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This work provides a comprehensive DFT study on the conversion mechanism and photoisomerization of the effective and commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine fenoprofen. The results obtained exhibit that the rearrangement procedure of (R)-fenoprofen to its (S)-enantiomer occurs in [1,3]-hydrogen shifts with inversion of configuration at chiral center C8. According to the computed energies, we can find out that the excitation of (R)-fenoprofen methyl ester in its primary form to the first excited singlet state S1 at λ = 240 nm is the rate-limiting step of photoisomerization of fenoprofen. In order to obtain further insight into the isomerization process occurring upon excitation, this process was studied by scanning the C8-H11 distance for the excited singlet. Our calculations revealed that the isomerization process requires passing a barrier of approximately 84 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the more photostability of (S)-fenoprofen methyl ester than that of its related (R)-enantiomer can be attributed to the − 1.34 kcal/mol of thermodynamic stability of the (S)-fenoprofen methyl ester.

The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment has been a growing concern. However, there is little information on the concentration levels of pharmaceuticals in African countries. This indicates the need and the importance to develop sensitive methods that can detect these compounds at trace levels (ng/L–μg/L). This work reports on the development of solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–photo diode array (SPE-LC-PDA) analysis. The method was then applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds (ibuprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and diclofenac) in river and wastewater samples. The SPE recoveries obtained at 10 000 ng/L spike concentration ranged from 89–120% in distilled water, 79–110% in river water and 78-94% in wastewater. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 10.9–20.4 ng/L and 36.2–60.7 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of the pharmaceuticals obtained in river water samples ranged from 60 to 32 900 ng/L; in wastewater they ranged from 70 to 66 900 ng/L. Higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals were detected in winter compared to the spring season. Keywords: solid phase extraction pharmaceuticals liquid chromatography photo diode array wastewater

Human consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is increasing, which poses a great risk of pollution by these pharmaceuticals on the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study reports the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction using water as a green solvent and hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) methods followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of NSAIDs in wastewater and aquatic plant, Eichhornia crassipes. The optimized MAE resulted in efficient transfer of selected NSAIDs from plant samples into the aqueous phase yielding the recoveries ranging from 91 to115%. A multivariate approach based on half fractional factorial and central composite design was used during the optimization of HF-LPME. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum enrichment factors for naproxen, fenoprofen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen were 49, 126, 93 and 156, respectively. The overall analytical method recoveries ranged from 86 to 116% while the limits of quantitation for wastewater and plant samples ranged from 0.09 to 0.59 μg L−1 and from 0.11 to 0.59 μg kg−1, respectively. The precision of the proposed analytical method which was measured in terms of RSD values did not exceed 5%. Naproxen was the most abundant compound in both wastewater and the Eichhornia crassipes plant samples with concentrations of up to 3.30 μg L−1 and 10.97 μg kg−1, respectively. The detection of NSAIDs in Eichhornia crassipes means this plant has the ability to bioaccumulate pharmaceutical load in surface water.

In experimental animals, inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduces the gastrointestinal damage produced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents that act by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). This suggests that compounds able to inhibit both enzymes may be potentially useful therapeutic agents. In the present study, we have investigated eight novel amide analogues of carprofen, ketoprofen and fenoprofen as potential FAAH/COX dual action inhibitors. Carpro-AM1 (2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-N-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)propenamide) and Carpro-AM6 (2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-N-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)propenamide) were found to be fully reversible inhibitors of the hydrolysis of 0.5 µM [3H]anandamide in rat brain homogenates with IC50 values of 94 and 23 nM, respectively, i.e. 2–3 orders of magnitude more potent than carprofen in this respect. Both compounds inhibited the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid by ovine COX-1, and were more potent inhibitors of human recombinant COX-2 when 2-arachidonoylglycerol was used as substrate than when arachidonic acid was used. It is concluded that Carpro-AM1 and Carpro-AM6 are dual-acting FAAH/substrate-selective COX inhibitors.

