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This paper evaluates the potential for diversification and production sophistication of the states where the first three Special Economic Zones (EEZs) will be installed in Mexico. Using the methodology of economic complexity proposed by Hausmann, Hidalgo et al. (2014), economic activities are classified based on their complexity and a distance measure is estimated to identify the most viable manufacturing industries to be developed given the productive capabilities existing in each region. The results reveal the differences between the economic structures of each entity, as well as the particular opportunities for the states have to transform the structures; this is why these results are a valuable input for decision-making in the first stage of the model's implementation. Complejidad económica de las zonas económicas especiales en México: Oportunidades de diversificación y sofisticación industrial RESUMEN En este trabajo, se evalúa el potencial de diversificación y sofisticación productiva de los estados donde se instalarán las tres primeras Zonas Económicas Especiales (ZEE), en México. Utilizando la metodología de complejidad económica, propuesta por Hausmann, Hidalgo et al. (2014), se clasifican las actividades económicas justamente con base en su complejidad, y se estima una medida de distancia para identificar las industrias manufactureras más viables de que se desarrollen, dadas las capacidades productivas existentes en cada región. Los resultados revelan las diferencias entre las estructuras económicas de cada entidad, así como las oportunidades particulares que poseen para transformarlas, por lo que son un insumo valioso para la toma de decisiones en la primera etapa de la implementación del modelo.

Current formulations proposed by Eurocode 8 part 3 for the inelastic deformations of existing reinforced concrete members are assessed separately for wide beams (WB) and conventional deep beams (DB). The current approach, based on a large experimental database of members, predicts larger ultimate chord rotation but lower chord rotation ductility for WB rather than for DB despite the similar curvature ductility, due to lower plastic hinge lengths in WB. However, if the data are disaggregated into DB and WB, predicted chord rotations are consistently conservative for DB and not conservative for WB if compared with experimental values, especially at ultimate deformation. Thus, plastic hinge length may be even greater for DB in comparison to WB. Therefore, some feasible corrections of the formulations for chord rotations are proposed, in order to reduce the bias and thus increase the robustness of the model for cross-section shape variability.

Since the discovery of antibodies by Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato during the 19th century, their potential for use as biotechnological reagents has been exploited in different fields, such as basic and applied research, diagnosis, and the treatment of multiple diseases. Antibodies are relatively easy to obtain from any species with an adaptive immune system, but birds are animals characterized by relatively easy care and maintenance. In addition, the antibodies they produce can be purified from the egg yolk, allowing a system for obtaining them without performing invasive practices, which favors the three “rs” of animal care in experimentation, i.e., replacing, reducing, and refining. In this work, we carry out a brief descriptive review of the most outstanding characteristics of so-called “IgY technology” and the use of IgY antibodies from birds for basic experimentation, diagnosis, and treatment of human beings and animals.

The transcriptional factor NF-κB is a nuclear factor involved in both physiological and pathological processes. This factor can control the transcription of more than 400 genes, including cytokines, chemokines, and their modulators, immune and non-immune receptors, proteins involved in antigen presentation and cell adhesion, acute phase and stress response proteins, regulators of apoptosis, growth factors, other transcription factors and their regulators, as well as different enzymes; all these molecules control several biological processes. NF-κB is a tightly regulated molecule that has also been related to apoptosis, cell proliferation, inflammation, and the control of innate and adaptive immune responses during onset of labor, in which it has a crucial role; thus, early activation of this factor may have an adverse effect, by inducing premature termination of pregnancy, with bad outcomes for the mother and the fetus, including product loss. Reviews compiling the different activities of NF-κB have been reported. However, an update regarding NF-κB regulation during pregnancy is lacking. In this work, we aimed to describe the state of the art around NF-κB activity, its regulatory role in pregnancy, and the effect of its dysregulation due to invasion by pathogens like Trichomonas vaginalis and Toxoplasma gondii as examples.

