P.Y., Lopukhov P.D., Machado D.B., Mahasha P.W., Mahdavi M.M., Maheri M., Mahotra N.B., Maled V., Maleki S., Malik M.A., Malta D.C., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansourian M., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Mayala B.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehri F., Mehta K.M., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha E.W., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mirabi P., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei H.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed H., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moosavi M.A., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Khaneghah A.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Munro S.B., Murray C.J.L., Murthy G.V.S., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen C.T.K., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu Y.T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikfar S., Nikpoor A.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Oh I.-H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Bali A.O., Omer M.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pando-Robles V., Pashaei T., Pasupula D.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Patton G.C., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pepito V.C.F., Pescarini J.M., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pirsaheb M., Poljak M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Prada S.I., Prakash S., Quazi Syed Z., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rajati F., Rameto M.A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Rios-Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Rostamian M., Rubino S., Rwegerera G.M., Saad A.M., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Moghaddam S.S., Saeidi S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salomon J.A., Kafil H.S., Samy A.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Saroshe S., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Senthilkumaran S., Shabaninejad H., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R.S., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silverberg J.I.S., Simonetti B., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sinke A.H., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spotin A., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Abdulkader R.S., Taherkhani A., Tapak L., Taveira N., Taymoori P., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Teklehaimanot B.F., Tekulu G.H., Tesfay B.E., Tessema Z.T., Tessema B., Thankappan K.R., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M.S., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P.R., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., and Vollmer S.

Abstract

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1-4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5-8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 x 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.Copyright © 2020, The Author(s).

Published
2021

63. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Paulson, KR, Kamath, AM, Alam, T, Bienhoff, K, Abady, GG, Abbas, J, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Abushouk, A, Adamu, AL, Adebayo, OM, Adegbosin, AE, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adeyinka, DA, Adsuar, JC, Afshari, K, Aghaali, M, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, MB, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akinyemi, OO, Aklilu, A, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, T, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alumran, AK, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Ameyaw, EK, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, CAT, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arnlov, J, Artanti, KD, Arzani, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Jafarabadi, MA, Athari, SS, Athari, SM, Atnafu, DD, Atreya, A, Atteraya, MS, Ausloos, M, Awan, AT, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Aynalem, YA, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, ZN, Darshan, BB, Babaee, E, Badiye, AD, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Beghi, M, Bell, ML, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, K, Berman, AE, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birihane, BM, Biswas, RK, Bohlouli, S, Bragazzi, NL, Breusov, A, Brunoni, AR, Burkart, K, Nagaraja, SB, Busse, R, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camargos, P, Camera, LA, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Cerin, E, Chang, J-C, Chanie, WF, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, S, Chen, S, Cho, DY, Choi, J-YJ, Chu, D-T, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Conde, J, Costa, VM, Couto, RAS, Dachew, BA, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, H, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darmstadt, GL, Das, JK, Davila-Cervantes, CA, Davis, AC, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Deeba, F, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhingra, S, Dhungana, GP, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Dubljanin, E, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, IY, El-Jaafary, S, Emami, A, Enany, S, Eyawo, O, Ezzikouri, S, Faris, PS, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fauk, NK, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, VL, Ferede, TY, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Foroutan, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, M, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, AM, Gaidhane, S, Gaihre, S, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gardner, WM, Fonseca, MG, Gebremedhin, KB, Getacher, L, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gilani, SA, Gill, TK, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goudarzi, H, Grivna, M, Gugnani, HC, Guido, D, Guimaraes, RA, Das Gupta, R, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, MM, Hasan, SS, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, RJ, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henry, NJ, Herteliu, C, Hole, MK, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Inamdar, S, Inbaraj, LR, Iqbal, K, Iqbal, U, Islam, MM, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jagnoor, J, Jain, V, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Javanmardi, F, Jayaram, S, Jayatilleke, AU, Jenabi, E, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, John, O, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, LR, Kamyari, N, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Matin, BK, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Kemmer, L, Khalid, N, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khang, Y-H, Khatab, K, Khater, AM, Khater, MM, Khayamzadeh, M, Khosravi, A, Kim, D, Kim, Y-E, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissoon, N, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lalloo, R, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lauriola, P, Lee, PH, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Li, S, Liang, J, Lim, L-L, Limenih, MA, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lodha, R, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Mackay, MT, Kunjathur, SM, Magnani, FG, Prasad, DRM, Maheri, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Martinez, G, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Masoumi, SZ, Maulik, PK, McAlinden, C, McGrath, JJ, Medina-Solis, CE, Nasab, EM, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamad, O, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moore, CE, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Khaneghah, AM, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nena, E, Nepal, S, Netsere, HB, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Chi, TYN, Cuong, TN, Huong, LTN, Nigatu, YT, Nigussie, SN, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Nomura, S, Noor, NM, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Ortiz, A, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Mahesh, PA, Padubidri, JR, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Pal, PK, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Pardo-Montano, AM, Park, E-K, Patel, SK, Patton, GC, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Peden, AE, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Pereira, J, Perez-Gomez, J, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Pilgrim, T, Pinheiro, M, Piradov, MA, Pirsaheb, M, Platts-Mills, JA, Pokhrel, KN, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prada, S, Prakash, S, Pupillo, E, Syed, ZQ, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, MHU, Rahmani, AM, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rasella, D, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawasia, WF, Rawassizadeh, R, Jr, RCR, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, SF, Ryan, PM, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Moghaddam, SS, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Salahshoor, MR, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, JA, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Saraswathy, SYI, Sarker, AR, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Saya, GK, Saylan, M, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, MP, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, E, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shahbaz, M, Shaheen, AA, Shahid, I, Shaikh, MA, Shakiba, S, Shalash, AS, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siddiqi, TJ, Sidemo, NB, Sigfusdottir, ID, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, JP, Silverberg, JIS, Simonetti, B, Singh, BB, Singh, JA, Singhal, D, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Sobaih, BH, Sobhiyeh, MR, Soltani, S, Soriano, JB, Spurlock, EE, Sreeramareddy, CT, Steiropoulos, P, Stokes, Mark, Stortecky, S, Sufiyan, MB, Abdulkader, RS, Sulo, G, Swope, CB, Sykes, BL, Szeto, MD, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, EG, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, AT, Tareque, MI, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Tessema, ZT, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Tolani, MA, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Tripathy, JP, Tsapparellas, G, Tsatsakis, A, Car, LT, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, A, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, MS, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Tahbaz, SV, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Verma, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Giang, TV, Wado, YD, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilner, LB, Wiysonge, CS, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Xie, Y, Jabbari, SHY, Yamagishi, K, Yandrapalli, S, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yusuf, SS, Zaidi, SS, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, X-JG, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, Murray, CJL, Wang, H, Kassebaum, NJ, Paulson, KR, Kamath, AM, Alam, T, Bienhoff, K, Abady, GG, Abbas, J, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Abushouk, A, Adamu, AL, Adebayo, OM, Adegbosin, AE, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adeyinka, DA, Adsuar, JC, Afshari, K, Aghaali, M, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, MB, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akinyemi, OO, Aklilu, A, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, T, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alumran, AK, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Ameyaw, EK, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, CAT, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arnlov, J, Artanti, KD, Arzani, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Jafarabadi, MA, Athari, SS, Athari, SM, Atnafu, DD, Atreya, A, Atteraya, MS, Ausloos, M, Awan, AT, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Aynalem, YA, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, ZN, Darshan, BB, Babaee, E, Badiye, AD, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Beghi, M, Bell, ML, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, K, Berman, AE, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birihane, BM, Biswas, RK, Bohlouli, S, Bragazzi, NL, Breusov, A, Brunoni, AR, Burkart, K, Nagaraja, SB, Busse, R, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camargos, P, Camera, LA, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Cerin, E, Chang, J-C, Chanie, WF, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, S, Chen, S, Cho, DY, Choi, J-YJ, Chu, D-T, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Conde, J, Costa, VM, Couto, RAS, Dachew, BA, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, H, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darmstadt, GL, Das, JK, Davila-Cervantes, CA, Davis, AC, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Deeba, F, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhingra, S, Dhungana, GP, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Dubljanin, E, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, IY, El-Jaafary, S, Emami, A, Enany, S, Eyawo, O, Ezzikouri, S, Faris, PS, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fauk, NK, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, VL, Ferede, TY, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Foroutan, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, M, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, AM, Gaidhane, S, Gaihre, S, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gardner, WM, Fonseca, MG, Gebremedhin, KB, Getacher, L, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gilani, SA, Gill, TK, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goudarzi, H, Grivna, M, Gugnani, HC, Guido, D, Guimaraes, RA, Das Gupta, R, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, MM, Hasan, SS, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, RJ, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henry, NJ, Herteliu, C, Hole, MK, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Inamdar, S, Inbaraj, LR, Iqbal, K, Iqbal, U, Islam, MM, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jagnoor, J, Jain, V, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Javanmardi, F, Jayaram, S, Jayatilleke, AU, Jenabi, E, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, John, O, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, LR, Kamyari, N, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Matin, BK, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Kemmer, L, Khalid, N, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khang, Y-H, Khatab, K, Khater, AM, Khater, MM, Khayamzadeh, M, Khosravi, A, Kim, D, Kim, Y-E, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissoon, N, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lalloo, R, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lauriola, P, Lee, PH, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Li, S, Liang, J, Lim, L-L, Limenih, MA, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lodha, R, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Mackay, MT, Kunjathur, SM, Magnani, FG, Prasad, DRM, Maheri, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Martinez, G, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Masoumi, SZ, Maulik, PK, McAlinden, C, McGrath, JJ, Medina-Solis, CE, Nasab, EM, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamad, O, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moore, CE, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Khaneghah, AM, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nena, E, Nepal, S, Netsere, HB, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Chi, TYN, Cuong, TN, Huong, LTN, Nigatu, YT, Nigussie, SN, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Nomura, S, Noor, NM, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Ortiz, A, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Mahesh, PA, Padubidri, JR, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Pal, PK, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Pardo-Montano, AM, Park, E-K, Patel, SK, Patton, GC, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Peden, AE, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Pereira, J, Perez-Gomez, J, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Pilgrim, T, Pinheiro, M, Piradov, MA, Pirsaheb, M, Platts-Mills, JA, Pokhrel, KN, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prada, S, Prakash, S, Pupillo, E, Syed, ZQ, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, MHU, Rahmani, AM, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rasella, D, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawasia, WF, Rawassizadeh, R, Jr, RCR, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, SF, Ryan, PM, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Moghaddam, SS, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Salahshoor, MR, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, JA, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Saraswathy, SYI, Sarker, AR, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Saya, GK, Saylan, M, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, MP, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, E, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shahbaz, M, Shaheen, AA, Shahid, I, Shaikh, MA, Shakiba, S, Shalash, AS, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siddiqi, TJ, Sidemo, NB, Sigfusdottir, ID, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, JP, Silverberg, JIS, Simonetti, B, Singh, BB, Singh, JA, Singhal, D, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Sobaih, BH, Sobhiyeh, MR, Soltani, S, Soriano, JB, Spurlock, EE, Sreeramareddy, CT, Steiropoulos, P, Stokes, Mark, Stortecky, S, Sufiyan, MB, Abdulkader, RS, Sulo, G, Swope, CB, Sykes, BL, Szeto, MD, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, EG, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, AT, Tareque, MI, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Tessema, ZT, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Tolani, MA, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Tripathy, JP, Tsapparellas, G, Tsatsakis, A, Car, LT, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, A, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, MS, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Tahbaz, SV, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Verma, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Giang, TV, Wado, YD, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilner, LB, Wiysonge, CS, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Xie, Y, Jabbari, SHY, Yamagishi, K, Yandrapalli, S, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yusuf, SS, Zaidi, SS, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, X-JG, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, Murray, CJL, Wang, H, and Kassebaum, NJ