The chapter presents the results of field studies confirming the presence of selected compounds from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment and in selected points of the technological process of the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant in Kozieglowy. The first stage examined the occurrence and distribution of concentrations of selected drugs (fenoprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, paracetamol and tolmetin) in the Warta river, in the area of the city Poznan. The second stage of the study allowed to estimate the types and concentrations of the above mentioned drugs on four sections of WWTP in Kozieglowy. The collection points included: the sewage pumping stations, denitrification chamber, nitrification chamber and drainage section of the sewage purified to the Warta river. Analysis of drug occurrence in the Warta river and their ability to decompose in WWTP in Kozieglowy, carried out under real conditions. Analysis of drug occurrence in the Warta river and their ability to decompose in WWTP in Kozieglowy, carried out under real conditions.

Perovskite chemicals such as CeCoO3 and SrCoO3-δ nanocomposites were used for the adsorption of ketoprofen and fenoprofen from aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity was determined by the effect of pH, contact time, dye concentration and adsorbent dose. The adsorption capacity was detected in CeCoO3 for ketoprofen (41.666 mg g-1) and fenoprofen (15.313 mg g-1) and in SrCoO3-δ for ketoprofen (28.409 mg g-1) and fenoprofen (93.457 mg g-1). The adsorption kinetics were measured using the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo-second order model best described the data and gave an R2 value of 0.999.The isothermal adsorption models studied for the adsorption of drugs on SrCoO3-δ and CeCoO3 perovskite nanocomposites are Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Sips and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) isothermal models. Among the different adsorption isotherms tested, the D-R isotherm gave the best fit to the equilibrium data for the adsorption of ketoprofen and the Freundlich isotherm gave the best result for the adsorption of fenoprofen. Effective desorption of ketoprofen and fenoprofen from the loaded adsorbents was achieved by using acetone or ethanol with desorption efficiency in the range of 89-93%.

The presence of various classes of pharmaceutical drugs in different environmental compartments has been reported worldwide. In South Africa, the detection of pharmaceuticals especially the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is recent, and more studies are being done in order to fully understand their fate in the aquatic environment. With considerations for the need of better sample preparation techniques, this study synthesized a molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, fenoprofen in aqueous environmental samples. Batch adsorption studies showed that adsorption of fenoprofen onto the cavities of the polymer followed a Langmuir isotherm as well as a pseudo second order model implying formation of a monolayer on the surface through chemisorption. The polymer had a maximum adsorption capacity of 38.8 mg g−1 and a Langmuir surface area of 1607 m2 g−1. The imprinted polymer was then used as the selective sorbent for solid phase extraction in the analysis of fenoprofen from wastewater followed by chromatographic determination. The analytical method gave a detection limit of 0.64 ng mL−1 and recovery of 99.6%. The concentration of fenoprofen detected in influent and effluent samples from two wastewater treatment plants ranged from 24 to 58 ng mL−1. The ability of the treatment plants to remove fenoprofen during wastewater processing based on the difference in concentrations in influent and effluent samples was found to be 41%. This work has shown that there is a possibility of release of fenoprofen from wastewater treatment plants into surface water sources.

In this paper, parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) was used for the first time to clean-up dried blood spots (DBS) prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Fundamental studies exploring amongst others desorption from the DBS in alkaline or acidic aqueous conditions, total extraction time and absolute recoveries were executed. Desorption and PALME were performed using a set of two 96-well plates, one of them housing the sample and the other comprising the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and the acceptor solution. In one procedure, amitriptyline and quetiapine (basic model analytes) were desorbed from the DBS using 250 μL of 10 mM sodium hydroxide solution (aqueous), and subsequently extracted through the SLM consisting of 4 μL of 1% trioctylamine in dodecyl acetate, and further into an acceptor solution consisting of 50 μL of 20 mM formic acid. In a second procedure, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen (acidic model analytes) were desorbed from the DBS into 20 mM formic acid, extracted through an SLM with dihexyl ether, and further into an acceptor solution of 25 mM ammonia. Within 60 min of PALME, both basic and acidic model analytes were effectively desorbed from the DBS and extracted into the acceptor solution, which was injected directly into the analytical instrument. Recoveries between 63 and 85% for the six model analytes were obtained. PALME provided excellent clean-up from the DBS samples, and acceptor solutions were free from phospholipids. Linearity was obtained with r2 > 0.99 for five of the six analytes. Accuracy, precision and UHPLC-MS/MS matrix effects were in accordance with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. Based on these experiments, PALME shows great potential for future processing of DBS in a short and simple way, and with the presented setup, up to 96 DBS can be processed within a total extraction time of 60 min.

