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In this paper we analyze R&D collaboration networks in industries where firms are competitors in the product market. Firms' benefits from collaborations arise by sharing knowledge about a cost-reducing technology. By forming collaborations, however, firms also change their own competitive position in the market as well as the overall market structure. We analyze incentives of firms to form R&D collaborations with other firms and the implications of these alliance decisions for the overall network structure. We provide a general characterization of both equilibrium networks and endogenous production choices, and compare it to the efficient network architecture. We also allow for firms to differ in their technological characteristics, investigate how this affects their propensity to collaborate and study the resulting network architecture.

Universities and research institutes are increasingly expected to contribute to society by creating innovation from the returns of their research results and the establishment of new technologies. Toward that goal, Keio University in Japan held an international symposium titled "Fulfilling the Promise of Technology Transfer: Fostering Innovation for the Benefit of Society". From that symposium the following contents are included in the present volume: 1) A showcase of ideas and case studies to promote future creation of innovation by universities and research institutes worldwide, including information on the R&D value chain, licensing, income generation, start-ups and mechanisms to encourage entrepreneurship, and the changing role of universities in fostering innovation. 2) Introduction of active research projects that aim to productize successful research results on an international level. For example, the book includes results of research on stem cell technologies and regenerative medicine as well as the realization and application of polymer photonics and the development of the core technology of polymer photonics. 3) Case studies from the U.K. in developing industry-academia collaboration with various business partners ranging from start-ups and spinout companies to large enterprises. 4) Reports of the achievements of the technological transfer activities at Keio University supported by the 5-year public fund, with suggestions for future prospects.

Bedeutung und Herausforderungen von Forschungskooperationen zwischen sekund?rem und terti?rem Bildungsbereich am Beispiel des Sparkling Science Projekts ?Mein Herz und ich- gemeinsam gesund!?, Session 3 ABSTRACT/ KURZFASSUNG Die F?rderschiene Sparkling Science des BMWF soll durch anspruchsvolle wissenschaftliche Kooperationsprojekte zwischen Forschungseinrichtungen und Schulen das Interesse von Jugendlichen am Thema Forschung steigern und somit zur Nachwuchsf?rderung in diesem Bereich beitragen. Gleichzeitig erlangen die Themen Gesundheit und Gesundheitsf?rderung gesellschaftspolitisch immer mehr an Relevanz. Ein gesundheitliches Umdenken auch in Bezug auf die Selbstverantwortung f?r die eigene Gesundheit soll schon bei Kindern und Jugendlichen forciert werden. Daher sind sie wichtige Zielgruppen der nachhaltigen Gesundheitsf?rderung. Eine wissenschaftliche Herangehensweise an gesundheitsbezogene Themenfelder bereits im sekund?ren Bildungsbereich bringt nicht nur innovative Erkenntnisse ?ber Gesundheitsf?rderung, sondern macht Wissenschaft f?r die Sch?ler erlebbar und spannend. Im Rahmen des zweij?hrigen grenz?berschreitenden Sparkling Science Kooperationsprojektes ?Mein Herz und ich ? gemeinsam gesund!? zwischen Einrichtungen des sekund?ren und terti?ren Bildungsbereiches wurde das Gesundheitsbewusstsein von Sch?lerInnen der Oberstufe als auch deren Zugang zur Gesundheitsf?rderung und den Sozialwissenschaften gef?rdert. Ausgangspunkt des Projektes war die qualitative Prozessevaluation eines vom Fonds Gesundes ?sterreich finanzierten Modellprojektes zur Herz-Kreislaufgesundheit mit dem Titel ?Gemeinsam gesund im Bezirk Oberwart?, an der sich junge ForscherInnen einer berufsbildenden h?heren Schule (BHS) unter Anleitung von WissenschaftlerInnen einer Fachhochschule beteiligen durften. Die Sch?lerInnen lernten im Rahmen des Projektes die eigenst?ndige Anwendung von Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung und erhielten somit umfangreiche wissenschaftliche Qualifikation. In Kooperation mit den wissenschaftlichen MitarbeiterInnen der Forschungseinrichtung f?hrten die Jugendlichen neben Telefoninterviews unter anderem auch eine Online-Erhebung zum Rauchverhalten von Facebook-NutzerInnen durch und erfassten bzw. analysierten das eigene Ern?hrungsverhalten mithilfe eines Ern?hrungstagebuches. Aufbauend auf den erworbenen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen setzten die jungen NachwuchsforscherInnen in Form des ?Peer Group Teachings? schlie?lich eigenst?ndig schulbasierte Gesundheitsf?rderungsma?nahmen um und vermittelten erworbenes Wissen und Kompetenzen an Mitsch?lerInnen. So starteten die jungen WissenschaftlerInnen beispielsweise eine eigene Kampagne gegen Essst?rungen und gestalteten das eigene Schulbuffet ges?nder. In bestimmten Phasen des Projektes wurden auch andere Organisationen miteinbezogen. Beispielsweise stellten die Sch?lerInnen ihr Wissen ?ber Essst?rungen im Rahmen einer Kampagne mit dem Titel ?Vielfalt macht Sch?nheit? an einer Partner- Hauptschule vor und f?hrten Nordic-Walking-Einheiten mit SeniorInnen eines Altenwohn- und Pflegeheimes durch. Weiteres entstanden aus der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Bildungs- und Forschungseinrichtung heraus zw?lf Fachbereichsarbeiten zu Themen der Gesundheitsf?rderung. Durch dieses Projekt ergaben sich sowohl f?r Sch?lerInnen als auch f?r die Bildungseinrichtungen zahlreiche Vorteile. So k?nnen unterschiedliche Kompetenzen geb?ndelt werden, was letztendlich zum Identifizieren von Synergieeffekten f?hrt. Durch dieses Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der sekund?ren und terti?ren Bildungseinrichtung konnten die Sch?lerInnen auf kreative Weise an das Thema des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens herangef?hrt und f?r eine Ausbildung im terti?ren Bildungsbereich motiviert werden. Dennoch lie?en sich im Rahmen des Projektes auch Herausforderungen und Schwierigkeiten in der Zusammenarbeit feststellen. Dies betrifft vor allem zeitliche Aspekte sowie streng vorgegebene Lehrpl?ne seitens der BHS. Deshalb ist f?r eine zielf?hrende Kooperation im operativen Bereich der terti?ren und sekund?ren Bildungseinrichtungen auch eine enge Zusammenarbeit auf ministerieller Ebene dienlich. Gesundheit

