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Coupled systems are studied within classical mechanics. In this work, using the formulations of classical mechanics, such as the Lagrange and Hamilton formulations, we analysed the system composed of an object of mass M in motion, to which a pendulum of length l and mass m is coupled. We studied the movement of the object when it moves in a single dimension (y direction) with pendulum oscillations: 1) in 2D (zy-plane) and 2) 3D (surface xyz). Subsequently, the movement of the object is studied when it moves in a circle of radius R with the same oscillation conditions referred to for the pendulum.

International audience; The mechanical properties of sponge cake (SC) and brioche (B), and their pulse protein fortified version (F SC and FB) have been characterized under compression (>90% in height reduction); during recording the evolution of their cellular structure was recorded using high resolution X-ray tomography. Due to protein reinforcement, FB had smaller gas cells and slightly larger cell walls than B, whereas FSC had only smaller cells than SC. The four products displayed non-linear mechanical behavior, with plastic deformation in the case of brioches. Results showed that sponge cakes, having thinner cell walls, exhibited premature fracture, while brioches, characterized by thicker cell walls, buckled, making the food sample more difficult to form fragments. Three dimensional Finite Element models were implemented based on the X-Ray micro-tomography 3D images. Results have shown that brioches, and particularly FB, displayed less efficient stress transfer, and thus were less prone to fragmentation. By comparison with results previously obtained on real food boluses, these results allowed understanding the mechanisms that govern food fragmentation during chewing and underlined the importance of the cellular structure of these cereal foods.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic performance of manual MGIT™ (MMGIT) compared to the gold standard, Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a high-burden setting. Methods Individuals with suspected TB enrolled in parallel diagnostic trials during 2007-2011 were included. Two samples were obtained from each patient and inoculated into MMGIT and LJ medium. Diagnostic tests were performed, and the incremental yield of a second test and time to detection (TTD) were calculated. Analyses were performed per patient and per sample. Gold standard was based on LJ culture. Results In the per patient and per sample analysis, we evaluated 1436 patients and 4142 samples. The sensitivity and specificity for smear and MMGIT per sample were respectively 89.9%/92.2% and 97.1%/98.9%. Contamination was observed in 1.4% of samples on MMGIT. The mean TTD (days) was 11.8 for MMGIT and 22.9 for LJ. The sensitivity and specificity for smear and MMGIT per patient were respectively 89.9% and 92.2% and 97.1% and 98.3%. A second MMGIT culture had an incremental yield of 1.6%. Conclusions MMGIT has high sensitivity and specificity, regardless of smear result, with a 50% reduction in TTD compared to LJ. These features make MMGIT an acceptable TB diagnostic method for use in resource-limited settings.

Wave-packet scattering from a stationary potential is significantly modified when the wave-packet is subject to an external time-dependent force during the interaction. In the semiclassical limit, wave--packet motion is simply described by Newtonian equations and the external force can, for example, cancel the potential force making a potential barrier transparent. Here we consider wave-packet scattering from reflectionless potentials, where in general the potential becomes reflective when probed by an accelerated wave-packet. In the particular case of the recently-introduced class of complex Kramers-Kronig potentials we show that a broad class of time dependent forces can be applied without inducing any scattering, while there is a breakdown of the reflectionless property when there is a broadband distribution of initial particle momentum, involving both positive and negative components., 13 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. A

Indigo [2,2′-bis(2,3-dihydro-3-oxoindolyliden)], a commonly used natural dye, has been shown to exhibit a highly promising semiconducting behavior, allowing for the realization of ambipolar devices. Nevertheless, up to date, it is still unclear which crystal structure is present in the thin films, a piece of information relevant for device applications. In this work, we address this issue by an in-depth characterization of the polymorphs of Indigo in the bulk and in drop-cast films. To do this, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy have been employed jointly, with the support of state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations in the solid state. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations have established that the two known A and B polymorphs grow as concomitant in the bulk under most of the experimental conditions adopted in this work. In the drop-cast films, XRD cannot unambiguously identify the structure, but Raman spectroscopy is effective in establishing that only the B form is present. The calculations augment the experiments, providing valuable insights into the relative thermodynamic stability of the two forms as a function of temperature. They also allow for a more comprehensive characterization of the Raman modes.