Toxoplasma gondii infection can trigger autoreactivity by different mechanisms. In the case of ocular toxoplasmosis, disruption of the blood-retinal barrier may cause exposure of confined retinal antigens such as recoverin. Besides, cross-reactivity can be induced by molecular mimicry of parasite antigens like HSP70, which shares 76% identity with the human ortholog. Autoreactivity can be a determining factor of clinical manifestations in the eye and in the central nervous system. We performed a prospective observational study to determine the presence of autoantibodies against recoverin and HSP70 by indirect ELISA in the serum of 65 patients with ocular, neuro-ophthalmic and congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis. We found systemic autoantibodies against recoverin and HSP70 in 33.8% and 15.6% of individuals, respectively. The presence of autoantibodies in cases of OT may be related to the severity of clinical manifestations, while in cases with CNS involvement they may have a protective role. Unexpectedly, anti-recoverin antibodies were found in patients with cerebral involvement, without ocular toxoplasmosis; therefore, we analyzed and proved cross-reactivity between recoverin and a brain antigen, hippocalcin, so the immunological phenomenon occurring in one immune-privileged organ (e.g. the central nervous system) could affect the environment of another (egg. the eye).

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been proposed as the foremost risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. We found that H. pylori express the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HpG6PD), which participates in glucose metabolism via the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that if the biochemical and physicochemical characteristics of HpG6PD contrast with the host G6PD (human G6PD, HsG6PD), HpG6PD becomes a potential target for novel drugs against H. pylori. In this work, we characterized the biochemical properties of the HpG6PD from the H.pylori strain 29CaP and expressed the active recombinant protein, to analyze its steady-state kinetics, thermostability, and biophysical aspects. In addition, we analyzed the HpG6PD in silico structural properties to compare them with those of the HsG6PD. The optimal pH for enzyme activity was 7.5, with a T1/2 of 46.6 °C, at an optimum stability temperature of 37 °C. The apparent Km values calculated for G6P and NADP+ were 75.0 and 12.8 µM, respectively. G6P does not protect HpG6PD from trypsin digestion, but NADP+ does protect the enzyme from trypsin and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl). The biochemical characterization of HpG6PD contributes to knowledge regarding H. pylori metabolism and opens up the possibility of using this enzyme as a potential target for specific and efficient treatment against this pathogen; structural alignment indicates that the three-dimensional (3D) homodimer model of the G6PD protein from H. pylori is different from the 3D G6PD of Homo sapiens.

Purpose. To analyze the changes in ophthalmological emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown at a Spanish primary level hospital. Methods. The number and type of emergencies attended in the emergency department of Hospital Universitario del Henares between March 10 and August 31, 2020 (COVID-19 cohort) were compared with the emergencies attended during the same period of 2019 (pre-COVID-19 cohort). Data on the diagnosis, patient age, and gender was retrospectively collected from the electronic medical records of the hospital. The different diagnoses were organized into “clusters,” which include those conditions that affect the same ocular tissue and that have similar clinical expression. Results. The number of ophthalmological emergencies during the study period was 841, compared to 1343 during the same month of 2019, which represents a reduction of 37.4%. The percentage reduction in each cluster was as follows: conjunctiva (−65.4%), cornea (−35.8%), uveitis (−3.6%), eyelid and orbital and lacrimal (−35.5%), strabismus (−60%), neuro-ophthalmology (−11.8%), retina (−10.6%), cataract (+16.4%), glaucoma (−37%), and miscellaneous (−45.1%). The number of people seen with viral conjunctivitis decreased by −87.1% compared to 2019. Patients with complications due to conjunctivitis also decreased: patients with pseudomembranes dropped from 16 to 4 cases and patients with corneal subepithelial infiltrates from 9 to 3 cases. Conclusions. Most diagnostic clusters showed a similar decrease. Clusters that included vision-threating conditions (retina, neuro-ophthalmology, and uveitis) remained mostly stable. During the COVID-19 lockdown, the diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis decreased nearly 10 times. This fact may represent a decrease in the transmission of these infections.

The Editorial Board of the Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis would like to express its gratitude to the colleagues who acted as reviewers of the manuscripts processed during the period 2018-2020.