Published
2021

64. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Feigin, VL, Stark, BA, Johnson, CO, Roth, GA, Bisignano, C, Abady, GG, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, OM, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, YA, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, RO, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Salman, RA-S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, JA, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, IC, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, KD, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, AA, Baltatu, OC, Banach, M, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barone, MTU, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, AW, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bezabhe, WM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, JJ, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catapano, AL, Chakraborty, PA, Charan, J, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, EK, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Colozza, D, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, AAM, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, JD, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, AY, Erku, DA, Faraon, EJA, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, RG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, AC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, TS, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S-I, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Johnson, WD, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Keshavarz, P, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, IA, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khatib, MN, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, HM, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, PM, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lo, WD, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, RL, Razek, HMAE, Magnani, FG, Mahajan, PB, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, MM, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mersha, AG, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, M, Swamy, SN, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, RI, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Truong-Minh, P, Piradov, MA, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, MB, Renjith, V, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, SS, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, MP, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sobaih, BH, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, EG, Tarigan, IU, Temsah, M-H, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, AG, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, SV, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Wolfe, CDA, Woodward, M, Wu, JH, Hanson, SW, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, SHY, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, MS, Bin Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zuniga, YMH, Murray, CJL, Feigin, VL, Stark, BA, Johnson, CO, Roth, GA, Bisignano, C, Abady, GG, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, OM, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, YA, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, RO, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Salman, RA-S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, JA, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, IC, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, KD, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, AA, Baltatu, OC, Banach, M, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barone, MTU, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, AW, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bezabhe, WM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, JJ, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catapano, AL, Chakraborty, PA, Charan, J, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, EK, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Colozza, D, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, AAM, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, JD, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, AY, Erku, DA, Faraon, EJA, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, RG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, AC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, TS, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S-I, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Johnson, WD, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Keshavarz, P, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, IA, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khatib, MN, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, HM, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, PM, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lo, WD, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, RL, Razek, HMAE, Magnani, FG, Mahajan, PB, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, MM, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mersha, AG, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, M, Swamy, SN, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, RI, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Truong-Minh, P, Piradov, MA, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, MB, Renjith, V, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, SS, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, MP, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sobaih, BH, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, EG, Tarigan, IU, Temsah, M-H, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, AG, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, SV, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Wolfe, CDA, Woodward, M, Wu, JH, Hanson, SW, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, SHY, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, MS, Bin Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zuniga, YMH, and Murray, CJL

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. METHODS: We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0-13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00-7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8-12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1-6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0-73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0-88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0-55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0-42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0-18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0-7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0-24·0) and incidence rat

Published
2021

65. Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

Author

Cork, MA, Henry, NJ, Watson, S, Croneberger, AJ, Baumann, M, Letourneau, ID, Yang, M, Serfes, AL, Abbas, J, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abreu, LG, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Adabi, M, Adal, TG, Adegbosin, AE, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, MB, Alhassan, RK, Alipour, V, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Anvari, D, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Asaad, M, Atnafu, DD, Atreya, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azari, S, Darshan, BB, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Bante, SA, Barboza, MA, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bensenor, IM, Beyene, FY, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Birlik, SM, Bitew, ZW, Bohlouli, S, Boloor, A, Brunoni, AR, Butt, ZA, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, VK, Chattu, SK, Chowdhury, MAK, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Cook, AJ, Cormier, NM, Dahlawi, SMA, Daoud, F, Davila Cervantes, CA, Weaver, ND, De la Hoz, FP, Demeke, FM, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhungana, GP, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Earl, L, Effiong, A, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Elayedath, R, El-Jaafary, SI, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Fattahi, N, Fauk, NK, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gesesew, HA, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Golechha, M, Gori, U, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Gugnani, HC, Guimaraes, MDC, Guimaraes, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haeuser, E, Haider, MR, Haile, TG, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hanif, A, Hargono, A, Hariyani, N, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, HC, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hwang, BF, Ibeneme, CU, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, MD, Ilic, IM, Iqbal, U, Jahagirdar, D, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Johnson, KB, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Matin, BK, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keramati, M, Khalid, N, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, MNN, Khatab, K, Kianipour, N, Kim, YJ, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kosen, S, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Kuchenbecker, RS, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lal, DK, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lee, PH, LeGrand, KE, Li, B, Li, S, Liu, X, Amin, HIM, Machado, DB, Madi, D, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Malta, DC, Mansournia, MA, Manzar, MD, Marrugo Arnedo, CA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masoumi, SZ, Mayala, BK, Medina-Solis, CE, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mestrovic, T, Mirica, A, Moazen, B, Mohammad, Y, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Moni, MA, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Khaneghah, AM, Mustafa, G, Mwanri, L, Nagaraja, R, Nagarajan, AJ, Naimzada, MD, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Nepal, S, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Nikbakhsh, R, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Otstavnov, N, Mahesh, PA, Padubidri, JR, Perumal, SRP, Pardo-Montano, AM, Patel, UK, Pawar, S, Peprah, EK, Pereira, A, Perkins, S, Pescarini, JM, Pokhrel, KN, Postma, MJ, Pottoo, FH, Prada, SI, Preotescu, L, Pribadi, DRA, Radfar, A, Rahim, F, Rahman, MHU, Rahmani, AM, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rawassizadeh, R, Renjith, V, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, AI, Roever, L, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, SF, Rwegerera, GM, Sagar, R, Sajadi, SM, Salem, MR, Samy, AM, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sathian, B, Schaeffer, LE, Schneider, IJC, Seidu, A-A, Sha, F, Shaikh, MA, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shin, JI, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sligar, A, Soheili, A, Steuben, KM, Sufiyan, MB, Tadesse, EG, Tesema, AKT, Tesfay, FH, Thapar, R, Thompson, RL, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Tsegaye, GW, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unnikrishnan, B, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, FS, Vo, B, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Welay, FT, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Yaya, S, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, SI, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Cork, MA, Henry, NJ, Watson, S, Croneberger, AJ, Baumann, M, Letourneau, ID, Yang, M, Serfes, AL, Abbas, J, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abreu, LG, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Adabi, M, Adal, TG, Adegbosin, AE, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, MB, Alhassan, RK, Alipour, V, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Anvari, D, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Asaad, M, Atnafu, DD, Atreya, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azari, S, Darshan, BB, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Bante, SA, Barboza, MA, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bensenor, IM, Beyene, FY, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Birlik, SM, Bitew, ZW, Bohlouli, S, Boloor, A, Brunoni, AR, Butt, ZA, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, VK, Chattu, SK, Chowdhury, MAK, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Cook, AJ, Cormier, NM, Dahlawi, SMA, Daoud, F, Davila Cervantes, CA, Weaver, ND, De la Hoz, FP, Demeke, FM, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhungana, GP, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Earl, L, Effiong, A, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Elayedath, R, El-Jaafary, SI, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Fattahi, N, Fauk, NK, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gesesew, HA, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Golechha, M, Gori, U, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Gugnani, HC, Guimaraes, MDC, Guimaraes, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haeuser, E, Haider, MR, Haile, TG, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hanif, A, Hargono, A, Hariyani, N, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Herteliu, C, Ho, HC, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hwang, BF, Ibeneme, CU, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, MD, Ilic, IM, Iqbal, U, Jahagirdar, D, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Johnson, KB, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Matin, BK, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keramati, M, Khalid, N, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, MNN, Khatab, K, Kianipour, N, Kim, YJ, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kosen, S, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Kuchenbecker, RS, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lal, DK, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lee, PH, LeGrand, KE, Li, B, Li, S, Liu, X, Amin, HIM, Machado, DB, Madi, D, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Malta, DC, Mansournia, MA, Manzar, MD, Marrugo Arnedo, CA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masoumi, SZ, Mayala, BK, Medina-Solis, CE, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mestrovic, T, Mirica, A, Moazen, B, Mohammad, Y, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Moni, MA, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Khaneghah, AM, Mustafa, G, Mwanri, L, Nagaraja, R, Nagarajan, AJ, Naimzada, MD, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Nepal, S, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Nikbakhsh, R, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Otstavnov, N, Mahesh, PA, Padubidri, JR, Perumal, SRP, Pardo-Montano, AM, Patel, UK, Pawar, S, Peprah, EK, Pereira, A, Perkins, S, Pescarini, JM, Pokhrel, KN, Postma, MJ, Pottoo, FH, Prada, SI, Preotescu, L, Pribadi, DRA, Radfar, A, Rahim, F, Rahman, MHU, Rahmani, AM, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rawassizadeh, R, Renjith, V, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, AI, Roever, L, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, SF, Rwegerera, GM, Sagar, R, Sajadi, SM, Salem, MR, Samy, AM, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sathian, B, Schaeffer, LE, Schneider, IJC, Seidu, A-A, Sha, F, Shaikh, MA, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shin, JI, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sligar, A, Soheili, A, Steuben, KM, Sufiyan, MB, Tadesse, EG, Tesema, AKT, Tesfay, FH, Thapar, R, Thompson, RL, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Tsegaye, GW, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unnikrishnan, B, Vasseghian, Y, Violante, FS, Vo, B, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Welay, FT, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Yaya, S, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yusefzadeh, H, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Hay, SI, and Dwyer-Lindgren, L

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. METHODS: We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. RESULTS: All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries-apart from Ecuador-across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups-the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. CONCLUSIONS: Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and divergi

Published
2021

66. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Author

Galles, NC, Liu, PY, Updike, RL, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, AN, Schipp, MF, Marks, A, Abady, GG, Abbas, KM, Abbasi, SW, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Adabi, M, Adamu, AA, Adetokunboh, OO, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, S, Aghamir, SMK, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, KA, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, RK, Ali, L, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, KD, Arulappan, J, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayza, MA, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Darshan, BB, Babar, Z-U-D, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, SA, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Ramirez, DFB, Bekuma, TT, Belay, HG, Belgaumi, UI, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, ZA, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Chakinala, RC, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chowdhury, FR, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Couto, RAS, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J-W, Molla, MD, Derseh, BT, Desai, R, Desta, AA, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, HA, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, Zaki, MES, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, IJ, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, PS, Feleke, BE, Ferede, TY, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, JC, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, MR, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, BG, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, BD, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Golechha, M, Gonfa, KB, Gopalani, SV, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, MIM, Guo, Y, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutierrez, RA, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, ME, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, LM, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Itumalla, R, Jha, RP, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, SM, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, NJ, Katoto, PD, Kelkay, B, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Ab Khan, M, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Korshunov, VA, Kosen, S, Defo, BK, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lee, H, Lee, YY, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lobo, SW, Lopukhov, PD, Lozano, R, Saute, RL, Razek, MMAE, Makki, A, Malik, AA, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martins-Melo, FR, Matthews, PC, Medina, JRC, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Milne, GJ, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamed, TA, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohapatra, A, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moore, CE, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mueller, UO, Munro, SB, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Nguyen, TH, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, DNA, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, RCG, Postma, MJ, Pottoo, FH, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, RE, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezai, MS, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, ELB, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, GM, Saad, AM, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A-A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, PH, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Sidemo, NB, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Sinha, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soheili, A, Tadesse, EG, Tamiru, AT, Tan, K-K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M-H, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, HR, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, DZ, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Waheed, Y, Winkler, AS, Wiysonge, CS, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, BW, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, DT, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, CJL, Lim, SS, Mosser, JF, Galles, NC, Liu, PY, Updike, RL, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, AN, Schipp, MF, Marks, A, Abady, GG, Abbas, KM, Abbasi, SW, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Adabi, M, Adamu, AA, Adetokunboh, OO, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, S, Aghamir, SMK, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, KA, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, RK, Ali, L, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, KD, Arulappan, J, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayza, MA, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Darshan, BB, Babar, Z-U-D, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, SA, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Ramirez, DFB, Bekuma, TT, Belay, HG, Belgaumi, UI, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, ZA, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Chakinala, RC, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chowdhury, FR, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Couto, RAS, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, 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Yigit, V, Yirdaw, BW, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, DT, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, CJL, Lim, SS, and Mosser, JF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. METHODS: For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. FINDINGS: By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4-82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5-42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4-41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3-84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4-44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4-81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019

Published
2021

70. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author

Roth G. 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Abstract

GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article.

