Skip to search
Skip to main content
Back to Search
Start Over
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019
Authors :
Roth, GA Mensah, GA Johnson, CO Addolorato, G Ammirati, E Baddour, LM Barengo, NC Beaton, AZ Benjamin, EJ Benziger, CP Bonny, A Brauer, M Brodmann, M Cahill, TJ Carapetis, J Catapano, AL Chugh, SS Cooper, LT Coresh, J Criqui, M DeCleene, N Eagle, KA Emmons-Bell, S Feigin, VL Fernández-Solà, J Fowkes, G Gakidou, E Grundy, SM He, FJ Howard, G Hu, F Inker, L Karthikeyan, G Kassebaum, N Koroshetz, W Lavie, C Lloyd-Jones, D Lu, HS Mirijello, A Temesgen, AM Mokdad, A Moran, AE Muntner, P Narula, J Neal, B Ntsekhe, M Moraes de Oliveira, G Otto, C Owolabi, M Pratt, M Rajagopalan, S Reitsma, M Ribeiro, ALP Rigotti, N Rodgers, A Sable, C Shakil, S Sliwa-Hahnle, K Stark, B Sundström, J Timpel, P Tleyjeh, IM Valgimigli, M Vos, T Whelton, PK Yacoub, M Zuhlke, L Murray, C Fuster, V Beaton, A Carapetis, JR Chugh, S Criqui, MH DeCleene, NK Fernández-Sola, J Fowkes, FGR Kassebaum, NJ Koroshetz, WJ Misganaw, AT Mokdad, AH Oliveira, GMM Otto, CM Owolabi, MO Reitsma, MB Rigotti, NA Sable, CA Shakil, SS Sliwa, K Stark, BA Tleyjeh, II Zuhlke, LJ Abbasi-Kangevari, M Abdi, A Abedi, A Aboyans, V Abrha, WA Abu-Gharbieh, E Abushouk, AI Acharya, D Adair, T Adebayo, OM Ademi, Z Advani, SM Afshari, K Afshin, A Agarwal, G Agasthi, P Ahmad, S Ahmadi, S Ahmed, MB Aji, B Akalu, Y Akande-Sholabi, W Aklilu, A Akunna, CJ Alahdab, F Al-Eyadhy, A Alhabib, KF Alif, SM Alipour, V Aljunid, SM Alla, F Almasi-Hashiani, A Almustanyir, S Al-Raddadi, RM Amegah, AK Amini, S Aminorroaya, A Amu, H Amugsi, DA Ancuceanu, R Anderlini, D Andrei, T Andrei, CL Ansari-Moghaddam, A Anteneh, ZA Antonazzo, IC Antony, B Anwer, R Appiah, LT Arabloo, J Ärnlöv, J Artanti, KD Ataro, Z Ausloos, M Avila-Burgos, L Awan, AT Awoke, MA Ayele, HT Ayza, MA Azari, S B, DB Baheiraei, N Baig, AA Bakhtiari, A Banach, M Banik, PC Baptista, EA Barboza, MA Barua, L Basu, S Bedi, N Béjot, Y Bennett, DA Bensenor, IM Berman, AE Bezabih, YM Bhagavathula, AS Bhaskar, S Bhattacharyya, K Bijani, A Bikbov, B Birhanu, MM Boloor, A Brant, LC Brenner, H Briko, NI Butt, ZA Caetano dos Santos, FL Cahill, LE Cahuana-Hurtado, L Cámera, LA Campos-Nonato, IR Cantu-Brito, C Car, J Carrero, JJ Carvalho, F Castañeda-Orjuela, CA Catalá-López, F Cerin, E Charan, J Chattu, VK Chen, S Chin, KL Choi, J-YJ Chu, D-T Chung, S-C Cirillo, M Coffey, S Conti, S Costa, VM Cundiff, DK Dadras, O Dagnew, B Dai, X Damasceno, AAM Dandona, L Dandona, R Davletov, K De la Cruz-Góngora, V