The role of platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients is highly controversial and it is not endorsed by current guidelines. Our meta-analysis aimed to better elucidate its activity, efficacy and safety.A systematic search of Medline, Web of Science and conferences proceedings up to 30 October 2017 was carried out to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating platinum-based versus platinum-free neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC patients. Using the fixed and random effects models, pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for pathological complete response (pCR, defined as ypT0/is pN0), event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS) and grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs: neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and neuropathy).Nine RCTs (N = 2109) were included. Overall, platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly increased pCR rate from 37.0% to 52.1% (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.46-2.62, P 0.001). Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy remained significantly associated with increased pCR rate also after restricting the analysis to the three RCTs (N = 611) that used the same standard regimen in both groups of weekly paclitaxel (with or without carboplatin) followed by anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.37-4.66, P = 0.003). Conversely, among the 96 BRCA-mutated patients included in two RCTs, the addition of carboplatin was not associated with significantly increased pCR rate (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.51-2.67, P = 0.711). Two RCTs (N = 748) reported survival outcomes: no significant difference in EFS (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49-1.06, P = 0.094) and OS (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.46-1.63, P = 0.651) was observed. A significant higher risk of grade 3 and 4 hematological AEs, with no increased risk of grade 3 and 4 neuropathy was observed with platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.In TNBC patients, platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with significantly increased pCR rates at the cost of worse hematological toxicities. Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be considered an option in TNBC patients.CRD42018080042.

We perform ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy of plasmonic structures beyond the perturbative excitation regime. As a prototypical system we choose gold nanorods dispersed in water, which display both longitudinal and transverse plasmon resonances. A broadband investigation reveals a complex scenario for the saturation of the transient optical response as a function of the pump fluence, with strong dependence on the probe wavelength. In particular, we observed stronger saturation effects for the high energy transverse plasmonic resonance as compared to the low energy longitudinal one. This behavior is well captured by a three-temperature model and is understood in terms of the nonlinearity of the Fermi-smearing mechanism, presiding over the optical nonlinearity of noble metal nanomaterials. Our results highlight a universal saturation dynamics in the transient optical response of plasmon-enhanced photonic structures excited by intense light beams, with potential impact on many applications, from the all-optical modulation of light to photovoltaics and photocatalysis.

This study addresses the effect of Fucus vesiculosus seaweed powder addition up to 8% (flour basis, f.b.) on wheat flour dough and bread properties. Rheological properties and proofing behaviour of dough and density, colour, and crumb texture of bread were determined. Compared to a typical wheat bread formulation, the addition of Fucus vesiculosus seaweed powder raised elongational dough viscosity, which was responsible for a lower porosity of dough at the end of proofing. The wheat dough consistency index (power law) increased from 6.6-22.1 10(-3) Pa s(n) with FV addition and the flow index values were low (0.24-0.29) showing a strong shear-thinning behaviour. Fucus vesiculosus seaweed powder addition significantly increased density from 0.23 g/cm(3) (≤ 2% f.b.) up to 0.40 g/cm(3) (8% f.b.), crumb firmness from ≈18 kPa (≤4% f.b.) up to 45 kPa (8% f.b.), and green colour of bread crust. The results showed that a maximum of (4% f.b.) Fucus vesiculosus seaweed powder could be added, without impairing the density and crumb texture of enriched breads.

A new approach is proposed for adjusting models of empirical equations to predict PVT properties based on current operating conditions of Colombian fields. The results obtained with this new approach are compared with existing correlations. Using PVT measurement properties from 51 Colombian fields distributed in eight producing oil basins (which represents more than 50% of total Colombian oil production), and through the application of multivariate statistical analysis and average relative error, a new approach was presented focused on two methodological criteria: i) PVT empirical correlations existing adjusted to the operating conditions of Colombian fields. ii) Proposal of empirical equations to estimate the bubble point pressure, oil volume factor and gas ratio in solution, of Colombians crudes. The inaccuracy of the empirical correlations of the fluids properties contained in the literature, to implemented for Colombian crude is manifested. Correction factors to adjust the experimental data are proposed to reduce the relative error percentage of correlations. A new empirical equation for estimating PVT properties is presented, necessary to solve reservoir engineering and surface production operational problems; by multivariate analysis. The proposed models are compared with the traditional ones, through relative errors based on the PVT measurement acquired, with the aim of ranking them according to its uncertainty. Through the correlations based on Colombian crudes presented hereby, PVT fluid properties are obtained exhibiting behaviors with a lower order error compared to currently implemented in the industry. This improvement in PVT calculation accuracy will be of invaluable support for simulations and designs applied in Colombian Oil industry.