ABSTRACT We investigated the ability to predict production performance in Iberian pigs in an extensive production system from measurements of feed efficiency measured intensively. The second objective of this work was to study the relationship between feed efficiency and meat quality (composition, juiciness, tenderness, color, and subcutaneous fatty acid composition) and if cooked and cured quality properties can be predicted by properties in fresh meat. Thirty Iberian sows received successively a restricted diet of concentrate (P1concentrate) and acorns (P2acorn) intensively and an ad libitum diet of acorns supplemented with a restricted amount of concentrate (P3montanera) extensively. Pigs that were more feed efficient on concentrate were less feed efficient on acorns and had higher body weight gain during the montanera . Improved feed efficiency on acorns reduced the concentration of α-linolenic and linoleic fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat. Faster body weight gain in montanera resulted in a desirable reduction in cooking loss and a reduction in palmitic acid content in subcutaneous fat, and a potentially undesirable reduction in meat redness. Tenderness in cooked or cured loin was not significantly related to tenderness in the raw product. Cooking loss was positively related to purge and centrifugal drip loss and to color coordinates a*24 and b*24 in raw samples. We conclude that feed efficiency and body weight gain may be improved in the traditional Iberian production system, with a positive effect on cooking loss but potentially resulting in paler meat.

Resumen: A pesar de ser una referencia internacional en donación y trasplante, España precisa mejorar los procesos de donación en niños, en particular la donación tras la determinación de la muerte por criterios circulatorios (donación en asistolia). El presente artículo, resumen del documento de consenso elaborado por la Organización Nacional de Trasplantes y la Asociación Española de Pediatría, pretende facilitar los procesos de donación en niños y neonatos y analizar los conflictos éticos que plantea. Se comentan los fundamentos éticos de la donación pediátrica, los principios de la evaluación clínica de los posibles donantes, los criterios diagnósticos de muerte encefálica en niños, los cuidados intensivos para el mantenimiento de los donantes, los conceptos básicos de la donación en asistolia y los procesos de donación en neonatos con malformaciones muy graves del sistema nervioso incompatibles con la vida y en niños en cuidados paliativos. Considerar sistemáticamente la donación de órganos y tejidos cuando un niño fallece en condiciones de ser donante es un imperativo ético y ha de constituir un estándar profesional, tanto por la necesidad de órganos para trasplante, como por asegurar un cuidado integral centrado en la familia. Abstract: Despite being an international reference in donation and transplantation, Spain needs to improve pediatric donation, including donation after the circulatory determination of death. The present article, a summary of the consensus report prepared by the Organización Nacional de Trasplantes and the Spanish Pediatrics Association, intends the facilitation of donation procedures in newborns and children and the analysis of associated ethical dilemma. The ethical basis for donation in children, the principles of clinical assessment of possible donors, the criteria for the determination of death in children, intensive care management of donors, basic concepts of donation after the circulatory determination of death and the procedures for donation in newborns with severe nervous system's malformation incompatible with life, as well as in children receiving palliative care are commented. Systematically considering the donation of organs and tissues when a child dies in conditions consistent with donation is an ethical imperative and must become an ethical standard, not only because of the need of organs for transplantation, but also to ensure family centered care.