De la Hoz, FP De Neve, J-W Denova-Gutiérrez, E Derbew Molla, M Derseh, BT Desai, R Deuschl, G Dharmaratne, SD Dhimal, M Dhungana, RR Dianatinasab, M Diaz, D Djalalinia, S Dokova, K Douiri, A Duncan, BB Duraes, AR Eagan, AW Ebtehaj, S Eftekhari, A Eftekharzadeh, S Ekholuenetale, M El Nahas, N Elgendy, IY Elhadi, M El-Jaafary, SI Esteghamati, S Etisso, AE Eyawo, O Fadhil, I Faraon, EJA Faris, PS Farwati, M Farzadfar, F Fernandes, E Fernandez Prendes, C Ferrara, P Filip, I Fischer, F Flood, D Fukumoto, T Gad, MM Gaidhane, S Ganji, M Garg, J Gebre, AK Gebregiorgis, BG Gebregzabiher, KZ Gebremeskel, GG Getacher, L Obsa, AG Ghajar, A Ghashghaee, A Ghith, N Giampaoli, S Gilani, SA Gill, PS Gillum, RF Glushkova, EV Gnedovskaya, EV Golechha, M Gonfa, KB Goudarzian, AH Goulart, AC Guadamuz, JS Guha, A Guo, Y Gupta, R Hachinski, V Hafezi-Nejad, N Haile, TG Hamadeh, RR Hamidi, S Hankey, GJ Hargono, A Hartono, RK Hashemian, M Hashi, A Hassan, S Hassen, HY Havmoeller, RJ Hay, SI Hayat, K Heidari, G Herteliu, C Holla, R Hosseini, M Hosseinzadeh, M Hostiuc, M Hostiuc, S Househ, M Huang, J Humayun, A Iavicoli, I Ibeneme, CU Ibitoye, SE Ilesanmi, OS Ilic, IM Ilic, MD Iqbal, U Irvani, SSN Shariful Islam, Sheikh Islam, RM Iso, H Iwagami, M Jain, V Javaheri, T Jayapal, SK Jayaram, S Jayawardena, R Jeemon, P Jha, RP Jonas, JB Jonnagaddala, J Joukar, F Jozwiak, JJ Jürisson, M Kabir, A Kahlon, T Kalani, R Kalhor, R Kamath, A Kamel, I Kandel, H Kandel, A Karch, A Kasa, AS Katoto, PDMC Kayode, GA Khader, YS Khammarnia, M Khan, MS Khan, MN Khan, M Khan, EA Khatab, K Kibria, GMA Kim, YJ Kim, GR Kimokoti, RW Kisa, S Kisa, A Kivimäki, M Kolte, D Koolivand, A Korshunov, VA Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL Koyanagi, A Krishan, K Krishnamoorthy, V Kuate Defo, B Kucuk Bicer, B Kulkarni, V Kumar, GA Kumar, N Kurmi, OP Kusuma, D Kwan, GF La Vecchia, C Lacey, B Lallukka, T Lan, Q Lasrado, S Lassi, ZS Lauriola, P Lawrence, WR Laxmaiah, A LeGrand, KE Li, M-C Li, B Li, S Lim, SS Lim, L-L Lin, H Lin, Z Lin, R-T Liu, X Lopez, AD Lorkowski, S Lotufo, PA Lugo, A M, NK Madotto, F Mahmoudi, M Majeed, A Malekzadeh, R Malik, AA Mamun, AA Manafi, N Mansournia, MA Mantovani, LG Martini, S Mathur, MR Mazzaglia, G Mehata, S Mehndiratta, MM Meier, T Menezes, RG Meretoja, A Mestrovic, T Miazgowski, B Miazgowski, T Michalek, IM Miller, TR Mirrakhimov, EM Mirzaei, H Moazen, B Moghadaszadeh, M Mohammad, Y Mohammad, DK Mohammed, S Mohammed, MA Mokhayeri, Y Molokhia, M Montasir, AA Moradi, G Moradzadeh, R Moraga, P Morawska, L