Search

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Educación para la Justicia Social is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes an ancillary decision-making method for hydropower station failure handling based on knowledge graph and case-based reasoning. The proposed method assists the power station dispatcher to carry out accurate and timely failure handling after an accident. First, the main steps of case-based reasoning are introduced. The main difficulties and their corresponding solutions when applying case-based reasoning to hydropower station failure handling are discussed. Then, an ancillary decision-making method for hydropower station failure handling is proposed. Key steps such as case construction, case retrieval, and case revision are designed. In the proposed method, each case is represented in the form of multiple knowledge graphs, i.e., a system topology knowledge graph, a dispatching regulation knowledge graph, and an accident case knowledge graph. The flexibility of case knowledge extraction, management, and retrieval is greatly enhanced. Finally, the simulation analysis is carried out on a large-scale cascade hydropower station in China. The simulation results show that the proposed method can provide reasonable and reliable ancillary decision-making for the power station dispatcher in the failure handling process, and greatly improve the intelligence level of emergency management at a hydropower station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While past research has shown that championing plays a key role in sheltering and advancing novel ideas towards implementation, relatively little is known about how adversity and failure are dealt with through championing behaviour. The current embedded case study draws from 43 interviews in a large industrial technology organization, examining new product and service development idea pathways. We found four types of championing responses in the 61 instances where initial idea advancement efforts did not bear fruit: lateral shifts, reworking, temporal shifts and moaning. In each of these, the idea was seen as valuable by the developer, but the attribution of initial failure and perceptions of effort‐to‐performance and performance‐to‐outcome expectancies varied in distinct combinations of conforming and nonconforming types of championing with varying intensity. Taken together, the results contribute towards understanding the multidimensional nature and temporal dynamics of championing in persisting under adversity by illuminating factors that contribute to championing response type decisions and opportunities to better support idea development efforts in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An organizational culture of pressurizing employees to achieve unrealistic goals ("target pressure") is often suggested to foster the misconduct and risk-taking that causes institutional failures (corporate scandals, accidents). To conceptualize and investigate this, we gathered anonymous employee online reviews about working in 218 companies (71,830 reviews, containing 4,356,105 words) and developed a natural language processing algorithm to measure the salience of norms for target pressure within the employee reviews. Using this measure, we surfaced and qualitatively analysed sentences in which employees discussed target pressure, and quantitatively tested whether companies with a high target pressure culture (in which target pressure was especially salient in collective thinking) were at greater risk of experiencing a corporate scandal. Our hypothesis was supported. Qualitative analysis found that high target pressure cultures are characterized by norms for three inter-linking elements: overly ambitious targets that are beyond the capability and control of employees, highly consequential targets that generate strain, and expediency in achieving targets, which encourages an "ends justify the means" mentality. Combined, these elements may increase the likelihood of institutional failures by promoting, incentivizing, and normalizing deviant or risky behaviour (i.e. to achieve targets), and implicitly de-prioritizing the importance of safe and ethical conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While the proliferation of chatbots allows companies to connect with their customers in a cost- and time-efficient manner, it is not deniable that they quite often fail expectations and may even pose negative impacts on user experience. The purpose of the study is to empirically explore the negative user experience with chatbots and understand how users respond to service failure caused by chatbots. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopts a qualitative research method and conducts thematic analysis of 23 interview transcripts. Findings: It identifies common areas where chatbots fail user expectations and cause service failure. These include their inability to comprehend and provide information, over-enquiry of personal or sensitive information, fake humanity, poor integration with human agents, and their inability to solve complicated user queries. Negative emotions such as anger, frustration, betrayal and passive defeat were experienced by participants when they interacted with chatbots. We also reveal four coping strategies users employ following a chatbots-induced failure: expressive support seeking, active coping, acceptance and withdrawal. Originality/value: Our study extends our current understanding of human-chatbot interactions and provides significant managerial implications. It highlights the importance for organizations to re-consider the role of their chatbots in user interactions and balance the use of human and chatbots in the service context, particularly in customer service interactions that involve resolving complex issues or handling non-routinized tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article aims to redefine the paradigm of evaluating corporate entrepreneurial actions, moving beyond the simplistic success/failure dichotomy. It underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of the outcomes of such initiatives, emphasizing the need for organizations to learn from both their successes and failures. The focus is on fostering a learning organization culture, where strategic decision-making is enhanced through a comprehensive analysis of past entrepreneurial endeavors, thus ensuring long-term corporate health and growth. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the analysis of the existing literature and illustrative real-world cases from prominent corporations. Findings: The findings reveal that understanding the reasons behind the success or failure of strategic initiatives is crucial for sustainable corporate growth. The study highlights that mere success can be misleading without comprehending the underlying factors, just as failure can offer valuable lessons if properly analyzed. The 'Learning from Execution Matrix' facilitates this understanding, aiding corporations in fostering a culture of continuous improvement. The DIRS (Decomposition, Interpretation, Rewarding, Scaling) framework further helps in breaking down and scaling these learnings for broader application within the organization. Originality/value: This article contributes to the field of strategic entrepreneurship by providing a novel framework for analyzing corporate entrepreneurial actions. The 'Learning from Execution Matrix' and the DIRS framework offer practical, actionable tools for managers and leaders, fostering a culture of learning and strategic adaptation. This approach is original in its emphasis on the nuanced understanding of both successes and failures, making it a valuable guide for corporations seeking sustained growth and innovation in a competitive business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint ventures (JVs) and cooperative business alliances have been around for over a century, initially emerging from the need for shared risk and capital. Research on JVs has evolved from focusing on motivations for formation to examining their performance and termination phases. However, the dissolution and post-termination stages of international joint ventures remain relatively underexplored despite the rising trend of alliance terminations. This study addresses these gaps by analysing the evolution of JVs, including restructuring and dissolution, through a longitudinal case study of a successful business enterprise spanning four decades that has undergone the entire cycle. It finds that changes in partner composition and equity, influenced by external factors, are integral to a JV's evolution. Additionally, trust and learning play key roles in control decisions, and terminations should be viewed as adaptations to market shifts rather than failures. The main drivers of termination often arise from changes during the JV process rather than initial formation conditions. Besides adding to the field of management education and research, the study is intended to provide practical insights for JV management as many of the JVs in developing nations, particularly South Asian countries, reach maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodResultsConclusionsPrior work indicates that discrete emotions are linked to performance across multiple domains of cognitive function and thus have the potential to impact cognitive profiles in neuropsychological assessment. However, reported presence and magnitude of the relationships between emotion and cognitive test performance are inconsistent. Variable findings in this regard could be due to failure to consider motivations associated with expressed emotion. To better understand the potential impact of expressed emotion on neuropsychological test performance, it may be beneficial to consider approach and avoidance motivation during assessment.The current cross-sectional study examined associations between cognitive performance and digitally phenotyped facial expressions of discrete emotions on dimensions of approach (i.e. joy, sadness, anger) and avoidance (i.e. fear, disgust) in the context of virtual neuropsychological assessment in 104 adults (ages 55–90).Initial facial expressions categorized as anger and joy predicted later reduced cognitive performance in aspects of memory and executive function within the virtual session, respectively. Test performance was associated neither with sadness nor with avoidance emotions (i.e. disgust or fear).Results of the current study did not strongly align with approach/avoidance explanations for links between emotion and cognitive performance; however, results might support an arousal-based explanation, as joy and anger are both high arousal emotions. Additional investigation is needed to understand the intersection of emotion motivation and physiological arousal in the context of neuropsychological assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory research (PR) involves people with lived experiences of the research topic as co-creators of knowledge. I have the dual role of being both a doctoral researcher and the co-ordinator of a research group – the Converge Evaluation and Research Team (CERT) – which consists of researchers with lived experience of mental health challenges. I am using evaluation projects conducted by CERT to offer insightful case studies for my doctoral research, in which I am exploring coproduction in mental health research. I use learning from my doctoral research to explore how CERT can maximise opportunities for coproduction. Using a CERT evaluation of an arts project for adults with severe and enduring mental health challenges as an exemplar, this article considers my reflections on the challenges of PR as a doctoral researcher elucidated by Southby (2017): power and sharing control; adhering to the standards and procedures of an individualistic academy; inexperience and fear of failure; competing priorities; and time and effort. In addition, remuneration is also considered as a crucial challenge in contemporary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the sources of mathematics test anxiety that affect students' performance, the level of mathematics test anxiety among senior high school students, the effect of test anxiety on students' academic performance in mathematics, and gender differences relating to test anxiety among students. The researchers used a descriptive survey design with a quantitative methodology. Multi-stage sampling technique (stratified and simple random) was used to select a sample size of 66 students from public senior high schools in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Data was collected using the test anxiety scale, a self-developed mathematics achievement test and a questionnaire. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that factors such as misunderstandings of mathematical concepts, fear of failure and embarrassment, exam preparedness, quality of mathematics instruction, and others significantly contribute to students' anxiety while taking mathematics assessments. The results showed a significant negative correlation between anxiety levels and academic performance. Female students were found to have higher levels of test anxiety compared to male students. Teachers should prioritise improving students' comprehension of mathematical concepts and create a nurturing learning atmosphere that promotes experimentation and minimises the fear of making mistakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open goals (e.g. to “see how many steps you can reach today”) may be a promising strategy for promoting physical activity. The findings from initial studies, typically based on single sessions of exercise, showed that open goals can produce at least as much activity as specific goals (e.g. to reach 10,000 steps a day), while promoting more positive experiences and higher intentions to repeat the activity, especially among less active individuals. However, the feasibility of using open goals over a longer duration remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined the feasibility of using open goals in a 10-week step-based physical activity program. A single-arm mixed methods design was used, involving 15 healthy adults (13 female; Mage = 42.53) with low to moderate physical activity levels. Participants were provided with a pedometer, diary, and open goals for each week, alongside brief support sessions. The feasibility domains assessed included recruitment, acceptability, adherence, and retention. Quantitative methods assessed physical activity, enjoyment, and self-efficacy, while supplementary qualitative methods explored participants’ perceptions of open goals. The study showed high recruitment and retention rates, increased physical activity, and positive psychological experiences, indicating the feasibility of the 10-week open-goal program. Secondary outcomes suggest that open goals may function by increasing enjoyment and self-efficacy while