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A majority of rodent studies characterizing the anxiogenic effects of stress have utilized exploration-based models, such as the elevated plus-maze. An alternative strategy has relied on ethologically natural behavior such as defensive burying. One such paradigm, marble burying, has proven to be an effective behavioral assay of the anxiolytic effects of pharmacological manipulations, and of genetically modified mouse models. Relatively little, however, is known about the sensitivity of this test in assessing the anxiogenic effects of stress. Most of the earlier reports have examined the immediate, but not more long-term, effects of pharmacological or environmental manipulations in mice. Hence, we used the marble burying test to examine if acute immobilization stress leads to enhanced anxiety-like behavior in C57Bl/6 mice if the test is employed with a significant time delay. We find this test to be sensitive enough to detect the anxiogenic effects even 10 days after a single episode of 2-h immobilization stress. Our results suggest that the marble burying test could serve as a useful behavioral paradigm for not only estimating the gradual progression of the anxiogenic impact of stress over time, but also raises the possibility of using the temporal delay after stress to test the potential efficacy of post-stress interventions with anxiolytic drugs.

In this paper we examine the development of passive participles in the spontaneous speech of seven English speaking children. We argue that the grammatical properties which distinguish passive participles as a category emerge gradually and are learned as motivated properties of a complex, polysemous construction. The data reveals a regular progression from early adjectival uses to true verbal passives, in which the participle itself denotes a dynamic event. This process follows a consistent pattern, whereby children gradually extend the use of participles to equivocal contexts that are compatible with either a stative or an eventive reading. All seven children regularly use participles in equivocal contexts before they begin to master true verbal passives. This development is analyzed as an instance of constructional grounding, a process whereby certain uses of a relatively simple source construction provide the basis for children’s initial hypotheses about a more diAcult target construction. More generally, the gradual progression from adjectival to verbal passives suggests how syntactic categories and grammatical constructions can be learned gradually on the basis of earlier, simpler structures.

The proposed framework for TQM implementation in SMEs described in this paper centres on three main elements: the “quality toolbox”, “general methodology” and the “central co‐ordinating body”. It is believed that the adoption of TQM in SMEs must not be a fully blown approach but a gradual progression and selection of appropriate “quality tools and initiatives” as and when necessary, with the ultimate aim of continuous improvement in the organisation. The suggested methodology consists of a series of activities which can help towards making a selected quality initiative become a permanent feature of the organisation. The proposed framework is intended to be non‐prescriptive and the adoption of a quality initiative to be dependent upon the needs and priorities established by the company. Concludes with a discussion of, and the proposed future direction for, this research.

Ask sport fans what it takes to play professional baseball and they usually talk about foot speed, arm strength, hitting, and power. Less often do they mention the mental traits, such as focus, concentration, and confidence, that are also required to play baseball at a high level. In keeping with the sport's mania for quantifying everything, baseball players and coaches often put a number on the mental dimension as a way of stressing its importance. "Succeeding in pro ball is 90 percent mental. It's big," said Diamondbacks infielder Andy Fox. "Baseball is 80 percent mental," said one manager, "you have got to make players believe in themselves to perform well." Or, in the words of former Kansas City outfielder Jim Wohlford, "Baseball is 90 percent mental half the time." [1] Actually, Wohlford's Yogi-ism is probably the most accurate of the three in that some aspects of baseball are more mentally demanding than others. While these numbers are just figures of speech, they do reflect the great stock baseball people put in the psychological dimensions of playing pro ball. Much evidence suggests they are right. For example, how else can we account for the large number of Minor League players who have all the physical "tools" to play in the Major Leagues but never make it, while less-talented players do. More telling still, 35 percent of all first round draft picks--the most talented and heavily scouted players in the annual draft--never make it to the Major Leagues. "The difference between a good year and a bad year is mostly in the head," said Birmingham Barons' manager Tony Franklin, who attributed the difference in his .280 batting average one year and .230 average the next solely to a decline in his ability to concentrate. Recognizing the importance of a player's mental makeup, most baseball organizations now ask prospects to take a psychological test, such as the Athletic Motivation Inventory. So far the tests have not bee n very good predictors of later success, but they can point out character weaknesses or psychological vulnerabilities that coaches can take into account. This paper examines some of the mental dimensions of playing pro ball, from what players do mentally to prepare for the game to how they deal with variabilities in their performance. While there are many dozens of excellent books on the game itself and the strategies used in playing it, Little attention has been given to the mental side. It is an aspect of pro ball about which we still know very little. The data come from more than one hundred tape-recorded interviews with Minor and Major League players, conducted as part of a larger investigation into the life and culture of professional baseball. The research also involved observation and informal interviewing, some of it conducted while living and traveling with the Minor League Jamestown Expos and the Birmingham Barons; and to a limited degree the paper is also informed by my own experiences as a Minor League player in the 1960s. PREGAME The physical preparations a ballplayer engages in before the game--running, throwing, stretching, batting practice, and fielding ground and fly balls--are well known to those fans who arrive at the ballpark early. What is not visible are preparations of the mind. Starting pitchers often begin preparing for their next start the day after their last outing. "The next morning in the shower you start thinking about your next opponent, who their key hitters are and how you're going to pitch to them" said the Giants' Russ Ortiz. Many pitchers will follow their next opponent in the box scores and on ESPN's nightly highlights, and if the games are broadcast they'll try to watch. "I go over their stats mainly to look at home runs so I know who the major power hitters are and I look at stolen bases so know who can run," said the White Sox's Brian Keyser. "It's a gradual progression of concentration up to the day I pitch." Preparations are particularly involved on the day they pitch. …