Das AMS Österreich ist mit seiner Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation hierzulande eine der wichtigsten Institutionen, die sich in enger Kooperation mit Ministerien, den Sozialpartnern sowie den einschlägig tätigen Forschungsinstituten mit den vielfältigen Aspekten rund um die Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes, der Berufe, der Qualifikationen und Kompetenzen auseinandersetzt. Dabei ist es auch Ziel des AMS, die in der Forschungspraxis gewonnenen Infos bzw. Resultate sowohl an die Fachöffentlichkeit aus als auch an die breite Öffentlichkeit heranzutragen. Maria Hofstätter war in ihrer Zeit als Leiterin der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich, von 1996 bis Jahresende 2012, maßgeblich für die Überführung der Berufsinformation des AMS in das Internet-Zeitalter verantwortlich. Gleichzeitig war es ihr ein sehr bedeutsames Anliegen, ähnliches für den Forschungsbereich des AMS und seinen vielfältigen Output zu bewerkstelligen. Dass dies mit der Realisierung des AMS-Forschungsnetzwerkes und seinem Webauftritt unter dem Motto 'Forschung - Expertise - Praxis' nachhaltig gelungen ist, unterstreichen u.a. auch die Ergebnisse dieser Online-Befragung vom September 2012.

This article reflects the main findings of the ‘White Paper on opportunities and challenges in view of enhancing the EU cooperation with Eastern Europe, Central Asia and South Caucasus in Science, Research and Innovation’, which was released in April 2012, from a science and technology (S&T) internationalisation policy perspective. In the ‘Internationalisation of R&D from an S&T policy perspective’ section of this article, the ongoing discourse on internationalisation of research and development (R&D) is discussed from an S&T policy perspective. In the ‘S&T cooperation between the EU and Eastern Europe as well as Central Asia since the early 1990s’ section, the development of S&T cooperation between the EU and EECA is described as a historical snapshot since the early 1990s. In the ‘Recent S&T internationalisation efforts of Eastern European and Central Asian countries’ section, special emphasis is given to the current EECA countries' dispositions towards R&D internationalisation. For a structured overview, the EECA region is disaggregated in three subregions, namely, (a) Russian Federation, (b) Eastern European countries (without Russia) and (c) Central Asian countries. To better position the R&D internationalisation policies of the region under scrutiny within the overall state-of-the-art of S&T, the ‘Current state of S&T in the Eastern European and Central Asian countries’ section compares main S&T indicators of the EECA countries. The ‘The White Paper recommendations in the light of international S&T cooperation policy objectives’ section finally condenses the major recommendations elaborated during the White Paper consultation process and puts them into the context of international S&T cooperation policy. The question is raised on what international cooperation can contribute to improving S&T in the EECA region and which approaches are deemed most adequate to support this. The analysis shows that most recommendations suggested in the White Paper directly target the S&T policy (delivery) system, which is put into an explicit actor's role. Science diplomacy is the identified predominant driver for deepening international R&D cooperation with the EECA region. The main instruments used are international dialogue, exchange and learning platforms, which are supported by the European Commission according to the EU's subsidiarity principle. Other S&T internationalisation policy objectives play a role too, especially if a more regionally differentiated perspective is taken into account.

In this paper, we study a standard Cournot model where firms are able to form bilateral collaboration agreements which lower marginal cost. While a static analysis of such a model can be found in Goyal and Joshi [5], we introduce an evolutionary model. Stable networks (in the static sense) exhibit the dominant group architecture and can be characterized with respect to the size of the group. However, in contrast to Goyal and Joshi [5], we find that the group size of connected firms in stochastically stable networks is generically unique and monotonically decreasing in cost of link formation. Further, there exists a lower bound on the group size of connected firms such that a non-empty network can be stochastically stable.