During pregnancy, NF-κB plays an important role for embryo implantation and the onset of labor. Regulated IL-6 production, under transcriptional control of NF-κB, is essential for a successful pregnancy outcome and the atypical regulator IκBNS is involved in this process. Previously, we showed that IκBNS negatively regulates IL-6 in uterine tissues during mouse estrous cycle. In this work, we analyzed if IκBNS and IL-6 expression in pregnant mice under physiological or L. monocytogenes-infected conditions would remain as observed in estrous cycle. In the healthy pregnancy IL-6 was highly expressed during implantation/placentation and labor stages but decreased during fetal development and post-partum stages. In contrast, in mice infected before pregnancy, IL-6 expression was not increased in the implantation stage, and its regulator IκBNS increased more in the infected condition rather than in the healthy pregnancy. IκBNS expression was reduced in post-implantation infection, allowing for IL-6 overexpression. The IκBNS-unrelated cytokine IL-36γ, used as inflammatory cytokine marker, was severely increased in the infected uterine tissues. When we analyzed the effect of infection over the fetuses, we found that pre-implantation infection caused the resorption (rejection) of some products, while the post-implantation infection restricted the intrauterine growth of fetuses. The results suggest that in the uterine tissue of pregnant mice the regulatory effect of IκBNS over IL-6 is more evident in an infection status rather than in a healthy condition.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La evidencia del beneficio en el pronóstico a largo plazo de los stents farmacoactivos (SFA) de nueva generación es limitada, en especial en los pacientes con angioplastia primaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el impacto en el pronóstico a largo plazo de la implantación de SFA frente a stents metálicos (SM) en pacientes del mundo real tratados con angioplastia primaria. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes en el que incluyeron 1.499 pacientes ingresados de forma consecutiva con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y sometidos a angioplastia primaria entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2015. El 24,9% recibió un SFA. Mediante un análisis de emparejamiento por puntuación de propensión se obtuvieron 2 grupos de 262 pacientes emparejados según la implantación de SFA o SM. Resultados: Durante el seguimiento (mediana de 1.015 días), los pacientes que recibieron SFA tuvieron tasas más bajas de mortalidad por todas las causas (6,5 frente a 12,2%; p = 0,049), así como en el objetivo combinado de eventos adversos mayores (16,4 frente a 25,2%; p = 0,049) y un objetivo combinado orientado al paciente que incluía muerte por cualquier causa, infarto de miocardio y revascularización en el seguimiento (12,6 frente a 22,5%; p = 0,017). No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a trombosis definitiva del stent. Conclusiones: En nuestro registro, en una población del mundo real de pacientes consecutivos tratados con ICP primaria, la utilización de SFA frente a SM se asoció a una mayor supervivencia y una reducción de los eventos clínicos en el seguimiento a largo plazo, sin observar diferencias en la trombosis del stent.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Evidence of the long-term prognostic benefit of new generation drug-eluting stents (DES) is limited, especially in the context of primary percutaneous coronary interventions. The goal of this study was to compare the long-term prognostic impact of the implantation of DESs versus bare-metal stents (BMSs) in real-world patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary interventions. Methods: A cohort study was conducted with 1499 consecutive patients diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions between January 2008 and December 2015. A total of 24.9% of the patients received a DES. A matched propensity score analysis yielded 2 groups of 262 matched patients depending on whether they were treated with a DES or a BMS. Results: During follow-up (median 1015 days), the patients who received DES had a lower all-cause mortality rate (6.5% vs 12.2%; P = .049) a lower composite endpoint of major adverse cardiac events (16.4% vs 25.2%; P = .049) and a lower patient-oriented composite endpoint of death from any cause, myocardial infarction and revascularization at follow-up (12.6% vs 22.5%; P = .017). No differences were seen in the definite stent thrombosis rate. Conclusions: In our registry, in a real-world population of consecutive patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary interventions, the use of DES versus BMS associated more survival and less clinically significant major adverse cardiac events and patient-oriented composite endpoints in a long-term follow-up, without any differences in stent thrombosis.

Objective: to estimate the concentration of health spending depending on pathology groups and types of services in a subsidized insurance company which enrolled low-income people (social economic strata 1 and 2) in the Colombian Healthcare System in 2014. Methodology: Health spending was analyzed in 1 666 477 members, set up by pathologies and types of services during 2014. To describe the concentration of health spending, researchers used the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve. Results: the health spending of the insurance company was US$418 million. Out of this, 81 % was used in service contained in the mandatory Health Plan (in Spanish, Plan Obligatorio de Salud -POS). The pathology groups that concentrated 43.4% of health spending were cardiovascular (14.3%), cancer (7.8%), respiratory diseases (7.3%), urinary diseases (7%) and trauma (6.9%). Diagnostic, healing and rehabilitation services represented 77.8% of health spending. Hospitalization was the service group with the highest impact on costs (47%), and consultations, the most used. The Lorenz curves showed that 70% of the health spending is concentrated in approximately 20% the Affiliated people, resulting in a 0.58 Gini coefficient. Conclusion: Diagnostic and treatment of chronic non-transmittable diseases concentrate a vast part of health spending, which produces a competition of resources for preventive services and healthcare promotion.