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics in the aquatic environment is a threat to humans and aquatic species at large. The primary route of these pharmaceuticals to aquatic environment is through human waste such as urine and faeces. The application of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of such pollutants from environmental and biological samples is important for the pre-concentration of compounds and selectivity of the analytical methods. To date, there are still limited commercial suppliers of MIPs. However, it is easy to synthesize such polymers via non-covalent imprinting approach using easily available and affordable reagents. Therefore, the applications of MIPs in the SPE of NSAIDs and analgesics from environmental and biological samples are reviewed. This is very important because despite the fact that review articles on applications of MIPs for organic compounds have been reported, very little has focussed on NSAIDs and analgesics which are the major studied pharmaceuticals in the environment and biological samples. The review also brings out important aspects of common reagents used including the template molecules during MIP synthesis. Application and future trends are also discussed. Gaps such as little use of environmental friendly reagents such as ionic liquids have been identified. Also, the lack of MIP applications to some compounds such as fenoprofen has been observed which is likely to be developed in the near future.

Six novel copper(II) complexes with the non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, loxoprofen, fenoprofen and clonixin as ligands were synthesized and characterized by diverse techniques including single–crystal X–ray crystallography. The in vitro scavenging activity of the complexes against 1,1–diphenyl–picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′–azinobis(3–ethylbenzothiazoline–6–sulfonic acid) free radicals and the ability to reduce H2O2 were studied in the context of the antioxidant activity studies. The complexes may interact with calf–thymus DNA via intercalation as revealed by the techniques employed. The affinity of the complexes for bovine and human serum albumins was evaluated by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the corresponding binding constants were determined. Molecular docking simulations on the crystal structure of calf–thymus DNA, human and bovine serum albumins were also employed in order to study in silico the ability of the studied compounds to bind to these target biomacromolecules, in terms of impairment of DNA and transportation through serum albumins, to explain the observed in vitro activity and to establish a possible mechanism of action.

This study provided the first comprehensive data on the occurrence and removal of twenty-five target emerging contaminants (ECs) in a full-scale water reclamation plant (WRP) in the Southeast Asian region. Nineteen out of the twenty-five ECs were ubiquitously detected in raw influent samples. Concentrations of the detected ECs in raw influent samples ranged substantially from 44.3 to 124,966ng/L, depending upon the compound and sampling date. The elimination of ECs in full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems at a local WRP was evaluated and compared. Several ECs, such as acetaminophen, atenolol, fenoprofen, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and oxybenzone, exhibited excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) in biological wastewater treatment processes, while some of the investigated compounds (carbamazepine, crotamiton, diclofenac, and iopamidol) appeared to be persistent in the both CAS and MBR systems. Field-based monitoring results showed that MBR outperformed CAS in the elimination of most target ECs. The relationship between molecular characteristics of ECs (i.e. physicochemical properties and structural features) and their removal efficiencies during biological wastewater treatment was also elucidated. Excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) were often noted for ECs with the sole presence of electron donating groups (i.e. phenolic [OH], amine [NH2], methoxy [OCH3], phenoxy [OC6H5], or alkyl groups). Conversely, ECs with the absence of electron donating groups or the predominance of strong electron withdrawing groups (e.g. halogenated, carbonyl, carboxyl, and sulfonamide) tended to show poor removal efficiencies (

