485 results on '"FEU"'
Search Results
52. Identification of parietal carbonates’ annual precipitation rate for a microchronological setting of pyrogenic archaeological occupations: the Grotte Mandrin (Malataverne, Drôme, France) case
- Author
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Ségolène Vandevelde, Christophe Petit, Jean-Luc Lacour, Ludovic Slimak, Lionel Marié, Céline Quéré, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Histoire de l'art et archéologie (UP1 UFR03), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Archéologies environnementales, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'études analytiques et de réactivité des surfaces (SEARS), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), and École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0303 health sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Fuliginochronology ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,fuliginochronologie ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,trace elements ,feu ,Geology ,carbonates ,01 natural sciences ,soot ,Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,suie ,éléments traces ,lcsh:Geology ,03 medical and health sciences ,13. Climate action ,spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser ,Humanities ,fire ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
International audience; In rock shelters and caves, the geo-archaeological reading of sediments can allow, in favourable cases, a micro-chronological study of traces of anthropogenic activities and in particular in the use of fire. If the recurrence in the use of fireplaces can sometimes be identified by a micromorphological study of these ground structures, it is very uncertain that all the different combustion episodes can be identified. It turns out that paleo-fire events can be recorded elsewhere than in the hearths. For instance, they can be recorded as soot marks trapped in speleothems, which are witnesses of fires made inside the caves. Thus they can be the object of a fuliginochronological study (lat. fuligo, fuliginosus: soot), which consists in studying the succession of soot deposits trapped in a matrix. Some limestone speleothems have another advantage, which is to be annually laminated. When it can be demonstrated, the joint study of soot films and calcite doublets allows the construction of precise paleo-fire chronicles. In this study, we demonstrate, with the help of both crystalline fabric analysis and seasonal variations of strontium (Sr) content, that the calcite doublets observed in the fine parietal carbonated crusts of the Grotte Mandrin archaeological site are indeed annual. We used LIBS technics (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy), which reveals relative variations of minor and traces elements, within speleothems carbonates, on an annual or sub-annual level. Soot film sequences can then be indexed to the annual carbonates precipitation calendar, giving precise paleo-fire chronicles. The study of the rhythmicities of human occupations at the Grotte Mandrin then becomes accessible with an unequalled precision.; Dans les abris-sous-roche et grottes, la lecture géoarchéologique des sédiments peut permettre, dans des cas favorables, une étude micro-chronologique des traces d’activités anthropiques et en particulier de l’usage du feu. Si la récurrence dans l’utilisation des foyers peut parfois être identifiée par une étude micromorphologique de ces structures au sol, il n’est pas évident que l’ensemble des différents épisodes de combustion puisse y être identifié. Il se trouve que les événements de paléo-feux peuvent être enregistrés ailleurs que dans les foyers, par exemple sous la forme d’imprégnations de suie enregistrées dans les spéléothèmes, témoins des feux passés dans les cavités ; elles peuvent faire l’objet d’une étude fuliginochronologique (lat. fuligo,fuliginosus : suie), qui consiste à étudier la succession des dépôts de suie piégés dans une matrice. Certaines concrétions calcaires ont un autre avantage, celui de présenter des lamines pouvant être annuelles. Lorsque cela peut être démontré, l’étude conjointe des films de suie et des doublets de calcite permet de caler les chroniques de paléo-feux sur une échelle micro-chronologique de temps mesuré. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons, grâce à l’analyse conjointe des alternances de fabrique cristalline et des variations saisonnières de la teneur en strontium (Sr), que les doublets de calcite observés dans les fins encroûtements carbonatés pariétaux du site archéologique de la Grotte Mandrin sont annuels. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS – Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) qui permet de révéler des variations relatives d’éléments mineurs et traces dans ces concrétions avec une échelle annuelle à sub-annuelle. Les séquences de films de suie peuvent donc être indexées sur le calendrier annuel de la précipitation des carbonates et les chroniques de paléo-feux calées sur une échelle chronologique relative et précise à l’année près, voire la saison. L’étude des rythmicités des occupations humaines sur le site de la Grotte Mandrin devient alors accessible avec une résolution jusqu’alors inégalée.
- Published
- 2021
53. Les torres, propietats agrícoles grans amb orígens en alous i territoris de vil·les altmedievals (Vallès Occidental, segles xi-xix)
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Canyameres Ramoneda, Esteve
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block ,Solar d’Oriac ,torre ,early medieval period ,allods ,tower ,franc alou ,Santiga ,Ullastre ,Sobarbar ,Feu ,Santa Coloma de Barberà ,Pèlags ,mas ,Togores ,domus ,vil·la altmedieval ,Togores i Ullastre ,castle ,quadra ,castell termenat ,Canyelles ,Clasquerí ,farmhouse - Abstract
L’estudi descriu el procés històric i cronològic d’unes propietats agrícoles grans, per al que és la comarca del Vallès Occidental, que s’anomenen torres, segons les dues accepcions d’estructura defensiva vertical, i de segona residència, i també segons l’accepció d’època moderna de gran finca amb casal, propietat d’amos forans. Els seus orígens es remunten a domus medievals i alous del segle xi. Coincideixen territorialment amb part dels termes d’algunes de les vil·les dels segles x i xi. Tot i les transformacions i la disgregació de la propietat aloera, un nombre significatiu d’aquestes finques continuaran poc alterades, pel que fa a l’extensió de les terres pròpies, fins al segle xix, situades enmig del paisatge de masos, parròquies i castells de plana., The study describes the historical and chronological development of large agricultural properties, such as in the region of Vallès Occidental, which are called torres — towers — according to the two meanings of the word: a vertical defensive structure, and a second home; the term in the Modern era is also accepted to mean a large estate with a house, owned by foreigners. These date back to the medieval domus and allods of the 11th century, and coincide territorially with elements of some 10th and 11th-century villas. Despite the transfor mations and disintegration of the allodiums, a significant number of these estates remained largely unaltered, in terms of the boundaries of their lands, until the 19th century, set among the landscape of farmhouses, parishes, and castles.
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- 2021
54. Incendies de forêt à l’heure de l’anthropocène: questions d’échelles
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Christine BOUISSET, Bouisset, Christine, ISTE Editions, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales (TREE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ISTE
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Changement climatique ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Incendie de forêt ,Anthropocène ,Feu ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Politique publique -- France ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
A partir d'une revue de littérature et d'un travail d'enquête dans le Sud-Ouest français (forêt des Landes de Gascogne et Pyrénées-Atlantiques), ce chapitre d'ouvrage montre comment le changement climatique conduit la recherche scientifique à s'interroger sur le lien entre incendies de végétation et sociétés à l'échelle globale et produit un renouveau de l'intérêt pour les incendies dans le monde. A partir du cas français, il s'interroge ensuite sur la manière dont les questionnements scientifiques et les préoccupations liées au changement climatique percolent ou pas dans les politiques de gestion des incendies. Il montre qu'à l'échelle locale, les alertes sur l'aggravation des risques à cause du changement climatique ne trouvent pas nécessairement d'échos, éclipsées qu'elles sont par l'efficacité apparente de la gestion du risque et, d'autre part, par l'émergence d'autres risques (érosion et submersion marine par exemple) moins familiers.
- Published
- 2021
55. Civic Activism and the Legitimation of Armed Struggle Against Batista, 1955–1956
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Guerra, Lillian, author
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- 2018
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56. Effect of increased fire activity on global warming in the boreal forest.