Toxoplasma gondii is the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis. Mother-to-child transmission of this parasite can occur during pregnancy. Newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis may develop central nervous system impairment, with severity ranging from subclinical manifestations to death. A proinflammatory/regulated specific immune profile is crucial in the defense against the parasite; nevertheless, its role in the infected pregnant women and the congenitally infected offspring has been poorly explored, and there is still no consensus about its relation to parasite vertical transmission or to severity and dissemination in the congenitally infected newborns. This work aimed to characterize these relations by means of principal component and principal factor analyses. For this purpose, we determined the specific production of the four immunoglobulin G antibody subclasses, cytokines, and lymphocyte proliferation in the T. gondii–infected pregnant women−10 who transmitted the infection to their offspring and seven who did not—as well as in 11 newborns congenitally infected and grouped according to disease severity (five mild and six moderate/severe) and dissemination (four local and seven disseminated). We found that the immune response of nontransmitter women differed from that of the transmitters, the latter having a stronger proinflammatory response, supporting a previous report. We also found that newborns who developed moderate/severe disease presented higher levels of lymphocyte proliferation, particularly of CD8+ and CD19+ cells, a high proportion of tumor necrosis factor α producers, and reduced expression of the immune modulator transforming growth factor β, as opposed to children who developed mild clinical complications. Our results suggest that a distinctive, not regulated, proinflammatory immune response might favor T. gondii vertical transmission and the development of severe clinical manifestations in congenitally infected newborns.

Genetic kidney diseases (GKDs) are a group of rare diseases, affecting approximately about 60 to 80 per 100,000 individuals, for which there is currently no treatment that can cure them (in many cases). GKDs usually leads to early-onset chronic kidney disease, which results in patients having to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant. Here, we briefly describe genetic causes and phenotypic effects of six GKDs representative of different ranges of prevalence and renal involvement (ciliopathy, glomerulopathy, and tubulopathy). One of the shared characteristics of GKDs is that most of them are monogenic. This characteristic makes it possible to use site-specific nuclease systems to edit the genes that cause GKDs and generate in vitro and in vivo models that reflect the genetic abnormalities of GKDs. We describe and compare these site-specific nuclease systems (zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effect nucleases (TALENs) and regularly clustered short palindromic repeat-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas9)) and review how these systems have allowed the generation of cellular and animal GKDs models and how they have contributed to shed light on many still unknown fields in GKDs. We also indicate the main obstacles limiting the application of these systems in a more efficient way. The information provided here will be useful to gain an accurate understanding of the technological advances in the field of genome editing for GKDs, as well as to serve as a guide for the selection of both the genome editing tool and the gene delivery method most suitable for the successful development of GKDs models.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic, lethal disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance (CFTR) gene. Here we report the production of CF-iPS cell lines from two different p.F508del homozygous female patients (Table 1). Two different primary cell types, skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, were transfected with retroviral cocktails containing four: c-MYC, KLF4, OCT4 and SOX2 (MKOS) or three: KLF4, OCT4 and SOX2 (KOS) reprogramming factors. Two fibroblast-derived MKOS lines are described in the main text. The lines carry the p.F508del mutation, have a normal karyotype, express pluripotency markers and are able to differentiate into the three germ layers.