Published
2018

71. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Murray, C.J.L., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K.M., Abbasi, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, P., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L.G., Abrigo, M.R.M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu Haimed, A.K., Abushouk, A.I., Acebedo, A., Ackerman, I.N., Adabi, M., Adamu, A.A., Adebayo, O.M., Adelson, J.D., Adetokunboh, O.O., Afarideh, M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, G., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmed, M.B., Aji, B., Akinyemiju, T., Akombi, B., Alahdab, F., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Albertson, S.B., Alemu, B.W., Alemu, Y.M., Alhabib, K.F., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S.M., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almadi, M.A.H., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Almulhim, A.M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R.M., Altirkawi, K.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, B., Amare, A.T, Amini, S., Amit, A.M.L., Amugsi, D.A., Anbesu, E.W., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J.A., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Anvari, D., Appiah, S.C.Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aravkin, A.Y., Arba, A.A.K., Aripov, T., Ärnlöv, J., Arowosegbe, O.O., Asaad, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A.A., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Atout, M.M.W., Ausloos, M., Ausloos, F., Ayala Quintanilla, B.P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azene, Z.N., Babaee, E., Badawi, A., Badiye, A.D., Bagherzadeh, M., Bairwa, M., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S.M., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Banik, P.C., Baraki, A.G., Barker-Collo, S.L., Basaleem, H., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Baye, B.A., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M.L., Bensenor, I.M., Berhe, K., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhala, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z.A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Biondi, A., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R.K., Bjørge, T., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Bolla, S.R.R., Boloor, A., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Brady, O.J., Braithwaite, D., Brauer, M., Breitborde, N.J.K, Brenner, H., Breusov, A.V., Briant, P.S., Briggs, A.M., Britton, G.B., Brugha, T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Caetano dos Santos, F.L., Cámera, L.L.A., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Campuzano Rincon, J.C., Car, J., Cárdenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M., Castelpietra, G., Castro, F., Catalá-López, F., Causey, K., Cederroth, C.R., Cercy, K.M., Cerin, E., Chandan, J.S., Chang, J-C, Charan, J., Charlson, F. 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J., Chattu, V.K., Chaturvedi, S., Cherbuin, N., Chin, K.L., Chirinos-Caceres, J.L., Cho, D.Y., Choi, J-Y.J., Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Chung, M.T., Cicuttini, F.M., Cirillo, M., Cislaghi, B., Cohen, A.J., Compton, K., Corso, B., Cortesi, P.A., Costa, V.M., Cousin, E., Cowden, R.G., Cross, M., Crowe, C.S., Cummins, S., Dai, H., Damiani, G., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Darwesh, A.M., Das, J.K., Das Gupta, R., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., Davis, A.C., De Leo, D., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Deribe, K., Dervenis, N., Desai, R., Deuba, K., Dhungana, G.P., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Didarloo, A., Dippenaar, I.N., Dokova, K., Dolecek, C., Dorostkar, F., Doshi, P.P., Doshi, C.P., Doshmangir, L., Doxey, M.C., Driscoll, T.R., Duncan, B.B., Eagan, A.W., Ebrahimi, H., Ebrahimi Kalan, M., Edvardsson, D., Ehrlich, J.R., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I.Y., El-Jaafary, S.I., El Sayed Zaki, M., Elsharkawy, A., El Tantawi, M., Elyazar, I.R.F., Emamian, M.H., Eshrati, B., Eskandarieh, S., Esteghamati, A., Esteghamati, S., Fanzo, J., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Feigin, V.L, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Ferrari, A.J., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J.L., Fitzgerald, R., Foigt, N.A., Folayan, M.O., Fomenkov, A.A., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R.C., Freitas, M., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J.M., Gad, M.M., Gaidhane, A.M., Gakidou, E., Gallus, S., Gardner, W.M., Geberemariyam, B.S., Gebremedhin, K.B., Gebremeskel, L.G., Gebresillassie, B.M., Geramo, Y.C.D., Gesesew, H.A., Gething, P.W., Gezae, K.E., Ghadiri, K., Ghaffarifar, F., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Giampaoli, S., Gill, P.S., Gillum, R.F., Ginawi, I.A., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E.V., Godinho, M.A., Golechha, M., Gona, P.N., Gopalani, S.V., Gorini, G., Goulart, B.N.G., Goulart, A.C., Grada, A., Greaves, F., Gudi, N., Guimarães, R.A., Guo, Y., Gupta, S.S., Gupta, R., Haagsma, J.A., Hachinski, V., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, L.M., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hall, B. J., Hamadeh, R.R., Hamidi, S., Han, C., Hankey, G.J., Haro, J.M., Hasaballah, A.I., Hashi, A., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S.I., Hayat, K., Henok, A., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Heydarpour, F., Ho, H.C., Hole, M.K., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hopf, K.P., Hosgood, H.D., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hoy, D.G., Hu, G., Huda, T.M., Hugo, F.N., Humayun, A., Hussain, R., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Ibeneme, C.U., Ibitoye, S.E., Ikuta, K.S., Ilesanmi, O.S., Ilic, I.M., Ilic, M.D., Inbaraj, L.R., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, M.M., Islam, S.M.S., Iso, H., Iwu, C.C.D., Jaafari, J., Jahagirdar, D., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalali, A., Jalilian, F., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jenabi, E., Jha, R.P., Jha, V., Ji, J.S., Johnson, C.O., Jonas, J.B., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalani, R., Kalankesh, L.R., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karim, M.A., Karimi, S.E., Kasa, A.S., Kassebaum, N. J., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keiyoro, P., Khalid, N., Khammarnia, M., Khan, M., Khan, E.A., Khan, G., Khatab, K., Khater, M.M., Khatib, M.N., Khazaie, H., Khoja, A.T., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kieling, C., Kim, Y-E, Kim, Y.J., Kimokoti, R.W., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Kissoon, N., Kivimäki, M., Kneib, C.J., Knight, M., Koh, D.S.Q., Komaki, H., Kopec, J.A., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koul, P.A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krohn, K.J., KS, S., Kumar, G.A., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Kurmi, O.P., Kusuma, D., Kyu, H.H., Lacey, B., Lal, D.K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Landires, I., Larson, H.J., Lasrado, S., Lau, K.M-M, Lauriola, P., La Vecchia, C., Leal, L.F., Leasher, J.L., Ledesma, J.R., Lee, P.H., Lee, S.W.H., Leonardi, M., Leung, J., Li, B., Li, S., Lim, L-L, Lin, R-T, Listl, S., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Logroscino, G., Lopez, J.C.F., Lorkowski, S., Lozano, R., Lu, A., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R.A., Ma, J., Machado, D.B., Maddison, E.R., Mahasha, P.W., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Maleki, S., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D.C., Mamun, A.A., Manguerra, H., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M.A., Mantilla Herrera, A.M., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F.R., Martopullo, I., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Mathur, M.R., Maulik, P.K., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J.J., McKee, M., Mehndiratta, M.M., Mehri, F., Mehta, K.M., Melese, A., Memish, Z.A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Michalek, I.M., Milne, G.J., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Misganaw, A.T., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamad, O., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad, D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mooney, M.D., Moradi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S.D., Mosapour, A., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mueller, U.O., Mullany, E.C., Musa, K.I., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M.D., Najafi, F., Naldi, L., Nayak, V.C., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R.I., Netsere, H.B.N., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, D.N., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nichols, E., Nigatu, Y.T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nixon, M.R., Nnaji, C.A., Nomura, S., Noubiap, J.J., Nowak, C., Nsoesie, E.O., Nunez-Samudio, V., Ogbo, F.A., Oghenetega, O.B., Okunga, E.W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Omer, M.O., Ong, S., Ong, K.L., Onwujekwe, O.E., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Ostroff, S.M., Oţoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Øverland, S., Owolabi, M.O., Mahesh, P.A., Padubidri, J., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Parmar, P.G.K., Pathak, M., Patton, G.C., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A.E., Pepito, V.C.F., Peprah, E.K., Pereira, D.M., Pereira, A., Pereira, J., Perico, N., Pescarini, J.M., Pham, H.Q., Phillips, M.R., Piccinelli, C., Pilz, T.M., Pinheiro, M., Piradov, M.A., Pirsaheb, M., Pishgar, F., Pond, C.D., Postma, M.J., Pottoo, F.H., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Prada, S.I., Prasad, N., Pribadi, D.R.A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Raggi, A., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M.A., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranta, A., Rao, S.J., Rao, P.C., Rasella, D., Rashedi, V., Rastogi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rawat, R., Razo, C., Regassa, L.D., Reitsma, M.B., Remuzzi, G., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A.M.N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezai, M.S., Rezapour, A., Rhinehart, P-A, Riahi, S.M., Ribeiro, A.L.P., Ribeiro, D.C., Rickard, J., Roever, L., Romoli, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rubagotti, E., Rumisha, S.F., Rwegerera, G.M., Saadatagah, S., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P.S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, M., Sadeghi, E., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M.A., Sajadi, S.M., Salem, M.R.R., Salem, H., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J.A., Salz, I., Samad, Z., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santomauro, D.F., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Saraswathy, S.Y.I., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Schaeffer, L.E, Schiavolin, S., Schmidt, M.I., Schutte, A.E., Schwebel, D.C., Schwendicke, F., Sepanlou, S.G., Sha, F., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A.A., Shaikh, M.A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sharara, F., Sheikh, A., Shetty, B.S.K., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M-J, Shin, J.I., Shiri, R., Shivakumar, K.M., Shrime, M.G., Shuval, K., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, D.A.S., Silva, J.P., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Singh, A., Sinha, D.N., Skryabin, V.Y., Sliwa, K., Smith, E.U.R., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Somefun, O.D., Sorensen, R.J.D, Soriano, J.B., Sorrie, M.B., Soyiri, I.N., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Sripada, K., Stanaway, J.D., Ştefan, S.C., Stein, D.J., Steiner, C., Stokes, M.A., Stranges, S., Suchdev, P.S., Sudaryanto, A., Sufiyan, M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Swope, C.B., Sylte, D.O., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabuchi, T., Tadakamadla, S.K., Taddele, B.W., Taherkhani, A., Tahir, Z., Tamiru, A.T., Tang, M., Tareque, M.I., Tefera, Y.G.G., Tela, F.G.G., Temsah, M-H, Terrason, S., Thakur, B., Thankappan, K.R., Thapar, R., Thomas, N., Titova, M.V., Tlou, B., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Torre, A.E., Touvier, M., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Uddin, R., Ullah, I., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vacante, M., Vaicekonyte, R., Valdez, P.R., Valli, A., Vasankari, T.J., Vasseghian, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidale, S., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S.E., Vongpradith, A., Vu, G.T., W/hawariat, F.G., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R.G., Wang, F., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y-P, Watson, A., Wei, J., Weintraub, R.G., Weiss, J., Welay, F.T., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H.A., Wiangkham, T., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Wilner, L.B., Wojtyniak, B., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wondmeneh, T.G., Wu, A-M, Wu, C., Wulf Hanson, S., Wunrow, H.Y., Xie, Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H., Yamagishi, K., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yearwood, J.A., Yeheyis, T.Y., Yeshitila, Y.Gi., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S-J, Younis, M.Z., Younker, T.P., Yousefinezhadi, T., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Yuce, D., Yusefzadeh, H., Zaidi, S.S., Zaman, S.B., Zamanian, M., Zangeneh, A., Zarafshan, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zewdie, K.A., Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X-J.G., Zhao, Y., Zheleva, B., Zheng, P., Zhu, C., Ziapour, A., Zimsen, S.R.M., Lopez, A.D., Vos, T., and Lim, S.S.

Abstract

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.

Published
2020

72. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000-18: a geospatial analysis.