The formation of Eastern Mediterranean sapropels has periodically occurred during intensification of northern hemisphere monsoon precipitation over North Africa. However, the large-scale response of the Eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during these monsoon-fuelled freshening episodes is poorly constrained. Here, we investigate the formation of the youngest sapropel (S1) along an across slope transect in the Adriatic Sea. Foraminifera-based oxygen index, redox-sensitive elements and biogeochemical parameters reveal - for the first time - that the Adriatic S1 was synchronous with the deposition of south-eastern Mediterranean S1 beds. Proxies of paleo thermohaline currents indicate that the bottom-hugging North Adriatic Dense Water (NAdDW) suddenly decreased at the sapropel onset simultaneously with the maximum freshening of the Levantine Sea during the African Humid Period. We conclude that the lack of the "salty" Levantine Intermediate Water hampered the preconditioning of the northern Adriatic waters necessary for the NAdDW formation prior to the winter cooling. Consequently, a weak NAdDW limited in turn the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDWAdriatic) formation with important consequences for the ventilation of the Ionian basin as well. Our results highlight the importance of the Adriatic for the deep water ventilation and the interdependence among the major eastern Mediterranean water masses whose destabilization exerted first-order control on S1 deposition. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wheat flour doughs were processed with soluble dietary fibres (DF) added up to 40% (w/w flour). DF were made of a ternary mixture of maltodextrins (MT, 3/5), pectins (PE, 1/5) and inulin (IN, 1/5). The addition of DF decreased the specific mechanical energy developed by the mixer, mainly because of water addition. It increased the ratio of storage moduli and the elongational viscosity of the dough, but decreased the strain hardening index. Energy input and rheological changes at mixing largely explained the decreases of porosity characteristic time and stability time during fermentation. It was possible to add up to 30% DF with a moderate increase of bread density, and 20%, with little change of crumb cellular structure. Hence, the changes of bread crumb texture were not mainly due to bread density, but rather likely to the changes of properties of the intrinsic material. Results obtained by addition of single fibre source, especially inulin, deviated from the main trends observed for texture and rheological properties. These results provide a good basis to design breads with increased dietary fibre content.

A specific equipment, made of an assembly of 10-20 vertical metal pins, has been implemented to assess the crusty texture of French breads by a so called multi-indentation test. It was connected to a force sensor set on a material testing machine in the range [0; 100 N]. The height of each pin was adjustable to the irregular surface of the crust of the tested specimen. Breads with varying texture were prepared under various dough mixing conditions and formats, different baking times (8, 11, 15 and 17 min), and with various contents of bioprocessed fibres. They were crushed, by the multi-indenter at a constant rate (50 mm/min), followed by a relaxation step while maintaining stable the final strain at 2/3rd of the initial sample height. Main variables measured from the resulting texture profile were related to crust stiffness and crumb firmness. The relevant bread format, accurate baking time and fibres content could be selected in function of given crust properties. Overall, the multi-indentation test proved a useful procedure to contribute to the design of breads with target texture. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mexico is characterized by its immense cultural diversity, one culture of many is in the state of Veracruz where the Totonac culture lived. His developed of a ritual known as “The Papantla flyers”[1], which is related to fertility of the earth, this ritual consists of a group of five men who climb to the top of a 31-meter pole, tie a rope around their waist and throw themselves headlong into the void with open arms. A child, observing this ritual asks his father, “at the top, the pole has an engine that unrolls the rope and causes men to descend?”. In this work, we study the equations of motion associated to the trajectory of the men who are thrown into the void, through the design and construction of an experimental model. To compare the experimental results with the analytical solution obtained by proposing the analytical equation that describes its movement, at the same time emphasizing the use of computational tools for simulation of the model using Easy Java Simulation.

In this work we analyzed a classical mechanical problem: a disc with a circular hole rotating and ascending on a inclined plane. The principal idea is to show the basic equations in both Lagrangian and Newtonian formalisms and to present numerical solutions. The equations are not solvable analytically, then we proceed to integrate numerically using the standardized Runge-Kutta method of order 4. We present several phase space showing the time evolution of the system. Additionally we presented an extension of the system considering a damping factor that decays exponentially in time.

The purpose of this project is to theoretically and numerically analyze the double pendulum with variable mass system, where different cases are presented: The first one corresponds to the classical analysis of the double pendulum, the second case corresponds to the double pendulum with variable mass, considering the upper mass as the variable one. The third case concerns the double pendulum with variable mass, where the lower mass varies. Finally, the fourth case corresponds to the double pendulum with variable mass, considering both of the masses as variable. For every case it is verified that m s m i which guarantees the general double pendulum behavior. We obtain the coupled equations of motion for every case by using the Lagrange formulation. The system equations are developed by means of simulations in order to solve the equations of motion, applying the fourth order Runge Kutta (RK4) numerical method. The outcomes for the numerical solution and the observed effects due to the variable mass are presented for every case.

We show that invisible localized defects, i.e. defects that can not be detected by an outside observer, can be realized in a crystal with an engineered imaginary potential at the defect site. The invisible defects are synthesized by means of supersymmetric (Darboux) transformations of an ordinary crystal using band-edge wave functions to construct the superpotential. The complex crystal has an entire real-valued energy spectrum and Bragg scattering is not influenced by the defects. An example of complex crystal synthesis is presented for the Mathieu potential.