This study shows for a large sample of R&D-active manufacturing firms that collaborative R&D has a positive effect on firms’ patenting in terms of both quantity and quality. When distinguishing between alliances that aim at joint creation of new knowledge and alliances that aim at exchange of existing knowledge, the results suggest that the positive effect on patent quantity is driven by knowledge exchange rather than joint R&D. Firms engaged in joint R&D, on the other hand, receive more forward citations per patent indicating that joint R&D enhances patent quality. In light of literature on strategic patenting, our results further suggest that knowledge creation alliances lead to patents that are filed to protect valuable intellectual property, while exchange alliances drive ‘portfolio patenting’, resulting in fewer forward citations.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Gestaltung eines Methodenapparates für die Bewertung alternativer Forschungskooperationspartner. Forschung wird definiert als die systematische Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Methoden mit dem Ziel, neues Wissen zu erlangen. Unter einer zwischenbetrieblichen Kooperation wird die freiwillige, zielorientierte, vertraglich vereinbarte langfristige Zusammenarbeit zwischen rechtlich selbstständigen Unternehmen verstanden, die mit einer teilweisen Einschränkung der wirtschaftlichen Selbstständigkeit einhergeht. Für die entscheidungslogisch fundierte Bewertung von Forschungskooperationspartnern ist in umfangreicher Weise die Beschaffung und Verarbeitung entscheidungsrelevanter Informationen und die Bereitstellung eines geeigneten Methodenapparates erforderlich. Forschungskooperationsziele stellen die zentralen Maßstäbe zur Beurteilung eines Forschungskooperationspartners dar. Sie sind für die Wahl geeigneter Methoden zur Bewertung alternativer Kooperationspartner entscheidend. Der Analyse betrieblicher Ziele beim Eingehen einer Forschungskooperation wird mittels einer Literaturanalyse ein besonderer Stellenwert eingeräumt. Typische Forschungskooperationsziele sind sachlicher, zeitlicher und formaler Natur. Inhalt dieser typischen Ziele von Forschungskooperationen ist es, das jeweilige Forschungsvorhaben qualitativ besser, schneller oder finanziell günstiger abzuschließen. Neben diesen typischen Zielrichtungen einer Forschungskooperation sind zwei weitere zu berücksichtigen: Risikoreduktion und Durchführbarkeit. Bewertungsrelevante Eigenschaften eines auf seine Eignung als Forschungskooperationspartner hin zu bewertenden Betriebs sind solche Eigenschaften, die darauf schließen lassen, in welchem Ausmaß es in Kooperation mit diesem Partner möglich wäre, die Forschungskooperationsziele zu erreichen. Diese Eigenschaften werden zweckmäßigerweise für das weitere Vorgehen in zwei Typen differenziert: zum ersten in die objektiv beobachtbaren Potenziale eines Kooperationspartners, die aus der Güterperspektive dessen Befähigung, sein Können, kennzeichnen, ein bestimmtes Forschungsprojekt sinnvoll zur eigenen Leistungsbereitschaft zu ergänzen. Potenzialfaktoren, die in einem Forschungsprojekt zum Einsatz kommen, sind materielle Betriebsmittel wie bspw. Versuchs- oder Rechenanlagen. Ausführende Arbeit zur Realisation von Forschungsvorhaben, bspw. durch Laborpersonal zählt ebenfalls zu den relevanten Potenzialfaktoren. Zu den bedeutendsten immateriellen Betriebsmitteln in einem Forschungsprojekt gehört ferner Wissen. Schließlich ist auch das finanzielle Potenzial eines Kooperationspartners zu bewerten. Neben der Potenzialbasis bildet die Bereitschaft des Partnerbetriebs, konstruktiv zu kooperieren (also dessen Wollen), den zweiten bewertungsrelevanten Eigenschaftstyp. Als Nullalternative bei der Bewertung alternativer Forschungskooperationspartner fungiert die Möglichkeit der alleinigen Realisation des Forschungsprojekts. Als Konsequenz erfasst der bewertende Vergleich von alternativen Kooperationspartnern die Differenz der Zielerreichung mit einzelnen Kooperationspartnern zur Nullalternative, um das Ausmaß der besseren Zielerreichung abzubilden. Kern des Bewertungsmodells ist die Bewertung der positiven und negativen Konsequenzen der Entscheidung für einen bestimmten Kooperationspartner. Die positiven Konsequenzen, oder auch der Nutzen, sind anhand des Vergleichs der Zielwirkungen von Nullalternative und Forschungskooperation mit dem jeweiligen Kooperationspartnern zu bestimmen. Da diese Zielwirkungen in unterschiedlichen Skalen gemessen werden, ist mittels einer Nutzwertanalyse eine einheitliche Vergleichsgröße zu berechnen. Negative Konsequenzen der Forschungskooperation mit dem jeweiligen Kooperationspartner ergeben sich aus seiner Kooperationsbereitschaft. Insbesondere ist der aus einer erwartungsgemäß submaximalen Kooperationsbereitschaft eines Kooperationspartners resultierende Aufwand für zwischenbetriebliche Koordinationsmaßnahmen bewertungsrelevant. Nach der Bestimmung des Nutzens aus den Potenzialen eines Kooperationspartners und des Disnutzens aus seiner fehlenden Kooperationsbereitschaft stehen nun die Größen zur Bildung eines partnerspezifischen Gesamtwerts zur Verfügung: Der Wert eines potenziellen Kooperationspartners ergibt sich durch Summierung von Nutzen und Disnutzen. Die Interpretation des Partnerwerts lässt sich beispielhaft aufzeigen. Entsprechend seiner Definition und der zugrundeliegenden Rechenweise spricht ein höherer Wert für einen Kooperationspartner, der eher geeignet ist, um die eigenen Forschungskooperationsziele zu erreichen, als ein niedrigerer Partnerwert. Solange der Partnerwert positiv ist, ist die Durchführung einer Kooperation zur Erlangung der Forschungsziele erfolgsversprechender, als die eigenständige Realisation des Forschungsprojekts. Ist der Partnerwert hingegen negativ, so wäre eine Realisation der Nullalternative zielführender. Zur Darstellung der Anwendungsbreite des entwickelten Bewertungsmodells werden abschließend drei spezielle Konstellationen der Bewertung von Forschungskooperationspartnern näher betrachtet: Forschungskooperationen mit mehr als einem Kooperationspartner, internationale Forschungskooperationen und Forschungskooperationen mit nicht privatwirtschaftlich verfassten Betrieben. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass das entwickelte Bewertungsmodell durchweg auch für diese Fälle anwendbar ist, wobei jeweils typischerweise einige Faktoren im Bewertungsmodell eine besondere Bedeutung erfahren. This thesis focuses on developing a method which can be used to evaluate potential partners to cooperate with in an intercompany research cooperation. Research is understood as systematically applying scientific methods in order to gain new knowledge. An intercompany cooperation is understood as a goal-directed, contractually settled long-term collaboration that is established on a voluntary basis between legally independent, yet consequently commercially mutually dependent companies. Decision-theory based evaluation of research cooperation partners requires processing a great deal of relevant information and the design of a suitable methodology. Research cooperation goals are seen as the essential benchmark on the basis of which alternative research cooperation partners are to be evaluated. Consequently, they are essential for the methodology to be chosen. Through the studying of literature, goals that are to be achieved through engaging in a research cooperation are thoroughly analyzed. Essential goals are content goals, timeframe goals and financial goals. Additional goals of more special character are risk reduction and feasibility. All characteristics of a company to be evaluated as a potential research cooperation partner are to be benchmarked in order to evaluate their value for achieving research cooperation goals. Conveniently, these characteristics can be distinguished between two types: first, the objectively observable potentials of a potential research cooperation partner. These characterize his capabilities, to enrich the planned research project in a purposeful way, when compared to one?s own capabilities. Capabilities of importance for research projects can typically be seen in material operating resources (e.g. experimental plants or specialized IT-facilities), human resources (e.g. laboratory staff), immaterial resources (particularly knowledge) and finally financial resources. Second, the will (or: motivation) is the second set of relevant cooperation partner characteristics. The best alternative to engaging in a research cooperation with any partner is to realize the intended research project by oneself, i.e. without a cooperation partner. This alternative is referred to as the null alternative. Consequently, all potential research cooperation partners are to be compared with the extent to which research goals can be achieved through one?s null alternative. The key aspect of the methodology to be developed thus is the evaluation of positive and negative consequences of choosing a particular company as a partner to cooperate with. Positive consequences (or: advantages) can be identified as a better achievement of goals than would be possible when realizing the null alternative. Since different goals are to be measured with different scales, standardization through a scoring model becomes necessary. Negative consequences (or: disadvantages) of cooperating with a particular partner result from his lack of cooperation will. In particular means and instruments of intercompany coordination are to be evaluated. Having determined advantages and disadvantages of a particular research cooperation partner, both findings can be added in order to generate an overall partner value. The higher this partner value, the more suitable is the company as a research cooperation partner. As long as the partner value is above zero, i.e. positive, cooperation leads to a better goal-achievement than realizing the null alternative (i.e. realizing the research project by oneself). A negative partner value however indicates that realizing the null alternative would mean a better goal achievement than engaging in a research cooperation with this particular partner. The wide usability of the methodology developed is demonstrated by a concluding discussion of three particularly relevant constellations in intercompany research cooperations: research coopera-tions with more than just two research partners (i.e. research networks), international research cooperations, and research cooperations in public-private-partnerships. Specific requirements of using the developed set of methodology in these three constellations are highlighted conclusively.