decreasing negative outcomes such as pressure, guilt, and failure. The findings indicate that using open goals in longer-term physical activity programs is feasible, expanding on the limitations of previous single-session designs, and offering recommendations for future trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Young adults living with chronic illness often experience considerable uncertainty across the emotional, cultural and medical spheres of their everyday lives. The process of seeking, receiving and reckoning with a diagnosis has frequently been an in‐road for qualitative examinations of these experiences. As a result, the biomedical diagnosis has often taken centre stage in research concerning how uncertainty is managed and/or more stability is found. However, the significance of diagnosis can shift over time, and in many cases, the promise of diagnosis deteriorates as life unfolds. This study draws on a series of in‐depth qualitative interviews with 33 young adults (ages 19–29) living with a range of chronic illnesses, which include auto‐immune illnesses, fatigue syndromes and neurological conditions. Undertaking an inductive interpretative analysis based on constructivist grounded theory, we examine the role and meaning of diagnosis for our participants and find that they iteratively de‐centre diagnosis in various circumstances. We suggest that while the way young adults manage chronic illness may involve seeking a diagnosis, navigating the shortcomings of diagnosis takes a significant emotional toll, and a failure to recognise this work is one important way that the experience of chronic illness when young can be misunderstood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional states are believed to broaden or to narrow the focus of attention. However, numerous inconsistent findings call for renewed efforts to understand the conditions under which such effects occur. We conducted a pair of high-powered web experiments. Emotional states were manipulated across valence categories and appraisal dimensions using autobiographical recall (Experiment 1) and emotional images (Experiment 2). Breadth of attention was assessed using the Navon task coupled with induction sensitivity and mouse tracking analyses. We did not find robust evidence for emotional effects on breadth of attention. Negative images led surprisingly to slightly broader attention in Experiment 2, but this may reflect the slow release of cognitive resources from preceding negative stimuli amplifying the global precedence effect. Breadth of attention also had very small positive relationships with goal-congruence appraisal in the first and control appraisal in the second experiment. We also found no evidence for moderation by mood or personality. Taken together, our findings add to the growing list of failures to observe emotional modulation of breadth of attention and call for continued efforts to chart the boundary conditions of these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the summer of 2023, I conducted an interview with Moshe (Bogie) Ya’alon, a veteran of over 30 years in key roles within the Israeli Defense Forces. As a leading authority on national security and intelligence, Ya’alon provided critical insights, particularly regarding the intelligence failures of the 1973 Yom Kippur War and how these failures inform present-day security dilemmas. Although this interview was conducted three months before the surprise Hamas attack on 7 October 2023, Ya’alon stressed the significance of lessons from previous conflicts and significant geopolitical developments. He also underscored the importance of cultural and emotional factors in intelligence failures and the dynamics of Israel’s relations with the Five Eyes alliance, offering insights that illuminate some of the challenges Israel would encounter three months later. This interview is part of an ongoing oral history project designed to gather diverse perspectives on intelligence and national security leadership in Israel, enhancing our understanding of the security dilemmas of the Middle East and the world of espionage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Foster Wallace situates “Infinite Jest” within the tradition of English literary history by mirroring the narrative of Hamlet. This literary-historical grounding intensifies the critical allure of Wallace’s reference to Old English by way of Cynewulf’s “Juliana.” I contend that, in “Infinite Jest,” Joelle van Dyne’s struggle for an independent identity can be read as a parallel to Juliana’s cultivation of an autonomous self through social defiance. For both women, their struggles for autonomy are marked by continued reliance on male figures: Joelle must socially and psychologically maneuver male relationships in order to fashion a sense of independence; similarly, Juliana attempts to construct a strong identity founded on her Christian faith, but this is potentially undercut by her reliance on a specifically male God. The women’s narratives are distinguished by their successes rather than their failures, which are reinforced through tropological elements of Old English exile. The duality between Joelle and Juliana highlights Wallace’s attempt to depict the perpetuation of historical gender roles, while the self-consciousness of his postmodern prose indicates his deep desire to grapple with the social issues that not only pervade literature today but have been woven into the fabric of English literary and social history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psychologists are particularly interested in how people operate in stressful settings. The sporting arena is a "natural laboratory" for studying how people behave and perform in high-pressure situations. This study explores the gender differences in archers' ability to cope with adversity, highlighting the significant cold-hand effect observed in both male and female archers, with notable differences in the last arrow performance under pressure. Methods: Our method is a Poisson general linear model -based test for the cold hand that examines how the performance of the last arrow per set depends on the performance of the previous two shots. We also interact the player's gender with performance on the previous two arrows and game status to test for gender differences in response to past performance and intermediate game status. Results: The Poisson regression analysis reveals that male and female archers' performance dropped significantly after experiencing two consecutive missing bullseyes, which means a cold-hand effect exists. However, although there was no significant difference in the performance of male and female archers on the third arrow, female archers have significantly lower last arrow per set scores than male archers after near poor performance or being in a situation where losing can only be avoided by winning the current set. Discussion: This finding suggests that female archers are more vulnerable to the potentially negative effects of adversity caused by trailing or recent failures than their male counterparts. We attempt to explain the reasons behind the results above from both psychological and physiological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depression is often characterized by a persistent sense of failure. Cognitive theories of depression suggest that depressed individuals may exhibit a maladaptive cognitive style, characterized by increased self-focus following personal failure. The validity of this proposition, however, is yet to be fully examined. This study aimed to identify the relation between symptoms in major depressive disorder and increased self-focus in failure situations. Methods: This clinical study involved a cohort of 30 patients diagnosed with and treated for depression. We used an eye-tracking paradigm to observe and analyze gaze direction – indicative of either self-focus or self-avoidance – after remembering a significant failure event. Results: Contrary to the maladaptive cognitive style hypothesis, a majority of the depressed participants demonstrated an inclination towards self-avoidance following failure. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the patient group – those with the highest scores of guilt, punishment, and self-blame – displayed a self-focused attentional bias post-failure. Conclusions: The presence of a maladaptive self-focusing style may be confined to severely depressed patients with high levels of guilt, punishment, and self-blame. These findings could have substantial clinical implications, as attention bias modification interventions could be particularly beneficial for this subgroup of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Early detection of individuals at risk for onset of severe illness is crucial for prevention and early intervention, aiming to mitigate the long-term impact on both the individual and the community. While well-established models exist for predicting the onset and prolonged severity of illness, there is a gap in understanding illness-onset severity. This pilot study aimed to investigate premorbid objective and subjective dimensions of participation in daily life occupations, as well as sensory and cognitive functions as potential markers of the recent-onset mental illness severity. Methods: A total of 50 participants (men: N=26, 52%; women: N=24, 48%), aged 18–40 (M=26.2, SD=5.8) with recent-onset mental illness completed standard, well-established assessments of illness severity, cognitive biases and failures, neurocognitive status, participation in daily life, and sensory responsiveness thorough cross-sectional design. The differences between the groups of the illness severity were explored with descriptive statistics, followed by a Kruskal–Wallis test. Discriminant analysis was used suggesting a multi-varied model for the separation between the groups of illness severity. Results: Three groups of illness severity exhibited differences in premorbid cognitive functions (F(2)=5.8, p<.01) and participation diversity (F(2)=3.8, p<.05). Combining these two indices explained 92% of the variance between the groups (Wilks' Λ =.68, χ2(4) = 17.7, p=.001), accurately classifying mild to marked illness severity (62.5–88.5%). Conclusions: The study contributes to revealing factors involved in the formation of more severe mental illness and suggesting possible avenues for early intervention and prevention. Cognitive biases and sensory modulation dysfunction may contribute to the illness formation. Still, the most effective markers of more severe mental illness onset are functional cognition and limited participation diversity. Since addressing these markers is a unique specialization within occupational therapy, the findings highlight the potential contribution the profession can make to the early identification of the most vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial discusses the increasing prevalence of burnout among healthcare workers, with disappointing results from various interventions. A randomized controlled trial in China showed significant benefits from online Well-Being Therapy compared to psychoeducation. The study introduced the concept of allostatic load, providing a more specific evaluation of burnout. Well-Being Therapy was effective in reducing allostatic load and improving psychological well-being in medical workers, suggesting a promising approach to addressing burnout. [Extracted from the article]

Childhood is an obvious period for motor learning, since children's musculoskeletal and nervous systems are still in development. Adults adapt movements based on reward feedback about success and failure, but it is less established whether school-age children also exhibit such reward-based motor learning. We designed a new 'circle-drawing' task suitable for assessing reward-based motor learning in both children (7–17 years old) and adults (18–65 years old). Participants drew circles with their unseen hand on a tablet. They received binary reward feedback after each attempt based on the proximity of the average radius of their drawing to a target radius set as double the radius of their baseline drawings. We rewarded about 50% of the trials based on a performance-dependent reward criterion. Both children (10.1 ± 2.5 (mean ± SD) years old) and adults (37.6 ± 10.2 years old) increased the radius of their drawings in the direction of the target radius. We observed no difference in learning between children and adults. Moreover, both groups changed the radius, less following reward than following reward absence, which is a sign of reward-based motor learning. We conclude that school-age children, like adults, exhibit reward-based motor learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a sequential trading mechanism with ambiguity-averse agents modeled by multiple prior preferences. Informed traders generally mix between trading and non-trading, and their trading probability decreases with ambiguity. If agents are sufficiently ambiguous, informed traders do not trade, and only noise traders place orders; trading becomes uninformative. When signal accuracy is ambiguous, trading can make public beliefs more ambiguous over time, which leads to social learning failures in the long run. Moreover, since informed traders may not trade, no-trade can also be informative when signal accuracy is asymmetric. Even with continuous action spaces, sufficiently high ambiguity stops social learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short piece for a special forum on the Plantationocene responds to Wendy Wolford's article in the Annals on this topic, with an appreciation of its conditions of possibility in the challenge that Black Geographies has made to the whiteness of Anglo-American geography. Rather than presuming a plantation logic, I suggest returning to the complexity of the agrarian Marxist tradition, also in geography, recognizing its failure to learn from the theoretical contributions of people of color who comprise the planetary majority. Shifting gears, I turn to a surprising historical geography of space making from the South African city of Durban, in which postplantation subalterns effected a surprising transformation in the peripheries and interstices of the racist city, through spatial practices that still hold the seeds of proletarian survival and collective Black liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W. E. B. Du Bois occupies a singular place in classical sociology as the most prolific African American scholar of his times. This article demonstrates the profound impact the First World War had on Du Bois's life, intellectual work and political evolution. While viewing the roots of the war through the lens of the global color-line and Europe's imperial exploitation of Africa, he nevertheless believed it represented a possibility for the expansion of democracy for people of African descent and African Americans in particular. In the aftermath