A 74-year-old man was administered bepridil for the treatment of atrial fibrillation since February 2008. However, he developed exertional dyspnea in October 2008. Computed tomography scans of his chest revealed extensive bilateral peribronchial consolidations. Examination of transbronchial lung biopsy specimens revealed moderate infiltration of lymphocytes. Since drug-induced pneumonia was suspected, we initiated steroid therapy. After 3 weeks of treatment, the symptoms were alleviated. In this case, the time taken for the development of dyspnea was 226 days, and the clinical course was gradual. We believe that a long-term periodic follow-up is essential in patients receiving bepridil., Article, INTERNAL MEDICINE. 48(23):2033-2035 (2009)

This study was a retrospective analysis of injuries sustained by women (mean age 60.9) who completed a 24-week walking intervention. We hypothesized that those who walked 60 min, 5 days/week (n = 27) were more likely to have an injury than those who walked 3 days/week (n = 27), and that predisposing conditions would lead to more injuries. We also examined the effect of the initial 4 weeks’ walking progression on likelihood of injury. A total of 12% of the walkers reported injuries necessitating program withdrawal, 18% reported minor injuries, and 26% reported injuries requiring medical treatment. Age, weight, cardiovascular fitness level, and walking volume were not significantly related to injuries. Women with prior musculoskeletal conditions were more likely to sustain injuries requiring medical treatment (p < .01). For these women, the initial progression may have been too rapid, suggesting that musculoskeletal screening and gradual progression guided by staff is important for moderate as well as intense activity programs.

This article makes a detailed presentation of the fundamental principles underlying the modern approach to mini-tennis according to the Italian Tennis Federation. The article starts with a consideration on the didactic situation in mini-tennis, followed by a central part which deals with didactic principles that create favourable conditions to structure an optimal learning experience. These fundamental didactic principles are: multi-laterality, multi-form, gradual progression, learning specificity and learn while playing.

Correct diagnosis of complete or partial ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle complex is important because of the muscle's vital role in shoulder function. Three case reports are used here to support a discussion of diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis can usually be made with a history and physical exam, but magnetic resonance imaging can help pinpoint the site of a tear. Nonoperatlve treatment is generally preferred for partial tears; operative treatment may be necessary to restore full function in complete tears. Rehabilitation involves a gradual progression from pendulum exercises to range-of-motion exercises to strengthening, and patients can usually return to full activity in 3 to 6 months.

Background There currently is a need for cost-effective, quantitative techniques to evaluate the gradual progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Measurement techniques based on diffuse optical spectroscopy can detect blood perfusion and brain cellular composition changes, through measuring the absorption (µa) and reduced scattering (µs′) coefficients, respectively, using non-ionizing near-infrared light. Previous work has shown that brain perfusion deficits in an AD mouse model can be detected. The objective of this study was to determine if µs′ is sensitive to the inflammation and neuron death found in AD. Methods We used spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to form quantitative maps of µa and µs′ in 3-month old male CaM/Tet-DTA mice harboring transgenes for the doxycyline-regulated neuronal expression of diphtheria toxin. When doxycycline is removed from the diet, CaM/Tet-DTA mice develop progressive neuronal loss in forebrain neurons. Mice (n = 5) were imaged longitudinally immediately prior to and after 23 days of lesion induction, and µa and µs′ (30 wavelengths, 650–970 nm) were compared to properties obtained from Tet-DTA controls (n = 5). Neuron death and infiltration of inflammatory cells in brain cortical slices was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. Results No significant difference in baseline scattering and absorption were measured between CaM/Tet-DTA mice and controls. After 23 days of lesion induction, brain cortical µs′ was 11–16% higher in the CaM/Tet-DTA mice than in controls (P