Innovation is the result of an interactive process. Knowledge-intensive interactions among different partners are associated with a variety of advantages and disadvantages for the actors involved. Therefore, a rich body of literature investigating the impact of R&D collaboration networks on the innovation performance of firms and regions has developed over the last two decades. Those studies come to different results. The aims of this paper are manifold. First, the paper summarizes the results of the relevant literature. Second, a brief overview of the established methods and approaches used in the literature to investigate this research question is given. The third objective is to answer the question whether the achieved results in the literature are predetermined by the employed methods. Finally, relevant gaps for further research are identified. To answer these questions a meta-analysis of the relevant literature is conducted. This study shows that knowledge-intensive interactions have a rather positive impact on the performance of firms and regions. There is also evidence that the employed methods and approaches used in the literature to investigate this research question predetermine the outcome of the research. Wissensintensive Interaktionen sind mit einer Reihe von Vor- und Nachteilen für die beteiligten Akteure verbunden. Deshalb hat sich ein Literaturstrang entwickelt, welcher der Fragestellung nachgeht, wie sich FuE-Kooperationen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Firmen und Regionen auswirken. Diese Studien kommen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Das Papier versucht die verschiedenen Ergebnisse der Literatur zusammenzufassen. Ein weiteres Ziel ist es, die in der Literatur verwendeten Methoden zur Bearbeitung der Fragestellung kritisch zu diskutieren. Zudem geht das Papier der Frage nach, inwiefern die in der Literatur verwendeten Methoden und Ansätze die Ergebnisse der Studien beeinflussen. Zur Bearbeitung dieser Fragestellungen wird eine Metaanalyse der relevanten Literatur durchgeführt. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass FuEKooperationen einen positiven Effekt auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Firmen und Regionen haben. Zudem gibt es starke Evidenz dafür, dass die verwendeten Methoden und Ansätze die Ergebnisse der Studien beeinflussen.

Academic consulting is an important mechanism to transfer tacit knowledge as well as facilitates the transfer of codified knowledge, such as patents. However, not all researchers are equally interested in consulting. A lot of researchers refrain from industry collaboration since external involvement in research issues could be regarded immoral according to the traditional Humboldt university ideal. However, external involvement increases through external funding, in particular from industrial sources and the general public demands universities to become more entrepreneurial in order to increase economic growth and welfare. The question that remains to be answered is which factors impact on the decision of university researchers to engage in consulting assignments? This paper contributes with an empirical analysis of this issue and is based on a survey of university professors in Germany and Sweden.

Over the course of the last decade, increasing political emphasis has been placed on the 'third role' of universities and universities of applied sciences in German higher education policy, i.e. to these institutions socio-economic contribution their regional environment. Against this background it is the first central aim of this study to take account of the existing regional activities of higher education institutions in Germany and to establish whether any effects of regional policymakers' and university management efforts to support such activities are already felt at the level of the individual researcher. Based on survey data, we find that a large array of decentralised projects is being performed by individual academics for multiple reasons, but also that evidence of effective centralised incentive-setting for such activities remains limited. Nonetheless, universities have undoubtedly become integrated into strategic considerations of regional co-operation to a stronger degree, as evidenced by a number of publicly supported programmes and the long time implicit 'third role' of universities of applied sciences. Consequently, the second main aim of the paper is to illustrate how such strategic approaches could be designed against the background of the concrete regional demand of the industrial sector in a case study region. With a view to the example of Upper Palatinate in Bavaria, our paper demonstrates how the formerly strict separation of missions and tasks between universities and universities of applied sciences has resulted in a certain structural fragmentation of competences that hinders the development of a substantial third role in the region. Additionally, it suggests some tentative approaches how this situation could be overcome by an increased co-operation between formerly quite separate institutions.

