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Background: We examined the impact of adjuvant modalities on resected pancreatic and periampullary adenocarcinoma (PAC). Methods: A total of 563 patients who were curatively resected for PAC were retrospectively analyzed between 2003 and 2013. Results: Of 563 patients, 472 received adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) alone, chemoradiotherapy (CRT) alone, and chemoradiotherapy plus chemotherapy (CRT-CT) were analyzed. Of the 472 patients, 231 were given CRT-CT, 26 were given CRT, and 215 were given CT. The median recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were 12 and 19 months, respectively. When CT and CRT-CT groups were compared, there was no significant difference with respect to both RFS and OS, and also there was no difference in RFS and OS among CRT-CT, CT and CRT groups. To further investigate the impact of radiation on subgroups, patients were stratified according to lymph node status and resection margins. In node-positive patients, both RFS and OS were significantly longer in CRT-CT than CT. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups when patients with node-negative disease or patients with or without positive surgical margins were considered. Conclusions: Addition of radiation to CT has a survival benefit in patients with node-positive disease following pancreatic resection. © 2015, Chinese Journal of Cancer Research. All rights reserved.

Atrazine has become one of the most widely used herbicides which are mainly applied to control broad leaf plants and grassy weeds in the world. Because of its common use has led to the release of atrazine into sediments, wastewater and water sources. The presence of atrazine in wastewaters and water sources may affect ecosystem and human health due to its chronicle toxicity to aquatic organisms. In present study, a sensitive molecular imprinted quartz crystal microbalance sensor was prepared by fabricating a self-assembling monolayer formation of allylmercaptane on gold chip surface for selective determination of atrazine in wastewater. The non-modified and improved surfaces were characterized by using contact angle, Fourier atomic force microscopy and transform infrared spectroscopy. The imprinted quartz crystal microbalance sensor was found to be sensitive, linear, certain, and proper. The linearity range was obtained as 0.08-1.5 nM. The detection limit of the prepared material was calculated as 0.028 nM. The developed quartz crystal microbalance sensor was successfully used to examine wastewater sample. Furthermore, the stability and repeatability of the prepared quartz crystal microbalance sensor were studied. The spectacular long-term stability and repeatability of the prepared atrazine-imprinted quartz crystal microbalance sensor make them intriguing in sensors studies and applications. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In present study, a sensitive imprinted electrochemical sensor based on cubic gold nanoparticles (cAuNPs) involved in 2-aminoethanethiol (2-AET) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) modified glassy carbon(GC) electrode was developed for determination of tyrosine (Tyr). The prepared nanomaterials were characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Tyr imprinted film was constructed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) for 20 cycles in the presence of 80 mM phenol in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) containing 20 mM Tyr. The imprinted electrochemical sensor was validated according to the ICH guideline and found to be linear, sensitive, precise and accurate. The linearity range and the detection limit were obtained as 1.0 x 10(-9) to 2.0 x 10(-8) M and 1.5 x 10(-10) M, respectively. The developed imprinted sensor was successfully applied to milk samples. In addition, the stability and reproducibility of the prepared molecular imprinted electrode were investigated. The excellent long-term stability and reproducibility of the prepared Tyr imprinted electrodes make them attractive in electrochemical sensors. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background: We examined the impact of adjuvant modalities on resected pancreatic and periampullary adenocarcinoma (PAC). Methods: A total of 563 patients who were curatively resected for PAC were retrospectively analyzed between 2003 and 2013. Results: Of 563 patients, 472 received adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) alone, chemoradiotherapy (CRT) alone, and chemoradiotherapy plus chemotherapy (CRT-CT) were analyzed. Of the 472 patients, 231 were given CRT-CT, 26 were given CRT, and 215 were given CT. The median recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were 12 and 19 months, respectively. When CT and CRT-CT groups were compared, there was no significant difference with respect to both RFS and OS, and also there was no difference in RFS and OS among CRT-CT, CT and CRT groups. To further investigate the impact of radiation on subgroups, patients were stratified according to lymph node status and resection margins. In node-positive patients, both RFS and OS were significantly longer in CRT-CT than CT. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups when patients with node-negative disease or patients with or without positive surgical margins were considered. Conclusions: Addition of radiation to CT has a survival benefit in patients with node-positive disease following pancreatic resection.