of the war, Du Bois attempted to reckon with its historical and sociological meaning by writing a book, which he ultimately never completed. Du Bois's failure to finish what would have been one of his most important works represented the failure of the war itself and his inability to effectively marshal the tools of social science to make sense of the conflict, personally, and intellectually. The war ultimately shaped the trajectory of Du Bois's scholarship and political radicalism in ways unlike any other sociologist in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the poor performance or even failure of the cross-spectrum (CS) method in hydroacoustic weak-target passive velocimetry, a sparse Bayesian learning cross-spectrum method (SBL-CS), combining phase compensation with sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the cross-correlation sound intensity is taken as the observation quantity and compensates for each frequency point of the cross-spectrum, which enables the alignment of cross-spectrum results at different frequencies. Then, the inter-correlation sound intensity of all frequencies is fused in the iterative estimation of the target velocity, verifying the proposed method's ability to suppress the background noise when performing multi-frequency processing. The simulation results show that the proposed method is still effective in estimating the target velocity when the CS method fails and that the performance of the proposed method is better than the CS method with a decrease in SNR. As verified using the SWellEx-96 sea trial dataset, the RMSE of the proposed method for surface vessel speed measurement is 0.3545 m/s, which is 46.1% less than the traditional CS method, proving the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed SBL-CS method for the estimation of the radial speed of a passive target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of large-scale unknown environments can benefit from the deployment of multiple robots for collaborative mapping. Each robot explores a section of the environment and communicates onboard pose estimates and maps to a central server to build an optimized global multi-robot map. Naturally, inconsistencies can arise between onboard and server estimates due to onboard odometry drift, failures, or degeneracies. The mapping server can correct and overcome such failure cases using computationally expensive operations such as inter-robot loop closure detection and multi-modal mapping. However, the individual robots do not benefit from the collaborative map if the mapping server provides no feedback. Although server updates from the multi-robot map can greatly alleviate the robotic mission strategically, most existing work lacks them, due to their associated computational and bandwidth-related costs. Motivated by this challenge, this paper proposes a novel collaborative mapping framework that enables global mapping consistency among robots and the mapping server. In particular, we propose graph spectral analysis, at different spatial scales, to detect structural differences between robot and server graphs, and to generate necessary constraints for the individual robot pose graphs. Our approach specifically finds the nodes that correspond to the drift's origin rather than the nodes where the error becomes too large. We thoroughly analyze and validate our proposed framework using several real-world multi-robot field deployments where we show improvements of the onboard system up to 90% and can recover the onboard estimation from localization failures and even from the degeneracies within its estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a clinical commentary from the British Journal of Psychotherapy that discusses the purpose of the Clinical Commentaries section, which aims to foster theoretical discussion and bring together diverse perspectives. It includes a case study of a patient named R who sought therapy after a significant breakup and subsequent difficulties in his personal and professional life. The commentary reflects on R's history and patterns of behavior, suggesting that he may be struggling with a sense of grievance and adopting a victim stance. The therapist and the patient explore R's feelings of abandonment and his need for approval and love, while also discussing the concept of mourning and the importance of transforming ghosts into ancestors for healing and personal growth. The commentary provides insights into R's psychological struggles and the therapeutic journey he is undertaking. [Extracted from the article]

Imperfect repairs (IRs) are widely applicable in reliability engineering since most equipment is not completely replaced after failure. In this sense, it is necessary to develop methodologies that can describe failure processes and predict the reliability of systems under this type of repair. One of the challenges in this context is to establish reliability models for multiple repairable systems considering unobserved heterogeneity associated with systems failure times and their failure intensity after performing IRs. Thus, in this work, frailty models are proposed to identify unobserved heterogeneity in these failure processes. In this context, we consider the arithmetic reduction of age (ARA) and arithmetic reduction of intensity (ARI) classes of IR models, with constant repair efficiency and a power‐law process distribution to model failure times and a univariate Gamma distributed frailty by all systems failure times. Classical inferential methods are used to estimate the parameters and reliability predictors of systems under IRs. An extensive simulation study is carried out under different scenarios to investigate the suitability of the models and the asymptotic consistency and efficiency properties of the maximum likelihood estimators. Finally, we illustrate the practical relevance of the proposed models on two real data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines low-, medium-, and high-performing Human-Autonomy Teams' (HATs') communication strategies during various technological failures that impact routine communication strategies to adapt to the task environment. Background: Teams must adapt their communication strategies during dynamic tasks, where more successful teams make more substantial adaptations. Adaptations in communication strategies may explain how successful HATs overcome technological failures. Further, technological failures of variable severity may alter communication strategies of HATs at different performance levels in their attempts to overcome each failure. Method: HATs in a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System-Synthetic Task Environment (RPAS-STE), involving three team members, were tasked with photographing targets. Each triad had two randomly assigned participants in navigator and photographer roles, teaming with an experimenter who simulated an AI pilot in a Wizard of Oz paradigm. Teams encountered two different technological failures, automation and autonomy, where autonomy failures were more challenging to overcome. Results: High-performing HATs calibrated their communication strategy to the complexity of the different failures better than medium- and low-performing teams. Further, HATs adjusted their communication strategies over time. Finally, only the most severe failures required teams to increase the efficiency of their communication. Conclusion: HAT effectiveness under degraded conditions depends on the type of