Wie sich die Welt für die Produktionstechnik geändert hat und wie Forscher sowie Industriepraktiker darauf reagieren müssen, das erläutert Thomas Bauernhansl, der neue Leiter des Fraunhofer IPA und des IFF der Uni Stuttgart, im Gespräch mit der Automationspraxis.

The ability of firms to establish R&D collaborations that combine resources, exploit complementary know-how, and internalize R&D externalities has been shown to be of high importance for the successful creation and implementation of new knowledge. We argue in this article that collaborative R&D may not only be beneficial in terms of appropriability of returns to R&D investment, access to the partner's knowledge base and the exploitation of scale and scope in R&D, but that it may also be a strategy to cope with financing constraints for R&D. Studying panel data we show that collaboration with science alleviates liquidity constraints for research. Horizontal collaboration reduces liquidity constraints for both research as well as R and D. Vertical collaboration has no such effects.

KOF Studies, 35

This paper explores how and why collaboration with different types of partners and the position within a research network can affect firms' innovative performance in terms of product innovations. A detailed empirical analysis is carried out in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. This industry is characterized by a rapidly developing, complex, and dispersed knowledge base, where one would expect positive benefits from collaboration and the position within a network for innovative output. The paper uses a unique dataset in pharmaceutical cancer research based on scientific co-publications and new drug approvals. We apply social network analysis and count data regressions. We observe that collaboration with a diverse set of partners from academia and the network position in terms of eigenvector centrality is positively related to product innovation. However, we do not find a general positive association between collaboration, particularly with biotechnology companies, and product innovation or between central network positions and product innovation. Therefore, these results require a re-assessment of the role of scientific collaboration and biotechnology companies in the development of the pharmaceutical industry.

This paper tests whether upstream R&D cooperation leads to downstream collusion. We consider an oligopolistic setting where firms enter in research joint ventures (RJVs) to lower production costs or coordinate on collusion in the product market. We show that a sufficient condition for identifying collusive behavior is a decline in the market share of RJV-participating firms, which is also necessary and sufficient for a decrease in consumer welfare. Using information from the US National Cooperation Research Act, we estimate a market share equation correcting for the endogeneity of RJV participation and R&D expenditures. We find robust evidence that large networks between direct competitors - created through firms being members in several RJVs at the same time - are conducive to collusive outcomes in the product market which reduce consumer welfare. By contrast, RJVs among non-competitors are efficiency enhancing.

Cooperation can benefit and hurt firms at the same time. An important question then is: when is it better to cooperate. And how can an appropriate partner be selected? In this paper we present a model of inter-firm cooperation driven by cognitive distance, appropriability conditions and external knowledge. Absorptive capacity of firms develops as an outcome of the interaction between absorptive R&D and cognitive distance from voluntary and involuntary knowledge spillovers. Thus, we offer a revision of the original model by Cohen and Levinthal (1989) accounting for recent empirical findings and explicitly modeling absorptive capacity within the framework of interactive learning. We apply that to the analysis of firms' cooperation and R&D investment preferences. While the focus of this paper is limited to a static scenario, where the cognitive distance between cooperating firms is fixed and given exogenously, in Savin and Egbetokun (2012) we address the dynamic approach and provide more extensive simulation results.

The relationship between innovation and firm survival is analyzed for the population of German laser source producers from the beginning of the industry until 2005. Innovation effort is approximated by the generation of high quality patents in laser sources technology (IPC H01S) and by having patents with university inventors. Quality patents are defined as those in the upper quartile of the strongly right-skewed distribution of forward citations. Having quality patents is positive and statistically significantly associated with firm survival. New firms without relevant capabilities inherited at their birth may be capable of compensating for their lack of adequate pre-entry experience with corresponding innovative behavior. Having patents with university inventors is apparently not related to firm survival.

In den letzten fünfzehn Jahren ist das Wissenschaftssystem erheblich in Bewegung geraten. Einen Aspekt unter vielen bildet dabei die wissenschaftspolitische Forderung nach verstärkter Verwertungsorientierung öffentlicher Forschungsergebnisse. Fehlende Erfolge im Wissens- und Technologietransfer in öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen werden aus wissenschaftspolitischer Sicht meist als ein Praxisproblem gesehen, das die Institutsleitung lösen kann, indem sie, gleich einer Firma, eine spezifische Transferkultur in der Organisation etabliert. Das hier vorliegende Papier reflektiert Transferaktivitäten in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft. Auf Makro- wie auf Mikroebene wurden überwiegend wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten in technologieorientierten Instituten der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft untersucht. Aus einer organisationssoziologischen Perspektive zeigt sich, dass auch in vermeintlich transfernahen Leibniz-Instituten konfligierende Erwartungen und Handlungsorientierungen zum Tragen kommen, die auf der Organisationsebene in Form unterschiedlicher Strategien austariert werden müssen. Die damit verbundenen Implikationen für die Institute und die Leibniz-Gemeinschaft werden am Ende des Papers diskutiert. (Autorenreferat) In the last 15 years, there have been considerable changes in Germany's science system. One of the demands made by science policy makers of research organizations is more commercialization of the research results. The lack of success in this field is often interpretated by science policy as a practical problem that can be solved when institutes (directors) establish an organizational culture which supports technology transfer activities. This paper discusses out of a macro and micro perspective in organizational sociology technology transfer processes in rather technology oriented institutes of the Leibniz-Association. It is shown that these institutes are exposed to different expectations and orientations (of actions) from their institutional environments which cause conflicts they have to manage within the institutes. The negotiation processes to balance different interests in the institutes are reflected in this paper as well as its possible implications for the institutes and the Leibniz-Association. (author's abstract)

Using a new dataset with detailed geographic information about licensing activities of the Max Planck Society, Germany's largest non-university public research organization, we analyze how the probability and magnitude of commercial success are affected by geographic distance between licensors and licensees. Our evidence suggests that proximity is not generally associated with superior commercialization outcomes. A negative association between distance and commercialization success is identified only for the specific cases of, first, spin-off licensees located outside Germany and, second, foreign licensees within the subsample of inventions with multiple licensees.