International audience; In this paper, a reduced order mechanistic model is proposed for the evolution of temperature and humidity during French bread baking. The model parameters are identified using experimental data. The resulting model is then used to estimate the potential energy saving that can be obtained using jet impingement technology when used to increase the heat transfer efficiency. Results show up to 16% potential energy saving under certain assumptions. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Pleistocene slope clinoform succession of the Pescara Basin foredeep (Central Adriatic Basin, Italy) has been investigated combining the analysis of the rollover point trajectories with 2D seismic facies analysis and 3D seismic geomorphology approach and visualization techniques. The study documents two different types of slope clinoforms, each of which is characterized by a specific slope turbidite system with distinctive morphologies, internal geometries and architectural elements. Type 1 clinoforms are characterized by rectilinear, slope-confined gullies which develop during a phase of margin growth. Type 1 clinoforms are characterized by a rise of the trajectories of the rollover points, which can be indicative of intervals of relative sea level rise. In type 1 clinoforms most of the coarse-grained sediments are stored in the shelf. The slope-confined gullies barely indent the shelf break, are not connected to rivers, and develop thin ( Type 2 clinoforms are characterized by a negative trajectory of the rollover points, and develop during a lowering of the sea level and during lowstand periods. Type 2 clinoforms develop sinuous, aggradational slope channels which are river-connected, with incised valleys that supply sediment directly to the head of the slope channel. The slope channels are fed through sustained turbidity currents possibly associated with hyperpycnal flows. Type 2 slope channels develop in a net-aggradational setting, forming erosive based channel-fill deposits about 150 m thick which are characterized by high-amplitude reflectors (HARs). Type 2 slope channels are able to transfer larger amount of sediment to the basin, comparing with type 1 gullies, as the presence of thick (∼150 m) channelized frontal–splay complexes seems to confirm. The combination of 2D and 3D data analysis has lead to the reconstruction of a sedimentological model which has the potential to be applied as analogue for seismic or outcrop-based studies of slope channels in supply-dominated, mud-prone margins.

We present a rationalization of the solid state behaviour of 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB), a well-known blue luminescent molecule, which retains its emissive properties in the solid state. The crystal structures of four polymorphs and one solvate form are discussed and their relative thermal stability is assessed. The experimental occurrence of the four polymorphs is rationalized on the basis of thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.

International audience; During extrusion of starchy products, the molten material is forced through a die so that the sudden abrupt pressure drop causes part of the water to vaporize giving an expanded, cellular structure. The objective of this work was to elaborate a phenomenological model of expansion and couple it with Ludovic® mechanistic model of twin screw extrusion process. From experimental results that cover a wide range of thermomechanical conditions, a concept map of influence relationships between input and output variables was built. It took into account the phenomena of bubbles nucleation, growth, coalescence, shrinkage and setting, in a viscoelastic medium. The input variables were the moisture content MC , melt temperature T, specific mechanical energy SME , shear viscosity η at the die exit, computed by Ludovic®, and the melt storage moduli E’(at T > T g ). The outputs of the model were the macrostructure (volumetric expansion index VEI, anisotropy) and cellular structure (fineness F) of solid foams. Then a general model was established: VEI = α (η/η 0) n in which α and n depend on T, MC , SME and E’ and the link between anisotropy and fineness was established.

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of manual MGIT™ (MMGIT) compared to the gold standard, Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ), in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a high-burden setting.Individuals with suspected TB enrolled in parallel diagnostic trials during 2007-2011 were included. Two samples were obtained from each patient and inoculated into MMGIT and LJ medium. Diagnostic tests were performed, and the incremental yield of a second test and time to detection (TTD) were calculated. Analyses were performed per patient and per sample. Gold standard was based on LJ culture.In the per patient and per sample analysis, we evaluated 1436 patients and 4142 samples. The sensitivity and specificity for smear and MMGIT per sample were respectively 89.9%/92.2% and 97.1%/98.9%. Contamination was observed in 1.4% of samples on MMGIT. The mean TTD (days) was 11.8 for MMGIT and 22.9 for LJ. The sensitivity and specificity for smear and MMGIT per patient were respectively 89.9% and 92.2% and 97.1% and 98.3%. A second MMGIT culture had an incremental yield of 1.6%.MMGIT has high sensitivity and specificity, regardless of smear result, with a 50% reduction in TTD compared to LJ. These features make MMGIT an acceptable TB diagnostic method for use in resource-limited settings.

International audience; Background: Expansion phenomenon is a key-point of the development of extruded starchy foods. Despite the huge number of studies, the complexity of the phenomenon still challenges its modeling. Current available models based on continuum mechanics are still too complex to be coupled with any 1D extrusion model available, in order to predict the density and the cellular structure of the starchy foams.Scope and approach: In this paper, the different modeling approaches for vapor expansion are reviewed. Then, a survey of the different mechanisms (bubbles nucleation, growth, coalescence, shrinkage and setting), using qualitative knowledge representation and reasoning, allows to improve the understanding of the effect of extrusion variables (temperature, moisture content, die geometry ...) and material rheological properties on the expansion phenomenon. Based on experimental results reported in the literature, a phenomenological model of expansion can then be suggested.Key findings and conclusions: The knowledge representation and reasoning leads to a concept map of the causal influences between input, physical mechanisms and output variables. The phenomenological model would allow to predict output variables characterizing foam macrostructure (bulk expansion indices and anisotropy factor) and cellular fineness based on X-ray tomography measurements. A scale down from macrostructure to cellular structure could be achieved by establishing a link between anisotropy factor and cellular fineness. Once validated, this model could be coupled with any 1D extrusion model in order to build a global model for the design of cereal-based extruded foods. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SummaryCase description: A three-year-old cat was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Naples, Italy. The cat had severe pelvic limb deformity, and abnormal development of all four paws.Clinical findings: Radiographs revealed bilateral tibial agenesis, syndactyly, and digital hypoplasia.Treatment and outcome: No treatment was instituted because of the severity of the injury, the adaptation of the cat to the abnormal condition, and the owner's refusal to permit any treatment.Clinical relevance: Congenital limb deformities are rarely reported in the cat and tibial agenesis is considered a very rare disease. This congenital anomaly is well documented and classified in man, and it has been associated with other abnormalities in more complex syndromes. This paper reports clinical and radiographic findings in a cat affected by bilateral complete tibial agenesis associated with other congenital anomalies.