This study describes progression to death for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).We used SAS procedure Proc Traj to fit a semiparametric model to longitudinal data on prognosis of patients with CHF in the 12 months prior to death. Data were collected on 744 patients with CHF in 2010 at Bay Pines VA Healthcare System; 386 subjects had sufficient data points (minimum of five encounters) to trace their risk in 12 months prior to death. The prognosis of the patient was calculated using the comorbidities of the patient.Unexpected death occurred in 20.5% of patients; all remaining patients had a gradual progression toward death. For 13.3% of patients, progression toward death started 12 months prior to death. For 29.9% of patients, increased risk started at 6 months prior to death. For 36.3% of patients, it started 3 months prior to death. One month prior to death, 79.5% of the patients had a more than 97% chance of mortality. It may be possible to use progression toward death over 3 consecutive months as a predictor of need for hospice consultation.Five typical illness trajectories have been described for patients with progressive heart failure. The needs of patients and their caregivers are likely to vary according to the trajectory patients are following. Contrary to reports in the literature about unexpected death in patients with CHF, the majority of decedents in our study had a predictable and gradual progression toward death. Recognizing these trajectories may help clinicians implement an appropriate plan to meet the needs of patients and their caregivers.

In this paper we describe the training model developed at the School of Psychology, University of Ottawa to introduce students with no therapy experience to systemic therapy. We discuss the reactions of the practicum students and supervisor who participated. Students gradually developed systemic therapy skills by first taking a course in which they learned therapeutic models and participated in role plays. Next, they participated as members of a reflecting team, and finally they served as the primary therapist coordinating their efforts with their own reflecting team. This gradual progression from the didactic component to therapy was experienced positively by the students. It allowed them to develop microskills, and feel more comfortable before working with families for the first time.

e20531Background: Several studies have demonstrated that continuous administration of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) could provide addtitional survival benefi...

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a poorly understood disease that mimics alcoholic liver disease histologically. Its natural history is not well defined, although gradual progression to cirrhosis has been described. Most patients with this condition have been obese, with or without associated diabetes or hyperlipidemia. No known effective treatment exists for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, although weight loss may have a beneficial effect. We report two cases of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. One patient with well-established nonalcoholic steatohepatitis had cirrhosis with a complete loss of fat on subsequent liver biopsy despite a gain in weight, simulating cryptogenic cirrhosis. In another patient, the condition improved after use of ursodeoxycholic acid; this agent may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We believe these two cases represent the spectrum of this condition: on the one end is a progressive liver disease that in some instances may be a cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis; at the other end, a potentially treatable liver condition.

Approximately 10% of acute aortic dissections are painless secondary to a more gradual progression. Neurological symptoms often occur in Type A dissections secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion or occlusion of carotid, vertebral, or spinal arteries. A 62 year old male with past medical history of HIV

This chapter overviews the basic concepts of functions and relations including continuous functions and their differentiations in Euclidean space. We also introduce functions in discrete spaces, specifically graphs and grid spaces. This chapter contains three parts: continuous functions in Euclidean space, graphs and discrete spaces, and advanced topics including topological spaces. Philosophically, a space is a relation or a collection of relations over a set. A graph is a relation; an m-dimensional Euclidean Space is a collection of relations over points in R m . This chapter is written in a gradual progression to provide a simple and interesting review of the background knowledge. Some of the more profound issues will be presented in later chapters as needed. Those with a strong background in mathematics can skip some or all of this chapter. This chapter prepares the necessary basic knowledge for the rest of the book.

History A 58-year-old otherwise healthy woman reported intermittent swelling of several years duration on the right side of her neck. She did not smoke or drink alcoholic beverages. Computed tomography (CT) of the neck was performed. The patient was lost to follow-up; however, 20 months after the original examination was performed, she presented again with continued gradual progression of swelling on the right side of her neck and new dysphagia. Repeat CT was performed at this time.