A novel and sensitive molecular imprinted surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was developed for selective determination of citrinin (CIT) in red yeast rice. Firstly, the gold surface of SPR chip was modified with allyl mercaptane. Then, CIT-imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloylamidoglutamic acid) (p(HEMA-MAGA)) film was generated on the gold surface modified with allyl mercaptane. The unmodified and imprinted surfaces were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. The linearity range and the detection limit were obtained as 0.005-1.0 ng/mL and 0.0017 ng/mL, respectively. The SPR biosensor was applied to determination of CIT in red yeast rice sample.

Fuel cells have been attracting more and more attention in recent decades due to high-energy demands, fossil fuel depletions, and environmental pollution throughout world. In this study, we report the synthesis of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticle (AgNP, AuNP, and Ag@AuNP)-involved l-cysteine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (AgNPs/cis/rGO, AuNPs/cis/rGO, and Ag@Au/cis/rGO) and their applications as an electrocatalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. The nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Experimental results demonstrated that the prepared nanocomposites enhanced electrochemical efficiency for methanol electro-oxidation with regard to diffusion efficiency, oxidation potential, and forward oxidation peak current.

In this study, we report the synthesis of rod shaped gold nanoparticles/2-aminoethanethiol functionalized reduced graphene oxide composite (rdAuNPs/AETrGO) and its application as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The structure of the rdAuNPs/AETrGO composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical performance was investigated at different current rates by using a coin-type cell. It was found that the rod shaped gold nanoparticles were highly dispersed on the reduced graphene oxide sheets. Moreover, the rdAuNPs/AETrGO composite showed a high specific gravimetric capacity of about 1320 mAh g(-1) and a long-term cycle stability. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In the present study, we report the synthesis of Fe@Ag nanoparticles/2-aminoethanethiol functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite (Fe@AuNPs-AETrGO) and its application as an improved anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The structure of the Fe@AgNPs-AETrGO composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance was investigated at different charge/discharge current rates by using CR2032 coin-type cells and cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that the spherical Fe@AuNPs were highly dispersed on the rGO sheets. Moreover, the Fe@AuNPs-AETrGO composite showed high specific gravimetric capacity of about 1500 mAh g(-1) and long-term cycle stability.

Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent in household cleaning and personal care products. The widespread use of TCS in the cleaning products poses a potential risk to the ecological system and human health due to its release into sediments, wastewater and ground water resources causing chronicle toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, no simple method is available for its detection and quantitative determination in aqueous solution. A novel molecular imprinted surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chemical sensor was developed for sensitive and selective detection of triclosan (TCS) in wastewater, using allylmercaptane modified gold SPR chip and imprinted poly( 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloylamidoglutamic acid) [p(HEMAGA)] nanofilm. The unmodified and imprinted surfaces of the SPR chip were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. The developed sensor was validated according to the ICH guideline (International Conference on Harmonisation). The linearity range and detection limit of TCS were obtained as 0.05-1.0 ng/mL and 0.017 ng/mL, respectively. The developed molecular imprinted nanosensor was successfully applied to wastewater samples for the determination of TCS and exhibited excellent performance. (C) 2015 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

The widespread use of triclosan (TCS) in household cleaning products, medical devices and personal care poses a potential risk to the ecological system and human health due to its release into sediments, surface water and ground water resources and chronicle toxicity to aquatic organisms. A novel molecular-imprinted electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticles decorating polyoxometalate (H3PW12O40)/reduced graphene oxide was developed for determination of trace TCS in wastewater. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was functionalized by polyoxometalate (POM) through electrostatic interaction between the POM and rGO nanosheets to produce a photocatalyst (POM/rGO) in aqueous solution. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were further deposited on the POM/rGO without using any reducing agent and the prepared nanomaterial (AuNPs/POM/rGO) was employed to modify a glass carbon (GC) electrode (AuNPs/POM/rGO/GC) under infrared light. Several techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were used for electrode characterization. TCS imprinted film was generated on AuNPs/POM/rGO/GC via polymerization of phenol and TCS and characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor was found to have a linear detection range and a limit of TCS at 0.5-50.0 nM and 0.15 nM, respectively. The molecular imprinted sensor was applied to wastewater and lakewater samples and demonstrated effective performance as compared to other complicated methods.