The diagnostic, therapeutic and health-care management protocol (Protocollo Gestionale Diagnostico-Terapeutico-Assistenziale, PDTA) by the Association of the Italian Endocrine Surgery Units (U.E.C. CLUB) aims to help treat the patient in a topical, rational way that can be shared by health-care professionals. This fourth consensus conference involved: a selected group of experts in the preliminary phase; all members, via e-mail, in the elaboration phase; all the participants of the XI National Congress of the U.E.C. CLUB held in Naples in the final phase. The following were examined: diagnostic pathway and clinical evaluation; mode of admission and waiting time; therapeutic pathway (patient preparation for surgery, surgical treatment, postoperative management, management of major complications); hospital discharge and patient information; outpatient care and follow-up. A clear and concise style was adopted to illustrate the reasons and scientific rationales behind behaviors and to provide health-care professionals with a guide as complete as possible on who, when, how and why to act. The protocol is meant to help the surgeon to treat the patient in a topical, rational way that can be shared by health-care professionals, but without influencing in any way the physician–patient relationship, which is based on trust and clinical judgment in each individual case. The PDTA in thyroid surgery approved by the fourth consensus conference (June 2015) is the official PDTA of U.E.C. CLUB.

Two series of dough pieces were prepared: (a) at constant composition and different mixing conditions, and (b) by modifying only composition. For both, elongational properties were measured by lubricated squeezing flow (LSF) and proofing kinetics determined by 2D imaging. Elongational viscosity followed a power law in the strain interval [0.1, 1.25] and varied from 140 to 1400 kPa s, for Hencky strain and strain rate values of 1 and 10 −3 s −1 , respectively. Strain hardening index varied little, in the interval [1.2, 2]. Positive correlation between consistency K and flow index n (series a) suggested that mixing conditions modify gluten network crosslinking, whereas negative correlation between K and n (series b) showed that liquid fraction plasticized the network. Porosity kinetics were found to be mainly governed by gas production factors, rather than dough rheology. Finally, elongational viscosity contributed to limit stability loss during fermentation, which could be attributed to the resistance it imparted to bubbles coalescence.

Three breads of different densities and salt contents were chewed by 16 healthy subjects, with controlled physiological characteristics, for three different stages of mastication until swallowing. The distribution of chewed bread particle size was determined by imaging of the boluses at each stage, for the 3 breads and all subjects. Bread piece was reduced into an increasing number of small particles with a median size, function of mastication time, taking an average value of 1.9 mm at swallowing. Bolus moisture content could be predicted from theoretical salivary flow and particle median size. Bolus consistency was derived from the apparent viscosity measured by capillary rheometry. It decreased with chewing time, and this decrease was linked to bolus moisture by a plasticization coefficient, which varied with the individual (12 < alpha < 30). A basic model involving hydration and fragmentation could be suggested to predict bread destructuration, defined by the ratio of consistency of the bolus on that of initial bread.

International audience; 64 breads were baked in a deck oven under conventional French baking conditions. Their hearth and surface temperatures were measured at various baking times using thermocouples and Infra-red thermometer; their moisture content was determined after sampling of the external layer, termed the "crust", and by weighing breads. In addition, an image analysis method, based on saturation and colors, allowed determination of a mask of crust and the kinetics of its mean thickness. Associated with hydrothermal kinetics, it showed that the development of crust was achieved at a final local temperature of 160 degrees C and moisture of 5% for an average final thickness of 1.7 mm. DSC analysis of crust samples also underlined the significance of non gelatinized starch in the crust. This result was interpreted by representing the hydrothermal history of crust in a starch melting diagram. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Here we show an innovative, simple and reliable method to fabricate micro-lasers by self-assembly of rod-shaped nanocrystals. We use dot/rod core/shell CdSe/CdS nanorods to form optical micro-resonators by exploiting their self-organization into well-defined coffee stain rings. The fabrication process merely consists of capillary jet deposition of a nanorod solution onto a glass substrate, and is scalable, economic, and highly reproducible. Upon optical pumping of the micro-resonators we obtain laser emission in the red or in the blue-green spectral region, demonstrating lasing both from core and shell transitions, with low pumping thresholds. Modeling by full-wave numerical simulations according to generalized (i. e. scattering) formulation of laser theory demonstrates lasing from complex modes of the self-assembled cavity.