Two studies aimed at understanding the time course of alienation from school and school factors that may influence alienation from school during early adolescence. In Study 1, 434 students from grade 5–8 participated (cross-sectional design). In Study 2, we followed 356 students from grade 6–7 (longitudinal design). The results confirm the prevalence of alienation for boys and low achievers, the gradual progression of alienation during adolescence, and the predictive value of instructional quality, positive teacher–student integration and positive student–student integration in determining academic alienation during early adolescence.

A 64 year old man comes to your surgery five days after an episode of visual loss in his left eye, followed by right sided weakness and speech disturbance lasting 10 minutes. He has made a complete recovery and has driven himself to the surgery to ask whether he can return to work. ### General points ### Assessing symptoms Onset —Symptoms are sudden in TIA, as in acute stroke. Insidious onset of symptoms is unlikely to be a TIA. Intensity — Symptoms of a TIA are maximal at onset. Gradual progression of symptoms would point to a different pathology, such as migraine, demyelination, or a tumour. Even though recurrent …

Presentation of Case A 71-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of gradual progression of marked weakness of the lower extremities. The patient was well and vigorously active until eight months earlier, when she experienced the onset of weakness of the proximal and distal muscles of both lower extremities that caused her to give up regular participation in playing tennis and in walking. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cranium, performed elsewhere, was reported to show evidence of old lacunar strokes. Tests of vestibular function were said to show a possible inner-ear problem. Five or six months before admission . . .

Entorhinal field potential with amygdala stimulation in suckling (16–18 days old) and adult rats was recorded with a tungsten wire electrode (tip diameter 2–5 μm) to study the developmental changes in behavioral seizures and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the responses to amygdala kindling stimulations. Stimulating (twisted enamel-coated wires) and recording electrodes were implanted in anesthetized rats 2–3 days before kindling. The mean amplitude of the responses to test pulses (600 μA, 0.3 Hz) in the sucklings (0.58 mV) was smaller than in the adults (1.32 mV), and latency was about 3.3 ms longer. Kindling stimulations consisted of 0.5-ms monophasic rectangular pulses of 10 Hz with a 10-s train duration; the intensity was the afterdischarge (AD) threshold. Kindling stimulation in the sucklings usually increased the amplitude of the test responses evoked 10 min or 1 h after the kindling stimulation. The increased amplitude persisted for at least 24 h, showing LTP in the synaptic transmission. The LTP was especially prominent in the first kindling stimulation, and the LTP gradually increased with successive stimulations, with gradual progression of AD and the behavioral seizure stage as well. The mean number of kindling stimulations to cause generalized seizures in the suckling rats (10.5) was less than that for adults (12.5), and the continued evolution of LTP over the course of kindling was more or less easier in the sucklings than in the adults. The LTP in kindled suckling rats was observed for all intensities of test pulses and the input—output (I/O) curve in the kindled rats was significantly higher (P

Appraising vehicle package design concepts using seating bucks — physical prototypes representing vehicle package, is an integral part of the vehicle package design process. Building such bucks is costly and may impose substantial burden on the vehicle design cycle time. Further, static seating bucks lack the flexibility to accommodate design iterations during the gradual progression of a vehicle program. A “Computer controlled seating buck”, as described in this paper, is a quick and inexpensive alternative to the traditional seating bucks with the desired degree of fidelity. It is particularly useful to perform package and ergonomic studies in the early stages of a vehicle program, long before the data is available to build a traditional seating buck. Such a seating buck has been developed to accommodate Ford vehicle package design needs. This paper presents the functional requirements, the high level conceptual design of how these requirements are realized, and the methods to verify, improve and sustain the dimensional accuracy and capability of the new computer controlled seating buck.Copyright © 2006 by ASME

Familial aggregations of nephrolithiasis were already noted in the early 19th century and over the intervening years there has been gradual progression in classifying the familial forms of nephrolithiasis. To date, there are at least 10 different monogenic conditions where those affected have a predisposition to nephrolithiasis. However, all of these rare conditions probably account for less than 2% of renal stone formers. This review, rather than considering these clearly defined disorders, concentrates on research into the broad band of stone formers who have a propensity to nephrolithiasis without an obvious discrete genetic basis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest neurological cause of disability in young adults. The clinical course is extremely variable, but typically a relapsing-remitting phase of variable duration is followed by a gradual progression in disability. However, the diagnosis of MS may have an impact that reaches beyond the physical disabilities into many other aspects of life, including career and family. The time of diagnosis is one of the most important in the course of the illness and the way in which investigations are conducted, the timing and manner of imparting the diagnosis, and subsequent support and education may have far-reaching consequences. The diagnostic phase thus presents a difficult management challenge for the neurologist and other health workers attempting to address these issues. This review considers the steps involved in reaching the diagnosis, together with ways in which the overall quality of life of the patient may be maximized during this period.