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Oris, France, Asselin, Hugo, Ali, Adam A., Finsinger, Walter, and Bergeron, Yves
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GLOBAL warming & the environment , *TAIGA ecology , *FOREST fire ecology , *ATMOSPHERIC aerosols & the environment , *CARBON cycle , *VEGETATION & climate - Abstract
Forest fires are an important disturbance in the boreal forest. They are influenced by climate, weather, topography, vegetation, surface deposits, and human activities. In return, forest fires affect the climate through emission of gases and aerosols, and changes in surface albedo, soil processes, and vegetation dynamics. The net effect of these factors is not yet well established but seems to have caused a negative feedback on climate during the 20th century. However, an increase in boreal forest fires is predicted by the end of the 21st century, possibly changing the effect of fires on climate change to a positive feedback that would exacerbate global warming. This review presents (1) an overview of fire regimes and vegetation succession in boreal forests; (2) the effects on climate of combustion emissions and post-fire changes in ecosystem functioning; (3) the effects of fire regime variations on climate, especially on carbon stock and surface albedo; (4) an integrative approach of fire effects on climate dynamics; and (5) the implications of increased fire activity on global warming by calculating the radiative forcing of several factors by 2100 in the boreal region, before discussing the results and exposing the limits of the data at hand. Generally, losses of carbon from forest fires in the boreal region will increase in the future and their effect on the carbon stock (0.37 W/m2/decade) will be greater than the effect of fire on surface albedo (−0.09 W/m2/decade). The net effect of aerosol emissions from boreal fires will likely cause a positive feedback on global warming. This review emphasizes the importance of feedbacks between fires and climate in the boreal forest. It presents limitations and uncertainties to be addressed in future studies, particularly with regards to the effect of CO2 fertilization on forest productivity, which could offset or mitigate the effect of fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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57. The impact of early precommercial thinning of dense jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands on the mortality of thinned stems.
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Splawinski, T. B., Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y., and Greene, D. R.
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FOREST thinning ,JACK pine ,SILVICULTURAL systems ,FOREST fires ,FOREST management - Abstract
Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
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58. Assessing the environmental impact of shredded tires as embankment fill material.
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Hennebert, P., Lambert, S., Fouillen, F., and Charrasse, B.
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TIRES & the environment ,WASTE tires ,LEACHING ,PERCOLATION ,EMBANKMENT design & construction ,TOXICITY testing ,FIRE risk assessment ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Geotechnical Journal is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2014
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59. A Minimalistic model of spatial structuration of humid savanna vegetation
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Tega 2, Simon, Yatat, Valaire, Tewa, Jean-Jules, Couteron, Pierre, Department of Mathematics [Yaoundé], University of Yaoundé [Cameroun], National Advanced School of Engineering (University of Yaounde I), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département de Mathématiques Université de Yaoundé 1 = Department of Mathematics [Yaoundé, Cameroon], and Université de Yaoundé I
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Non local interaction ,Interactions non locales ,Turing Bifurcation ,Grass ,Bifurcation de Turing ,[MATH.MATH-DS]Mathematics [math]/Dynamical Systems [math.DS] ,Feu ,Herbe ,[MATH]Mathematics [math] ,Fire ,Arbre ,Tree - Abstract
International audience; In this work, we propose a spatio-temporal tree-grass interactions model, allowing to account for a possibly periodic spatial structuring sometimes observes in humid savanna zone. The proposed model relies on an integro-differential reaction-diffusion system, involving kernels of intra and inter-specific interactions. From a linear stability analysis performed in the vicinity of a homogeneous stationary state that denotes tree-grass coexistence, we succeed first to find a condition for the appearance of periodic solutions in space with predictable wavelength and second, to illustrate it numerically.; Dans ce travail, nous proposons un modèle spatio-temporel d'interactions arbres-herbes, permettant de rendre compte d'une structuration spatiale éventuellement périodique parfois observée en zone de savane humide. Le modèle proposé repose sur un système de réaction-diffusion intégro-différentiel, impliquant des noyaux d'interactions spatiales intra et inter spécifique. A partir d'une analyse de stabilité linéaire réalisée au voisinage d'un état stationnaire de coexistence, nous réussissons premièrement, à trouver une condition pour l'apparition de solutions périodiques en espace avec une longueur d'onde prévisible et deuxièmement, nous illustrons cette condition numériquement.
- Published
- 2020
60. Wagons-citernes exposés à des incendies : analyses expérimentales des conditions thermiques imposées à un wagon enveloppé d’un incendie de pétrole brut (séries d’essais 1 à 3)
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Ko, Yoon, Lam, Cecilia, Gibbs, Eric, Lafrance, Pier-Simon, Weinfurter, Mark, and Transport Canada
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feu ,sécurité des réservoirs de carburant ,transport des marchandises dangereuses ,incendies de wagons-citernes ,pétroles bruts - Abstract
Une série d’expériences de feu en nappe de 2 m de diamètre a été réalisée afin de mieux évaluer le danger thermique comparatif entre différents pétroles bruts au cours de feux en nappe, qui pourraient se produire à la suite d’un accident dans le transport terrestre de pétroles bruts. Afin d’évaluer les conditions thermiques auxquelles un wagon-citerne pourrait être exposé, un calorimètre conçu pour simuler un wagon-citerne à l’échelle 1/10e a été placé au-dessus d’un feu en nappe de 2 m de diamètre alimenté par de l’heptane dans les essais de la série 1, du pétrole brut de Bakken du Dakota du Nord dans les essais de la série 2 et du pétrole brut de bitume dilué (dilbit) de l’Alberta dans les essais de la série 3. Le calorimètre a été instrumenté pour mesurer le flux thermique total à différents endroits de sa surface. Les pétroles bruts utilisés dans le programme d’essai ont été spécialement manipulés pour garantir que leur composition ne change pas au cours du programme d’essai, depuis le moment de l’acquisition du combustible jusqu’au moment de l’essai au feu. Parallèlement aux essais au feu, une étude de caractérisation du combustible a été menée pour permettre l’étude des effets du feu en fonction des propriétés du combustible. Les comportements de combustion des combustibles ont été observés en mesurant le taux de combustion de la masse, la hauteur de la flamme et le débit thermique (DT), le pouvoir émissif de la flamme par unité de surface (PES) et les flux thermiques incidents à l’écart du feu. Dans l’ensemble, les feux d’heptane et de pétrole brut de Bakken ont montré une combustion continue et régulière tout au long de l’essai, tandis que les feux de dilbit ont montré un comportement de combustion instable, qui est principalement causé par la composition du combustible contenant une plus grande fraction d’hydrocarbures lourds que le pétrole brut de Bakken et l’heptane. Le flux thermique total mesuré par le calorimètre a indiqué que les mesures étaient inégales autour de la circonférence du calorimètre. Le flux thermique moyen vers le calorimètre provenant des feux de pétrole brut de Bakken et dilbit était plus élevé que celui des feux d’heptane, bien que les DT mesurés des feux en nappe de pétrole brut de Bakken et dilbit étaient inférieurs à ceux des feux en nappe d’heptane. La principale raison de l’échauffement accru de l’objet en particulier par les feux de pétrole brut de Bakken et dilbit est que le flux thermique total vers l’objet est principalement affecté par l’exposition à la chaleur par rayonnement de la flamme, et les feux de pétrole brut de Bakken et dilbit ont une fraction de chaleur par rayonnement plus élevée. L’étude a également porté sur les effets des paramètres d’essai sur les caractéristiques du feu. Ces paramètres comprennent l’effet des types de combustible, la présence et le placement d’un calorimètre dans le feu, la température du combustible d’alimentation et le fait de laisser le combustible se consumer. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’y a pas eu d’effet significatif de la « température du combustible d’alimentation » et du fait de « laisser le combustible se consumer (c’est-à-dire une alimentation en combustible non continue) ». La température plus élevée du combustible d’alimentation a causé une augmentation de la vitesse de combustion d’environ 10 % pour les essais à l’heptane et au pétrole brut de Bakken. Pour les feux de pétrole brut dilbit, en raison du comportement de combustion non stable, l’impact du calorimètre a été difficile à saisir. Le fait de laisser le combustible se consumer, plutôt que de maintenir une profondeur de combustible constant dans le bac de la nappe, a eu un effet minimal sur les valeurs moyennes des taux de combustion de la masse de combustibleet les caractéristiques générales des feux en nappe de pétrole brut de Bakken. Pour le dilbit, l’effet de la composition du combustible sur le comportement au feu a été observé dans l’alimentation continue et non continue en combustible. Le comportement au feu non uniforme est devenu plus facile à discerner lorsqu’il n’y avait pas d’alimentation continue en combustible dans le réservoir., Supplements are only available in the English version of the report., Les suppléments ne sont disponibles que dans la version anglaise du rapport.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