Chlorpyrifos is widely used to control pest insects in residential, agricultural, and commercial applications. Its common use has led to the release of chlorpyrifos into sediments, wastewater and water sources. The presence of chlorpyrifos in wastewaters and water sources may affect ecosystem and human health due to its chronicle toxicity to aquatic organisms. In this study, magnetic recoverable CoFe2O4@TiO2 decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite was prepared and used for investigating the photodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The nanocomposite was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. In photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos experiments, the effect of operating variables such as initial chlorpyrifos concentration, catalyst dosage and contact time was also investigated. The photocatalytic degradation of chlorpyrifos followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results indicated that the nanocomposite exhibited a high efficient photocatalytic activity on the photodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The nanocomposite was separated from the solution by a magnet and reused after the photodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The recyclable of the nanocomposite is economically significant in the industry. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fuel cells have been attracting more and more attention in recent decades due to high-energy demands, fossil fuel depletions and environmental pollution throughout world. In this study, we report the synthesis of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles such as spherical iron oxide nanoparticles [(sp)Fe3O4], rod iron oxide nanoparticles [(rd)Fe3O4] and iron@gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNPs) involving L-cysteine functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids [(sp) Fe3O4/cys/rGO, (rd)Fe3O4/cys/rGO and Fe3O4@AuNPs/cys/ rGO] and their application as an electrocatalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. The nanohybrids have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results have demonstrated that reduced graphene oxide-supported bimetallic nanoparticles enhanced the electrochemical efficiency for methanol electro-oxidation with regard to diffusion efficiency, oxidation potential and forward oxidation peak current. Fe3O4@AuNPs/cys/rGO, in comparison to (sp)Fe3O4/cys/rGO and (rd)Fe3O4/cys/rGO, showed the most efficiency for methanol electro-oxidation.

A novel and sensitive molecular imprinted surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was developed for selective determination of citrinin (CIT) in red yeast rice. Firstly, the gold surface of SPR chip was modified with allyl mercaptane. Then, CIT-imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloylamidoglutamic acid) (p(HEMA-MAGA)) film was generated on the gold surface modified with allyl mercaptane. The unmodified and imprinted surfaces were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. The linearity range and the detection limit were obtained as 0.005-1.0 ng/mL and 0.0017 ng/mL, respectively. The SPR biosensor was applied to determination of CIT in red yeast rice sample. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the present study, we report the green and one-pot synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on as-prepared novel polyoxometalate {[Ni-2,Ni-5(Hpen)(4)(PW9O34)] center dot 5H(2)O} (POM) without any reducing agent and its application as improved anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The structure of the AgNPs involved POM (AgNPs/POM) nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized POM was also characterized by elemental analysis and thermal analysis. The electrochemical performances of the POM, AgNPs, and AgNPs/POM composites were measured for charge/discharge specific capacities at different current rates in CR2032 coin-type cells. The prepared AgNPs/POM composite showed a high specific gravimetric capacity of about 1760 mAh g(-1) and long-term cycle stability.

Lovastatin (LOV) is a statin, used to lower cholesterol which has been found as a hypolipidemic agent in commercial red yeast rice. In present study, a sensitive molecular imprinted quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was prepared by fabricating a self-assembling monolayer formation of allylmercaptane on QCM chip surface for selective determination of lovastatin (LOV) in red yeast rice. To prepare molecular imprinted quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) nanosensor, LOV imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloylamidoaspartic acid) [p(HEMA-MAAsp)] nanofilm was attached on the modified gold surface of QCM chip. The non-modified and improved surfaces were characterized by using contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The imprinted QCM sensor was validated according to the ICH guideline (International Conference on Harmonisation). The linearity range was obtained as 0.10-1.25 nM. The detection limit of the prepared material was calculated as 0.030 nM. The developed QCM nanosensor was successfully used to examine red yeast rice. Furthermore, the stability and repeatability of the prepared QCM nanosensor were studied. The spectacular long-term stability and repeatability of the prepared LOV-imprinted QCM nanosensor make them intriguing for use in QCM sensors.

29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1904-1907, We have deposited two sets of hydrogenated nano-crystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) samples in an RFPECVD system with highly H2 diluted SiH4 plasma. For the first set of samples (PS), RF power density was varied from 30 to 90 mWcm-2, with a constant H2 dilution rate of 99 %. We calculated the crystalline ratio, XC, of the samples changing from 0 to 58 %. The second set (HS) includes a systematic decrease of H2 from 99 to 85 %, with a constant RF power density of 60 ± 5 mWcm-2. The crystalline ratio was observed to vary slightly around XC = 30 % and to be weakly dependent of H2 dilution rate. However, the Raman scattering peak due to crystalline formation shifted from the wavenumber kC = 506 to 493 cm-1, for HS samples, where the dilution ratio is decreased. That the crystalline peak is detected for the wavenumbers around 500 cm-1 is interpreted as the nano-crystalline formation and in terms of the existence of a threshold. Depending on the experimental conditions of the reaction, to deposit nanocrystalline silicon we have received a threshold RF power density of ~ 30 mW·cm-2.