We describe a child who was treated for 10 years with etidronate disodium for myositis ossificans. There were no typical bouts of swelling, reddening or hardening of areas over the skeletal muscles with this treatment and there were no side effects. Nevertheless, a constant gradual progression of the disease led to severe limitation of joint movement. This is the first report on long-term treatment with etidronate disodium.

Objective : To provide reference values for the isolated motor unit potentials (MUPs) in the external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle, as mean duration, mean amplitude, mean area, number of turns and number of phases, related to the age of the patient. These data are not available in worldwide literature in spite of the fact that the EAS muscle is being increasingly mentioned in relation to differential diagnosis. Methods : Study of 235 subjects aged 0–80 years using an automated analysis program. Results : The study performed shows a clear gradual progression of the mean duration with patient age. The variability of all other parameters tested is also analyzed. Conclusions : Our study shows that the classical values of MUPs isolated in the EAS muscle are directly related to age, and that this method is fully reliable to study its pathological conditions.

Both Op. 27 sonatas outline a gradual progression from ‘static’ circular structures to dynamic linear processes; from ‘content-based’ ambiguous forms to finales that can be understood against normative models like sonata form and rondo. While all but one of their movements are structurally self-sufficient and can be perceived as discrete segments, Beethoven asks for them to be run together in performance to give the impression of a continuous whole. Structurally this integration is supported by the large tonal patterns governing each work: C♯ is the tonic for all three movements in the second sonata; and the first sonata's movements, though encompassing a wider tonal range, are enmeshed together by an interlocking series of tonics (bracketed in Figure 5.1). An impression of continuity is reinforced at a more detailed level by the cohesive actions of motivic integration and gestural recall: ideas from the opening movements return transformed in the dynamic context of the finales. Yet from moment to moment the musical continuity is often threatened by Beethoven's allusions to musical spontaneity. The threat comes to the fore most obviously in cadenza-like passages and in disjunctions of tonality, tempo, idea, register, and texture. In this respect some critics have detected a stronger element of the fantastic in the E♭ sonata than in the ‘Moonlight’: while the element of Willkur is perhaps less prominent in the second sonata, Czerny regarded the first as a paragon among strictly composed fantasies.

Given the basic fact that at present in developing countries Computer Assisted Instruction (CAJ) in elementary and secondary classrooms can only be implemented on low grade personal computers, this paper contrasts and analyzes the different functions of computers in teaching. Single or networked personal computer systems can in combination with conventional teaching systems effectively bring the special advantages of CAI into play. Gradual progression through groups of problems makes it possible, even on low grade personal computers, to totally avoid the mechanistic, dumb or even fatal approaches of traditional CAI and helps to fully develop mathematical thinking. The experiences described in this paper show the basics of gradual progression CAI in which the algorithmic and heuristic method are combined to solve progressively more difficult problems in mathematics.

Melorheostosis is a rare congenital disease, some 300 cases have been reported in the literature. The main purpose of this case report is twofold: (1) to present an unusual case of melorheostosis of the right hand, beginning in infancy, with serial radiographic studies to show the gradual progression of the disease; and (2) to present the first case with the development of "aggressive" fibromatosis (desmoid tumor) of the adjacent soft tissues, associated with melorheostosis.

Na Modernidade filosófica, a expressão sui iuris torna-se comum nos textos políticos, em especial a partir do momento em que uma linguagem dos direitos subjectivos naturais se vai sedimentando e traduzindo uma certa perspectiva da liberdade individual. Assim, sui iuris é considerada expressão de direito designando um âmbito de autonomia ou independência individuais, uma espécie de espaço soberano de um direito pessoal. Em Spinoza, o sui iuris surge com frequência, mas só no Tratado Político atinge a sua máxima expressão, dentro do binómio sui iuris / alterius iuris, o qual é habitualmente identificado com um de autonomia / heteronomia. Tentar-se-á aqui demonstrar que o sui iuris em Spinoza passa por uma transformação radical: não só não é necessariamente incompatível com o alterius iuris (ambos representam uma graduação progressiva da liberdade), como é-lhe dada uma dimensão epistemológica que se coaduna com uma soteriologia. O sui iuris é então mais uma libertação.