communication strategies enacted by the team. Previous findings from studies of all-human teams apply here; however, novel results suggest information requests are particularly important to HAT success during failures. Application: Understanding the communication strategies of HATs under degraded conditions can inform training protocols to help HATs overcome failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Steam explosions are a major safety concern in many modern furnaces. The explosions are sometimes caused by water ingress into the furnace from leaks in its high-pressure (HP) cooling water system, coming into contact with molten matte. To address such safety issues related to steam explosions, risk based inspection (RBI) is suggested in this paper. RBI is presently one of the best-practice methodologies to provide an inspection schedule and ensure the mechanical integrity of pressure vessels. The application of RBIs on furnace HP cooling systems in this work is performed by incorporating the proportional hazards model (PHM) with the RBI approach; the PHM uses real-time condition data to allow dynamic decision-making on inspection and maintenance planning. Design/methodology/approach: To accomplish this, a case study is presented that applies an HP cooling system data with moisture and cumulated feed rate as covariates or condition indicators to compute the probability of failure and the consequence of failure (CoF), which is modelled based on the boiling liquid-expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) theory. Findings: The benefit of this approach is that the risk assessment introduces real-time condition data in addition to time-based failure information to allow improved dynamic decision-making for inspection and maintenance planning of the HP cooling system. The work presented here comprises the application of the newly proposed methodology in the context of pressure vessels, considering the important challenge of possible explosion accidents due to BLEVE as the CoF calculations. Research limitations/implications: This paper however aims to optimise the inspection schedule on the HP cooling system, by incorporating PHM into the RBI methodology, as was recently proposed in the literature by Lelo et al. (2022). Moisture and cumulated feed rate are used as covariate. At the end, risk mitigation policy is suggested. Originality/value: In this paper, the proposed methodology yields a dynamically calculated quantified risk, which emphasised the imperative for mitigating the risk, as well as presents a number of mitigation options, to quantifiably affect such mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) represent a pivotal phase in the weaning process of mechanically ventilated patients. The objective of these trials is to assess patients' readiness to resume independent breathing, thereby facilitating timely weaning and reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV). Nevertheless, accurately predicting the success or failure of SBT remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. This study proposes a healthcare system that employs machine learning techniques to predict the outcome of SBT. The model is trained on respiratory flow and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, employing the non-uniform discrete Fourier transform (NUDFT) for frequency domain analysis. The SBT prediction model has the potential to significantly enhance clinical decision-making by enabling the early identification of patients at risk for SBT failure, achieving an accuracy of 84.4 ± 3.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translocations are a critical tool for reversing biodiversity loss but are often characterized by unreasonably high expectations, leading to many translocation programs being brief and terminated before achieving their full potential. To address these issues, we developed the "Translocation Continuum Framework", an easy‐to‐use tool that clarifies the criteria, strategies, tactics, progress measures, and expected outcomes for five key translocation "phases": Feasibility Studies, Pilot Studies, Primary Trials, Secondary Experiments, and Tertiary Reinforcements. By accounting for uncertainty, the Framework aims to empower practitioners to design translocation programs that suit their context. We also discuss the limitations of "success" and "failure" labels in translocations, and the importance of parsimonious decision making to maximize learning with the least amount of loss. Only by managing expectations of the likelihood of establishment, growth, and regulation throughout a program's lifetime can we galvanize trust and investment in translocations so they can contribute meaningfully to long‐term restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the rapid development of the industrial Internet has led to the creation of a massive number of intelligent agents that are widely and distributively applied in various edge scenarios. The work conditions in these edge scenarios are complex, uncertain, and random. Traditional manual updates or human judgments are used for task decision-making in large-scale distributive intelligent agent edge work scenarios, which lack dynamic perception and autonomous recognition capabilities for edge work conditions. This inevitably leads to low decision-making accuracy, poor reliability, and ultimately, task failure. To address this issue, this study proposes an adaptive task identification strategy based on cloud-edge collaboration. This method utilizes a cloud-edge collaborative industrial intelligent application architecture to achieve cloud-based training and encapsulation of the task model, with online calling at the edge-end. Then, edge-end intelligent agents identify edge work conditions through multi-source data fusion, enabling accurate task decision-making. Finally, the edge-end requests the cloud for task model matching. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in an industrial safety situation virtual detection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article proposes a novel multivariate point process regression model for a large-scale physically distributed network infrastructure with two failure modes, i.e. primary failures caused by the long-term usage and degradation of assets, and cascading failures triggered by primary failures in a short period. We exploit large-scale field pipe failure data from a UK-based water utility to support the rationale of considering the two failure modes. The two modes are not self-revealed in the data. To make the inference of the large-scale problem possible, we introduce a time window for cascading failures, based on which the likelihood of the pipe failure process can be decomposed into two parts, one for the primary failures and the other for the cascading failure processes modulated by the primary failure processes. The window length for cascading failures is treated as a tuning parameter, and determined through maximizing the likelihood based on all failure data. To illustrate the effectiveness of the model, two case studies are presented based on real data from the UK-based water utility. Interesting features of the cascading failures are identified from massive field pipe failure data. The results provide insights on advanced modelling and practical decision-making for both researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure indexing is a longstanding crux in software debugging, the goal of which