The development of electrochemical sensors via surface modification has attracted considerable attention as a low-cost method to the sensitive detection of a variety of analytes. In addition, the surface modification of electrodes has been directed toward several goals, often involving electrode kinetics and chemical selectivity. In this study, we performed the electrochemical modification of glassy carbon (GC) electrode with 2-thiolbenzimidazole (2-TBI). The developed electrode was characterized by the reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). According to the RAIRS results, the binding type of the 2-TBI to glassy carbon electrode was through the etheric linkage. The working range of the developed electrode was also studied. In addition, the developed electrode was applied to human plasma samples for the determination of Cd(II). The linearity range of Cd(II) was obtained as 1.0 x 10(-11)-2.5 x 10(-10) M with the detection limit (S/N = 3) of 2.40 x 10(-12) M. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The molecular imprinting technique depends on the molecular recognition. It is a polymerization method around the target molecule. Hence, this technique creates specific cavities in the cross-linked polymeric matrices. In present study, a sensitive imprinted electrochemical biosensor based on Fe@Au nanoparticles (Fe@AuNPs) involved in 2-aminoethanethiol (2-AET) functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNs) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for determination of cefexime (CEF). The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) confirmed the formation of the developed surfaces. CEF imprinted film was constructed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) for 9 cycles in the presence of 80 mM pyrrole in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 20mM CEF. The developed electrochemical biosensor was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guideline and found to be linear, sensitive, selective, precise and accurate. The linearity range and the detection limit were obtained as 1.0 × 10(-10)-1.0 × 10(-8)M and 2.2 × 10(-11)M, respectively. The developed CEF imprinted sensor was successfully applied to real samples such as human plasma. In addition, the stability and reproducibility of the prepared molecular imprinted electrode were investigated. The excellent long-term stability and reproducibility of the prepared CEF imprinted electrodes make them attractive in electrochemical sensors.

The molecular imprinting technique depends on the molecular recognition. It is a polymerization method around the target molecule. Hence, this technique creates specific cavities in the cross-linked polymeric matrices. In present study, a sensitive imprinted electrochemical biosensor based on Fe@Au nanoparticles (Fe@AuNPs) involved in 2-aminoethanethiol (2-AET) functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNs) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for determination of cefexime (CEF). The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) confirmed the formation of the developed surfaces. CEF imprinted film was constructed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) for 9 cycles in the presence of 80 mM pyrrole in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 20 mM CEF. The developed electrochemical biosensor was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guideline and found to be linear, sensitive, selective, precise and accurate. The linearity range and the detection limit were obtained as 1.0 x 10(-10)-1.0 x 10(-8) M and 2.2 x 10(-11) M, respectively. The developed CEF imprinted sensor was successfully applied to real samples such as human plasma. In addition, the stability and reproducibility of the prepared molecular imprinted electrode were investigated. The excellent long-term stability and reproducibility of the prepared CEF imprinted electrodes make them attractive in electrochemical sensors. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel composite containingTiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and colemanite waste (CW) was synthesized and tested in adsorption and photocatalysis to remove Reactive Yellow 86 (RY86) from aqueous solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed the formation of metal TiO2 NPs on CW. The BET surface area increased after intercalation of TiO2 NPs onto CW. TiO2 -CW was found to be a good nanomaterial for RY86 adsorption. The effects of operating variables such as initial dye concentration, pH and contact time in adsorption were studied. The kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic parameters for the removal of the RY86 were also investigated. In addition, TiO2 -CW also shows high photocatalytic activity for degradation of RY86 from aqueous solution. The combination of adsorption and photocatalysis using TiO2 -CW is demonstrated as a more effective technique for removal of dyes from aqueous solution.

This paper examines a controversial issue: whether the psychic distance stimulus in religion is a possible reason of differently inflowing FDI from EU-Countries directed to Poland and Turkey. The examination highlights that after the application of a regression model between the psychic distance measures and FDI stocks, we are not in the position of claiming this. The difference between the FDI stocks of Poland and Turkey should not be necessarily a result of the differences in religion. Other dimensions should be included to the investigation.