61. Fire affects the taxonomic and functional composition of soil microbial communities, with cascading effects on grassland ecosystem functioning
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Mengting Yuan, Jessica Gutknecht, N. R. Chiariello, Jizhong Zhou, Qiaoshu Zheng, Bruce A. Hungate, Christopher B. Field, Sihang Yang, Audrey Niboyet, Xavier Le Roux, Yunfeng Yang, Kathryn M. Docherty, Xingyu Ma, Tsinghua University [Beijing], University of Oklahoma (OU), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Western Michigan University [Kalamazoo], Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], AgroParisTech, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,feu ,microbial communities ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,complex mixtures ,incendie ,Competition (biology) ,California ,Soil respiration ,Soil ,séquençage à haut débit ,californie ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecosystem ,global change ,Soil Microbiology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,media_common ,changement climatique ,Global and Planetary Change ,communauté microbienne ,Ecology ,Californian grasslands ,Microbiota ,high‐throughput sequencing ,prairie ,high-throughput sequencing ,Global change ,Plant community ,Soil carbon ,15. Life on land ,Biological Sciences ,Grassland ,climate change ,Disturbance (ecology) ,13. Climate action ,GeoChip ,Environmental science ,microbial community ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Cycling ,fire ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Fire is a crucial event regulating the structure and functioning of many ecosystems. Yet few studies have focused on how fire affects taxonomic and functional diversities of soil microbial communities, along with changes in plant communities and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. Here, we analyze these effects in a grassland ecosystem 9months after an experimental fire at the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment site in California, USA. Fire altered soil microbial communities considerably, with community assembly process analysis showing that environmental selection pressure was higher in burned sites. However, a small subset of highly connected taxa was able to withstand the disturbance. In addition, fire decreased the relative abundances of most functional genes associated with C degradation and N cycling, implicating a slowdown of microbial processes linked to soil C and N dynamics. In contrast, fire stimulated above- and belowground plant growth, likely enhancing plant-microbe competition for soil inorganic N, which was reduced by a factor of about 2. To synthesize those findings, we performed structural equation modeling, which showed that plants but not microbial communities were responsible for significantly higher soil respiration rates in burned sites. Together, our results demonstrate that fire 'reboots' the grassland ecosystem by differentially regulating plant and soil microbial communities, leading to significant changes in soil C and N dynamics.
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- 2020
62. Feu
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Métailié, Jean-Paul, Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)
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changement climatique ,écosystèmes ,pyroécologie ,incendies ,forêt ,Feu ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2020
63. The impact of fire on seismic resistance of fibre reinforced polymer strengthened concrete structural systems1.
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Bénichou, Noureddine, Mostafaei, Hossein, Green, Mark F., and Hollingshead, Kevin
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EARTHQUAKE resistant design , *SEISMIC response , *FIBROUS composites , *POLYMERIC composites , *REINFORCED concrete construction , *CONCRETE construction -- Fires & fire prevention , *POLYMER research - Abstract
This paper presents the results of a research project to study the seismic resistance of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened concrete members after fire exposure. Specifically, the paper presents results of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete columns exposed to a standard fire including temperatures measured during the test and a discussion of the loads applied to the columns. Finally, the paper also presents the impact of lateral loading on structural columns after fire to assess the effectiveness of structural resistance of fire-damaged FRP strengthened building elements in case of an earthquake. Numerical models to simulate the lateral behaviour are presented and the predictions are compared to the test results. Since the FRP strengthened columns were insulated with fire protection, the lateral load resistance of the unstrengthened column was reduced by less than 5% due to fire exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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64. Néandertal et le feu au Paléolithique moyen ancien. Tour d’horizon des traces de son utilisation dans le Nord de la France.
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Hérisson, David, Locht, Jean-Luc, Auguste, Patrick, and Tuffreau, Alain
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NEANDERTHALS , *FIRE , *PALEOLITHIC Period , *COMBUSTION , *ANTHROPOLOGY - Abstract
Résumé: Cet article a pour but de dresser un bilan des traces d’utilisation du feu par les premiers Néandertaliens du Nord de la France, durant la seconde partie du Saalien (SIM 8 à 6). Ce tour d’horizon rappelle la rareté des témoignages de feu durant la phase ancienne du Paléolithique moyen (300–130ka BP) à l’échelle de l’Europe du Nord-Ouest. Pour le Nord de la France, seuls les gisements de Biache-Saint-Vaast et Therdonne présentent des vestiges de combustion. À Biache-Saint-Vaast, ce n’est pas moins de six niveaux qui présentent des indices de combustion : silex et restes fauniques brûlés et parfois charbons de bois. À Therdonne, en plus de nombreux silex et quelques rares restes fauniques brûlés, ont été mis au jour lors de la fouille du niveau N3 plusieurs zones riches en résidus organiques et micro-charbons de bois. L’ensemble des données recueillies concernant les témoins de combustion à Biache-Saint-Vaast et Therdonne est compilé, analysé et interprété. Cette démarche débouche sur l’établissement de l’utilisation du feu ou son absence dans les occupations saaliennes des Néandertaliens de France septentrionale et à une discussion concernant les modalités de son utilisation notamment à Therdonne. En conclusion est brièvement discuté le statut du feu dans les premières occupations néandertaliennes et ses implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
65. The impact of fire on seismic resistance of fibre reinforced polymer strengthened concrete structural systems1.
- Author
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Bénichou, Noureddine, Mostafaei, Hossein, Green, Mark F., and Hollingshead, Kevin
- Subjects
EARTHQUAKE resistant design ,SEISMIC response ,FIBROUS composites ,POLYMERIC composites ,REINFORCED concrete construction ,CONCRETE construction -- Fires & fire prevention ,POLYMER research - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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66. The Llonin Cave (Peñamellera Alta, Asturias, Spain), level III (Galería): techno-typological characterisation of the Badegoulian lithic and bone assemblages
- Author
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Rasilla Vives, Marco de la, Duarte Matías, Elsa, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Sanchis Serra, Alfred, Carrión Marco, Yolanda, Pérez Ripoll, Manuel, and Rodríguez Otero, Vicente
- Subjects
Paléolithique supérieur ,HD ,chronologie ,Last Glacial Maximum ,archéologie ,Préhistoire ,Néolithique ,feu ,Magdalénien ,site functionality ,chronology ,Paléolithique moyen ,fonctionnalité ,âge du Fer ,âge du Bronze ,Archaeology ,Mésolithique ,paléo-environnement ,SOC003000 ,fire - Abstract
Llonin cave is located in the Cares river valley, between the sea and the Cantabrian Cordillera. In level III, hunted fauna comes from a rocky and mountainous biotope with chamois predominance over red deer and Spanish ibex. On top of this level there is an Upper Magdalenian level (II) and underneath an Upper Solutrean one (IV). Level III is formed by materials linked to fire, with a specific functionality, and there is an extraordinary association of elements: raclettes, single-beveled points (Placard type) and “pseudoexcisa” decoration. In addition, the substrate tools dominate, beginning with the splintered pieces, which are the best represented, both in quartzite and flint, followed by notches and denticulates in quartzite. Flakes are the priority blanks; blade production is low and bladelets are scarce. Actually the archaeological record is not related to the Cantabrian Solutrean or the Magdalenian, but agrees with the Badegoulian. The level has been dated ~18.000 BP (21584–21935 cal BP). La grotte de Llonin est située dans la vallée du Cares, entre la mer et la cordillère cantabrique. La faune chassée du niveau III correspond à celle d’un biotope rocheux et montagnard où le chamois prédomine sur le cerf et le bouquetin. Ce niveau est situé entre les niveaux IV (Solutréen supérieur) et II (Magdalénien supérieur). Il est constitué de matériaux liés au feu, avec une destination fonctionnelle très spécifique. Il a livré une association exceptionnelle d’éléments: raclettes, sagaies du type Placard et technique pseudo-excisée. Les outils lithiques du fonds commun sont majoritaires: les pièces esquillées sont les outils les plus représentés, tant en quartzite qu’en silex, suivies par les encoches et denticulés en quartzite. Les supports prioritaires sont les éclats, tandis que la production laminaire est réduite et que les lamelles sont rares. Sans rapport avec le Solutréen ou le Magdalénien cantabriques, ce niveau, daté d’environ 18000 BP (21 584-21 935 cal. BP) renvoie aux traditions techniques badegouliennes.