Opladen ; Farmington Hills, Mich. : Budrich UniPress 2011, III, 41 S., Deutschsprachige Veröffentlichung des ersten Teils der zweibändigen Publikation „Building on Progress – Expanding the Research Infrastructure for the Social, Economic, and Behavioral Sciences“, herausgegeben vom Rat für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten ... Das hier vorliegende Buch stellt die deutsche Übersetzung der Empfehlungen des RatSWD zur Weiterentwicklung der Forschungsinfrastruktur für die Sozial-, Verhaltens- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften dar. Mit der Veröffentlichung der Empfehlungen als eigenständige Publikation in deutscher Sprache will der RatSWD Politik, Wissenschaft und Forschungsförderern in Deutschland seine aktuellen Überlegungen mit Blick auf die konzeptionellen Bedingungen einer international wettbewerbsfähigen Forschungslandschaft in Deutschland in komprimierter Form an die Hand geben. (DIPF/Orig.)

Opladen ; Farmington Hills, Mich. : Budrich UniPress 2011, III, 35 S., This abridged version contains the first part of the detailed double-volume edition of “Building on Progress – Expanding the Research Infrastructure for the Social, Economic, and Behavioral Sciences,” edited by the German Data Forum (RatSWD). (DIPF/Orig.)

Knowledge production and scientific research have become increasingly more collaborative and international, particularly in pharmaceuticals. We analyze international research networks on the country level in different disease groups. Our empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset of scientific publications related to pharmaceutical research. Using social network analysis, we find that both the number of countries and their connectivity increase in almost all disease groups. The cores of the networks consist of high income OECD countries and remain rather stable over time. We use network regression techniques in order to analyze the dynamics of the networks. Our results indicate that an accumulative advantage based on preferential attachment and point connectivity as a proxy for multi-connectivity are positively related to changes in the countries' collaboration intensity.

This paper analyzes the relationship between competition and R&D cooperation with universities and competitors. Our simple model predicts that more competitors reduce the incentives for horizontal cooperation as it diminishes the gains from “collusion”. Assuming that the value of synergies and spillovers created by cooperation depends on competition intensity reveals two distinct and opposing incentives for cooperation. While synergies foster R&D cooperation, spillovers may hinder cooperation. We mainly hypothesize that university cooperation corresponds to product innovation and hence quality competition, while horizontal cooperation lead to process innovations and therefore relates to price competition. We test these hypotheses based on Swiss firm-level panel data controlling for simultaneity of cooperation decisions and endogeneity of competition. Our empirical analysis supports the relevance of distinguishing between competition dimensions and cooperation partners, respectively. We find that price competition matters for both university and horizontal cooperation and it takes the form of an inverted U-shape. On the contrary, quality competition only matters for university cooperation and the relationship shows a U-form. Moreover we see that the number of principal competitors is significantly related only to cooperation between competitors and the relationship shows an inverted U-form. Hence, markets with a medium number of competitors are more receptive for horizontal cooperation. In sum these findings advance our understanding of the relationship between innovation and competition policy., KOF Working Papers, 275

This report is an account of the relationship between the ERA development and German research and innovation policy (R&I policy). The report introduces what ERA is and how the activities and instruments at European level have fundamentally changed and broadened. It provides a discussion of key initiatives at European level and their interrelation with German R&I policy. In the last decade, and accelerated in the recent years, the European research policy and subsequently the innovation policy have undergone dramatic changes. A range of long-term ambitious initiatives have been developed, most notably within the path-breaking ERA process (research) and the Lisbon strategy (growth). This report addresses these developments by differentiating between traditional (Framework Programme, EUREKA and COST) and new instruments. The new instruments deviate from the classical cooperation funding by addressing either excellence (ERC, EIT) or coordination issues (ETP, ERA-Net). Moreover, also at European level research is no longer a stand-alone approach. Instead, innovation has gained rapidly in importance as a key driver for economic growth. In this report, we present evidence from document analysis and expert interviews for the merit and challenges of the instruments in general and in particular with respect to Germany.

Deutschsprachige Veröffentlichung des ersten Teils der zweibändigen Publikation „Building on Progress – Expanding the Research Infrastructure for the Social, Economic, and Behavioral Sciences“, herausgegeben vom Rat für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten ... Das hier vorliegende Buch stellt die deutsche Übersetzung der Empfehlungen des RatSWD zur Weiterentwicklung der Forschungsinfrastruktur für die Sozial-, Verhaltens- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften dar. Mit der Veröffentlichung der Empfehlungen als eigenständige Publikation in deutscher Sprache will der RatSWD Politik, Wissenschaft und Forschungsförderern in Deutschland seine aktuellen Überlegungen mit Blick auf die konzeptionellen Bedingungen einer international wettbewerbsfähigen Forschungslandschaft in Deutschland in komprimierter Form an die Hand geben. (DIPF/Orig.)

In this paper we focus on proximity as one of the main determinants of international collaboration in pharmaceutical research. We use various count data specifications of the gravity model to estimate the intensity of collaboration between pairs of countries as explained by the geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and cultural dimensions of proximity. Our results suggest that geographical distance has a significant negative relation to the collaboration intensity between countries. The amount of previous collaborations, as a proxy for social proximity, is positively related to the number of cross-country collaborations. We do not find robust significant associations between cognitive proximity or institutional proximity with the intensity of international research collaboration. Moreover, there is no robust and significant relation between the interaction terms of geographical distance with social, cognitive, or institutional proximity, and international research collaboration. Our findings for cultural proximity do not allow of unambiguous conclusions concerning their influence on the collaboration intensity between countries. Linguistic ties among countries are associated with a higher amount of cross-country research collaboration but we find no clear association for historical and colonial linkages.

Subsidized research joint ventures (RJVs) between public research institutions and industry have become increasingly popular in Europe and the US. We study the long-run effects of such a support scheme that has been maintained by the Danish government since 1995. To cope with identification problems we apply nearest neighbor caliper matching and conditional difference-in-difference estimation methods. Our main findings are that (i) program participation effects are instant for annual patent applications and last for three years, (ii) employment effects materialize first after one year and (iii) there are no statistically significant effects on value added or labor productivity. We further show that these overall results are primarily driven by firms that were patent active prior to joining the RJV and that there are no statistically significant effect for large firms. Both types of firms are disproportionally represented in the support program we study.

The paper targets the relationship between growth of cooperation and later growth of innovation at the regional level. Patent data for German regions and eleven subsequent years is used to identify collaborative activity as well as the innovative output in each region. The results confirm to some extend previous expectations based on the assumption of an inverted U-relationship. Depending on the regional level of cooperation there are positive and negative effects of a change in regional cooperation behaviour in the industries Radio, Television and Communication Equipment and Machinery and Equipment. No significant results are obtained for the industries Chemicals and Chemical Products as well as Medical, Precision and Optical Instruments.

A rising competitive pressure for innovations comes along with an increasing number of companies and public research facilities that include external sources of information into the innovation process. This trend towards an open innovation process can be verified empirically. External R&D expenditures are those invested in R&D activities outside the firm's boundaries, e. g. license fees, research assignments or collaborations with public research institutes and companies. Investments in external R&D allow fast adaptations within the innovation process in case of changing market trends or radical innovations. Furthermore, opening up the innovation process simplifies an integration of required know-how from another industry. Altogether, the flexibility of innovation can be increased without an expansion of a company's own capacities. Beside the trend of integrating knowledge from outside the firm's boundaries, an increasing internationalization of R&D can be observed in several branches. Hence, this article examines the following questions: Which factors determine the absorptive capacity of national economies? How can these factors be operationalized and how can an adequate framework be developed to increase national absorptive capacity?

This paper discusses the diversity of mechanisms which firms can deploy to link to science and how science links are associated with their innovation performance. Using a sample of Flemish firms, we show that there exists considerable heterogeneity in the type of links to science at the firm level. Overall, firms with a science link enjoy superior innovation performance, in particular with respect to innovations that are new to the market. At the invention level, our findings confirm that patents from firms engaged in science are more frequently cited and have a broader technological and geographical impact. We show that it is crucial to distinguish between direct science links at the invention level and indirect science links at the firm level to encounter distinct positive effects. Published as Surveys and Overviews (Published in Special Issue The Knowledge-Based Society: Transition, Geography, and Competition Policy) ispartof: Economics vol:4 pages:1-26 status: published

Existing literature has confined university technology transfer almost exclusively to formal mechanisms, like patents, licenses or royalty agreements. Relatively little is known about informal technology transfer that is based upon interactions between university scientists and industry personnel. Moreover, most studies are limited to the United States, where the Bayh-Dole Act has shaped the institutional environment since 1980. In this paper, we provide a comparative study between the United States and Germany where the equivalent of the Bayh-Dole Act has come into force only in 2002. Based on a sample of more than 800 university scientists, our results show similar relationships for the United States and Germany. Faculty quality which is however based on patent applications rather than publications serves as a major predictor for informal technology transfer activities. Hence, unless universities change their incentives (e.g., patenting as one criterion for promotion and tenure) knowledge will continue to flow out the backdoor

Systemic innovation theory emphasizes that innovations are the result of an interdependent exchange process between different organizations. This is reflected in the current paradigm in European innovation policy, which aims at the support of collaborative R&D and innovation projects bringing together science and industry. Building on a large data set using project-level evidence on 406 subsidized R&D cooperation projects, the present paper provides detailed insights on the relationship between the innovative success of R&D cooperation projects and project characteristics. Patent applications and publications are used as measures for direct outcomes of R&D projects. We also differentiate between academic-industry projects and pure inter-firm projects. Main results of negative binomial regressions are that large-firm involvement is positively related to patent applications, but not to publications. Conversely, university involvement has positive effects on project outcomes in terms of publications but not in terms of patent applications. In general, projects' funding is an important predictor of innovative success of R&D cooperation projects. No significant results are found for spatial proximity among cooperation partners and for the engagement of an applied research institute. Results are discussed with respect to the design of R&D cooperation support schemes. Die gegenwärtige europäische Innovationspolitik unterstreicht das systemische Verständnis von Innovationsprozessen, demzufolge Innovationen das Ergebnis interdependenter Austauschprozesse verschiedener Akteure sind. Dies spiegelt sich in einer verstärkten öffentlichen Förderung kooperativer FuE- und Innovationsvorhaben zwischen Wissenschafts- und Wirtschaftsakteuren wider. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht diesbezüglich den Einfluss wesentlicher Charakteristika solcher FuE-Verbundvorhaben auf deren innovativen Erfolg anhand eines Datensatzes von 406 geförderten FuEProjekten. Zur Messung des Innovationsoutputs dieser Projekte werden Patentanmeldungen und Publikationen herangezogen. Ferner wird nach Verbundprojekten zwischen Wissenschaft und Industrie und Projekten mit ausschließlich industriellen Partnern differenziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Einbindung von Großunternehmen einen positiven Einfluss auf Patentanmeldungen hat, nicht aber auf die Zahl der Publikationen. Die Einbindung einer Universität in ein Verbundprojekt hat positive Effekte auf die Zahl der Publikationen, nicht aber auf die Anzahl der Patentanmeldungen. Ferner lassen sich signifikant positive Effekte für die Höhe der Förderung nachweisen. Räumliche Nähe der Kooperationspartner wie auch die Einbindung eines anwendungsorientierten Forschungsinstitutes haben keinen Einfluss auf den Innovationserfolg der FuE-Kooperationsprojekte. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion der Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Ausgestaltung von Förderprogrammen zugunsten von FuE-Kooperationen.