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with a high incidence worldwide, affecting 270 million people. Despite the existence of a catalog of available drugs to combat this infection, their extensive use promotes the appearance of resistant Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), and some side effects in treated people, which are reasons why it is necessary to find new alternatives to combat this infection. In this study, we investigated the impact of an in-house library comprising 55 compounds on the activity of the fused T. vaginalis G6PD::6PGL (TvG6PD::6PGL) protein, a protein mediating the first reaction step of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a crucial pathway involved in the parasite’s energy production. We found four compounds: JMM-3, CNZ-3, CNZ-17, and MCC-7, which inhibited the TvG6PD::6PGL protein by more than 50%. Furthermore, we determined the IC50, the inactivation constants, and the type of inhibition. Our results showed that these inhibitors induced catalytic function loss of the TvG6PD::6PGL enzyme by altering its secondary and tertiary structures. Finally, molecular docking was performed for the best inhibitors, JMM-3 and MCC-7. All our findings demonstrate the potential role of these selected hit compounds as TvG6PD::6PGL enzyme selective inhibitors.

La métrica medieval debe estudiarse conforme a las reglas fijadas por los gramáticos y por los poetas y tratadistas de la Edad Media. Sólo de este modo podrán reconocerse los principios por los que se regía la creación de versos que, en todo momento, buscan un orden de regularidad: entonativa, acentual o rítmica. La aplicación de criterios fijados en otros períodos temporales falsearía el conocimiento de una materia, viva y cambiante, que se basta con sus propias leyes y artes.

Este artículo, tal como refleja su título, expone cuál es la realidad actual y las perspectivas de futuro de las finanzas corporativas. Comienza explicando su nacimiento como disciplina académica y su evolución, centrándose en los problemas que se abordan y las soluciones que se aportan a finales de la década de los setenta del pasado siglo, que puede considerarse como el momento de su consolidación (paradigma de los setenta). Se analizan después las principales aportaciones de los últimos 40 años, con sus fortalezas y sus debilidades; constatando que el avance no ha sido disruptivo. Concluye el trabajo viendo por dónde podrían o deberían ir los progresos de las finanzas corporativas en los años venideros. This article, as it is reflected in its title, sets out what are the current reality and future prospects of corporate finance. It begins by explaining its birth as an academic discipline and its evolution, focusing on the problems that are addressed and the solutions that are used in the late seventies of the last century, which can be considered as the moment of its consolidation (paradigm of the seventies). After that there is an analysis of the main contributions of the last 40 years, with their strengths and weaknesses; noting that the progress has not been disruptive. The work concludes by looking at where the progress of corporate finance could or should go in the years to come.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by topoisomerase II (TOP2) are rejoined by TDP2-dependent non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) but whether this promotes or suppresses translocations is not clear. Here the authors show that TDP2 suppresses chromosome translocations from DSBs introduced during gene transcription.

Para este estudio se contó con dos grupos, uno de 12 animales sanos y otro con 10 animales que cursaban procesos patológicos en la glándula mamaria. Con los animales anestesiados se emplearon imágenes por resonancia magnética para visualizar los conductos linfáticos y linfonodos de la zona inguinal en series potenciadas en 3D TOF en plano dorsal. En los dos grupos se administró gadopentetato de dimeglumina. Para validar la técnica empleada se consideraron en las imágenes tres estructuras (aire, grasa y músculo) cuya IS mostró diferencia significativa entre tejido glandular mamario (IS 184,8 ± 28,2) y linfonodos regionales (IS de 51,3 ± 5,4), permitiendo determinar el patrón de referencia para el estudio. Se concluye que el empleo de un equipo de IRM de bajo campo proporciona suficiente información para diferenciar intensidades de señal de linfonodos que recogen linfa de procesos patológicos respecto a linfonodos sanos en caninos.

“Actual malice is not insurable”. This proposition is assumed by all the old regulations on insurance contracts and is incorporated within article 19 of the ‘Ley de Contrato de Seguro’ (Spanish law of insurance contracts). However, its application within the area of civil liability insurance has proved highly problematic for both legislators and the Spanish courts, as is demonstrated by the last ten years of Supreme Court case law analyzed in the second part of this article. Generally speaking, this case law is in favor of the insurance company being obliged to pay compensation to the injured party, granting them a right of return against the fraudulent policy holder, the company not being permitted to use the fact that actual malice is not covered against the victim. The analytic part of the present article provides economic grounds for prohibiting the insurance of actual malice and considers the two available options (exclusion of cover and right of return) under which it could be implemented for both voluntary and compulsory insurance. The analysis suggests that for the former, exclusion of cover is generally the best solution, even for potential injured parties. With compulsory insurance the right of return is more socially desirable. These theoretical results enable the doubts and positions within Spanish case law to be assessed with a more detailed knowledge of their consequences. The conclusions reached are applicable not only to cases of damage caused maliciously, but also to those in which damage results from a notable increase in risk due to voluntary conduct on the part of the guilty party (drunkenness, for example).