- Published
- 2019
67. Resilience of Arctic mycorrhizal fungal communities after wildfire facilitated by resprouting shrubs.
- Author
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HEWITT, Rebecca E., BENT, Elizabeth, HOLLINGSWORTH, Teresa N., CHAPIN III, F. Stuart, and TAYLOR, D. Lee
- Abstract
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- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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68. Origin and plant species diversity of high-altitude tundra summits across the boreal forest zone in eastern Canada.
- Author
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SAVARD, Joannie and PAYETTE, Serge
- Abstract
Copyright of Ecoscience (Ecoscience) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
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69. Analyse non-linéaire de poutres métalliques PRS de longues travées sous l'effet de hautes températures dues à l'incendie.
- Author
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KADA, Abdelhak, LAMRI, Belkacem, BENLAKEHAL, Noreddine, BOUCHAIR, Hamid, and ACHOUR, Belkacem
- Abstract
Le système de poutres métalliques PRS de grandes portées qui sont le plus souvent en mixtes et dans certains cas ajourées, est très utilisé par les concepteurs pour la réalisation de planchers dits à plateaux libres pour les bureaux, centres commerciaux, hangars industriels et parkings. Dans le cas d'un incendie majeur, les éléments métalliques sans protection sont endommagés ou ruinés. Ceci est principalement dû à une réduction de la capacité de résistance des éléments métalliques. Ce travail a pour but d'analyser le comportement des poutres métalliques sous l'effet d'augmentation de températures uniformes. Une modélisation du comportement non-linéaire matériel et géométrique par éléments finis des poutres PRS à une seule travée a été réalisée par le logiciel ANSYS. On tiendra compte de l'influence des différents paramètres tels que les niveaux de chargement avec variation des conditions aux limites et la réduction des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux. L'analyse des résultats porte sur la variation du déplacement, des contraintes et de la température critique en fonction de l'évolution de la température. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
70. Post-fire dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of woody debris associated with Pinus halepensis in an oak-pine Mediterranean ecosystem.
- Author
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FOURNIER, Thomas P., BROSSIER, Benoît, GAUTHIER, Olivier, and CARCAILLET, Christopher
- Abstract
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- Published
- 2012
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71. Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession, and biodiversity.
- Author
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Bergeron, Yves and Fenton, Nicole J.
- Subjects
- *
TAIGAS , *OLD growth forests , *FOREST fires , *FOREST succession , *BIODIVERSITY , *FOREST dynamics - Abstract
Boreal forests have commonly been described as dominated by monospecific postfire stands that are reburnt well before other ecological process than those occurring immediately after fire can take place. Research undertaken over the last 30 years has given us a very different perspective of the complexity of Canadian boreal forests. Old-growth forests are common and their development is controlled by nonfire disturbances. Consequently, monospecific even-aged stands can develop towards more diversified uneven-aged stands with increasing time since fire. This complex disturbance regime, including both fire and nonfire disturbances, is partially responsible for a higher than expected biodiversity (e.g., understory) in these forests. The dominating forest management model in Canadian boreal forests, based on clear-cut harvesting and regeneration of short rotation even-aged stands, does not reflect the complexities of the disturbance-succession cycle observed in Canadian natural boreal forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
72. The influence of fire history on selection of foraging sites by barren-ground caribou.
- Author
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Barrier, Tara A. and Johnson, Chris J.
- Abstract
Copyright of Ecoscience (Ecoscience) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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73. Dendroecological analysis of black spruce in lichen-spruce woodlands of the closed-crown forest zone in eastern Canada.
- Author
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GIRARD, François, PAYETTE, Serge, and GAGNON, Réjean
- Abstract
Copyright of Ecoscience (Ecoscience) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
74. Crofting in north Scotland.
- Author
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Turnock, David
- Abstract
Crofting is closely associated with the Highlands in the popular mind and there are certainly some districts in the region where smallholdings are still a prominent element in the landscape. This should not obscure the reality of large farm dominance overall, as the nineteenth century generally witnessed a persistent diffusion of commercial farming. But in the Highlands the failure of the planned village movement to provide an effective solution to the problem of overpopulation led to the persistence of traditional agrarian structures until after the Napoleonic Wars, with only limited intrusions by sheep farmers. The compromise was a dynamic one, much affected by the generally upward trend in the profitability of sheep farming and the generally downward trend in the ability of small tenants to support themselves. Yet the economic factor, seeking the highest return from each piece of land, had to be balanced against small tenant perception of opportunity elsewhere, landlord interest in land reclamation by subsistence farmers, and the general estate interest in having a local labour supply available. Reliable information was sparse in remoter parts of the Highlands and Islands and this made the cohesive fabric of the local community all the stronger. Any adjustment would be painful with population growing fast in relation to commercial opportunities. Some security was provided by the retention of the gaelic aristocracy as landlords on the southern model (in contrast to the expulsion of native landowners in Ireland). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
75. Scotland before 1707.
- Author
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Turnock, David
- Abstract
This chapter examines the development of Scotland as an independent state strong enough to withstand external pressures for a unified Britain until the beginning of the eighteenth century. The emergence of the idea of a separate state in north Britain remains somewhat mysterious. Most conventional explanations seem inadequate.However, there is no doubt about Scotland's resolve to defend her independence through the introduction of a feudal system on the Anglo-Norman model. The modernisation of government was essential for survival although the price was a heavy one, not simply in terms of conflict with England but equally as a result of debilitating strife within Scotland due to the regional problem of Highland separatism. The growth of industry and commercial agriculture was inevitably stunted by these harsh strategic realities; yet there is evidence of an accelerating rhythm of growth in the seventeenth century. The border and lowlands were peaceful and social change was creating a climate where economic expansion was accepted, except in the Highlands where traditional values could still be asserted through military activity. The formation of Scotland About a thousand years after the Romans had first built Hadrian's Wall, the southern boundary of a northern state was drawn along the river Tweed as the result of the battle of Carham (Berwickshire) in 1018. This line, which eventually became the accepted boundary between England and Scotland, remained unstable for centuries. The whole area between the Forth–Clyde line in the north and the Tees in the south became a zone of bitter contention with the struggles of the two states mirrored by the feuds of local families, in whose hands lay much of the responsibility for administering the border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