Author

Hole M.K., Ilic M.D., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S., Kasaeian A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kayode G.A., Kelbore A.G., Khafaie M.A., Khalilov R., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khodayari M., Kim Y.J., King J.D., Kinyoki D.K., Kianipour N., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Levine A.J., Li S., Maleki S., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Meitei W.B., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Munro S.B., Mupfasoni D., Muthupandian S., mwingira U.J., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Olagunju A.T., Omar Bali A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Pasupula D., Pigott D.M., Shirude S., Hill E., Donkers K.M., Pirsaheb M., Pourjafar H., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Reta M.A., Ribeiro A.I., Rostami A., Sabesan S., Sadeghi E., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Schaeffer L.E., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Sharifi H., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Soheili A., Spotin A., Stolk W.A., Tesfay B.E., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Deshpande A., Miller-Petrie M.K., Johnson K.B., Abdoli A., Abrigo M.R.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adinarayanan S., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akalu T.Y., Alanezi T.M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit A.M.L., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andualem Z., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Anvari D., Appiah S., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Badirzadeh A., Baig A.A., Banach M., Baraki A.G., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bockarie M.J., Bisanzio D., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Cano J., Carvalho F., Chattu V.K., Chavshin C., Cormier N.M., Cromwell E.A., Schmidt C.A., Kwong K.T., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Deribe K., Dessu B., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Do H.T., Earl L., El Tantawi M., Faraj A., Fattahi N., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Guo Y., Hailu G.B., Hasaballah A.I., Hassankhani H., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Hon J., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Humayun A., Ilesanmi O.S., Hole M.K., Ilic M.D., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karimi S., Kasaeian A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kayode G.A., Kelbore A.G., Khafaie M.A., Khalilov R., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater M.M., Khodayari M., Kim Y.J., King J.D., Kinyoki D.K., Kianipour N., Kumar G.A., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh V.C., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Levine A.J., Li S., Maleki S., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Meitei W.B., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mereta S.T., Mestrovic T., Mihretie K.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Munro S.B., Mupfasoni D., Muthupandian S., mwingira U.J., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Olagunju A.T., Omar Bali A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Pasupula D., Pigott D.M., Shirude S., Hill E., Donkers K.M., Pirsaheb M., Pourjafar H., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Reta M.A., Ribeiro A.I., Rostami A., Sabesan S., Sadeghi E., Sajadi S.M., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Schaeffer L.E., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Sharifi H., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Soheili A., Spotin A., Stolk W.A., Tesfay B.E., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zangeneh A., Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Deshpande A., Miller-Petrie M.K., Johnson K.B., Abdoli A., Abrigo M.R.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adinarayanan S., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akalu T.Y., Alanezi T.M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit A.M.L., Anber N.H., Ancuceanu R., Andualem Z., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Anvari D., Appiah S., Arabloo J., Arnold B.F., Ausloos M., Ayanore M.A., Badirzadeh A., Baig A.A., Banach M., Baraki A.G., Barnighausen T.W., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bockarie M.J., Bisanzio D., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Cano J., Carvalho F., Chattu V.K., Chavshin C., Cormier N.M., Cromwell E.A., Schmidt C.A., Kwong K.T., Damiani G., Dandona R., Dandona L., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Deribe K., Dessu B., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Do H.T., Earl L., El Tantawi M., Faraj A., Fattahi N., Fernandes E., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Guo Y., Hailu G.B., Hasaballah A.I., Hassankhani H., Herteliu C., de Hidru H.D., Hon J., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Humayun A., and Ilesanmi O.S.

Abstract

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Method(s): A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000-18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000-18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Finding(s): We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174-234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3.1 million (1.6-5.7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91-134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43-63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation(s): Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low