Relevant to recent scheduling studies, setup times of jobs have generally been either neglected or considered in processing times. But, in some production systems the setup times may be so large that it can not be neglected but should be considered separately from processing times. In production systems, since jobs are generally processed on automated machines, job processing times are independent of the sequence of jobs. When the setup times are taken into account, there will be a gradual decline in their magnitudes due to the repetition of setup procedures by human operators. This phenomenon is known as the learning effect in scheduling analysis. In this study, a two-machine flow-shop scheduling problem with learning effect setup times is considered. A mathematical programming model is developed for the problem and according to different setup time ranges and learning effects, computational results are compared. Additionally, heuristic approaches are presented and experimental results are given for large size problems.

Decision makers try to optimize more than one criteria in real-life problems dealing with the operations scheduling. But, the best solution value related to one performance measure, may not be good when considering more than one performance measurement. In this case, in the decision making process when considered more than one performance measure, some trade-offs take place among the performance measures. In this study, considering the multicriteria, deterministic and stochastic scheduling problems on the one machine and parallel machines, a literature survey is presented.

Organizations have to work with a lot of supplier firms in order to continue their activities. Selecting the supplier firms from a group of candidates is a difficult decision making problem. In this study, Analytical hierarchy process and general structure of 0-1 goal programming techniques are presented and an application to select supplier is performed using the two methods. Using the two methods together is also discussed in this study.

ÖZET Bu çalışmada kas-iskelet sisteminin farklı bölgeleri ultrason görüntüleri ile incelenerek ortopedik uygulamalardaki avantajları ve konvansiyonel radyografi ile karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Yumuşak doku ve kemik arasındaki karakteristik empedans farkının büyük olması, ultrasonogram ile iyi bir kemik görüntüsü alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Yalnızca ekojen bir şerit ve bunun arkasında ise akustik bir gölge elde edilmektedir. İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji ve ayrıca Radyodiagnostik Ana Bilim Dallarında 47 hasta üzerinde yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, kullanılan yüksek frekans transdüzerler yardımıyla birtakım sonuçlara varılmıştır. Ultrasonografi, röntgen filmlerinde anlaşılamayan kıkırdak komponentlerini gösterebilmektedir. Ayrıca kemik metastazları çalışmalarında kullanılabiimektedir. Ultrasonografi, teşhise yönelik değerli bilgiler elde edilebilmesi amacıyla omuz, kalça, diz, dirsek, el ve ayak bileği gibi hareketli bölümlerde gerçek zaman modunda çalışılmasına imkan tanımaktadır. Kemik dokusunun ultrason tarafından nüfuz edilemez özelliği kemiksi patolojik yapıların komşu yumuşak dokulara olan etkisinin analizinde kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım sayesinde kemikteki tahribatlar, iltihaplanmalar ve yeni kemik dokusu yapılanmalarının teşhisi mümkün olabilmektedir. Ultrasonun kemiğe ait patolojik değişim gösteren bu bölgelerin teşhisinde radyografiye yardıma bir modalite olarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. ABSTRACT In this study ultrasonographic images of different musculosceletai parts of human body have been examined to see whether they can be used for orthopaedic applications. In some of the examinations, comparisons of the ultrasonographic images with X-Ray films have also been performed. Due to the wide difference between the characteristic impedances of soft tissue and bone, it is very difficult to obtain a clear bone image; only an echogen band and behind it an acoustic shadow can be obtained with ultrasonography. As the results of the 47 examinations on the patients which have been performed in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Radiology Departments of the Istanbul Medical Faculty with the help of the high frequency transducers, some results are obtained. Ultrasonography may reveal components of cartilage which may be obscure in some X-Ray films. Moreover, it can be used to study bone metastasis. Being a safe technique, ultrasonography may be used in `real-time` mode on moving joint parts like shoulder, hip, knee, wrist, ankle and elbow to obtain valuable diagnostic information. It is shown that ultrasound may be used as an adjunct to radiography in the diagnosis of lesions of bone. The impermeability of bone tissue to ultrasound may be used to analyze the effects of bony lesions on adjacent soft tissues. This approach could make it possible to diagnose bony destruction, inflammation, and new bone formation. It is demonstrated that, in the diagnosis of these kind of pathological changed bone-related parts, ultrasound is a excellent adjunct modality to radiography. Keywords: Musculoskeletal, ultrasonography, X-Ray iv 55