76. Glasgow and the Clyde.
- Author
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Turnock, David
- Abstract
The rise of West-Central Scotland must surely rank as the classic story of Scotland's economic history. The focus of activity is the Clyde, an extensive and sheltered maritime inlet well connected with the system of ‘western seaways’ which have been shown to be so crucial to an understanding of trade and migration in prehistoric and later times. Apart from its use for trade and commerce there were valuable natural resources in herring and salmon, and although medieval commerce was concentrated by law in the burghs fishing was open to all the coastal settlements. However, these advantages counted for little before the development of the Atlantic routes, conditioned by the colonisation of America and the removal of legal barriers to trade with English colonies by Scottish merchants in 1707, and before the technology of the industrial revolution had revealed tremendous possibilities which local entrepreneurs were ready to exploit. This transformation of regional potentials led not just to the dominance of the Clyde valley in Scottish economic affairs but to the emergence of Glasgow as the key city in this dynamic complex of industry and trade. ‘That the ecclesiastical burgh of Bishop Jocelin should attain such distinction would certainly have appeared incredible to the inhabitants of the older king's burghs of Rutherglen and Renfrew, and equally so to those of Dumbarton, the ancient and strategically situated capital of Strathclyde’. Yet by the end of the sixteenth century Glasgow had achieved greater taxable importance than her rivals in the west and was the second city in Scotland by 1670. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
77. The planned village movement.
- Author
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Turnock, David
- Abstract
The planned villages became an essential element in the improving movement, distinctly complementary to the reorganisation and expansion of farming. The creation of new settlements was not an entirely new phenomenon. When the feudal system was first imposed some of the royal burghs, such as Elgin (Moray) and Nairn, were stimulated by plantation and did not develop spontaneously. The origins of Newton Stewart (Merrick) lie in the founding of a burgh of barony by Walter Stewart in 1677, while further seventeenth-century precedents are evident in the support given by the Earl of Argyll and Earl of Seaforth to Campbeltown (Argyll & Bute) and Stornoway (Western Isles) respectively. New villages were also being created at this time, notably Houston (Renfrew) where the old settlement was resited to ‘ensure more distance between mansion and village’, a motive that was subsequently to transform both Cullen (1820) and Fochabers (1778). However, the eighteenth century shows a very significant surge of interest in developing new market centres especially in areas remote from existing centres. Of course estates were no longer closed economic entities: even in the seventeenth century the Earl of Seafield, with estates on the Moray coast, found the Edinburgh grain market extremely lucrative and an agent was maintained to look after his interests when ships arrived. But, nevertheless, a local market provided some security when national markets became difficult and also stimulated more intensive activity than would otherwise have been justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
78. Winter habitat selection by caribou in relation to lichen abundance, wildfires, grazing, and landscape characteristics in northwest Alaska.
- Author
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Joly, Kyle, Stuart Chapin III, F., and Klein, David R.
- Abstract
Copyright of Ecoscience (Ecoscience) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. Effects of wildfire on endemic breeding birds in a Pinus canariensis forest of Tenerife, Canary Islands.
- Author
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Garcia-Del-Rey, Eduardo, Otto, Rüdiger, Fernández-Palacios, José María, Muñoz, Pascual Gil, and Gil, Luis
- Abstract
Copyright of Ecoscience (Ecoscience) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
80. FUOCO IN RELAZIONE ALLA DIVINITÀ. TERMIONOLGIA, SENSI, TESTI SIGNIFICATIVI NELL'ANTICO TESTAMENTO.
- Author
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Crihӑlmeanu, Florentin
- Abstract
Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Theologia Catholica is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
81. Avaliação de Características Regionais e Sazonais Inerentes ao Regime de Fogo e ao Pastoreio.
- Author
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Manso, Filipa Torres, Bento, João, Botelho, Hermínio, Pinto, Rui, Ferreira, Pedro, Magalhães, Marco, and Gomes, Manuel
- Subjects
GRAZING ,WILDFIRES ,FOREST fires ,FORESTS & forestry ,PRESCRIBED burning - Abstract
Copyright of Silva Lusitana is the property of Unidade de Investigacao de Silvicultura e Productos Florestais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
82. The influences of forest stand management on biotic and abiotic risks of damage.
- Author
-
Jactel, Hervé, Nicoll, Bruce C.&, Branco, Manuela, Gonzalez-Olabarria, José Ramon, Grodzki, Wojciech, Långström, Bo, Moreira, Francisco, Netherer, Sigrid, Orazio, Christophe, Piou, Dominique, Santos, Helena, Schelhaas, Mart Jan, Tojic, Karl, and Vodde, Floor
- Subjects
FOREST ecology ,SILVICULTURAL systems ,FOREST regeneration ,BIOTIC communities ,FOREST thinning ,BIOLOGICAL control of insects ,BIOLOGICAL weed control - Abstract
Copyright of Annals of Forest Science (EDP Sciences) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
83. Modélisation du comportement au feu d'un composite par calcul de pyrolyse : approche combinée experience-simulation a petite échelle.
- Author
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Marquis, Damien, Bustamante Valencia, Lucas, Guillaume, Eric, Pavageau, Michel, and Chivas, Carine
- Subjects
- *
LAMINATED materials , *COMPOSITE materials , *PYROLYSIS , *FIRE , *SHIPBUILDING - Abstract
Small scale validation of pyrolysis-model based CFD simulations of the fire behaviour of a laminate composite. The work presented in this paper comes within the framework of a 3-year French collaborative research project dedicated to the use of composite materials in shipbuilding. In this project, it is planned to use the CFD code FDS5 with a pyrolysis model to better account for the behaviour of composite walls in the simulation of fires onboard a ship. Prior to the simulation of complete fire scenarios, numerical simulations of actual experiments performed on composite material samples of increasing size were performed for validation and evaluation purposes. To illustrate this approach, we present the results of an experimental study of the fire behaviour of a composite material at small scale, then the simulation of these tests for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
84. Ecology of the 2004 morel harvest in the Rocky Mountain Forest District of British Columbia.
- Author
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Winder, Richard S. and Keefer, Michael E.
- Subjects
- *
MORELS , *ARNICA , *ERYTHRONIUM (Plants) , *SPIREAS , *FOREST fires , *PLANT communities , *PLANT species , *GRASSES - Abstract
In the Rocky Mountain Forest District of British Columbia, a dramatic series of fires occurred during 2003, setting the stage for an abundant morel crop in the following year. During 2004, the abundance of post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) was measured and the plant community associated with morel production was characterized. Morel production averaged 6473 ± 2721 morels·ha–1 in five burnt forests that were surveyed. Production ranged from 1702·ha–1 at Plumbob Mountain to a significantly higher 16827·ha–1 in the Kootenay National Park, where the highest level of duff consumption (71%) was also observed. Several plant species had high importance in morel habitat, and were also associated with above-average morel abundance: Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub, Arnica cordifolia Hook., Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh, Spiraea betulifolia Pallas subsp. lucida (Dougl. ex Greene) Taylor and MacBryde, Menziesia ferruginea Sm., Rosa acicularis Lindl. subsp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H. Lewis, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm., Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × engelmannii (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw. Compositae and Vaccinium spp. were important species when considered as groups. Grass species, including Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl., were more proximate to morel-free plots. The characteristics of morel habitats observed in this study may be useful in future management of the resource, through conservation of habitat, management of prescribed burning, and postponement of salvage logging in potentially highly productive areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
85. Timber: An ancient construction material with a bright future.
- Author
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Smith, Ian and Snow, Monica A.
- Subjects
TIMBER ,CONSTRUCTION materials ,STRUCTURAL design ,URBANIZATION ,WOOD ,SUSTAINABLE buildings - Abstract
Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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86. Fires in temperate peatlands (southern Quebec): past and recent trends.