No existe un único enfoque adecuado para establecer los criterios que han de definir la formación inicial de maestros(as). Ello debido a que cada orientación responde a unos intereses que se legitiman y a otros que se niegan. Existe una tendencia, cada vez mayor, a construir y normalizar un conocimiento técnico entre el alumnado universitario de los grados de magisterio. Siempre desde una lógica epistemológica eurocéntrica que se fundamenta en algunas evidencias científico-pedagógicas. Muchas regiones del planeta están adoptando este tipo de perspectivas como propias y, al mismo tiempo, negando otras formas de habitar la escuela y otros conocimientos que no poseen una base científica europea. De esta forma, se deslegitiman propuestas pedagógicas realizadas desde los márgenes, puesto que la lógica colonial europea deshumaniza a las personas que habitan estos espacios debido a las relaciones de poder existentes en el eje Norte-Sur. Por esto se reflexiona y analiza una lógica decolonial de la pedagogía de educación física que centre sus acciones en el buen vivir, en la exploración de la vida en sintonía con lo natural, en la reciprocidad con los otros seres vivos y en la transformación de los límites espaciotemporales de la formación de maestros(as) a través de la acción colectiva y desde un posicionamiento ético y político basado en la autogestión. Es por esto por lo que proponemos una práctica educativa transgresora de las normas educativas imperantes y que transita hacia un devenir educativo basado en los aprendizajes encarnados, situados y contextualizados para la formación de los futuros maestros(as) de educación física. Abstract. There is no single adequate approach for establishing the criteria that should define pre-service teacher education. This is due to the fact that each orientation answers to specific interests (legitimizing some of them while denying others). There is a currently growing tendency to construct and normalize technical knowledge among students who are becoming teachers, always from a Eurocentric epistemological logic based on scientific-pedagogical evidence. Many regions on the planet are adopting this approach as their own and, at the same time, they are denying other forms of experiencing School and knowledge without a European scientific basis. By doing so, they are discrediting pedagogical proposals presented from the margins, as the European colonial logic dehumanizes people living in these regions due to the existing power relations in the North-South axis. This is the reason why a decolonial pedagogical logic is reflected upon and analyzed in the field of physical education. This logic focuses on “living well”, on exploring life in harmony with natural elements, on the reciprocity with other living beings, and on the transformation of the time-space limits for teachers’ education via collective actions and from an ethical and political position based on self-management. That is why we propose an educational experience that transgresses the dominant educational rules and that travels towards an educational development based on incarnated learning, located and contextualized for the education of future PE teachers.

DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most cytotoxic lesions of those occurring in the DNA and can lead to cell death or result in genome mutagenesis and chromosomal translocations. Although most of these rearrangements have detrimental effects for cellular survival, single events can provide clonal advantage and result in abnormal cellular proliferation and cancer. The origin and the environment of the DNA break or the repair pathway are key factors that influence the frequency at which these events appear. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of chromosomal translocations remain unclear. DNA topoisomerases are essential enzymes present in all cellular organisms with critical roles in DNA metabolism and that have been linked to the formation of deleterious DSBs for a long time. DSBs induced by the abortive activity of DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) are “trending topic” because of their possible role in genome instability and oncogenesis. Furthermore, transcription associated TOP2 activity appears to be one of the most determining causes behind the formation of chromosomal translocations. In this review, the origin of recombinogenic TOP2 breaks and the determinants behind their tendency to translocate will be summarized.