This working paper addresses the question which dimensions of Ajzens (1988) Theory of Planned Behavior, named attitude towards start-up, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms can be used to explain the entrepreneurial intentions of business students. Furthermore we hypotheses an influence of attendance in entre-preneurship lectures, having entrepreneurs within ones family and the cultural background as possible enhancers of entrepreneurial intentions via the dimensions of the TPB. We found not only a highly significant connection between all dimensions of Ajzens model and the entrepreneurial intention, but although evidences for an influence of the individuals social and cultural background on the EI.

Opladen ; Farmington Hills, Mich. : Budrich UniPress 2010, III, 617 S., This compendium is published in two volumes divided into three main parts. The first part presents the German Data Forum’s recommendations on the further development of the research infrastructure for the social, economic, and behavioral sciences. One of the overarching goals of these recommendations – and of the German Data Forum itself – is to create optimal infrastructural conditions in Germany for innovative research both at universities and independent research institutes and within the system of official statistics and government research institutes. This requires that researchers in all these institutions be equipped with the capabilities and tools they need to create and access databases in Germany and abroad. A second and equally important goal is to create and cultivate a research environment that allows young scholars, official researchers, and official statisticians with innovative ideas to achieve their full potential. A vibrant, structurally sound, and highly productive research environment cannot be created using a top-down approach: the impetus must come from the research community itself. Scholars as well as official statisticians and researchers need formal procedures that promote competition and allow research entrepreneurship to flourish. The recommendations contained in Part I of this publication seek to facilitate these processes by communicating the needs of scientific researchers and statisticians to policy-makers and by promoting dialog among the various institutions involved. The second part of this publication, also contained in the first volume, provides “executive summaries” of all of the advisory reports, including detailed recommendations on how to meet current and future data needs. The summaries serve to provide the reader with a compact overview of current issues and needs in each research field. (DIPF/Orig.)

Opladen ; Farmington Hills, Mich. : Budrich UniPress 2010, 627 - 1238 S., This compendium is published in two volumes divided into three main parts. The first part presents the German Data Forum’s recommendations on the further development of the research infrastructure for the social, economic, and behavioral sciences. The second part of this publication, also contained in the first volume, provides “executive summaries” of all of the advisory reports, including detailed recommendations on how to meet current and future data needs. The summaries serve to provide the reader with a compact overview of current issues and needs in each research field. The third part is comprised of the 68 advisory reports commissioned by the German Data Forum and makes up by far the largest section of this final volume. The advisory reports cover a wide range of fields in the social, economic, and behavioral sciences: economics, sociology, psychology, educational science, political science, geoscience, and communications and media research. Some reports focus mainly on substantive issues, some on survey methodology and issues of data linkage, some on ethical and legal issues, and others on the assurance of quality standards. The third part begins with the assessment reports that address future demands likely to be placed on Germany’s research infrastructure as well as the progress made since the first KVI report of 2001. One of the main topics dealt with here is the harmonization of European research infrastructures and possibilities for the permanent institutionalization of certain elements thereof. These are followed by reports on specific research fields, and on new data types and their potential applications in scientific research – for example, geodata, biodata, and transaction data. Many of these reports highlight recent advances in research methodology, such as the use of paradata (“data about data”) and, for example, “qualitative methods” that can enrich quantitative data. Others are concerned with questions of data security and research ethics. Further reports deal with specific fields: migration and demography; vocational competencies, education, and research; labor markets and the economy; the state, the family, and health; political and cultural participation; and the role of the media. Since these have been identified as crucial research fields for research infrastructure, key aspects of each are discussed in several advisory reports. (DIPF/Orig.)

This study aims at analyzing the differences in the factors that influence the probability of knowledge transfer within industry and from industry to science in the biotechnology sector. In order to model these knowledge flows a citation analysis on the basis of patent data was conducted and a weighted bivariate probit model was estimated on the citation probability of industry and science on the basis of a combined sample of citing and cited patent pairs and an equal number of control patent pairs. The empirical results suggest that there are considerable differences in the citation probability. Cultural closeness for instance has a positive effect on the citation probability from industry to industry while the citation probability of scientific institutions is not affected by cultural distance.

Economic growth and development theories have neglected the role of knowledge and space for a long time. However, it is widely accepted that knowledge has played a more and more important role in economic development, and - due to its spatial characteristics - also in regional development. The aim of this paper is to explore the role and some spatial characteristics of knowledge, as well as their impact on regional development, also in regard to border regions. After some theoretical considerations, the paper investigates some features and cross-border cooperations of knowledge holders in the Austrian-Hungarian border region.

The European Commission is working on a revision of its Guidelines on Research and Development Agreements. On this occasion, this note surveys the existing experimental evidence. Experiments add a number of additional arguments to the normative assessment. R&D agreements have a much smaller effect on later competition in the product market if they serve as a substitute for incomplete (legal) protection of innovation effort. They may help firms settle the resulting fairness issue, and stay away from investment wars. Using the results from 107 published experiments on oligopoly, a meta-study shows that clearing an R&D agreement can be beneficial since it removes the additional collusion incentive resulting from fear that, through successful innovation, competitors might gain an advantage. This is the case if the opposite market side has countervailing power, and the more market conditions are stable. By contrast, the meta-data suggests that R&D agreements increase the risk of collusion in the product market if products are substitutes, if capacity cannot immediately be extended, if market participants may communicate, and if they are experienced; the latter two conditions are very likely to hold in the field.

We compare two leading regional innovation systems (RIS) in East Germany with two RIS in West Germany of about the same size and internal settlement structure. Our analyses show that differences in the performance between the regions cannot easily be related to the structural properties of the respective innovation networks because divergent general economic conditions in the two parts of the country as well as the integration of regions into their neighboring spatial environment play a rather dominant role. Overall, our analysis clearly shows that an analysis of RIS should account for the general economic conditions as well as for the position of a region in its spatial environment. Focusing just on the respective region is not enough.