- Author
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Lavoie, Claude and Pellerin, Stéphanie
- Subjects
- *
FIRES , *PEATLANDS , *RECLAMATION of land , *FOREST ecology , *HOLOCENE stratigraphic geology , *AGRICULTURAL engineering , *ANTHROPOGENIC soils , *VEGETATION & climate - Abstract
In this study, we reconstructed the long-term fire history of a set of ombrotrophic peatlands (bogs) located in a temperate region of southern Quebec (Bas-Saint-Laurent). Past and recent fire-free intervals (time interval between two consecutive fires) were compared using macrofossil analyses. During most of the Holocene epoch, fires were relatively rare events in bogs of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region. The fire-free intervals were approximately ten times longer (all sites considered) before the beginning of agricultural activities in the region (1800 AD) than after. This strongly suggests an anthropogenic influence on the fire regime prevailing in the bogs over the last 200 years. However, the shortening of the fire-free intervals was mainly the result of the ignition of one or two fires in almost every site during a relatively short period (200 years), rather than a higher fire frequency in each of the bogs. In some cases, fires had an influence on the vegetation structure of bogs, but it is more likely that a combination of several disturbances (fire, drainage, and drier than average summers) favoured the establishment of dense stands of pine and spruce, a forest expansion phenomenon that is now widespread in temperate bogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
87. Soil seed banks and plant community assembly following disturbance by fire and logging in interior Douglas-fir forests of south-central British Columbia.
- Author
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Stark, Kaeli E., Arsenault, André, and Bradfield, Gary E.
- Subjects
- *
SOIL seed banks , *UNDERSTORY plants , *FORESTS & forestry , *DOUGLAS fir , *FOREST plants , *CONIFER seed , *SOIL erosion , *SOIL conservation - Abstract
Relationships between soil seed banks and aboveground understory vegetation were examined in dry Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Beissn.) Franco) forests near Kamloops, British Columbia, to compare the effects of different disturbance types (low and high severity fires and non-salvage logging), and to evaluate how seed banks contribute to post-disturbance vegetation establishment. Sites were selected to represent disturbances at 1, 5, and 10 years prior to sampling, and data were analyzed using nonparametric univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Seed density and species composition of seed banks did not differ significantly among the 1 year disturbed sites; however, the rooted frequencies of seed-origin plants in the establishing vegetation decreased in the order: lightly burned > severely burned > logged. Seed dispersal within the first year following fire is believed to be an important recovery mechanism on burned sites. Low frequencies of seed-derived plants, particularly conifer seedlings, on logged sites pose concerns for the initial recovery of vegetation following logging; nonetheless, the lack of significant differences in understory species composition between sites burned 5 years prior to sampling and sites logged 10 years prior to sampling, and their corresponding undisturbed sites, suggests that vegetation recovery can occur relatively quickly. Rooted frequencies of plants establishing naturally in burned areas were similar to those in undisturbed areas, which suggests that post-fire erosion control seeding using agronomic species may not be necessary in these forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
88. THE ROLE OF THE HOUSE IN EARLY NEOLITHIC IRELAND.
- Author
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Smyth, Jessica
- Subjects
- *
WOODEN-frame buildings , *HOUSE construction , *NEOLITHIC Period , *BUILDING repair - Abstract
The focus of this article is the use and abandonment of the rectangular timber buildings of the Irish early Neolithic, a period that corresponds roughly with the first half of the fourth millennium cal BC. While they do not represent the only remains of occupation at this time, the fact that they display a striking degree of homogeneity of size, shape and materials makes them an especially interesting part of settlement activity on the island. One particular feature of this patterning is the frequency with which early Neolithic timber buildings have been substantially or completely destroyed by fire. It will be argued below that this burning was deliberate and played an important role in the lifecycle - the creation, maintenance and destruction - of these buildings. To provide a context for this discussion, a more in-depth look will be taken at these distinctive buildings and at their form and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
89. The early settlement of northern Europe: Fire history in the context of climate change and the social brain
- Author
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Gowlett, John A.J.
- Subjects
- *
LAND settlement , *CLIMATE change , *TECHNOLOGY , *HOMINIDS , *ISOTOPES , *FIRE management - Abstract
Abstract: Evaluation of the first early human settlement of northern Europe is closely bound up with issues of climate change, human social and technical capability, and sampling visibility. The finds from Dmanisi (1.7 Ma) suggest that small-brained early Homo with simple technologies was able to colonise temperate regions, and it is unlikely that Europe presented insuperable problems compared with Georgia; or that hominids who colonised the South of Europe in favourable conditions could not advance to the north within a few thousand years. Consideration of the geological record, however, shows how much has been lost: apart from large areas currently under sea, evidence of past rivers such as the proto-Thames and Bytham helps measure the extent of erosion, much of it caused by glacial planing. Fire history, in terms of controlled fire use, appears in northern Europe by isotope stage 11, when it is widespread across the continent. Beeches Pit is a prime example indicating fire control, and social activity around fires and in fire management. Fire is however puzzlingly absent from many sites, including those of OIS13. The paper considers the alternative possibilities: that fire use was introduced through an increase in human social/intellectual capability around OIS 11, and that sampling limitations greatly reduce our chances of seeing it on earlier sites. To cite this article: J.A.J. Gowlett, C. R. Palevol 5 (2006) . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Runoff and phosphorus export patterns in large forested watersheds on the western Canadian Boreal Plain before and for 4 years after wildfire.
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Burke, J. M., Prepas, E. E., and Pinder, S.
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WATER , *PHOSPHORUS , *WATERSHEDS , *WILDFIRES , *LANDFORMS - Abstract
We examined water and phosphorus export patterns in four large (130 to 247 km2) Boreal Plain watersheds (two burned and two reference) before and for 4 years after wildfire and the influence of precipitation intensity and timing on these patterns. Time series analysis of the one burned and one reference watershed monitored before and after fire demonstrated that relative to changes in the reference watershed over the same time period, runoff and dissolved and particulate phosphorus exports were higher in the burned watershed during the four post-fire years than before the fire (P = 0.001). Comparison of post-fire means in all four watersheds monitored for the post-fire years demonstrated that mean water and particulate phosphorus exports were 1.6 (P = 0.01) and 3.7 (P = 0.03) times higher in burned than reference watersheds, respectively. A similar pattern existed for dissolved phosphorus exports, but differences were not significant (P = 0.13). Thus, the pre- vs. post-fire comparison was consistent with, and more powerful than, the post-fire treatment vs. reference comparison. As of year 4 post-fire, burned watersheds continued to export more water and particulate phosphorus per unit area than reference watersheds, particularly during peak flow periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. Paludification and management of forested peatlands in Canada: a literature review.