Wheat flour dough was mixed in a spiral mixer for different operating conditions, at a speed ranging from 80 to 320 rpm, for a period of 7-15 min. The specific mechanical energy E, delivered and the dough temperature T-d were continuously recorded and varied from 7 to 82 kJ/kg and T-d of 13.5 to 36 degrees C, respectively. E-s and T-d were strongly correlated because of viscous dissipation but variations of ingredients initial temperature allowed to uncouple them. The energy balance during mixing process was set through a simple model assuming constant heat transfer (h = 75 W/(m(2) degrees C)) which took into account thermal losses. Shear viscosity curves of the dough were determined by correlating volumic power to angular speed; by comparison to typical dough shear flow curve, a constant characteristic of the mixer geometry (K-s = 1.55) was determined like for models of mixer power consumption. The impact of mixing on small deformation rheological properties was assessed by DMA and the variations of the ratio, of maximum (75 degrees C) to minimum (50 degrees C) elastic modulus, was interpreted in relation with gluten network development. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New tendencies envisage 2D/3D Multi-Processor System-On-Chip (MPSoC) as a promising solution for the consumer electronics market. MPSoCs are complex to design, as they must execute multiple applications (games, video), while meeting additional design constraints (energy consumption, time-to-market, etc.). Moreover, the rise of temperature in the die for MPSoCs, especially for forthcoming 3D chips, can seriously affect their final performance and reliability. In this context, transient thermal modeling is a key challenge to study the accelerated thermal problems of MPSoC designs, as well as to validate the benefits of active cooling techniques (e.g., liquid cooling), combined with other state-of-the-art methods (e.g., dynamic frequency and voltage scaling), as a solution to overcome run-time thermal runaway. In this paper, I present a novel approach for fast transient thermal modeling and analysis of 2D/3D MPSoCs with active cooling, which relies on the exploitation of combined hardware-software emulation and linear thermal models for liquid flow. The proposed framework uses FPGA emulation as the key element to model the hardware components of 2D/3D MPSoC platforms at multi-megahertz speeds, while running real-life software multimedia applications. This framework automatically extracts detailed system statistics that are used as input to a scalable software thermal library, using different ordinary differential equation solvers, running in a host computer. This library calculates at run-time the temperature of on-chip components, based on the collected statistics from the emulated system and the final floorplan of the 2D/3D MPSoC. This approach creates a close-loop thermal emulation system that allows MPSoC designers to validate different hardware- and software-based thermal management approaches, including liquid cooling injection control, under transient and dynamic thermal maps. The experimental results with 2D/3D MPSoCs illustrate speed-ups of more than three orders of magnitude compared to cycle-accurate MPSoC thermal simulators, at the same time as preserving the accuracy of the estimated temperature within 3% of traditional approaches using finite-element simulations for 3D stacks and liquid cooling.

Introduction et but de l’etude Alors que l’obesite peut s’expliquer par une surnutrition et l’ingestion de regimes riches en graisses et sucres, l’ingestion de fibres alimentaires est connue pour favoriser la perte de poids [1] . Notre etude vise a determiner si, en situation d’apport alimentaire superieur aux besoins (alimentation de type occidentale generant de l’obesite), les fibres alimentaires peuvent limiter l’apparition des deregulations metaboliques via notamment une reorganisation de l’utilisation des nutriments dans l’aire splanchnique (ASP : foie + tube digestif [TD]). Materiel et methodes Quatorze Miniporcs sont multicatheterises en artere, veine porte et veine sus-hepatique pour mesurer les flux nets de nutriments au travers de l’ASP. Les animaux ont ete nourris 60 jours avec un regime en surnutrition (14 911 kJ/j EM) supplemente en pain enrichi (F) (+ 2291 kj/j EM) ou non (T) (+ 2438 kj/j EM) en fibres (inuline, pectine, amidon resistant). Des prelevements sanguins ont ete realises a jeun apres 1, 14 et 60 jours de regime T ou F, ainsi que des prelevements tissulaires a l’euthanasie. Des analyses plasmatiques (AGCC, glucose, lactate, acides amines) et hepatiques (histologie : red oil) ont ete effectuees. Les flux nets des nutriments par l’ASP ont ete calcules par difference arterioveineuse. Les effets regimes/cinetiques ont ete evaluees par ANOVA a mesures repetees, signification p Resultats et analyse statistique A j60, le contenu lipidique dans le foie est inferieur chez F vs T (−33,6 % ; p Parmi les facteurs pouvant expliquer les changements dans l’utilisation des nutriments energetiques entre T et F, on constate une emission des AGCC par le TD superieure chez F vs T uniquement a j14, liee a la degradation des fibres solubles dans le colon. Or, les AGCC sont connus pour reguler les voies du metabolisme energetique via une action sur GPR41-43 [2] . Neanmoins, l’effet des fibres perdurant a j60, des mediateurs relais ou des regulations a long terme doivent s’etre mis en place. Conclusion La supplementation en fibres alimentaires limite le stockage des lipides dans le foie en situation de surnutrition. Cet effet pourrait etre medie dans les phases precoces du developpement des deregulations metaboliques par les AGCC via une alteration de la repartition des nutriments energetiques entre le foie et les tissus peripheriques. Pour analyser cette hypothese, des expressions de genes, des analyses de proteomique et des activites enzymatiques du metabolisme energetico-azote (foie, muscle, tissu adipeux) sont en cours.