is to automatically divide failures (e.g., failed test cases) into distinct groups according to the culprit root causes, as such multiple faults residing in a faulty program can be handled independently and simultaneously. The community of failure indexing has long been plagued by two challenges: (1) The effectiveness of division is still far from promising. Specifically, existing failure indexing techniques only employ a limited source of software runtime data, for example, code coverage, to be failure proximity and further divide them, which typically delivers unsatisfactory results. (2) The outcome can be hardly comprehensible. Specifically, a developer who receives the division result is just aware of how all failures are divided, without knowing why they should be divided the way they are. This leads to difficulties for developers to be convinced by the division result, which in turn affects the adoption of the results. To tackle these two problems, in this article, we propose SURE, a viSUalized failuRe indExing approach using the program memory spectrum (PMS). We first collect the runtime memory information (i.e., variables' names and values, as well as the depth of the stack frame) at several preset breakpoints during the execution of a failed test case, and transform the gathered memory information into a human-friendly image (called PMS). Then, any pair of PMS images that serve as proxies for two failures is fed to a trained Siamese convolutional neural network, to predict the likelihood of them being triggered by the same fault. Last, a clustering algorithm is adopted to divide all failures based on the mentioned likelihood. In the experiments, we use 30% of the simulated faults to train the neural network, and use 70% of the simulated faults as well as real-world faults to test. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of SURE: It achieves 101.20% and 41.38% improvements in faults number estimation, as well as 105.20% and 35.53% improvements in clustering, compared with the state-of-the-art technique in this field, in simulated and real-world environments, respectively. Moreover, we carry out a human study to quantitatively evaluate the comprehensibility of PMS, revealing that this novel type of representation can help developers better comprehend failure indexing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching entrepreneurship students about failure can help them better cope with business failure and learn from it. This is important given evidence that experienced entrepreneurs are more successful. Entrepreneurship educators raise the concern that teaching students about failure may make them apprehensive about pursuing entrepreneurship. We examine the impact of optimism training on individuals who are learning about business failure (distinguishing between large and small failure) to study the impact of failure on career choice. Using a randomized experiment, we study the underlying mechanism – the feeling of hope – in how failure magnitude impacts an individual's subsequent career choice between wage employment and entrepreneurship. Our findings show that failure magnitude negatively impacts subsequent entrepreneurship career choice by reducing hope. We also find that having an optimistic mind-set moderates this relationship. The negative effect of failure on hope, and subsequent entrepreneurship career choice, is minimized for individuals with an optimistic mind-set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a gendered crisis approach, this study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iranian women's nascent entrepreneurial behaviours. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor's individual-level data and sanctions intensity data on 10,781 individuals, aged 18–65 from 2008 to 2018, the findings indicate that sanctions lower the perceived opportunities to start a business for women more so than for men. Although sanctions did not influence perceived start-up skills, suggesting resilience among women amid the challenges, sanctions did reduce the fear of failure for women more so than for men. Policymakers, both in the Collective West and in Iran, can use these insights to develop gender-inclusive measures and support women's entrepreneurship in sanction-affected contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research investigates firm learning from failures by dividing them into two types, failures that occur due to slip-ups and those that occur due to knowledge gaps, and by examining whether learning occurs in the context of both types of failures. We study these phenomena in the context of product recalls in pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Based on text analysis of recall documents, recalls are divided into process related and design related to represent slip-up failures and knowledge gap failures. We further study how innovation capabilities, represented by accumulated stocks of patents and lagged research and development (R&D) intensity, impact learning from both types of failures. We test our hypotheses using negative binomial generalized linear models to analyze longitudinal data for 108 publicly traded U.S. firms over 2000–2016 comprising 7,984 recalls. Results indicate that design-related recalls generate learning to a greater extent than process-related recalls, and that accumulated patents and lagged R&D intensity enhance learning from design-related recalls. These findings suggest that the learning mechanisms invoked by failures are concentrated more on knowledge gap failures than slip-up failures, and such learning is impacted by innovation capabilities. Overall, this research extends organizational learning theory by differentiating between learning from different types of failures and extends absorptive capacity theory by incorporating the role of innovation capabilities in enhancing learning from failures. We develop recommendations for learning from slip-up failures by focusing on the cultural and social mechanisms of organizational learning in addition to the technical and structural mechanisms that may mainly impact learning from knowledge gap failures. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15663. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppose a 'law' required individuals to report neighbours of a certain race for extermination. If individuals complied with such a 'law' to avoid the penal sanction of a death sentence, should a tribunal involved in the process of transitional justice in a successor regime punish them? Radbruch suggests that intolerably unjust 'laws' are not legally valid. According to Radbruch's Formula, reporting the neighbour would not be justified by law. The logical implication of this Formula is that the act of reporting was, in substance, abetment to murder (or possibly, genocide). Yet, punishing individuals who complied with the purported 'law' in the predecessor regime seems unfair, particularly as some legal positivists would regard the law as valid. Individuals might have acted according to what they believed was law and under duress (out of fear of penal sanction for failure to comply) in the predecessor regime. I examine whether these are valid considerations in proceedings before a tribunal prosecuting individuals for acts done in compliance with intolerably unjust 'laws' in predecessor regimes. While the perceived unfairness might militate against acceptance of Radbruch's Formula, if the considerations are not valid, Radbruch's