Published
2020

73. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Author

Hamadeh R.R., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Sripada K., Stovner L.J., Stockfelt L., Sultan I., Swope C.B., Vaicekonyte R., Sykes B.L., Szumowski L., Tabb K.M., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tahir Z., Tareque M.I., Tarigan I.U., Taveira N., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Varughese S., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tsatsakis A., Vardavas C., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Undurraga E.A., Upadhyay E., Vasankari T.J., Vasconcelos A.N., Veisani Y., Vidale S., Waheed Y., Wei J., Wang F., Zhao X.G., Wang Y., Yu C., Zhang Z., Wang H., Weiss J., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wu A., Xie Y., Xu G., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S., Yilgwan C.S., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Younker T.P., Yu Y., Zaidi S., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zheleva B., Zhu C., Abbafati C., Machado D.B., Cislaghi B., Salman O.M., Karanikolos M., McKee M., Abbas K.M., Brady O.J., Larson H.J., Trias-Llimos S., Cummins S., Langan S.M., Sartorius B., Hafiz A., Jenabi E., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Borzouei S., Azarian G., Khazaei S., Abbasi M., Asghari B., Masoumi S., Komaki H., Taherkhani A., Adabi M., Abbasifard M., Bazmandegan G., Kamiab Z., Vakilian A., Anjomshoa M., Mokari A., Sabour S., Shahbaz M., Saeedi R., Ahmadieh H., Yousefinezhadi T., Haj-Mirzaian A., Nikbakhsh R., Safi S., Asgari S., Irvani S.N., Jahanmehr N., Ramezanzadeh K., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Khayamzadeh M., Abbastabar H., Shirkoohi R., Fazlzadeh M., Janjani H., Hosseini M., Mansournia M., Tohidinik H., Bakhtiari A., Fazaeli A., Mousavi S., Hasanzadeh A., Nabavizadeh B., Malekzadeh R., Hashemian M., Pourshams A., Salimzadeh H., Sepanlou S.G., Afarideh M., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Ghajar A., Heidari B., Rezaei N., Mohamadi E., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahim F., Eskandarieh S., Sahraian M., Mohebi F., Aminorroaya A., Ebrahimi H., Farzadfar F., Mohajer B., Pishgar F., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Shabani M., Zarafshan H., Abolhassani H., Hafezi-Nejad N., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Abdollahi M., Farahmand M., Salamati P., Mehrabi Nasab E., Tajdini M., Aghamir S., Mirzaei R., Dibaji Forooshani Z., Khater M.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abualhasan A., El-Jaafary S.I., Hassan A., Elsharkawy A., Khater A.M., Elhabashy H.R., Salem M.R.R., Salem H., Sadeghi M., Jafarinia M., Amini-Rarani M., Mohammadifard N., Sarrafzadegan N., Abdollahpour I., Sarveazad A., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Yoosefi Lebni J., Manafi N., Pazoki Toroudi H., Dorostkar F., Alipour V., Sheikhtaheri A., Arabloo J., Azari S., Ghashghaee A., Rezapour A., Naserbakht M., Kabir A., Mehri F., Yousefifard M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Babaee E., Eshrati B., Goharinezhad S., Moradi M., Abedi P., Rashedi V., Kumar V., Elgendy I.Y., Basu S., Park J., Pereira A., Norheim O.F., Eagan A.W., Cahill L.E., Sheikh A., Abushouk A.I., Thakur B., Barnighausen T.W., Shrime M.G., Abedi A., Doshi C.P., Abegaz K.H., Geberemariyam B.S., Aynalem Y.A., Shiferaw W.S., Abosetugn A.E., Aboyans V., Abrams E.M., Gitimoghaddam M., Kissoon N., Stubbs J.L., Brauer M., Iyamu I.O., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Ribeiro A.P., Malta D.C., Gomez R.S., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Almulhim A.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Pottoo F.H., Menezes R.G., Alanzi T.M., Alumran A.K., Abu Haimed A.K., Madadin M., Alanezi F.M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Saddik B., Abu-Raddad L.J., Samy A.M., El Nahas N., Shalash A.S., Nabhan A.F., Kamath A.M., Kassebaum N.J., Aravkin A.Y., Kochhar S., Sorensen R.J.D., Afshin A., Burkart K., Cromwell E.A., Gakidou E., Hay S.I., Kyu H.H., Lopez A.D., Lozano R., Misganaw A.T., Mokdad A.H., Naghavi M., Pigott D.M., Reiner Jr R.C., Roth G.A., Stanaway J.D., Vollset S., Vos T., Lim S.S., Murray C.J.L., Kalani R., Ikuta K.S., Cho D.Y., Kneib C.J., Crowe C.S., Massenburg B.B., Morrison S.D., Acebedo A., Adelson J.D., Agesa K.M., Alam T., Albertson S.B., Anderson J.A., Antony C.M., Ashbaugh C., Assmus M., Azhar G., Balassyano S., Bannick M.S., Barthelemy C.M., Bender R.G., Bennitt F.B., Bertolacci G.J., Biehl M.H., Bisignano C., Boon-Dooley A.S., Briant P.S., Bryazka D., Bumgarner B.R., Callender C.S., Cao J., Castle C.D., Castro E., Causey K., Cercy K.M., Chalek J., Cohen A.J., Comfort H., Compton K., Croneberger A.J., Cruz J.A., Cunningham M., Dangel W.J., Dean F.E., DeCleene N.K., Deen A., Degenhardt L., Dingels Z.V., Dippenaar I.N., Dirac M.A., Dolgert A.J., Emmons-Bell S., Estep K., Farag T., Feigin V.L., Feldman R., Ferrara G., Ferrari A.J., Fitzgerald R., Force L.M., Fox J.T., Frank T.D., Fu W., Fukutaki K., Fuller J.E., Fullman N., Galles N.C., Gardner W.M., Gershberg Hayoon A., Goren E., Gorman T.M., Gottlich H.C., Guo G., Haddock B., Hagins H., Haile L.M., Hamilton E.B., Han C., Han H., Harvey J.D., Henny K., Henrikson H.J., Henry N.J., Herbert M.E., Hsiao T., Huynh C.K., Iannucci V.C., Ippolito H., Irvine C.M.S., Jafari H., Jahagirdar D., James S.L., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Keller C., Kemmer L., Kendrick P.J., Knight M., Kocarnik J.M., Krohn K.J., Larson S.L., Lau K.M., Ledesma J.R., Leever A.T., LeGrand K.E., Lescinsky H., Lin C., Liu H., Liu Z., Lo J., Lu A., Ma J., Maddison E.R., Manguerra H., Marks A., Martopullo I., Mastrogiacomo C.I., May E.A., Mooney M.D., Mosser J.F., Mullany E.C., Mumford J., Munro S.B., Nandakumar V., Nguyen J., Nguyen M., Nichols E., Nixon M.R., Odell C.M., Ong K.L., Orji A.U., Ostroff S.M., Pasovic M., Paulson K.R., Pease S.A., Pennini A., Pierce M., Pilz T.M., Pletcher M., Rao P.C., Razo C., Redford S.B., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Rhinehart P., Robalik T., Roberts N.L.S., Rolfe S., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Shackelford K.A., Shadid J., Sharara F., Shaw D.H., Sheena B.S., Simpson K.E., Smith A., Spencer C.N., Spurlock E.E., Stark B.A., Steiner C., Steuben K.M., Sylte D.O., Tang M., Taylor H.J., Terrason S., Thomson A.M., Torre A.E., Travillian R., Troeger C.E., Vongpradith A., Walters M.K., Wang J., Watson A., Watson S., Whisnant J.L., Whiteford H.A., Wiens K.E., Wilner L.B., Wilson S., Wool E.E., Wozniak S.S., Wu J., Wulf Hanson S., Wunrow H., Xu R., Yadgir S., Yearwood J.A., York H.W., Yuan C., Zhao J.T., Zheng P., Zimsen S.R.M., Zlavog B.S., Chang A.Y., Oren E., Buchbinder R., Chin K.L., Guo Y., Polkinghorne K.R., Thrift A.G., Ackerman I.N., Cicuttini F.M., Li S., Zaman S., Suleria H., Cowie B.C., Wijeratne T., Patton G.C., Sawyer S.M., Adair T., Meretoja A., Adetokunboh O.O., Adamu A.A., Iwu C.J., Parry C.D.H., Seedat S., Ndwandwe D.E., Mahasha P.W., Stein D.J., Nnaji C.A., Sambala E.Z., Wiysonge C.S., Adebayo O.M., Ilesanmi O.S., Owolabi M.O., Adeoye A.M., Adedeji I.A., Adekanmbi V., Ibitoye S.E., John-Akinola Y.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Oghenetega O.B., Akinyemi R.O., Zandian H., Adham D., Zahirian Moghadam T., Advani S.M., Teagle W.L., Braithwaite D., Agasthi P., Saadatagah S., Afshari M., Agardh E.E., Allebeck P., Danielsson A., Deuba K., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S., Arnlov J., Nowak C., Cederroth C.R., Ahmadi A., Mills E.J., Kurmi O.P., Olagunju A.T., Agarwal G., Sathish T., Aghaali M., Mohammadbeigi A., Agrawal A., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Maleki S., Naderi M., Salahshoor M.R., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Almasi A., Salimi Y., Siabani S., Ziapour A., Barzegar A., Khazaie H., Kianipour N., Amiri F., Salehi Zahabi S., Mirzaei M., Shamsi M., Najafi F., Jalali A., Ghadiri K., Heydarpour F., Fattahi N., Karami Matin B., Kazemi Karyani A., Pirsaheb M., Rajati F., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sharafi K., Soltani S., Vasseghian Y., Atafar Z., Jalilian F., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Saeidi S., Soofi M., Zangeneh A., Mansouri B., Ahmadi M., Khafaie M.A., Safiri S., Moghadaszadeh M., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Doshmangir L., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Ghafourifard M., Spotin A., Khodayari M., Samadi Kafil H., Kalankesh L.R., Ahmadpour E., Yousefi B., Ansari F., Hassankhani H., Karimi S., Haririan H., Mereta S., Ahmed M.B., Feyissa G.T., Ciobanu L.G., Aji B., Aynalem G.L., Gebresillassie B., Tefera Y.G., Akalu T.Y., Baraki A.G., Tesema G.A., Tessema Z.T., Tamiru A.T., Azene Z.N., Netsere H.B., Yano Y., Akinyemiju T., Wu C., Zadey S., Samad Z., Ji J.S., Doshi P.P., John O., Jha V., Maulik P.K., Pesudovs K., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Sachdev P.S., Akombi B., Godinho M.A., Ivers R.Q., Peden A.E., Biswas R., Boufous S., Akunna C.J., Alahdab F., Hammer M.S., van Donkelaar A., Al-Aly Z., Dellavalle R.P., Alam S., Martin R.V., Alam N., De Leo D., Tadakamadla S.K., Alam K., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Avila-Burgos L., Servan-Mori E., Denova-Gutierrez E., Rodriguez-Ramirez S., Morales L., Poznanska A., Wojtyniak B., Rivera J.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano Rincon J., Sanchez-Pimienta T.G., Mengesha M.B., Welay F.T., Alema N.M., Demsie D.G., Teame H., Teklehaimanot B.F., Alemu B.W., Gultie T., Bante A.B., Yeshitila Y.G., Geramo Y.C.D., Glagn M., Sorrie M.B., W/hawariat F.G., Amare A., Kasa A., Alemu Y., Mihretie K.M., Atnafu D.D., Demeke F.M., Melese A., Bante S.A., Dessie G.A., Mengesha E.W., Nigatu D., Almadi M.A.H., Alhabib K.F., Mohammad Y., Altirkawi K.A., Temsah M., Kugbey N., Ayanore M.A., Alhassan R.K., Ali M., Ali S., Alicandro G., Kalhor R., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Yusefzadeh H., Didarloo A., Alizade H., Nikpoor A., Aljunid S.M., Alla F., Leal L.F., Almasi-Hashiani A., Moradzadeh R., Zamanian M., Nazari J., Amini S., Ghamari F., Almasri N.A., Khan M., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Bedi N., Alonso J., Ciber E.S.P., Al-Raddadi R.M., Zakzuk J., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Gezae K., Gesesew H.A., Muthupandian S., Berhe K., Amare B., Ayza M.A., Gebreslassie A.A.A., Bitew H., Zewdie K.A., Tela F.G.G., Gill T.K., Noubiap J., Lassi Z.S., Bhandari D., Amit A.L., Antonio C.T., Faraon E.A., Lopez J.F., Atre S.R., Ballew S.H., Matsushita K., Khoja A.T., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Ghadimi M., Shafaat O., Fanzo J., Amugsi D.A., Amul G.H., Koh D.S.Q., Venketasubramanian N., Anbesu E.W., Mohammed J.A., Wondmeneh T.G., Andrei C., Negoi R.I., Davitoiu D.V., Manda A., Negoi I., Preotescu L., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Ancuceanu R., Hasan M., Leung J., Anderlini D., Mamun A.A., Maravilla J.C., McGrath J.J., Charlson F.J., Lalloo R., Uddin R., Erskine H.E., Knibbs L.D., Mantilla Herrera A.M., Santomauro D.F., Mirica A., Ausloos M., Herteliu C., Otoiu A., Pana A., Andrei T., Stefan S., Androudi S., Angus C., Ansari I., Pourjafar H., Shams-Beyranvand M., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Khammarnia M., Antonazzo I., Ferrara P., Conti S., Cortesi P.A., Fornari C., Lee P.H., Antriyandarti E., Yousefi Z., Rafiei A., Javidnia J., Faridnia R., Anvari D., Moosazadeh M., Rezai M., Daryani A., Fareed M., Anwer R., Appiah S., Paudel D., Dichgans M., Riahi S., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Arab-Zozani M., Arba A.A.K., Aremu O., Ariani F., Aripov T., Armoon B., Mahdavi M.M., Arowosegbe O.O., Tediosi F., Aryal K.K., Mosapour A., Yaminfirooz M., Arzani A., Bijani A., Jahani M.A., Mouodi S., Zamani M., Asaad M., Dianatinasab M., Bahrami M., Pakshir K., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Bayati M., Shahabi S., Athari S., Atout M.M.W., Atteraya M.S., Brugha T., Ausloos F., Avokpaho E.F.G., Room R., Islam M., Edvardsson D., Rahman M., Ayala Quintanilla B., Gething P.W., Briggs A.M., Ayano G., Hendrie D., Miller T.R., Azzopardi P.S., Hoogar P., B D.B., Kulkarni V., Kumar N., Mithra P., Shetty R.S., Thapar R., Padubidri J., Bakkannavar S.M., Nayak V.C., Rastogi P., Shetty B.K., Bhageerathy R., Gudi N., Boloor A., Holla R., Rathi P., Unnikrishnan B., Janodia M.D., Lang J.J., Badawi A., Orpana H.M., Bhutta Z.A., Shield K.D., Chattu V., Badiye A.D., Kapoor N., Bagherzadeh M., Rabiee N., Bagli E., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Lodha R., Sagar R., Rath G.K., Bhardwaj P., Charan J., Kanchan T., Joshi A., Pakhare A.P., Bakhshaei M., Naghshtabrizi B., Balachandran A., Hoek H.W., Postma M.J., Geremew A., Gebrehiwot A.M., Balakrishnan S., Desalew A., Bojia H.A., Mohammed A.S., Regassa L.D., Parmar P.G.K., Balalla S., Roberts S., Baldasseroni A., Stokes M.A., Ball K., Islam S., Maddison R., Balzi D., Levi M., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Barua L., Faruque M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Jonas J.B., Panda-Jonas S., De Neve J., Kohler S., Moazen B., Mohammed S., Barrero L.H., Basaleem H., Bassat Q., Haro J.M., Koyanagi A., Car J., Greaves F., Majeed A., Davis A.C., Steiner T.J., Kusuma D., Palladino R., Saxena S., Baune B.T., Karch A., Baye B.A., Darega Gela J., Kolola T., Becker J.S., DeLang M., West J., Gad M.M., Serre M.L., Gallus S., Lugo A., Beghi E., Pupillo E., Bosetti C., Giussani G., Bikbov B., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Imani-Nasab M., Nouraei Motlagh S., Sharafi Z., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekuma T.T., Yilma M.T., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Rafiee A., Keddie S.H., Lucas T.C.D., Dolecek C., Dunachie S.J., Kraemer M.U.G., Rumisha S.F., Weiss D.J., Lewington S., Collins E.L., Nandi A.K., Zhao Y., Bennett D.A., Karim M.A., Lacey B., Khundkar R., Yaya S., Goulart A.C., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Tovani-Palone M.R., Castaldelli-Maia J., Furtado J.M., Benziger C.P., Berman A.E., Mazidi M., Bernabe E., Dargan P.I., Molokhia M., Shibuya K., Douiri A., Wolfe C.D.A., Hay R.J., Flohr C., Suchdev P.S., Ram P., Bernstein R.S., Liu Y., Bhagavathula A.S., Khan G., Grivna M., Bhala N., Chandan J.S., Gaidhane A.M., Quazi Syed Z., Saxena D., Khatib M., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Das J.K., Bibi S., Bilano V., Bin Sayeed M., Cherbuin N., D'Amico E., Grosso G., Borzi A.M., Biondi A., Vacante M., Valli A., Birihane B.M., Bisanzio D., Hassan S., Bjorge T., Overland S., Bockarie M.J., Mensah G.A., Sliwa K., Gholamian A., Bohlouli S., Esmaeilnejad S., Bohluli M., Bolla S.R., Borges G., Bose D., Bourne R., Brayne C., Breitborde N.J.K., Fisher J.L., Breitner S., Brenner H., Breusov A.V., Rakovac I., Briko N.I., Lopukhov P.D., Glushkova E.V., Korshunov V.A., Polibin R.V., Jakovljevic M., Briko A.N., Britton G.B., Castro F., Moreno Velasquez I., Burnett R.T., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F., Cai T., Hall B.J., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Valdez P.R., Tudor Car L., Cardenas R., Gorini G., Carreras G., Fernandes E., Freitas M., Pereira D.M., Santos J.V., Ribeiro D., Pinheiro M., Massano J., das Neves J., Dias da Silva D., Carvalho F., Costa V.M., Silva J.P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Pakhale S., Cerin E., Yip P., Ho H., Chang J., Chang A.R., Chang K., Cooper O.R., Chaturvedi S., Chimed-Ochir O., Chirinos-Caceres J.L., Choi J.J., Christensen H., Truelsen T.C., Chu D., Kivimaki M., Chung S., Ward J.L., Chung M.T., Cirillo M., Iavicoli I., Classen T.K.D., Lauriola P., Corso B., Hugo F.N., Kieling C., Cousin E., Duncan B.B., Goulart B.N.G., Schmidt M.I., Stein C., Cowden R.G., MacLachlan J.H., Leigh J., Cross M., Ferreira M.L., Smith E.U.R., Driscoll T.R., Huda T.M., Hoy D.G., Horita N., Cross D.H., Dai H., Hu G., Damasceno A.A.M., Damiani G., La Vecchia C., Sanabria J., Pandey A., Mathur M.R., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Kumar G., Lal D.K., Hamagharib Abdullah K., Hosseinzadeh M., Darwesh A.M., Faraj A., Omar Bali A., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davey G., Deribe K., Gebremedhin K.B., Wondmieneh A.B., Dereje N.D., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Mereke A., Serdar B., Gebremeskel G.G., Haile T.G., Tadesse D.B., Weldesamuel G.T., Demoz G.T., Gebremeskel L.G., Woldu G., Handiso D., Dervenis N., Topouzis F., Desai R., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Emamian M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Nguyen T.H., Vu G.T., Do H.T., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Neupane S., Takala J.S., Doxey M.C., Doyle K.E., Renzaho A.M.N., Ogbo F.A., Robinson S.R., Vukovic A., Ilic I.M., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Vujcic I.S., Dubljanin E., Vukovic R., Rasella D., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Effiong A., Pond C.D., Ehrlich J.R., Liu X., Wei M.Y.W., El Sayed I., El Tantawi M., El Sayed Zaki M., Elbarazi I., Tsai A.C., Elyazar I.R., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Eskandari K., Sharifi H., Halvaei I., Ghaffarifar F., Zaki L., Hasanpoor E., Esmaeilzadeh F., Etemadi A., Lan Q., Yeheyis T.Y., Etisso A.E., Ezekannagha O., e Farinha C.S., Farioli A., Violante F.S., Faris P.S., Mohammad D.K., Faro A., Lam J.O., Filip I., Fischer F., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Lazarus J.V., Straif K., Ghiasvand H., Ghith N., Norrving B., Mehta K.M., Mohamad O., Salama J.S., Ghosh R., Giampaoli S., Gilani S., Hameed S., Hanif A., Rana S.M., Uthman O.A., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A., Ginindza T.G., Tlou B., Tanser F.C., Gnedovskaya E.V., Kravchenko M.A., Piradov M.A., Golechha M., Goli S., Milne G.J., Schlaich M.P., Hankey G.J., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Goudarzi H., Rawassizadeh R., Grada A., Nsoesie E.O., Javaheri T., Rawaf S., Steel N., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guimaraes A.L.S., Guimaraes R.A., Guled R.A., Senbeta A.M., Hashi A., Omer M.O., Yousuf A.Y., Gupta S.S., Gupta T., Gupta R., Haagsma J.A., Polinder S., Hachinski V., Stranges S., Hamidi S., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tyrovolas S., Hasaballah A.I., Hassanipour S., Joukar F., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Jaafari J., Havmoeller R.J., Hayat K., Heibati B., Heidari G., Henok A., Hird T.R., Moraga P., Sigfusdottir I.D., Phillips M.R., Hole M.K., Hollingsworth B., Hopf K.P., Hosgood H., Hossain N., Mai H.T., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Pham H.Q., Nguyen D.N., Househ M., Hsairi M., Lin R., Hsieh V., Hwang B., Hu K., Humayun A., Hussain R., Ibeneme C.U., Ikeda N., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islami F., Yamagishi K., Iso H., Iwu C.C.D., Jacobsen K.H., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jia P., Osei F.B., Schutte A.E., Johansson L., Szocska M., Joo T., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Roshandel G., Oladnabi M., Kalani H., Kassa G.M., Katikireddi S.V., Yamada T., Nomura S., Kawakami N., Kayode G.A., Kromhout H., Traini E., Kumar M., Keiyoro P.N., Muriithi M.K., Wamai R.G., Khader Y.S., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khang Y., Khatab K., Khubchandani J., Yoon S., Shin M., Kim C., Kim Y., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Topor-Madry R., Lallukka T., Meretoja T.J., Shivakumar K.M., Knudsen A.S., Sulo G., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koul P.A., Krishan K., 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Abstract