This work investigates the mastication of two samples of typical cereal food products previously characterised by different sensory, textural and mechanical properties, by two complementary approaches. Electromyographic records and image analysis of chewed food particles first confirm the importance of the brittle behaviour of the products on human mastication. For both products, the fragmentation is followed by a significant agglomeration after less than 10 chewing cycles, both phenomena being correlated to the force magnitude and its evolution. Then, artificial mastication is undertaken to shed more light on the capability of the chewing simulator to discriminate both products under dry mastication conditions. The results depict a qualitative agreement with human mastication and texture properties.

The present work is a generalization of the work of Ribberfors and Reitz (2000 Eur. J. Phys. 21 151–7). These authors study a system consisting of a collar that is restricted to move in a path defined by a rod of some prescribed form which passes through the collar. We generalize the analysis of this system by means of canonical treatment. We show in this way that this excellent example can also be used in advanced courses on mechanics to show the power of the methods of analytical mechanics. We have that the present treatment of this example will be useful for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as for the teachers of these courses on classical mechanics.

International audience; Several fractions of wheat fibres were isolated from starchy endosperm, aleurone layer and bran, and characterized for their hydration properties and arabinoxylans (AX) content. The influence of their addition, up to 10%, to standard flour was studied through mixing tests, and rheological tests at small and large deformations. The effect of insoluble AX on dough development was accounted for by their capacity to retain water, whatever their origin and percentage of addition. The addition of insoluble AX increased the viscoelastic plateau modulus. The addition of soluble and insoluble AX to the dough did not modify the overall dough flow behaviour in shear, characterized by a Newtonian plateau at low shear rates followed by shear-thinning behaviour at larger shear rates. This behaviour could be fitted by the Cross model. The addition of water soluble AX modified the Newtonian viscosity value. Conversely, the addition of insoluble ones increased dough consistency, probably through a filler-like effect in the dough matrix.

Lipase B from Candida Antarctica (also known as Candida antarctica lipase B or CALB) was immobilized onto titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a buffer-free, bidistilled aqueous medium. The adsorption isotherm was determined by UV–vis analysis of supernatant solution at 280 nm, revealing that in 7 h 98% of the theoretical lipase monolayer on the TiO2 (with 45.7 m2/g BET area) was achieved. Samples withdrawn from the supernatant immobilization medium were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the 1700–1600 cm−1 range (where the Amide I Proteins band appears) in order to obtain quantitative information on the evolution of the secondary-structure elements of the protein. The analysis performed revealed that lipase conformation suffers only minor changes during its adsorption onto TiO2. However, water associated to the lipase may interact of several ways with the surface of the hydrated oxide. Characterization of the immobilized biocatalyst (CALB/TiO2) implied SEM, fractal dimension analysis and FTIR techniques. A proposal of lipase-hydrated oxide interaction is presented.

Las condiciones agroecologicas del estado Merida, Venezuela tienen potencialidad para establecer plantaciones de arboles de navidad con fines de comercializacion. Se estudio el comportamiento silvicultural de la especie Cupressus lusitanica Mill., en condiciones de la zona alto–andina, con el fin de promocionar el cultivo de arboles de navidad entre las comunidades interesadas, El ensayo se establecio en la Estacion Experimental Santa Rosa, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Los Andes. Los arboles fueron monitoreados y evaluados a lo largo de 20 meses, realizando mediciones de diametro basal, altura total; aplicando podas apicales y de formacion. Se obtuvo una sobrevivencia de 82.69 % y mortalidad de 17.31 %; altura promedio de 2.56 m. y diametro basal de 7.79 cm, con respuestas positivas a las podas apicales y de formacion. El incremento anual en altura fue de 1.51 m y de 3.80 cm en diametro. Se concluyo que Cupressus lusitanica demostro adaptacion a las condiciones ambientales del estado Merida, de acuerdo a los parametros evaluados

A numerical simulation of a flow passing throw two NACA 0012 airfoils is presented in this paper. Aerodynamics, drag forces, and pressure drop is quantified when both profiles are axially aligned and then when one of them is vertically displaced. NUMECA code and Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model were used for this purpose. The results showed that aerodynamic losses are present in both profiles, meaning that the presence of the back profile plays an important role in the aerodynamic behavior of the frontal profile.