Moreno Velásquez, I Morze, J Mubarik, S Muruet, W Musa, KI Nagarajan, AJ Nalini, M Nangia, V Naqvi, AA Narasimha Swamy, S Nascimento, BR Nayak, VC Nazari, J Nazarzadeh, M Negoi, RI Neupane Kandel, S Nguyen, HLT Nixon, MR Norrving, B Noubiap, JJ Nouthe, BE Nowak, C Odukoya, OO Ogbo, FA Olagunju, AT Orru, H Ortiz, A Ostroff, SM Padubidri, JR Palladino, R Pana, A Panda-Jonas, S Parekh, U Park, E-C Parvizi, M Pashazadeh Kan, F Patel, UK Pathak, M Paudel, R Pepito, VCF Perianayagam, A Perico, N Pham, HQ Pilgrim, T Piradov, MA Pishgar, F Podder, V Polibin, RV Pourshams, A Pribadi, DRA Rabiee, N Rabiee, M Radfar, A Rafiei, A Rahim, F Rahimi-Movaghar, V Ur Rahman, MH Rahman, Muhammad Rahmani, AM Rakovac, I Ram, P Ramalingam, S Rana, J Ranasinghe, P Rao, SJ Rathi, P Rawal, L Rawasia, WF Rawassizadeh, R Remuzzi, G Renzaho, AMN Rezapour, A Riahi, SM Roberts-Thomson, RL Roever, L Rohloff, P Romoli, M Roshandel, G Rwegerera, GM Saadatagah, S Saber-Ayad, MM Sabour, S Sacco, S Sadeghi, M Saeedi Moghaddam, S Safari, S Sahebkar, A Salehi, S Salimzadeh, H Samaei, M Samy, AM Santos, IS Santric-Milicevic, MM Sarrafzadegan, N Sarveazad, A Sathish, T Sawhney, M Saylan, M Schmidt, MI Schutte, AE Senthilkumaran, S Sepanlou, SG Sha, F Shahabi, S Shahid, I Shaikh, MA Shamali, M Shamsizadeh, M Shawon, MSR Sheikh, A Shigematsu, M Shin, M-J Shin, JI Shiri, R Shiue, I Shuval, K Siabani, S Siddiqi, TJ Silva, DAS Singh, JA Mtech, AS Skryabin, VY Skryabina, AA Soheili, A Spurlock, EE Stockfelt, L Stortecky, S Stranges, S Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R Tadbiri, H Tadesse, EG Tadesse, DB Tajdini, M Tariqujjaman, M Teklehaimanot, BF Temsah, M-H Tesema, AK Thakur, B Thankappan, KR Thapar, R Thrift, AG Timalsina, B Tonelli, M Touvier, M Tovani-Palone, MR Tripathi, A Tripathy, JP Truelsen, TC Tsegay, GM Tsegaye, GW Tsilimparis, N Tusa, BS Tyrovolas, S Umapathi, KK Unim, B Unnikrishnan, B Usman, MS Vaduganathan, M Valdez, PR Vasankari, TJ Velazquez, DZ Venketasubramanian, N Vu, GT Vujcic, IS Waheed, Y Wang, Y Wang, F Wei, J Weintraub, RG Weldemariam, AH Westerman, R Winkler, AS Wiysonge, CS Wolfe, CDA Wubishet, BL Xu, G Yadollahpour, A Yamagishi, K Yan, LL Yandrapalli, S Yano, Y Yatsuya, H Yeheyis, TY Yeshaw, Y Yilgwan, CS Yonemoto, N Yu, C Yusefzadeh, H Zachariah, G Zaman, SB Zaman, MS Zamanian, M Zand, R Zandifar, A Zarghi, A Zastrozhin, MS Zastrozhina, A Zhang, Z-J Zhang, Y Zhang, W Zhong, C Zou, Z Zuniga, YMH Murray, CJL Roth, GA Mensah, GA Johnson, CO Addolorato, G Ammirati, E Baddour, LM Barengo, NC Beaton, AZ Benjamin, EJ Benziger, CP Bonny, A Brauer, M Brodmann, M Cahill, TJ Carapetis, J Catapano, AL Chugh, SS Cooper, LT Coresh, J Criqui, M DeCleene, N Eagle, KA Emmons-Bell, S Feigin, VL Fernández-Solà, J Fowkes, G Gakidou, E Grundy, SM He, FJ Howard, G Hu, F Inker, L Karthikeyan, G Kassebaum, N Koroshetz, W Lavie, C Lloyd-Jones, D Lu, HS Mirijello, A Temesgen, AM Mokdad, A Moran, AE Muntner, P Narula, J Neal, B Ntsekhe, M Moraes de Oliveira, G Otto, C Owolabi, M Pratt, M Rajagopalan, S Reitsma, M Ribeiro, ALP Rigotti, N Rodgers, A Sable, C Shakil, S Sliwa-Hahnle, K Stark, B Sundström, J Timpel, P Tleyjeh, IM Valgimigli, M Vos, T Whelton, PK Yacoub, M Zuhlke, L Murray, C Fuster, V Beaton, A Carapetis, JR Chugh, S Criqui, MH DeCleene, NK Fernández-Sola, J Fowkes, FGR Kassebaum, NJ Koroshetz, WJ Misganaw, AT Mokdad, AH Oliveira, GMM Otto, CM Owolabi, MO Reitsma, MB Rigotti, NA Sable, CA Shakil, SS Sliwa, K Stark, BA Tleyjeh, II Zuhlke, LJ Abbasi-Kangevari, M Abdi, A Abedi, A Aboyans, V Abrha, WA Abu-Gharbieh, E Abushouk, AI Acharya, D Adair, T Adebayo, OM Ademi, Z Advani, SM Afshari, K Afshin, A Agarwal, G Agasthi, P Ahmad, S Ahmadi, S Ahmed, MB Aji, B Akalu, Y Akande-Sholabi, W Aklilu, A Akunna, CJ Alahdab, F Al-Eyadhy, A Alhabib, KF Alif, SM Alipour, V Aljunid, SM Alla, F Almasi-Hashiani, A Almustanyir, S Al-Raddadi, RM Amegah, AK Amini, S Aminorroaya, A Amu, H Amugsi, DA Ancuceanu, R Anderlini, D Andrei, T Andrei, CL Ansari-Moghaddam, A Anteneh, ZA Antonazzo, IC Antony, B Anwer, R Appiah, LT Arabloo, J Ärnlöv, J Artanti, KD Ataro, Z Ausloos, M Avila-Burgos, L Awan, AT Awoke, MA Ayele, HT Ayza, MA Azari, S B, DB Baheiraei, N Baig, AA Bakhtiari, A Banach, M Banik, PC Baptista, EA Barboza, MA Barua, L Basu, S Bedi, N Béjot, Y Bennett, DA Bensenor, IM Berman, AE Bezabih, YM Bhagavathula, AS Bhaskar, S Bhattacharyya, K Bijani, A Bikbov, B Birhanu, MM Boloor, A Brant, LC Brenner, H Briko, NI Butt, ZA Caetano dos Santos, FL Cahill, LE Cahuana-Hurtado, L Cámera, LA Campos-Nonato, IR Cantu-Brito, C Car, J Carrero, JJ Carvalho, F Castañeda-Orjuela, CA Catalá-López, F Cerin, E Charan, J Chattu, VK Chen, S Chin, KL Choi, J-YJ Chu, D-T Chung, S-C Cirillo, M Coffey, S Conti, S Costa, VM Cundiff, DK Dadras, O Dagnew, B Dai, X Damasceno, AAM Dandona, L Dandona, R Davletov, K De la Cruz-Góngora, V De la Hoz, FP De Neve, J-W Denova-Gutiérrez, E Derbew Molla, M Derseh, BT Desai, R Deuschl, G Dharmaratne, SD Dhimal, M Dhungana, RR Dianatinasab, M Diaz, D Djalalinia, S Dokova, K Douiri, A Duncan, BB Duraes, AR