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Lavoie, Martin, Paré, David, Fenton, Nicole, Groot, Arthur, and Taylor, Kim
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PEATLANDS , *WILDFIRES , *FORESTS & forestry , *PEAT mosses - Abstract
The Clay Belt region of Quebec and Ontario supports a large forest resource and an important forest industry. In this region, the majority of the harvested volume allotted to forest companies is in forested peatlands and boreal forests prone to paludification. Paludification is the accumulation of organic matter over time, and is generally believed to be caused by increasing soil moisture and Sphagnum colonization. Paludification is influenced by external and internal factors; it reduces soil temperature, decomposition rates, microbial activity, and nutrient availability. As a result, paludification may lead to lower site productivity with time after disturbance. Therefore, in harvested stands with a thick organic matter layer, low soil disturbance (as opposed to fire) and water table rise may create favourable conditions for paludification that may ultimately be detrimental to timber production. Past experiences suggest several solutions to prevent or control the negative effects of paludification. Drainage and fertilization applied together are generally good techniques to control paludification and to improve tree productivity. On the other hand, we suggest that site preparation as well as prescribed burning, preceded or not by drainage, are avenues of research that deserve to be explored because they hold the potential to control or even reverse paludification, especially where peat accumulation is caused by natural succession or where lateral peat expansion has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. Time-resolved 3d temperature/displacement measurements for investigating the fire behaviour of composite materials
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Leplat, Gillian, Le Sant, Yves, Reulet, Philippe, Batmalle, Thomas, ONERA / DMPE, Université de Toulouse [Toulouse], ONERA-PRES Université de Toulouse, DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Meudon], and ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay
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MATERIAUX COMPOSITES ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,DIC ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY ,CORRELATION D'IMAGES NUMERIQUES ,FEU ,THERMOGRAPHIE INFRAROUGE ,FIRE ,COMPOSITE MATERIAL - Abstract
International audience; Fire-induced decomposition of composite materials involves complex and coupled multi-physics phenomena experienced for instance in standard tests (cone calorimeter, FAR 25.856(b):2003 and ISO 2685:1998(e)). It is proposed to address this issue in a simplified laboratory facility using a gas burner embedded with coupled measurement techniques to assess all desired physical quantities. A focus is given in this study on non-intrusive (no coating required) DIC and infra-red thermography measurements. Displacement and temperature of the unexposed surface were accurately measured as a function of time to investigate the 3D fire behaviour of a composite laminate used in the aircraft industry. Those complementary measurements offer relevant and correlated information to identify the damage mechanisms.
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- 2019
93. Modeling the spalling of concrete by a thermo-hydro-mechanical approach of the behavior : Parametric analysis of the different mechanisms of occurence
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Baydoun, Ramez, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), INSA de Rennes, Fekri Meftah, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)
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Modélisation éléments finis ,Thermo-hydro-mechanics ,Critère d’écaillage ,Feu ,Fire ,[SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering ,Evolutionary boundary conditions ,Béton ,Scaling criterion ,Thermo-hydro-mécanique ,Saturation perméabilité ,Finite element modeling ,Concrete ,Conditions aux limites évolutives - Abstract
Spalling of concrete under fire is an instability that consists of the expulsion of concrete material in the form of spalls from the surface exposed to fire. The analysis of the spalling phenomenon requires the understanding and the characterization of concretes at high temperature. ln this thesis, a THM finite element model is developed to simulate the high temperature behavior, especially under fast-burning tire, of different types of concrete (from ordinary concrete to ultra-high performance). The Thermo-Hygral part of the THM model is based on the three-fluid approach in partially saturated media. To ensure numerical model stability in case of rapid development fire, we have appropriately chosen the TH state variables to control the solution of the finite element model. The mechanical model used is a modified Mazars model adapted to high temperature. This THM model is enriched by a progressive spalling model by proposing different detachment-buckling or confined bending expulsion type. This modeling of spalling leads to a problem with evolving boundary and boundary conditions. A strategy without remeshing was developed to transfer properly the THM boundary conditions simultaneously with spalling occurrence. The model is implemented in the CAST3M finite element code. A comparative analysis of different criteria explaining the occurrence of flaking is conducted to evaluate their relevance and ability to describe the phenomenon and to reconstruct the experimental observations for different classes of concrete and type of fire.; L'écaillage du béton sous incendie est une instabilité qui consiste en l'expulsion du matériau béton sous forme d'écailles à partir de la surface exposée au feu. L'analyse du phénomène d'écaillage nécessite comme préalable la compréhension et la caractérisation du comportement à chaud des bétons. Dans cette thèse, un modèle éléments finis THM est développé pour simuler le comportement à haute température, en particulier sous feu à développement rapide, de différents types de béton (dl béton ordinaire à ultra hautes performances). La partie thermo-hydrique du modèle THM est basée sur l'approche à trois fluides en milieux partiellement saturés. Pour assurer la stabilité numérique de modèle dans le cas de feu à développement rapide, nous avons choisi d'une manière pertinente les variables d'état TH pour contrôler la solution du modèle par éléments finis. Le modèle mécanique utilisé est un modèle d'endommagement de type Mazars modifié pour être adapté aux hautes températures. Ce modèle THM est enrichi par un modèle d'écaillage progressif en proposant différents critères de type détachement-flambement ou de type expulsion par flexion confinée. Cette modélisation de l'écaillage conduit à un problème avec frontière et conditions aux limites évolutives. Une stratégie sans remaillage a été développée pour transférer les conditions aux limites THM simultanément avec l'occurrence de l'écaillage. Le modèle est implanté dans le code aux éléments finis CAST3M. Une analyse comparative de différents critères explicatifs de l'occurrence de l'écaillage est menée évaluer leur pertinence et leur capacité à décrire le phénomène et à restituer les observations expérimentales pour différentes classes de béton et de type d'incendie.
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- 2019
94. Cartographie du risque feu de forêt dans le Nord-est algérien : cas de la wilaya d’El Tarf
- Author
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Mohamed El Habib Benderradji, Azzedine Mohamed Touffik Arfa, Djamel Alatou, and Thierry Saint-Gerand
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Geography (General) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010401 analytical chemistry ,feu ,GIS ,SIG ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,forest ,risque ,forêt ,G1-922 ,cartographie ,cartography ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,fire ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,risk - Abstract
Cet article traite de l’espace des risques feux de forêts au sein des massifs de la wilaya d’El Tarf situés dans le Nord-est algérien. Devenues des préoccupations nationales depuis une quinzaine d’années, la prévention et la lutte contre les feux de forêts ont donné lieu à diverses mesures qui n’ont pas permis de réduire leur nombre et les surfaces brûlées. Les mesures de traitement ponctuel des symptômes visibles des feux de forêts atteignant leurs limites, nous proposons de nouvelles formes de cartographies opérationnelles pour la gestion des espaces forestiers afin de réduire le nombre et l’impact de ces feux. Les données issues des satellites d’observation de la terre associées aux différents types d’information liés aux feux de forêts, une fois intégrés dans un système d’information géographique, s'avèrent fiables pour l’identification des zones à risques et de cartographie de l’étendue des feux. La base de données géographique produite au cours de cette étude constitue un outil extrêmement utile pour la compréhension et le suivi des feux de forêts et permettent aux gestionnaires et aux décideurs de disposer de bases valables pour la prise de décisions. This paper examines the risk space of wildfires in the forest of the province of El Tarf (North-East of Algeria). Wildfires have been a nation-wide concern for more than a decade, and the various actions taken to prevent and suppress them did not result in a significant drop both in their number or the decrease of the burnt area. As measures of punctual treatment of the visible symptoms of wildfires had reached their limits, this research aims at designing new forms of operational maps to be used for the management of forest lands in order to reduce the number and the impact of wildfires. Earth observation satellite data associated with different types of forest fire information, once integrated into a geographic information system, are reliable to identify risky areas and to map the extent of wildfires. The geographical database compiled in this work is an extremely useful tool for understanding and monitoring wildfires and will provide managers and decision takers with valid arguments to justify their decisions.