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3.5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Published
2020

74. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Author

Shetty B.S.K., Stein C., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultan I., Szumowski L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S.K., Taddele B.W., Tadesse D.B., Taherkhani A., Tamiru A.T., Tanser F.C., Tareque M.I., Tarigan I.U., Teagle W.L., Tediosi F., Tefera Y.G.G., Tela F.G., Tessema Z.T., Thakur B., Titova M.V., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tovani-Palone M.R.R., Tran B.X., Travillian R., Troeger C.E., Tudor Car L., Uddin R., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Vacante M., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Vasseghian Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vongpradith A., Vos T., Waheed Y., Walters M.K., Wamai R.G., Wang H., Wang Y.-P., Weintraub R.G., Weiss J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wilner L.B., Woldu G., Wolfe C.D.A., Wu A.-M., Wulf Hanson S., Xie Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yearwood J.A., Yeshitila Y.G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaidi S.S., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zastrozhin M.S., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zlavog B.S., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Fullman N., Mumford J.E., Knight M., Barthelemy C.M., Abbafati C., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A.E., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abu Haimed A.K., Abushouk A.I., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adelson J., Adetokunboh O.O., Adham D., Advani S.M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agasthi P., Aghamir S.M.K., Agrawal A., Ahmad T., Akinyemi R.O., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Albertson S.B., Alemu Y.M., Alhassan R.K., Ali M., Ali S., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alla F., Almadi M.A.H., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Almulhim A.M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amini-Rarani M., Amiri F., Amit A.M.L., Amugsi D.A., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonio C.A.T., Antony C.M., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aravkin A.Y., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A.A., Athari S.S., Atout M.M.W., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Aynalem G.L., Ayza M.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., B D.B., Babaee E., Badiye A.D., Bahrami M.A., Baig A.A., Bakhshaei M.H., Bakhtiari A., Bakkannavar S.M., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Bante A.B., Bante S.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani 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Doshmangir L., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Edvardsson D., El Sayed I., El Tantawi M., Elgendy I.Y., Elyazar I.R., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esteghamati A., Ezekannagha O., Farag T., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Farinha C.S.E.S., Farioli A., Faris P.S., Faro A., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fu W., Fukumoto T., Furtado J.M., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gakidou E., Galles N.C., Gallus S., Gardner W.M., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebrehiwot A.M., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gitimoghaddam M., Giussani G., Glagn M., Gnedovskaya E.V., Godinho M.A., Goharinezhad S., Gopalani S.V., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart B.N.G., Gubari M.I.M., Guimaraes R.A., Guled R.A., Gultie T., Guo Y., Gupta R., 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Kalhor R., Kamath A.M., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karanikolos M., Karimi S.M., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Kneib C.J., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kohler S., Kopec J.A., Korotkova A.V., Korshunov V.A., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Kyu H.H., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Landires I., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Lau K.M.-M., Lauriola P., Lazarus J.V., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., Leever A.T., LeGrand K.E., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Li S., Lim S.S., Lim L.-L., Liu X., Logroscino G., Lopez A.D., Lopukhov P.D., Lotufo P.A., Lu A., Ma J., Madadin M., Mahasha P.W., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maleki S., Malta D.C., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Massenburg B.B., Mastrogiacomo C.I., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., McKee M., Medina-Solis C.E., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehrotra R., Mekonnen T., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Michalek I.M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mitchell P.B., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mosser J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Muriithi M.K., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Ngari K.N., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nnaji C.A., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Otoiu A., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar Bali A., Omer M.O., Ong K.L., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V.V., Ortiz A., Ostojic S.M., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Overland S., Owolabi M.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Palladino R., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pangaribuan H.U., Pathak M., Patton G.C., Paudel S., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pease S.A., Peden A.E., Pennini A., Peprah E.K., Pereira J., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pilz T.M., Pinheiro M., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Pourshams A., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rath G.K., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razo C., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D.C., Rickard J., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rubagotti E., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi M., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salem M.R.R., Salem H., Salomon J., Samadi Kafil H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Savic M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Schiavolin S., Schmidt M.I., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sha F., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharara F., Sharifi H., Shaw D.H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., 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P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Vasseghian Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vongpradith A., Vos T., Waheed Y., Walters M.K., Wamai R.G., Wang H., Wang Y.-P., Weintraub R.G., Weiss J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wilner L.B., Woldu G., Wolfe C.D.A., Wu A.-M., Wulf Hanson S., Xie Y., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yearwood J.A., Yeshitila Y.G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaidi S.S., Zaki L., Zaman S.B., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zastrozhin M.S., Zewdie K.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zlavog B.S., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Fullman N., Mumford J.E., Knight M., Barthelemy C.M., Abbafati C., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A.E., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abu Haimed A.K., Abushouk A.I., Adabi M., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adelson 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Bakhtiari A., Bakkannavar S.M., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Bante A.B., Bante S.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T.T., Bell M.L., Bensenor I.M., Berman A.E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Biondi A., Birihane B.M., Bockarie M.J., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Bolla S.R.R., Boloor A., Brady O.J., Braithwaite D., Briggs A.M., Briko N.I., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cederroth C.R., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chang A.Y., Charan J., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi S., Chin K.L., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Compton K., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Cousin E., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darega Gela J., Darwesh A.M., Daryani A., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., De Neve J.-W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Desai R., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Diaz D., Dippenaar I.N., Do H.T., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Edvardsson D., El Sayed I., El Tantawi M., Elgendy I.Y., Elyazar I.R., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esteghamati A., Ezekannagha O., Farag T., Farahmand M., Faraon E.J.A., Farinha C.S.E.S., Farioli A., Faris P.S., Faro A., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fu W., Fukumoto T., Furtado J.M., Gad M.M., Gaidhane A.M., Gakidou E., Galles N.C., Gallus 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Ikeda N., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam M.M., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Iso H., Iwu C.J., Jaafari J., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafarinia M., Jahagirdar D., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Janjani H., Javaheri T., Jayatilleke A.U., Jenabi E., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jia P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamath A.M., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karanikolos M., Karimi S.M., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khatib M.N., Khayamzadeh M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Kneib C.J., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kohler S., Kopec J.A., Korotkova A.V., Korshunov V.A., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Kyu H.H., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Landires I., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A.O., Lasrado S., Lau K.M.-M., Lauriola P., Lazarus J.V., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Lee S.W.H., Leever A.T., LeGrand K.E., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Li S., Lim S.S., Lim L.-L., Liu X., Logroscino G., Lopez A.D., Lopukhov P.D., Lotufo P.A., Lu A., Ma J., Madadin M., Mahasha P.W., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maleki S., Malta D.C., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Massenburg B.B., Mastrogiacomo C.I., Mathur M.R., McAlinden C., McKee M., Medina-Solis C.E., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehrotra R., Mekonnen T., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Michalek I.M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mitchell P.B., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mosser J.F., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Muriithi M.K., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naghavi M., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Ngari K.N., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nnaji C.A., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Otoiu A., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar Bali A., Omer M.O., Ong K.L., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V.V., Ortiz A., Ostojic S.M., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Overland S., Owolabi M.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Palladino R., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pangaribuan H.U., Pathak M., Patton G.C., Paudel S., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pease S.A., Peden A.E., Pennini A., Peprah E.K., Pereira J., Pigott D.M., Pilgrim T., Pilz T.M., Pinheiro M., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourmirza Kalhori R., Pourshams A., Prada S.I., Pribadi D.R.A., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rath G.K., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razo C., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro D.C., Rickard J., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rubagotti E., Rwegerera G.M., Sabour S., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Sadeghi M., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salem M.R.R., Salem H., Salomon J., Samadi Kafil H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Savic M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena D., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Schiavolin S., Schmidt M.I., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sha F., Shahabi S., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharara F., Sharifi H., Shaw D.H., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shrime M.G., Shuval K., Siabani S., Sierpinski R., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Simonetti B., Simpson K.E., Singh J.A., Singh P., Sinha D.N., Skryabin V.Y., Smith E.U.R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Soofi M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Spurlock E.E., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stanaway J.D., and Steel N.