In this study, the adsorption behavior of naproxen and fenoprofen as two model compounds on a non-porous pillar array column (NPAC) was investigated under reverse phase liquid chromatography conditions. Band profiles of both analytes were recorded in overloaded concentrations using 30% methanol/water (v/v) as the mobile phase. Breakthrough experiments under the same chromatographic condition were carried out to measure the adsorption isotherms. Single-component adsorption isotherm data were acquired by frontal analysis for each analyte. The isotherms were found to be concave upward and downward for naproxen and fenoprofen, respectively. To find the best agreement between the experimental data points and the adsorption isotherm models, the obtained isotherms were modeled using several isotherm models. The Langmuir-Freundlich and anti-Langmuir models provided the best fitting for fenoprofen and naproxen, respectively. The solute and stationary phase properties determine the appropriate model. Adsorbate–adsorbate interaction is important in the case of naproxen, while the adsorbate- adsorbent (stationary phase) plays the main role in retention of fenoprofen on the NPAC. The validity of the selected isotherm models were checked by comparing calculated and experimental band profiles and plate heights. An excellent agreement was observed for the whole concentration range of both analytes, which confirmed the accuracy of the selected models.

Copper is considered as one of the first metals used by humans. It is an essential trace element with great significance in the normal functioning and keeping of a large number of body systems. Developing selective, sensitive, and easily prepared sensors for the measurement of Cu(II) ions in different matrices is critical. This paper reports a new highly selective and sensitive Cu(II) ions modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) based on 2-(3-phenoxy phenyl) propanoic acid (Fenoprofen (FP)) as a Cu(II) selective modifier. The developed MCPE exhibits a Nernstian slope of 29.9 ± 0.15 mV decade−1 in the linear range of 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 with a rapid response time of 6 s and pH-independency in the range of 3.0–5.0. The proposed MCPE showed a negligible change in the slope or the working range when the measurement was applied in a partially non-aqueous medium and showed high selectivity toward Cu(II) ions in comparison with numerous other cations. The applicability of the proposed MCPE for Cu(II) ions determination in various food samples was also examined. Furthermore, the morphology of the proposed MCPE surface was investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) to confirm the interaction between Cu(II) ions and FP.

The aim of this study was the synthesis and characterization of swellable microspheres based on fenoprofen and poloxamer. Morphology, average diameter and thermal behaviour of obtained microparticles were studied by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry. The swelling degree was evaluated at different time intervals and at two pH values. The results revealed that the microspheres swelled better at a pH 6.2, typical of tumour pathologies, than at 7.4, physiological one. Then, microspheres were impregnated with 5-fluorouracil with the aim to increase its bioavailability and reduce its toxicity. The percentage of cumulative amount of 5-fluorouracil released from microparticles was calculated at pH 6.2. Surprisingly, calorimetry and optical microscopy showed the preservation of fenoprofen liquid crystallinity in the obtained microparticles with a transition temperature close to those of typical tumour-sites. The liquid crystallinity of microparticles could be exploited to modulate the release of 5-fluorouracil to tumour site.

The aim of this study was to investigate microemulsion (ME) based topical delivery system for fenoprofen calcium (FPCa) to eliminate its oral gastrointestinal adverse effects. ME was prepared by the water titration method using oleic acid as oil phase, tween 80 as a surfactant and propylene glycol as a cosurfactant. Oleic acid was selected as oil phase due to its good solubilizing capacity. ME existence region was determined using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for preparing different formulations. Six different formulations were selected with various values of oil (25-68%), water (2-3%), and the mixture of surfactant and cosurfactant (1:1) (24-67%). The selected ME formulae were characterized for optical birefringence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), pH, % transmittance, electronic conductivity, drug content, droplet size, rheological properties and stability evaluation. In vitro release study of FPCa from ME s through the synthetic membrane and hairless rat skin were evaluated. The optimized formula ME5 consisting of 5% w/w FPCa, 60% w/w oleic acid as oil phase, 3% w/w aqueous phase, and 32% w/w of surfactant phase containing Tween 80 and propylene glycol (1: 1) showed the highest transdermal flux and highest skin permeation rate. Finally, the % inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema of the optimized formula ME5 was highly significant (p 0.001) as compared to plain gel of FPCa. In conclusion, ME is a promising technique for topical delivery of FPCa.