The safety and efficacy of Sinemet® CR, a controlled-release formulation of carbidopa/levodopa, were investigated in a three year, open-label trial involving 18 parkinsonian patients with fluctuating motor response. The average daily levodopa dosing frequency did not change significantly during long-term treatment. Efficacy measures generally revealed a gradual progression of parkinsonian disability. Patient diaries of motor fluctuations revealed relative stability of time “on” but with a tendency toward increased time “on with dyskinesias” over the 36 month followup period. There were no adverse laboratory results deemed to be related to Sinemet® CR and no unexpected side effects were observed.

Age is a critical factor in many avian social interactions, often making it crucial in studies of social biology. Plumage, iris color, and bill color are well-known characteristics that can be used to determine age in many species ofbirds. In many corvids, all three characteristics change with age during the first two years of life, but then remain constant (Skutch 1935, Brown 1963, Ligon and White 1974, Rowley 1970, Dorn 1972). In numerous studies on the Common Raven, Corvus corax, age of birds has been assigned to juvenile, immature or yearling, subadult (2-3 years) and adult (3 plus years of age). These determinations all rely primarily on one criterion: mouth and tongue color (Mahringer 1970, Dorn 1972, Kerttu 1973, Stiehl 1978, Huber 1988, Heinrich 1988). The mouth color of juveniles is pink, that of adults is blue-black, and that of those in between is assumed to vary in a gradual progression that is strictly a function of age. In no instance, however, has the assumption of a gradual color change with age been tested. We have raised 17 ravens from fledglings and here show that mouth color is a function of age only in very young and possibly old birds. Some birds retain pink mouths long into adulthood and mouth color may be related more to social status than to age. Young ravens were taken from nests in Vermont and Maine and reared by hand in outdoor aviaries. All were fed the same diet consisting primarily of road-killed animals, meat scraps, and occasional kitchen scraps. All the birds fledged in May. They were kept in family groups (3-6 individuals) until fall, at which time some were kept in company of up to 20 others. We assessed dominance among these birds as described previously (Heinrich and Marzluff 1991) and recorded mouth color at approximately monthly intervals. In a total of 17 birds fledged in May, none had black mouth linings by the first fall (November). However, four of the 17 already had mottled mouth linings (corresponding to presumed 1-2 year-old birds) at that time (six months post-fledging). These four birds were highly dominant individuals. All of the 13 pinkmouthed birds were subordinate individuals. By January (eight months after fledging) four birds already had fully black mouth linings like "adults" (i.e., 3 plus years old), two had mottled mouths, and 11 still had pink mouths. The six black or mottled-mouthed individuals were still the most dominant birds and all were socially bonded with each other in pairs. No blackmouthed individual was bonded to a pink-mouthed individual.

This article offers an interpretation in terms of metapoetic theory of The Wanderings of Oisin, Yeats's first important work. Our purpose is to prove that an analysis of the poem upon this basis can be useful to solve the semantic problems caused by many of the motifs as well as illuminating for the elucidation of the meaning of Oisin's journey through three mysterious islands. Taking the poem as a symbolic enactment of the poet's notion of his own artistic growth, we argue that each of the islands might correspond to different yet closely related models of poetry. The poem can then be seen as a gradual progression which includes a model of pure or subjective poetry (the Island of Dancing), a model of objective socially committed poetry (the Island of Victories) and finally an ideal of poetic language based upon the onirical experiences as the only legitimate source of knowledge (the Island of Forgetfulness).

A very visible demonstration of a gradual progression of a range of solubility, using an alcohol, a dye, and water in a petri dish.

REPORT OF A CASE A 54-year-old white woman presented with a 7-year history of tender lesions on her index fingers. She first noted skin changes during the winter months when she was frequently outdoors. Gradual progression of the lesions had resulted in increased pain and itching over the years. She had no history of Raynaud's phenomenon or trauma. The family history was absent for similar skin problems. The physical examination revealed smooth linear plaques located along the radial aspects of the index fingers and, to a lesser degree, along the ulnar aspects of the thumbs. The right hand was more severely affected than the left (Fig 1). Several tender fissures within the depressed central areas of the plaques were found. The feet were normal. Examination of the remaining skin was remarkable for extensive actinic damage of the exposed skin. A punch biopsy specimen was taken from an involved

Aerosol sampling was carried out at a city centre site and a suburb site in Beijing in January 1983. PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) compatible cascade impactors were employed. The samples were analysed for 20 elements by PIXE in Fudan University. It has been found that most of the elements have bi-mode size distributions with a gradual progression from mainly coarse mode Ca, Ti and Al to mainly fine mode Zn, As and Pb. Elements Cl, K, S and Si show most obvious bi-mode, of which Si and S are particularly interesting. The concentrations of coarse mode aerosol in the city centre are about 1.4 times as large as that in the suburb for most of the elements, while the concentrations of fine mode aerosol in the city centre differ greatly from that in the suburb and vary significantly among elements, indicating some industrial sources. The enrichment factors of elements indicate that the coal smoke has a large-scale influence in North China.