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- 2019
95. « La flamme dévoratrice d’offrandes » : feu et agentivité rituelle dans la tragédie grecque
- Author
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Gloria Mugelli
- Subjects
lcsh:Ancient history ,sacrifice ,lcsh:GN1-890 ,lcsh:Anthropology ,feu ,General Medicine ,lcsh:DE1-100 ,lcsh:D51-90 ,pratique rituelle ,ritual ,lcsh:History of the Greco-Roman World ,rituel ,agency ,agentivité ,tragédie ,ritual practice ,tragedy ,supplication ,fire ,performance - Abstract
Compte tenu de l’immense variété des pratiques sacrificielles grecques, la présence de la flamme sur l’autel était l’un des rares éléments constants dans l’expérience de tout sacrifiant. Dans la consécration des offrandes sanglantes et non sanglantes, la présence d’un feu vif sur l’autel était indispensable à la bonne réussite du rite. Dans la tragédie, où le sacrifice est souvent représenté en tant que « rituel corrompu », le feu est une stratégie de mise en image du sacrifice, qui se présente comme une alternative à la description de la violence sacrificielle, centrée sur le sang. En observant les croisements entre l’expérience du rite et l’expérience de la tragédie, cet article analyse les différentes configurations dramatiques de l’image du feu qui brûle sur l’autel. Cette image rituelle polyvalente est employée par les poètes tragiques afin de mobiliser les différentes dynamiques de l’action sacrificielle. Les modes d’actions tragiques du feu sacrificiel sont donc explorés dans l’interaction avec les espaces et les agents du sacrifice, avec le but d’observer les réseaux d’actions qui déterminent l’efficacité du rite. Observer comment une image rituelle s’adapte à l’intrigue de la tragédie nous permet de réfléchir à la tragédie en tant qu’expérience rituelle complexe, qui exploite les différentes formes de la plasticité du rite. Given the enormous variety of Greek sacrificial practices, the presence of fire on the altar was to be one of the few constant elements in the experience of the participants : in blood and bloodless offerings, the presence of a bright fire was essential for the good outcome of the rite. In tragedy, where the sacrifice is often portrayed as a perverted ritual, the description of the sacrificial flame is an alternative strategy to represent the sacrifice, instead of focusing on the blood of the victim, the slaughter and the sacrificial violence. Focusing on the interferences between the ritual and the dramatic experience, this article analyses the different dramatic configurations of a ritual image in the texts of Greek tragedy. The image of the fire burning in the sacred space is used by the tragic poets to represent the different dynamics of the sacrificial action. The tragic modes of action of the sacrificial fire are thus explored in the interaction with the ritual spaces and the agents of the sacrifice, focusing on the networks of actions which determine the effectiveness of the rite. Observing how a ritual image is adapted to the plot of the tragedy allows us to reflect on the tragedy as a complex ritual experience, which exploits the various forms of plasticity of the rite.
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- 2019
96. « Le peuple sauvage de Perceforest (l. II) : à la croisée des représentations et des enjeux idéologiques »
- Author
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Ferlampin-Acher, Christine, Centre d'Etudes des Langues et Littératures Anciennes et Modernes (CELLAM), Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), and S. Duhem et C. Noacco (dir.)
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homme sauvage ,Ecosse ,Littérature -- Thèmes motifs ,animalité ,[SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature ,peuple sauvage ,Sauvages -- Dans l'art ,feu ,Sauvages -- Dans la littérature ,Art -- Thèmes motifs ,nature et norreture ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,civilisation ,représentations médiévales ,nourriture ,cerf - Abstract
International audience; Ce livre veut cerner et définir le motif de l’homme sauvage dans les lettres et dans les arts, ainsi que retracer l’histoire et la complexité de sa représentation dans une perspective résolument diachronique et transdisciplinaire. De la Préhistoire à l’Âge contemporain, l’homme sauvage pose à l’homme civilisé la question de sa nature et des limites de son acculturation et il lui renvoie, par le miroir de la représentation, l’image de ce qu’il n’est pas ou une vérité ontologique à assimiler.
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- 2019
97. Reconstitution de la dynamique holocène des sapinières et cédrières nordiques par l'analyse des charbons de bois enfouis dans les sols minéraux
- Author
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Jules, Abed Nego and Jules, Abed Nego
- Abstract
Au Québec, le sapin et le cèdre maintiennent des populations marginales au nord de leur aire de répartition continue. Des études paléoécologiques ont suggéré, à l’échelle régionale, que ces populations marginales seraient des reliquats de populations autrefois plus répandues qui se seraient contractées suite aux variations holocènes du régime des feux. Cette étude visait à vérifier à l’échelle locale si – et quand – les populations marginales de sapin et de cèdre étaient plus répandues dans le nord du Québec. Deux catégories de sites ont été échantillonnées : 2 sites où les deux espèces sont actuellement présentes (sites marginaux) et 15 sites où elles sont absentes (sites dans la matrice forestière). Dans chaque site, des charbons ont été prélevés au contact minéral-organique et dans le sol minéral. Les échantillons ont ensuite été tamisés avec un tamis de maille 2 mm. Les charbons de taille > 2 mm ont été retenus pour les analayses, car ils sont déposés in situ lors d’un feu. Les charbons ont été identifiés au genre ou à l'espèce à l'aide des critères d'anatomie du bois, et 20 d’entre eux ont été datés par spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (SMA). Les résultats montrent que le sapin et/ou le cèdre ont été présents dans les sites de la matrice forestière pendant une partie de l’Holocène jusqu’à environ 680 ans cal. BP. Plus de la moitié des dates sont comprises dans une période d’environ 500 ans concentrée autour de l’Optimum climatique médiéval (1000 ans cal. BP). Les caractéristiques des sites ne pouvaient prédire la présence ou l’absence des deux espèces dans les sites de la matrice forestière. Nos résultats confirment à l’échelle locale que les populations marginales de sapin et de cèdre étaient autrefois plus répandues. Notre étude suggère que de grands feux sévères pendant le Néoglaciaire ont conduit à la contraction de l’aire de répartition du sapin et du cèdre. Nos résultats corroborent ainsi les conclusions d’autres études qui ont montré que le feu se
- Published
- 2018
98. II. Les registres
- Author
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Beck, Patrice
- Subjects
Moyen Âge ,History ,archive ,archéologie ,bourguignon ,HIS013000 ,feu ,XVe siècle ,temps modernes ,HBJD ,XIVe siècle ,codicologie ,Bourgogne ,diplomatique ,Law - Abstract
Le plus ancien dénombrement conservé, celui du « disme de la monnoie » levé en Beaunois en 1285, est constitué d’une bande de cinq peaux de parchemin cousues sur leur longueur. C’est un cas unique : tous les autres sont des registres et, qu’ils possèdent ou non une couverture de parchemin, ils ont un cœur de papier. Mais même si plus de 5600 feuillets ont été scrutés, qu’on ne s’attende pas ici à trouver une étude poussée de cette matière, ni même une analyse complète de son usage chez les co...
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- 2018
99. V. Instructions et pratiques
- Author
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Beck, Patrice
- Subjects
Moyen Âge ,History ,archive ,archéologie ,bourguignon ,HIS013000 ,feu ,XVe siècle ,temps modernes ,HBJD ,XIVe siècle ,codicologie ,Bourgogne ,diplomatique ,Law - Abstract
Si la rigueur attendue fait défaut dans la mise en forme des informations, on peut l’attendre dans la rédaction des instructions émises par les élus pour encadrer le travail de terrain et d’écriture des commis, la chercher dans la manière dont celles-ci ont été appliquées. Il faut interroger les lettres de commission et les mandements ducaux recopiés en tête des rôles de feux, ainsi que les prologues et les certificats rédigés par les commis, les passer au crible de l’analyse lexicale. Quels ...
- Published
- 2018
100. Conclusion
- Author
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Beck, Patrice
- Subjects
Moyen Âge ,History ,archive ,archéologie ,bourguignon ,HIS013000 ,feu ,XVe siècle ,temps modernes ,HBJD ,XIVe siècle ,codicologie ,Bourgogne ,diplomatique ,Law - Abstract
Voici un corpus documentaire dont l’apparente homogénéité résiste mal à l’analyse codicologique et diplomatique. Toutes les « cherches des feux » inventoriées n’y sont pas regroupées et tous les registres labellisés comme « cherche des feux » sont certes des dénombrements nominaux de chefs de famille, mais tous ne remplissent pas la même fonction, ne se présentent pas avec le même contenu et la même forme. Ils sont certes destinés en majorité à asseoir l’assiette d’impôts directs octroyés par...
- Published
- 2018
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