Eagan, AW Ebtehaj, S Eftekhari, A Eftekharzadeh, S Ekholuenetale, M El Nahas, N Elgendy, IY Elhadi, M El-Jaafary, SI Esteghamati, S Etisso, AE Eyawo, O Fadhil, I Faraon, EJA Faris, PS Farwati, M Farzadfar, F Fernandes, E Fernandez Prendes, C Ferrara, P Filip, I Fischer, F Flood, D Fukumoto, T Gad, MM Gaidhane, S Ganji, M Garg, J Gebre, AK Gebregiorgis, BG Gebregzabiher, KZ Gebremeskel, GG Getacher, L Obsa, AG Ghajar, A Ghashghaee, A Ghith, N Giampaoli, S Gilani, SA Gill, PS Gillum, RF Glushkova, EV Gnedovskaya, EV Golechha, M Gonfa, KB Goudarzian, AH Goulart, AC Guadamuz, JS Guha, A Guo, Y Gupta, R Hachinski, V Hafezi-Nejad, N Haile, TG Hamadeh, RR Hamidi, S Hankey, GJ Hargono, A Hartono, RK Hashemian, M Hashi, A Hassan, S Hassen, HY Havmoeller, RJ Hay, SI Hayat, K Heidari, G Herteliu, C Holla, R Hosseini, M Hosseinzadeh, M Hostiuc, M Hostiuc, S Househ, M Huang, J Humayun, A Iavicoli, I Ibeneme, CU Ibitoye, SE Ilesanmi, OS Ilic, IM Ilic, MD Iqbal, U Irvani, SSN Shariful Islam, Sheikh Islam, RM Iso, H Iwagami, M Jain, V Javaheri, T Jayapal, SK Jayaram, S Jayawardena, R Jeemon, P Jha, RP Jonas, JB Jonnagaddala, J Joukar, F Jozwiak, JJ Jürisson, M Kabir, A Kahlon, T Kalani, R Kalhor, R Kamath, A Kamel, I Kandel, H Kandel, A Karch, A Kasa, AS Katoto, PDMC Kayode, GA Khader, YS Khammarnia, M Khan, MS Khan, MN Khan, M Khan, EA Khatab, K Kibria, GMA Kim, YJ Kim, GR Kimokoti, RW Kisa, S Kisa, A Kivimäki, M Kolte, D Koolivand, A Korshunov, VA Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL Koyanagi, A Krishan, K Krishnamoorthy, V Kuate Defo, B Kucuk Bicer, B Kulkarni, V Kumar, GA Kumar, N Kurmi, OP Kusuma, D Kwan, GF La Vecchia, C Lacey, B Lallukka, T Lan, Q Lasrado, S Lassi, ZS Lauriola, P Lawrence, WR Laxmaiah, A LeGrand, KE Li, M-C Li, B Li, S Lim, SS Lim, L-L Lin, H Lin, Z Lin, R-T Liu, X Lopez, AD Lorkowski, S Lotufo, PA Lugo, A M, NK Madotto, F Mahmoudi, M Majeed, A Malekzadeh, R Malik, AA Mamun, AA Manafi, N Mansournia, MA Mantovani, LG Martini, S Mathur, MR Mazzaglia, G Mehata, S Mehndiratta, MM Meier, T Menezes, RG Meretoja, A Mestrovic, T Miazgowski, B Miazgowski, T Michalek, IM Miller, TR Mirrakhimov, EM Mirzaei, H Moazen, B Moghadaszadeh, M Mohammad, Y Mohammad, DK Mohammed, S Mohammed, MA Mokhayeri, Y Molokhia, M Montasir, AA Moradi, G Moradzadeh, R Moraga, P Morawska, L Moreno Velásquez, I Morze, J Mubarik, S Muruet, W Musa, KI Nagarajan, AJ Nalini, M Nangia, V Naqvi, AA Narasimha Swamy, S Nascimento, BR Nayak, VC Nazari, J Nazarzadeh, M Negoi, RI Neupane Kandel, S Nguyen, HLT Nixon, MR