Mamey (Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn) is a fruit highly perishable and sensitive to chilling injury. In order to prolong the shelf-life of mamey fruits “Pardo” selection, three batches of fruit were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in doses of 0, 600 and 900 nL L−1 and stored at 10 ± 1 °C and 80–90% RH for three periods of time (7, 14 and 21 d); afterwards, the fruits were moved to be stored at 23 ± 2 °C and 50–60% RH until they reached the edibility maturity. The results showed that fruits treated with 600 and 900 nL L−1 and stored 7 days, delayed their ripening for 3 and 6 days respectively. The fruits stored 14 days, reached ripeness with an acceptable quality after 17 and 19 days (600 and 900 nL L−1). The cold storage for 21 days caused chilling injury in fruits, characterized by spots and watery areas in the pulp, lignification of vascular bundles and irregular softening.

The paper reviews our research efforts in femtosecond laser inscription of optical waveguides inside active Er:Yb-doped glass substrates and in the development of compact waveguide lasers. By optimising the fabrication parameters we obtain waveguides with coupling losses to standard telecom fibers as low as 0.1 dB/facet and propagation losses lower than 0.4 dB/cm. The waveguides provide net gain, with a peak value of 7 dB, and laser action in the whole telecommunications C-band (1530–1565 nm). Single-frequency operation with output power up to 50 mW and passive mode-locking are demonstrated, making the systems useful as compact telecom transmitters. Our results show that femtosecond laser writing can produce high-quality photonic devices, with performance comparable to or better than that obtainable with conventional waveguide fabrication techniques.

Scant information is available on the ultrasonographic appearance of different testicular tumours in the stallion. Preoperative ultrasound imaging and gross and microscopic features of a testicular teratoma in a horse is described. An asymptomatic 4 years old cryptorchid Arabian horse was admitted for orchiectomy. Combined transabdominal and inguinal ultrasound examination revealed a large complex ovoid mass, containing both solid and cystic elements with internal echoes, located dorsally to the superficial inguinal ring. Two main hypoechoic cavities divided by a linear hyperechoic septum were evident, with a hyperechoic circular structure inside the lumen of the largest one. A tumour of the undescended testis was suspected. Ultrasound findings guided a provisional diagnosis of teratoma that was confirmed by histology following surgical removal of the tumour. Due to the correspondence between ultrasonographic and morphological features, trans-abdominal ultrasonography was conclusive in the preoperative planning.

International audience; X-ray tomography is a relevant technique for the dynamic follow-up of gas bubbles in an opaque viscoelastic matrix, especially using image analysis. It has been applied here to pieces of fermenting wheat flour dough of various compositions, at two different voxel sizes (15 and 5 mm). The resulting evolution of the main cellular features shows that the creation of cellular structures follows two regimes that are defined by a characteristic time of connectivity, t(c) [30 and 80 min]: first (t = t(c)) they become connected since the percolation of the gas phase is limited by liquid films. During the first regime, bubbles can be tracked and the local strain rate can be measured. Its values (10(-4)-5 x 10(-4) s(-1)) are in agreement with those computed from dough viscosity and internal gas pressure, both of which depend on the composition. For higher porosity, P = 0.64 in our case, and thus occurring in the second regime, different cellular structures are obtained and XRT images show deformed gas cells that display complex shapes. The comparison of these images with confocal laser scanning microscopy images suggests the presence of liquid films that separate these cells. The dough can therefore be seen as a three-phase medium: viscoelastic matrix/gas cell/liquid phase. The contributions of the different levels of matter organization can be integrated by defining a capillary number (C-a(*) = 0.1-1) that makes it possible to predict the macroscopic dough behavior.

International audience; Wheat flour doughs were elaborated with wheat-bran in various contents, up to 20%, and particle sizes of fractions, in order to study the specific role of rheological properties in processing high fibre breads. The addition of wheat bran, especially more than 10%, decreased the specific mechanical energy developed by the mixer, which was attributed to a deficient formation of the gluten network. It increased the elongational viscosity of the dough, measured by biaxial extension tests, likely through a solid particles effect. These changes explained the lower increase of porosity during proofing, assessed by digital camera and 2D image analysis. The loss of dough stability was rather attributed to the destabilizing effect of bran particles on the films separating gas bubbles. The resulting changes of bread texture, determined by image analysis and mechanical testing of breads, including crust and crumb, were governed by bread density, which was established at the end of proofing. These results help to understand the impact of wheat bran on dough rheological properties in order to design French breads with increased fibre content.

International audience; Dough liquor (DL) is considered as a good model of bread dough liquid phase which plays an important role in alveolar structure creation. In this work, DL was extracted from dough pieces of various contents (g for 100 g flour) of water (55-70), sugar (0-15), rapeseed oil (0-10) and bran (0-20). The extraction yield of DL was 5.0 +/- 2.4% and its dry matter content varied between 10.8 and 27.2% of total DL mass. Its composition has been determined in terms of lipids content (