Synthesis of a new hybrid nanocomposite materials, zinc-aluminium-fenoprofen, ZAF was successfully accomplished by self-assembly method with molar ratio of Zn to Al; R=2 at concentration of fenoprofen=0.3 M. As a result of the successful intercalation, the interlayer spacing expanded from 9.8 Å in the zinc-aluminium-layered double hydroxide, ZAL to 20.1 Å in the ZAF hybrid nanocomposite. The FTIR spectra of the ZAF show resemblance peaks of ZAL and fenoprofen indicating the inclusion of the organic compound into the LDH interlamellae. The percentage loading of the guest anion, fenoprofen in ZAL was estimated to be about 63.4% (w/w) calculated from the carbon content.

Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is a key enzyme participating in the inflammatory cascade followed by the action of cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenases. Therefore, inhibitors of sPLA2 could be used as potent anti-inflammatory agents to treat the early phase of inflammation. In this study, we have prepared the fenoprofen and ibuprofen analogs containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleus and tested against Vipera russelli venom's basic sPLA2 (VRV-PL-VIIIa). Among the tested ligands 5(a–t),2-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(1-(4-phenoxyphenyl) ethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (5m) inhibited the catalytic activity of VRV-PL-VIIIa with an IC50 value of 11.52 µM. Biophysical studies revealed that the 5m quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of VRV-PL-VIIIa, in a concentration dependent manner. Also, the compound 5m affected VRV-PL-VIIIa conformation, which was observed by circular dichroism spectra that recorded the prominent shift in the α-helix peak and the random coil formation of VRV-PL-VIIIa. Further, molecular docking analysis revealed that the compound 5m possess strong hydrophobic interactions at catalytic triad region of the VRV-PL-VIIIa. Evident to in vitro and in silico studies, 5m strongly inhibited the hemolysis of red blood cells. Our in vivo pharmacological studies revealed that the compound 5m inhibited the edematogenic activity of VRV-PL-VIIIa in mouse foot pad. Additionally, the 5m inhibited VRV-PL-VIIIa-induced myotoxicity and lung hemorrhage in mice. Overall, our ADMET results depicted that 5m possess better druggable property. Thus, this study explored the new fenoprofen and ibuprofen analog 5m as the lead-structure that serves as an anti-inflammatory agent.

In this study, selective removal of acidic pharmaceutical from aqueous media was investigated. The purpose of this work was to use the multi template molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the selective extraction of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac from aqueous samples. A multi template MIP was synthesized using a bulk polymerization method. The performance of the MIP in aqueous solutions was evaluated by optimizing several adsorption parameters. The optimized adsorption conditions were 50 mg of MIP, extraction time of 10 min and a sample pH of 4.6. The imprinting factors obtained for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 1.25, 1.42, and 2.01, respectively, which corresponded to the selectivity order of diclofenac > ibuprofen > naproxen. Furthermore, the synthesized MIP showed great selectivity to the target compounds in the presence of gemfibrozil and fenoprofen. The data was modelled best by pseudo 2nd order which implied a chemisorption of pharmaceuticals onto MIP particles. Based on R 2 values, it was determined that the adsorption data fitted Langmuir isotherm which meant that the binding occurred on the homogeneous sites. The recovery in wastewater influent for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac was 38%, 69% and 87%, respectively.