Norrving, B Noubiap, JJ Nouthe, BE Nowak, C Odukoya, OO Ogbo, FA Olagunju, AT Orru, H Ortiz, A Ostroff, SM Padubidri, JR Palladino, R Pana, A Panda-Jonas, S Parekh, U Park, E-C Parvizi, M Pashazadeh Kan, F Patel, UK Pathak, M Paudel, R Pepito, VCF Perianayagam, A Perico, N Pham, HQ Pilgrim, T Piradov, MA Pishgar, F Podder, V Polibin, RV Pourshams, A Pribadi, DRA Rabiee, N Rabiee, M Radfar, A Rafiei, A Rahim, F Rahimi-Movaghar, V Ur Rahman, MH Rahman, Muhammad Rahmani, AM Rakovac, I Ram, P Ramalingam, S Rana, J Ranasinghe, P Rao, SJ Rathi, P Rawal, L Rawasia, WF Rawassizadeh, R Remuzzi, G Renzaho, AMN Rezapour, A Riahi, SM Roberts-Thomson, RL Roever, L Rohloff, P Romoli, M Roshandel, G Rwegerera, GM Saadatagah, S Saber-Ayad, MM Sabour, S Sacco, S Sadeghi, M Saeedi Moghaddam, S Safari, S Sahebkar, A Salehi, S Salimzadeh, H Samaei, M Samy, AM Santos, IS Santric-Milicevic, MM Sarrafzadegan, N Sarveazad, A Sathish, T Sawhney, M Saylan, M Schmidt, MI Schutte, AE Senthilkumaran, S Sepanlou, SG Sha, F Shahabi, S Shahid, I Shaikh, MA Shamali, M Shamsizadeh, M Shawon, MSR Sheikh, A Shigematsu, M Shin, M-J Shin, JI Shiri, R Shiue, I Shuval, K Siabani, S Siddiqi, TJ Silva, DAS Singh, JA Mtech, AS Skryabin, VY Skryabina, AA Soheili, A Spurlock, EE Stockfelt, L Stortecky, S Stranges, S Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R Tadbiri, H Tadesse, EG Tadesse, DB Tajdini, M Tariqujjaman, M Teklehaimanot, BF Temsah, M-H Tesema, AK Thakur, B Thankappan, KR Thapar, R Thrift, AG Timalsina, B Tonelli, M Touvier, M Tovani-Palone, MR Tripathi, A Tripathy, JP Truelsen, TC Tsegay, GM Tsegaye, GW Tsilimparis, N Tusa, BS Tyrovolas, S Umapathi, KK Unim, B Unnikrishnan, B Usman, MS Vaduganathan, M Valdez, PR Vasankari, TJ Velazquez, DZ Venketasubramanian, N Vu, GT Vujcic, IS Waheed, Y Wang, Y Wang, F Wei, J Weintraub, RG Weldemariam, AH Westerman, R Winkler, AS Wiysonge, CS Wolfe, CDA Wubishet, BL Xu, G Yadollahpour, A Yamagishi, K Yan, LL Yandrapalli, S Yano, Y Yatsuya, H Yeheyis, TY Yeshaw, Y Yilgwan, CS Yonemoto, N Yu, C Yusefzadeh, H Zachariah, G Zaman, SB Zaman, MS Zamanian, M Zand, R Zandifar, A Zarghi, A Zastrozhin, MS Zastrozhina, A Zhang, Z-J Zhang, Y Zhang, W Zhong, C Zou, Z Zuniga, YMH Murray, CJL
Publication Year :
2020
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019.Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside hi
Details
Database :
OAIster
Notes :
40 p., English
Publication Type :
Electronic Resource
Accession number :
edsoai.on1248730765
Document Type :
Electronic Resource