Of eight moderate drinkers drinking until they became intoxicated, four left relatively sober prior to a rapid increase in sensations of intoxication, and four experienced a gradual progression to intoxication.

A program written for the Evans and Sutherland PS300 graphic displays is described in this paper. Called MANOSK, it provides a flexible and powerful environment for displaying, manipulating and analyzing small molecules and macromolecules from atomic coordinates. Translations and rotations of up to four independent molecules are available from the dials, and screen-relative orientations of the molecules are used in all geometrical and energetical calculations. A gradual progression of functions complexity makes the program easy to use for occasional works and efficient for more sophisticated studies.

Initiation of labor by amniotomy and a shortening of the subsequent induction-delivery interval is termed accelerated labor. Augmented labor occurs when steps are taken to shorten a labor process which has already started but has continued for too long. A review of the literature is made to present a picture of the gradual progression toward the routine use of labor acceleration and augmentation in modern obstetric practice. Acceleration by rupture of the fetal membranes is more successful in primigravidae than in multigravidae especially women having a child after the 3rd. It is also more successful at low parity and after the 38th week of pregnancy. The various methods of administering pitocin or other oxytocic substances which have been used are summarized. Intravenous infusion carries advantages over the other administration routes which outweigh the disadvantages. Changes have taken place in the timing and dosage of oxytocin use after amniotomy in the years since 1964; these are traced through the literature. The advantages of accelerated labor are contrasted with the disadvantages and/or contraindications.

The case reported is characteristic of melorheostosis in that the lesions were confined to the right upper extremity. The clinical course, with gradual progression and increasing pain, is also typical. Treatment by thoracic sympathectomy gave dramatic relief from symptoms. As far as can be determined from the literature, this is the first form of treatment which has been of lasting value in this rare and painful condition.

Six generations of one family with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia were evaluated with identification of twenty-four affected individuals. The genetic mechanism was established to be an autosomal dominant with complete penetration. Paresthesias, transitory paraplegia of the legs, unusual hypothenar dermatoglyphic patterns, osteochondritis dissecans, and Blount-Barber disease were noted in association in one or more family members. The roentgenographic sign of the slanted ankle joint appeared to be a new sign not previously described. Unusually good roentgenograms in follow-up showed a normal appearing neonate with gradual progression to the full blown syndrome as the skeletal structures matured.

1. The continuity of the course of coagulation of: (a) fresh field latex, (b) preserved latex, and (c) centrifuged latex, by the addition of acids has been studied, and the PH values defining the various zones in the irregular series determined by means of the quinhydrone electrode. 2. In the case of fresh latex diluted to a rubber content of less than 10 per cent the transition from the first liquid zone to the first coagulation zone is accompanied by a progressive series of changes in the state of the dispersion, and is also rather irregular, variations in the pH. values defining the transitional stages being found for latex harvested on different days. In most cases on examining the series in the direction of decreasing pH there is a gradual progression from a state of complete dispersion to complete coagulation, through regions of partial flocculation, complete flocculation, and incomplete coagulation in that order. Generally, the range covered by this transitional stage is from pH 5.30, at which point a separation of the rubber component from the dispersion is first visible at pH 4.87, which marks the beginning of complete coagulation. These values agree fairly closely with those obtained by van Harpen.