Formula is unobjectionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Justice-involved people with mental illness are at increased risk for failure while on community supervision. Probation and parole officers (POs) have significant influence on the outcomes of these individuals through various supervision tactics and approaches. Prior research on specialty mental health supervision has helped identify a number of specific tactics that are both necessary and effective for supervising people with mental illness. This study builds upon this evidence base to offer POs additional insight and guidance that can help them promote the success of people with mental illness on community supervision. Toward this purpose, this study centers the voices and lived experiences of both individuals with mental illness on probation and parole and the POs who supervise them. Using qualitative data collected from focus groups with specialized probation and parole officers and responses to semi-structured interviews conducted with people with mental illness on community supervision, this study describes the unique experiences and challenges faced by people with mental illness and identifies specific strategies POs can use to be more helpful, impactful, and effective in their supervision of people with mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part‐time entrepreneurs—individuals acting simultaneously as entrepreneurs and employees—are often considered to be in a transitional stage towards becoming full‐time entrepreneurs. However, they can also exit a venture or remain hybrid entrepreneurs. Based on this evidence, we explore the influence of social norms (social status and shame of failing), the desire to create a company, entrepreneurial motivation, the need for achievement, risk propensity, and indirect shame on the entrepreneurial intention of part‐time entrepreneurs. A questionnaire was administered to 304 part‐time entrepreneurs residing in Brazil. The results of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) have shown that social status and entrepreneurial motivation positively influence the entrepreneurial intention of hybrid entrepreneurs, while the shame of failing has a negative effect on this dimension. We also found that the desire to create a company has a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention but negatively moderates the relationship between social status and entrepreneurial intention, that is, the direct relationship becomes weaker as the desire to create a company increases. Accordingly, this study provides evidence on the main drivers of entrepreneurial intention by focusing on the specific case of part‐time entrepreneurs. The uniqueness of this study, therefore, lies in its valuable contribution to empirical knowledge about hybrid entrepreneurship, a category often underestimated in research dedicated to the field of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, expanding cylinder experiments are performed using a gas gun on the aluminum 6061 alloy to understand the dynamic deformation and failure behavior of this material in the presence of surface defects in the form of scratches. The experiments are then modeled with the modified Tepla (for tensile plasticity) model, which is equipped with the damage yield function of Gurson ["Continuum theory of ductile rupture by void nucleation and growth: Part I—Yield criteria and flow rules for porous ductile media," (1977)] and Tvergaard and Needleman [Acta Metall. 32(1), 157–169 (1984)], over-stress viscosity [F. Addessio and J. Johnson, J. Appl. Phys. 74(3), 1640–1648 (1993)], and the underlying viscoplastic model of Preston et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 211–220 (2003)] (Preston–Tonks–Wallace model) for the dense material. The Tepla model parameters were calibrated using the Bayesian approach against experimentally measured free-surface velocity data obtained from plate impact experiments on the aluminum 6061 alloy. The evolution of radial expansion and shapes of the deformed cylinder from the simulations on a pristine cylinder wall and a cylinder wall with a longitudinal surface defect shows excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental results. Finally, the role of surface defect size and cylinder wall geometry on the dynamic strength of the cylinder wall was also investigated through a series of simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing Theory, 21 (2), 277 - 286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593121992539 29 Kravets, O., Preece, C., & Maclaran, P. (2020). Editorial: Troubled times demand heroes: Heroic marketing and marketing heroes. The acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk was welcomed with an even mix of horror and excitement. Moving beyond understanding vulnerability as a researcher's failure, Steadman reveals how memories and unexpected futures can trigger a researcher's vulnerability during fieldwork. [Extracted from the article]

Once upon a time, failure was believed to be a very bad thing. It is now seen as a means of living happily ever after. For some fail-fans, it is a magic kingdom called Acadreamia, where missteps make marketers stronger. For others, it is a heinous haunted mansion, ReviewView, where recurring nightmares reside. An unembellished autoethnography, this essay tells the blood-curdling tale of the author's failed attempt to write a bestseller about failure. A marketing monstrosity, it has few redeeming features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of neoliberalism affecting the higher education sector, critical research in marketing and management remains dominated by Western Eurocentric theories. As a result, non-Western researchers are expected to socialise with the Western theoretical discourse to succeed and progress in Western academia. In this paper, we reflected on our personal experiences as early career researchers from Southeast Asia who have studied and are currently working in the UK as we navigate around the structural expectations, challenges, and strategies in pursuing our research. We merged our voices with those of other doctoral students from non-Western backgrounds in the discipline to present some coping mechanisms that researchers like us adopt to avoid failure in academia. We argue that the conformity to Western academia and its hidden struggles produce risk-averse junior researchers; thus, limiting creativity, diversity, and potential growth in the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst there is nascent literature surrounding researcher vulnerability, little is known about how memories and anticipations can elicit researcher vulnerabilities, and vulnerable academic writing can still be met with some scepticism. In this paper, I therefore provide an autoethnographic narrative of my encounters with researcher vulnerability during research into tattoos, time, and death. My tale revolves around three themes: Remembering vulnerabilities, (Un)anticipating vulnerabilities, and Fluctuating vulnerabilities. In doing so, I reveal not only how vulnerabilities can fluctuate through time and space, but also how past memories and future anticipations can stir present-day researcher vulnerabilities. Ultimately, I move beyond the 'vulnerability as failure' framing by helping to encourage an academic culture that celebrates being open about researcher vulnerability and writing more vulnerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]