Abstract

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Method(s): Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>=65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UH

Published
2020

75. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Author

Hird T.R., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Shin J., Shiri R., Sierpinski R., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D.A.S., Simonetti B., Singh A., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skou S.T., Skryabin V.Y., Zastrozhin M.S., Soheili A., Sokhan A., Somefun O.D., Korotkova A.V., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Sripada K., Stovner L.J., Stockfelt L., Sultan I., Swope C.B., Vaicekonyte R., Sykes B.L., Szumowski L., Tabb K.M., Tabuchi T., Taddele B.W., Tahir Z., Tareque M.I., Tarigan I.U., Taveira N., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Varughese S., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tsatsakis A., Vardavas C., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo C.D., Undurraga E.A., Upadhyay E., Vasankari T.J., Vasconcelos A.N., Veisani Y., Vidale S., Waheed Y., Wei J., Wang F., Zhao X.G., Wang Y., Yu C., Zhang Z., Wang H., Weiss J., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N.D., Wu A., Xie Y., Xu G., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S., Yilgwan C.S., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Younker T.P., Yu Y., Zaidi S., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zheleva B., Zhu C., Abbafati C., Machado D.B., Cislaghi B., Salman O.M., Karanikolos M., McKee M., Abbas K.M., Brady O.J., Larson H.J., Trias-Llimos S., Cummins S., Langan S.M., Sartorius B., Hafiz A., Jenabi E., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Borzouei S., Azarian G., Khazaei S., Abbasi M., Asghari B., Masoumi S., Komaki H., Taherkhani A., Adabi M., Abbasifard M., Bazmandegan G., Kamiab Z., Vakilian A., Anjomshoa M., Mokari A., Sabour S., Shahbaz M., Saeedi R., Ahmadieh H., Yousefinezhadi T., Haj-Mirzaian A., Nikbakhsh R., Safi S., Asgari S., Irvani S.N., Jahanmehr N., Ramezanzadeh K., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Khayamzadeh M., Abbastabar H., Shirkoohi R., Fazlzadeh M., Janjani H., Hosseini M., Mansournia M., Tohidinik H., Bakhtiari A., Fazaeli A., Mousavi S., Hasanzadeh A., Nabavizadeh B., Malekzadeh R., Hashemian M., Pourshams A., Salimzadeh H., Sepanlou S.G., Afarideh M., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Ghajar A., Heidari B., Rezaei N., Mohamadi E., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahim F., Eskandarieh S., Sahraian M., Mohebi F., Aminorroaya A., 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Khatib M., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Das J.K., Bibi S., Bilano V., Bin Sayeed M., Cherbuin N., D'Amico E., Grosso G., Borzi A.M., Biondi A., Vacante M., Valli A., Birihane B.M., Bisanzio D., Hassan S., Bjorge T., Overland S., Bockarie M.J., Mensah G.A., Sliwa K., Gholamian A., Bohlouli S., Esmaeilnejad S., Bohluli M., Bolla S.R., Borges G., Bose D., Bourne R., Brayne C., Breitborde N.J.K., Fisher J.L., Breitner S., Brenner H., Breusov A.V., Rakovac I., Briko N.I., Lopukhov P.D., Glushkova E.V., Korshunov V.A., Polibin R.V., Jakovljevic M., Briko A.N., Britton G.B., Castro F., Moreno Velasquez I., Burnett R.T., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F., Cai T., Hall B.J., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L.A., Valdez P.R., Tudor Car L., Cardenas R., Gorini G., Carreras G., Fernandes E., Freitas M., Pereira D.M., Santos J.V., Ribeiro D., Pinheiro M., Massano J., das Neves J., Dias da Silva D., Carvalho F., Costa V.M., Silva J.P., Morgado-da-Costa J., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Pakhale S., Cerin E., Yip P., Ho H., Chang J., Chang A.R., Chang K., Cooper O.R., Chaturvedi S., Chimed-Ochir O., Chirinos-Caceres J.L., Choi J.J., Christensen H., Truelsen T.C., Chu D., Kivimaki M., Chung S., Ward J.L., Chung M.T., Cirillo M., Virclo R., Classen T.K.D., Lauriola P., Corso B., Hugo F.N., Kieling C., Cousin E., Duncan B.B., Goulart B.N.G., Schmidt M.I., Stein C., Cowden R.G., MacLachlan J.H., Leigh J., Cross M., Ferreira M.L., Smith E.U.R., Driscoll T.R., Huda T.M., Hoy D.G., Horita N., Cross D.H., Dai H., Hu G., Damasceno A.A.M., Damiani G., La Vecchia C., Sanabria J., Pandey A., Mathur M.R., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Kumar G., Lal D.K., Hamagharib Abdullah K., Hosseinzadeh M., Darwesh A.M., Faraj A., Omar Bali A., Das Gupta R., Dash A.P., Davey G., Deribe K., Gebremedhin K.B., Wondmieneh A.B., Dereje N.D., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davletov K., Mereke A., Serdar B., Gebremeskel G.G., Haile T.G., Tadesse D.B., Weldesamuel G.T., Demoz G.T., Gebremeskel L.G., Woldu G., Handiso D., Dervenis N., Topouzis F., Desai R., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Emamian M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Nguyen T.H., Vu G.T., Do H.T., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Neupane S., Takala J.S., Doxey M.C., Doyle K.E., Renzaho A.M.N., Ogbo F.A., Robinson S.R., Vukovic A., Ilic I.M., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Vujcic I.S., Dubljanin E., Vukovic R., Rasella D., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Effiong A., Pond C.D., Ehrlich J.R., Liu X., Wei M.Y.W., El Sayed I., El Tantawi M., El Sayed Zaki M., Elbarazi I., Tsai A.C., Elyazar I.R., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Eskandari K., Sharifi H., Halvaei I., Ghaffarifar F., Zaki L., Hasanpoor E., Esmaeilzadeh F., Etemadi A., Lan Q., Yeheyis T.Y., Etisso A.E., Ezekannagha O., e Farinha C.S., Farioli A., Violante F.S., Faris P.S., Mohammad D.K., Faro A., Lam J.O., Filip I., Fischer F., Flor L.S., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gamkrelidze A., Kereselidze M., 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H., Hossain N., Mai H.T., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Pham H.Q., Nguyen D.N., Househ M., Hsairi M., Lin R., Hsieh V., Hwang B., Hu K., Humayun A., Hussain R., Ibeneme C.U., Ikeda N., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Iqbal U., Islami F., Yamagishi K., Iso H., Iwu C.C.D., Jacobsen K.H., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jia P., Osei F.B., Schutte A.E., Johansson L., Szocska M., Joo T., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Roshandel G., Oladnabi M., Kalani H., Kassa G.M., Katikireddi S.V., Yamada T., Nomura S., Kawakami N., Kayode G.A., Kromhout H., Traini E., Kumar M., Keiyoro P.N., Muriithi M.K., Wamai R.G., Khader Y.S., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khang Y., Khatab K., Khubchandani J., Yoon S., Shin M., Kim C., Kim Y., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Topor-Madry R., Lallukka T., Meretoja T.J., Shivakumar K.M., Knudsen A.S., Sulo G., Kosen S., Kotlo A., Koul P.A., Krishan K., KS S., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Yuce D., Rawat R., Meitei W.B., Kumar P., 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Moradi-Joo M., Morawska L., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Westerman R., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Mukhopadhyay S., Musa K., Mustafa G., Nagarajan A.J., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naik G., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Naimzada M., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Soshnikov S., Titova M.V., Nair S., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nansseu J., Sobngwi E., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ndejjo R., Ngari K.N., Ngunjiri J.W., Nigatu Y.T., Oancea B., Oh I., Okunga E.W., Olusanya J.O., Olusanya B.O., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Ortiz A., Soriano J.B., Osarenotor O., Ostojic S.M., Vlassov V., Pa M., Pangaribuan H.U., Park E., Pasupula D., Patel J.R., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak M., Pathak A., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Weintraub R.G., Paudel S., Pepito V.F., Thurston G.D., Peprah E.K., Pereira J., Pescarini J.M., Piccinelli C., Pilgrim T., Plass D., Pokhrel K.N., Prada S.I., Prakash V., Prakash S., Prasad N., Shigematsu M., Pribadi D.R.A., Sudaryanto A., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Ranabhat C.L., Ranta A., Ribeiro D.C., Rao S., Rawaf D.L., Rawal L., Renjith V., Rickard J., Roever L., Romoli M., Rostamian M., Rubagotti E., Rwegerera G.M., Ullah S., Sajadi S., Salam N., Salomon J.A., Salz I., Saraswathy S.Y., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sathian B., Savic M., Saylan M., Schwendicke F., Sekerija M., Senthilkumaran S., Sha F., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., and Shamsizadeh M.

Abstract

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Method(s): 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10-14 and 50-54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a B

Published
2020

76. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17.

Author

Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., Temsah M., Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., and Temsah M.

Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Method(s): We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Finding(s): While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62.6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT co

Published
2020

77. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author

Micah, A.E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S.D, Chapin, A., Cogswell, I.E., Crosby, S.W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M.T., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R.R., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z.H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Ahmed, M.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Babalola, T.K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A.A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Berman, A.E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V.K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H.T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, O.S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Islam, M.M., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S.L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J.B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S.W.H., Lim, L-L, Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M.M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Mantovani, L.G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J, Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, S., Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Oh, I-H, Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Pribadi, D.R.A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M.A., Salman, O.M., Salomon, J.A., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V.Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Ștefan, S.C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vasankari, T.J., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y., Murray, C.J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S.D, Chapin, A., Cogswell, I.E., Crosby, S.W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M.T., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R.R., Zlavog, B.S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z.H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Ahmed, M.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S.M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C.L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Babalola, T.K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A.A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Bärnighausen, T.W., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Berman, A.E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cámera, L.L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V.K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H.T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Fullman, N., Gad, M.M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H.L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S.I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N.J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M.K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, O.S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Islam, M.M., Jahani, M.A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S.L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J.B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J.J., Jürisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S.W.H., Lim, L-L, Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M.M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Mantovani, L.G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S.Z., Massenburg, B.B., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, E.W., Meretoja, T.J, Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A.H., Morrison, S.D., Mosser, J.F., Mousavi, S.M., Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, S., Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Oh, I-H, Olagunju, A.T., Olusanya, J.O., Olusanya, B.O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otstavnov, S.S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Pribadi, D.R.A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C.L., Rao, S.J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D.L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M.A., Salman, O.M., Salomon, J.A., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J.V., Santric Milicevic, M.M., Sao Jose, B.P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serván-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J.A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V.Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Ștefan, S.C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., van Boven, J.F.M., Vasankari, T.J., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C.D.A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y., Murray, C.J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.

Abstract

Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. Findings: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8–8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7–11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0–25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3–11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9–5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of