“The plight of the ageing and the truly aged person (for plight it is) does not start in the nursing home, it only ends there. How does he get there? What is the path to the door? Generally, there is a gradual progression of losses, diminution of strengths, decreasing opportunities for meaningful and restorative personal and social experiences and increased isolation. As self-sufficiency decreases, there is less opportunity for continued living in the community. Society has not yet stepped in to replace and provide those supports and services which once came from the family and the neighbourhood. . . . When the long-term care institution is chosen as alternative to continued living alone or with his family, it is often not the best solution, but the only one.”1

1. Electrocardiographic and detailed histological studies are presented of a case of ventricular pre-excitation with progressive A-V and intraventricular block terminating in complete A-V dissociation. 2. Whereas the demonstration of a tract which leads from the atrial septal musculature to the A-V bundle bypassing the A-V node explains the short P-R interval, the delta wave is accounted for by the demonstration of unusually copious Mahaim fibers from the A-V bundle to the posterior portion of the muscular ventricular septum. 3. Thus, this appears to be the first demonstration of Mahaim fibers responsible for A-V transmission in the pre-excitation syndrome. 4. The correlation of the data permitted reconstruction of anatomic changes preceding, and responsible for, the gradual progression of the atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorder. 5. On the basis of this correlation it would appear that the two characteristic criteria of ventricular pre-excitation, shortened P-R and the delta wave, may in some cases have a different anatomic background. A separation of these parameters permits an explanation of certain atypical and puzzling aspects encountered in the syndrome of ventricular pre-excitation and related conditions.

The herediscope is discussed as a useful, simply constructed, tool for teaching the concepts of inheritance. Qualitative inheritance is readily taught through use of the herediscope. Sex inheritance may be used as an example, and various modes of gene action may be utilized, including epistasis between loci. A gradual progression to the concepts of quantitative inheritance may be made, using multiple modifying loci for a qualitative trait as an intermediate stage. The concepts of population genetics and the normal distribution may also be introduced with its aid.

An earlier study had developed a response that persisted in spite of shocks-no-food for 2 months. The present study successfully replicated the inextinguishable character of the response (Experiment 1) and, as one of its determinants, further investigated three schedules of shocks interspersed among rewards: (1) fixed ratio — constant frequency, (2) random ratio — constant frequency, and (3) gradual progression. Tests with consistent shocks showed: (1)no differences between fixed and random ratio and (2) a greater suppression in gradual progression, suggesting schedule as subsidiary to frequency of shocks.

This paper presents the results to date of an ongoing exercise to identify and implement an appropriate philosophy for laboratory teaching within a Mechanical Engineering Department. The overall objectives of the course are stated and the measures taken to achieve them described. The key features of the programme are:- i) the appointment of a course coordinator to oversee the whole of the three year programme. ii) gradual progression during the three years from controlled assignments, through open-ended experiments to project based work. iii) the integration of computerised data acquisition and computer aided learning into the overall scheme.

Publisher Summary This chapter overviews the contribution of reaction time and visual search experiments to the understanding of how alternative classifications of stimulus materials are made in different situations. Two factors will determine efficiency of performance. First, there is the particular way, in which the system partitions the stimulus set to achieve a given categorization. Experimental paradigms are typically designed to generate particular ways of partitioning that resemble taxonomy of experimental design. A second factor, which determines efficiency in categorization tasks, is the physical evidence on which classifications are based. A second possible taxonomy of stimulus classification might be based on the different kinds of relationships within and between sets of complex signals which subjects use to discriminate among them. Improvement on classification tasks may be described as the gradual progression from inferior to optimal partitioning strategies, and from more to less inconvenient or redundant systems of evidence.

Erythrocytes from neonates with elliptocytosis were studied for their pattern of heat-induced fragmentation. Membrane alterations began at 44 degrees C. There was a gradual progression in shape changes as the temperature was increased to 47 degrees C, at which point frank fragmentation occurred. Normal erythrocytes show no morphologic changes until the critical temperature of fragmentation, 49 degrees C is reached. Heat studies were repeated a few months later, at a time when the patients' erythrocyte morphology had become typical of elliptocytosis. Morphologic changes occurred abruptly at 48 degrees C with complete fragmentation. Increased thermal sensitivity of the red cell membrane has previously been demonstrated for pyropoikilocytes, and these studies suggest that some cases of elliptocytosis may be mild expressions of a similar membrane defect.

Attention has been called by several authors to the dangers in the use of di-nitrophenol as a form of treatment for obesity. Horner, Jones and Boardman 1 recently reported a series of cases in which rapidly developing cataracts were seen shortly following the use of therapeutic doses of the drug. The following case presents several rather important features which seem to establish a definite relationship between di-nitrophenol and the development of opacities of the lens. REPORT OF CASE Mrs. E. K., aged 27, was seen at the Northwestern University Medical School on July 23, 1935, complaining of poor vision in both eyes with gradual progression following the onset three weeks previously. The right eye had been the first to show change, followed almost immediately by reduction of vision in the left eye. The vision in the right eye was reduced to counting fingers at 2 feet and that in