A rapid, simple and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed to quantify fenoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in human plasma for a pharmacokinetic study in healthy subjects. Owing to high levels of protein binding, protein precipitation followed by solid-phase extraction was employed for the extraction of fenoprofen and fenoprofen-d3 (used as internal standard) from 200 μL human plasma. Separation was performed on a BEH C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column using methanol-0.2% acetic acid in water (75:25, v/v) under isocratic elution. Electrospray ionization was operated in the negative mode for sample ionization. Ion transitions used for quantification in the selected reaction monitoring mode were m/z 241/197 and m/z 244/200 for fenoprofen and fenoprofen-d3, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, fenoprofen showed excellent linearity in the concentration range 0.02-20 μg/mL (r2 ≥ 0.9996), adequate sensitivity, favorable accuracy (96.4-103.7%) and precision (percentage coefficient of variation ≤4.3) with negligible matrix effect. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of fenoprofen in healthy subjects. The significant features of the method include higher sensitivity, small plasma volume for processing and a short analysis time.

A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based extraction and simultaneous dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up method was developed for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in sediment samples. Hydration with a phosphate buffer (pH 2.0) and salting out with NaCl and MgSO4 facilitated the extraction and liquid-liquid portioning of the aqueous and organic phases. Cleanup of the extracts was achieved by florisil and C18 (1:1) sorbents in dSPE with minimal compromise of the analytes. The extracts were clean enough for determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The procedure was validated for preservatives, blood lipid regulators, analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, plasticizers, and other classes of CECs in sediment matrix spiked at 6 levels between 1- and 40-fold concentrations for CECs of varying analytical sensitivities. The recovery values were generally between approximately 27 and 120% and the relative standard deviation (%RSD) values were below 20% at 10- , 20- , and 40-fold spiking levels, albeit the recoveries for some analytes dropped at low spike concentrations. The method showed high sensitivity where the method detection limits (MDLs) were at low ppb levels for the majority of the analytes that ranged between 0.002 and 1.93 µg/kg. The method performance was also compared with well-established US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1694 by analyzing sediment samples collected from Yundang Lagoon (Xiamen, China) with field-incurred CEC residues. The sediment samples were detected with residues of parabens, gemfibrozil, ketoprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, diclofenac, miconazole, carbamazepine, benzophenon-3, glibenclamide, sildinafil citrate, and some bisphenol analogues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1409-1422. © 2019 SETAC.

The aryl propionic acid derivatives belong to an important class of NSAIDs (Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs). Ibuprofen, chemically called 2-(4-isobutyl phenyl) propionic acid, is a well known NSAID. Aryl propionic acid derivatives possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-bacterial, anti-convulsant, anti-cancer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Apart from very potent compounds in the field of analgesics and antipyrectics as Ibuprofen, Oxaprozin, Ketoprofen, Fenoprofen; aryl propionic acid derivatives plays important role to treat other ailments also. Through this review, an attempt has been made to emphasize on recent work done and recent advancements in arena of aryl propionic acid derivatives in view of medicinal chemistry.

The possibility of removing representative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from water was tested using Octolig®, a commercially available material with polyethylenediimine moieties covalently attached to high-surface area silica gel. The effectiveness of removal should depend on selected NSAIDs having appropriate anionic functional groups. NSAIDs selected had aromatic carboxylic groups: diclofenac, fenoprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, and sulindac. These substances in deionized (DI) water were removed by passage over Octolig columns with removal values approaching 90% at environmental pH values, e.g., ca pH 6. Fenoprofen, however, was only removed to an extent of 80% in DI water and 62% in well water, presumably a result of competition with bicarbonate ions.

Estimating the influence of interfering compounds present in the biological matrix on the determination of an analyte is one of the most important tasks during bioanalytical method development and validation. Interferences from endogenous components and, if necessary, from major metabolites as well as possible co-administered medications should be evaluated during a selectivity test. This paper describes a simple, rapid and cost-effective HPLC-UV method for the determination of naproxen in human plasma in the presence of two other analgesics, ibuprofen and paracetamol. Sample preparation is based on a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure with a short, 5 s mixing time. Fenoprofen, which is characterized by a similar structure and properties to naproxen, was first used as the internal standard. The calibration curve is linear in the concentration range of 0.5-80.0 µg/mL, which is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies following a single 220 mg oral dose of naproxen sodium. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines and was successfully applied in a bioequivalence study in humans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.