Published
2020

78. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019

Author

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Roth, GA, Mensah, GA, Johnson, CO, Addolorato, G, Ammirati, E, Baddour, LM, Barengo, NC, Beaton, AZ, Benjamin, EJ, Benziger, CP, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brodmann, M, Cahill, TJ, Carapetis, J, Catapano, AL, Chugh, SS, Cooper, LT, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, DeCleene, N, Eagle, KA, Emmons-Bell, S, Feigin, VL, Fernández-Solà, J, Fowkes, G, Gakidou, E, Grundy, SM, He, FJ, Howard, G, Hu, F, Inker, L, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Koroshetz, W, Lavie, C, Lloyd-Jones, D, Lu, HS, Mirijello, A, Temesgen, AM, Mokdad, A, Moran, AE, Muntner, P, Narula, J, Neal, B, Ntsekhe, M, Moraes de Oliveira, G, Otto, C, Owolabi, M, Pratt, M, Rajagopalan, S, Reitsma, M, Ribeiro, ALP, Rigotti, N, Rodgers, A, Sable, C, Shakil, S, Sliwa-Hahnle, K, Stark, B, Sundström, J, Timpel, P, Tleyjeh, IM, Valgimigli, M, Vos, T, Whelton, PK, Yacoub, M, Zuhlke, L, Murray, C, Fuster, V, Beaton, A, Carapetis, JR, Chugh, S, Criqui, MH, DeCleene, NK, Fernández-Sola, J, Fowkes, FGR, Kassebaum, NJ, Koroshetz, WJ, Misganaw, AT, Mokdad, AH, Oliveira, GMM, Otto, CM, Owolabi, MO, Reitsma, MB, Rigotti, NA, Sable, CA, Shakil, SS, Sliwa, K, Stark, BA, Tleyjeh, II, Zuhlke, LJ, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdi, A, Abedi, A, Aboyans, V, Abrha, WA, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Acharya, D, Adair, T, Adebayo, OM, Ademi, Z, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, MB, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akande-Sholabi, W, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Alahdab, F, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhabib, KF, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Amegah, AK, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, T, Andrei, CL, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anteneh, ZA, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Anwer, R, Appiah, LT, Arabloo, J, Ärnlöv, J, Artanti, KD, Ataro, Z, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayele, HT, Ayza, MA, Azari, S, B, DB, Baheiraei, N, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Baptista, EA, Barboza, MA, Barua, L, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Béjot, Y, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berman, AE, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Brant, LC, Brenner, H, Briko, NI, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Charan, J, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Chin, KL, Choi, J-YJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cirillo, M, Coffey, S, Conti, S, Costa, VM, Cundiff, DK, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Damasceno, AAM, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davletov, K, De la Cruz-Góngora, V, De la Hoz, FP, De Neve, J-W, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, BT, Desai, R, Deuschl, G, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, M, Dhungana, RR, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dokova, K, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Eagan, AW, Ebtehaj, S, Eftekhari, A, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Esteghamati, S, Etisso, AE, Eyawo, O, Fadhil, I, Faraon, EJA, Faris, PS, Farwati, M, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Fernandez Prendes, C, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Ganji, M, Garg, J, Gebre, AK, Gebregiorgis, BG, Gebregzabiher, KZ, Gebremeskel, GG, Getacher, L, Obsa, AG, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Golechha, M, Gonfa, KB, Goudarzian, AH, Goulart, AC, Guadamuz, JS, Guha, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, TG, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hartono, RK, Hashemian, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Ibeneme, CU, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Islam, RM, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Jain, V, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Jonnagaddala, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahlon, T, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kamel, I, Kandel, H, Kandel, A, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Khader, YS, Khammarnia, M, Khan, MS, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, EA, Khatab, K, Kibria, GMA, Kim, YJ, Kim, GR, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimäki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Korshunov, VA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kwan, GF, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lauriola, P, Lawrence, WR, Laxmaiah, A, LeGrand, KE, Li, M-C, Li, B, Li, S, Lim, SS, Lim, L-L, Lin, H, Lin, Z, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lopez, AD, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lugo, A, M, NK, Madotto, F, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mamun, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mathur, MR, Mazzaglia, G, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, H, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, DK, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, MA, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Montasir, AA, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velásquez, I, Morze, J, Mubarik, S, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Nalini, M, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Nascimento, BR, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Nazarzadeh, M, Negoi, RI, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, HLT, Nixon, MR, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nouthe, BE, Nowak, C, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Ortiz, A, Ostroff, SM, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Parekh, U, Park, E-C, Parvizi, M, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, UK, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pepito, VCF, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pham, HQ, Pilgrim, T, Piradov, MA, Pishgar, F, Podder, V, Polibin, RV, Pourshams, A, Pribadi, DRA, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ur Rahman, MH, Rahman, Muhammad, Rahmani, AM, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramalingam, S, Rana, J, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawal, L, Rawasia, WF, Rawassizadeh, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Roberts-Thomson, RL, Roever, L, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, Saadatagah, S, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, S, Sahebkar, A, Salehi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathish, T, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shahid, I, Shaikh, MA, Shamali, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, JI, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, TJ, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Mtech, AS, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soheili, A, Spurlock, EE, Stockfelt, L, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Tadbiri, H, Tadesse, EG, Tadesse, DB, Tajdini, M, Tariqujjaman, M, Teklehaimanot, BF, Temsah, M-H, Tesema, AK, Thakur, B, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thrift, AG, Timalsina, B, Tonelli, M, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tripathi, A, Tripathy, JP, Truelsen, TC, Tsegay, GM, Tsegaye, GW, Tsilimparis, N, Tusa, BS, Tyrovolas, S, Umapathi, KK, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Usman, MS, Vaduganathan, M, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Velazquez, DZ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vu, GT, Vujcic, IS, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, F, Wei, J, Weintraub, RG, Weldemariam, AH, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Wiysonge, CS, Wolfe, CDA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yan, LL, Yandrapalli, S, Yano, Y, Yatsuya, H, Yeheyis, TY, Yeshaw, Y, Yilgwan, CS, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Zachariah, G, Zaman, SB, Zaman, MS, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zarghi, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, W, Zhong, C, Zou, Z, Zuniga, YMH, and Murray, CJL

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019.Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside hi

Published
2020

79. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis

Author

Deshpande, A, Miller-Petrie, MK, Johnson, KB, Abdoli, A, Abrigo, MRM, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adinarayanan, S, Ahmadpour, E, Ahmed, MB, Akalu, TY, Alanzi, TM, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Amit, AML, Anber, NH, Ancuceanu, R, Andualem, Z, Ansari, F, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arnold, BF, Ausloos, M, Ayanore, MA, Badirzadeh, A, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Baraki, AG, Bärnighausen, TW, Bayati, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bockarie, MJ, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, RK, Bohlouli, S, Cano, J, Carvalho, F, Chattu, VK, Chavshin, C, Cormier, NM, Cromwell, EA, Schmidt, CA, Kwong, KT, Damiani, G, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Darwesh, AM, Daryani, A, Dash, AP, Deribe, K, Dessu, B, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Do, HT, Earl, L, El Tantawi, M, Faraj, A, Fattahi, N, Fernandes, E, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Foroutan, M, Guo, Y, Hailu, GB, Hasaballah, AI, Hassankhani, H, Herteliu, C, de Hidru, HD, Hon, J, Hole, MK, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Humayun, A, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, Jozwiak, JJ, Kabir, A, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karimi, S, Kasaeian, A, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kayode, GA, Kelbore, AG, Khafaie, MA, Khalilov, R, Deshpande, A, Miller-Petrie, MK, Johnson, KB, Abdoli, A, Abrigo, MRM, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adinarayanan, S, Ahmadpour, E, Ahmed, MB, Akalu, TY, Alanzi, TM, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Amit, AML, Anber, NH, Ancuceanu, R, Andualem, Z, Ansari, F, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arnold, BF, Ausloos, M, Ayanore, MA, Badirzadeh, A, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Baraki, AG, Bärnighausen, TW, Bayati, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bockarie, MJ, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, RK, Bohlouli, S, Cano, J, Carvalho, F, Chattu, VK, Chavshin, C, Cormier, NM, Cromwell, EA, Schmidt, CA, Kwong, KT, Damiani, G, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Darwesh, AM, Daryani, A, Dash, AP, Deribe, K, Dessu, B, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Do, HT, Earl, L, El Tantawi, M, Faraj, A, Fattahi, N, Fernandes, E, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Foroutan, M, Guo, Y, Hailu, GB, Hasaballah, AI, Hassankhani, H, Herteliu, C, de Hidru, HD, Hon, J, Hole, MK, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Humayun, A, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Shariful Islam, Sheikh, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, Jozwiak, JJ, Kabir, A, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karimi, S, Kasaeian, A, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kayode, GA, Kelbore, AG, Khafaie, MA, and Khalilov, R

Abstract

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods: A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings: We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation: Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the p

Published
2020

80. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author

Micah, AE, Su, Y, Bachmeier, SD, Chapin, A, Cogswell, IE, Crosby, SW, Cunningham, B, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, MT, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Zende, RR, Zlavog, BS, Abbafati, C, Abebo, ZH, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Babalola, TK, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, SK, Barnighausen, TW, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Berman, AE, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, LLAA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, VK, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Hoa, TD, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Fullman, N, Gad, MM, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Bidgoli, HH, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Henry, NJ, Herteliu, C, Hole, MK, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, TM, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Ilesanmi, OS, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SS, Islam, SMS, Islam, MM, Jahani, MA, Jakovljevic, M, James, SL, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, JB, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Matin, BK, Karimi, SE, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lee, SWH, Lim, L-L, Lozano, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Mahdavi, MM, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martinez, G, Masoumi, SZ, Massenburg, BB, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Meretoja, TJ, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Kostova, NM, Miller, TR, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Darwesh, AM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Mousavi, SM, Muriithi, MK, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C-Y, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Cuong, TN, Huong, LTN, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, JJ, Oh, I-H, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, JO, Olusanya, BO, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otstavnov, SS, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, MJ, Prada, SI, Pribadi, DRA, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, MA, Salman, OM, Salomon, JA, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMS, Jose, BPS, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, MA, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, MG, Simonetti, B, Singh, JA, Singh, P, Skryabin, VY, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, SC, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Travillian, R, Undurraga, EA, Valdez, PR, van Boven, JFM, Vasankari, TJ, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, CDA, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Bin Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, Y, Murray, CJL, Dieleman, JL, Micah, AE, Su, Y, Bachmeier, SD, Chapin, A, Cogswell, IE, Crosby, SW, Cunningham, B, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, MT, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Zende, RR, Zlavog, BS, Abbafati, C, Abebo, ZH, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Babalola, TK, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, SK, Barnighausen, TW, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Berman, AE, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, LLAA, 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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. FINDINGS: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8-8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7-11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0-25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3-11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9-5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of

Published
2020

81. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. 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(Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. 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(Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. 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(Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. 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T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Bin Sayeed, M. S. (Muhammad Shahdaat), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Brown, A. (Alexandria), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Rincon, J. C. (Julio Cesar Campuzano), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chalise, B. (Binaya), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Dadi, A. F. (Abel Fekadu Fekadu), Dahiru, T. (Tukur), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Enany, S. (Shymaa), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Faraon, E. J. (Emerito Jose A.), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fasil, A. F. (Alebachew Fasil), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fekadu, W. (Wubalem), Fentahun, N. (Netsanet), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Frostad, J. J. (Joseph Jon), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Garcia, G. M. (Gregory M.), Gatotoh, A. M. (Augustine Mwangi), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Geramo, Y. C. (Yilma Chisha Dea), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kusuma, D. (Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, A. (Aparna), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lebedev, G. (Georgy), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Lewycka, S. (Sonia), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, Q. P. (QuynhAnh P.), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)

Abstract

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0)

Published
2020

82. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Hawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel W.), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Weaver, M. (Marcia), Weji, B. G. (Bedilu Girma), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Welgan, C. A. (Catherine A.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. 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(Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)

Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall O

Published
2020

83. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Lozano, R, Fullman, N, Mumford, J, Knight, M, Barthelemy, C, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu Haimed, A, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Akinyemi, R, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Albertson, S, Alemu, Y, Alhassan, R, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Almadi, M, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almulhim, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Athari, S, Atout, M, Ausloos, 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Abstract

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC e

Published
2020

86. Application of tri-hybridized carbonaceous nanocutting fluids in an end milling operation by the minimum quantity lubrication technique.

Author

Vignesh, S. and Mohammed Iqbal, U.

Abstract

This paper is concentrated on the exploration of carbonaceous nanocutting fluids with the concept of tri-hybridization with improved lubricative and cooling properties by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes, hexagonal boron nitride, and graphene nanoparticles with neat cold-pressed coconut oil in a fixed volumetric proportion. The rheological properties of the nanofluids were studied to assess their performance in real-time end milling operations using an AA7075 work piece on a CNC lathe machine under a minimum quantity lubrication environment. At the outset, the carbonaceous nanofluids gave good performance when compared to conventional cutting fluids. Furthermore, the surfaces of the tribo-pairs and the chips formed were analyzed using a profilometer and high-end microscopes. The results obtained from the experiments confirm that the tri-hybridized carbonaceous nanolubricant has reduced the cutting force, tool wear, and surface roughness when correlated to monotype nanofluids. The scanning electron microscope images of the surface and tool were studied and it was found that the surface quality was maintained while end milling with tri-hybridized carbonaceous nanofluid. Improvement of ∼17%, 20% and 25% in cutting forces, surface roughness and tool wear was found in tri-hybrid fluid when compared to other fluids. Thus, the present work indicates that the addition of carbon-based nanoparticles with coconut oil has offered better performance and is found to be a credible alternative to existing conventional cutting fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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97. Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))

Author

Stanaway, J.D. Afshin, A. Gakidou, E. Lim, S.S. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adane, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, A. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, S. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Ali, K. Ali, S.M. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. 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Abstract

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Published
2019

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