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We examine the varying role of conditions on grammatical relations marking (namely animacy and volitionality) by looking at different languages of one family, using both existing descriptions and working with specially prepared video stimuli. This enables us to see the degree of variation permitted within closely related languages. We look at four Alor-Pantar languages (Teiwa, Adang, Kamang, and Abui), Papuan languages of eastern Indonesia. The conditions on argument marking are manifested in different ways. Those languages with syntactic alignment index objects with a prefix, those which have semantic alignment index objects and some subjects with a prefix. In 42 video clips we systematically varied animacy and volitionality values for participants in one and two-participant events. These clips were used in fieldwork to elicit descriptions of the events. The data show that animacy of the object is an important factor which favours indexation of the object on the verb in all four languages to varying degrees. Volitionality, on the other hand, is a factor in the semantically aligned languages only. While the presence of a prefix on the verb is semantically motivated in many instances, marking is not directly determined by verbal or participant semantics, and lexical factors must also play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the disputed etymological origins of the agentive nouns in English with the suffix -ster and its cognates elsewhere in the Germanic languages. I will provide a survey of the various etymologies for a Germanic root of human and non-human agentive nouns. Non-human agentive nouns became unproductive prior to written evidence of Germanic, but human agentive forms have remained productive. I will also give a historical survey of the suffix in English. The suffix has a contested etymology because of its numerous attestations across the Germanic languages, and it is unlikely that any one etymological solution will satisfactorily explain all of its forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined to what extent morphological processing of spoken inflected and derived words is attention-independent. To answer these questions EEG and MEG responses were recorded from healthy participants while they were presented with spoken Finnish inflected, derived, and monomorphemic words. In the non-attended task, the participants were instructed to ignore the incoming auditory stimuli and concentrate on the silent cartoon. In the attended task, previously reported by Leminen et al. (2011), the participants were to judge the acceptability of each stimulus. Importantly, EEG and MEG responses were time-locked to the onset of critical information [suffix onset for the complex words and uniqueness point (UP) for the monomorphemic words]. Early after the critical point, word type did not interact with task: in both attended and non-attended tasks, the event-related potentials (ERPs) showed larger negativity to derived than inflected or monomorphemic words ∼100ms after the critical point. MEG source waveforms showed a similar pattern. Later than 100 ms after the critical point, there were no differences between word types in the non-attended task either in the ERP or source modeling data. However, in the attended task inflected words elicited larger responses than other words ∼200 ms after the critical point. The results suggest different brain representations for derived and inflected words. The early activation after the critical point was elicited both in the non-attended and attended tasks. As this stage of word recognition was not modulated by attention, it can be concluded to reflect an automatic mapping of incoming acoustic information onto stored representations. In contrast, the later differences between word types in the attended task were not observed in the non-attended task. This indicates that later compositional processes at the (morpho)syntactic-semantic level require focused attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Kuki-Chin branch of Tibeto-Burman we find both a widespread prefixal verb agreement paradigm and, in many languages, a distinct, competing postverbal agreement system. It is clear, and generally acknowledged, that the prefixal system is a KC innovation, while the postverbal system traces back to Proto-Tibeto-Burman. This paper assembles the evidence for the postverbal paradigm from the conservative Northern Chin, Old Kuki, and Southern Chin subbranches, and makes some suggestions toward a preliminary reconstruction of the paradigm in Proto-Kuki-Chin. The older paradigm has been lost in the Central Chin (e.g. Mizo) and Mara languages, but the older 2nd person index has been incorporated into the modern paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article carries out an analysis of the Old English verbal prefix ge- that is based on a paradigmatic organization of the lexicon, which allows for the inclusion of synchronic and diachronic data into a panchronic approach. On the synchronic side, the focus is on the spread of ge- in the derivational morphology of the language and the assessment of productivity, while on the diachronic side the emphasis is on the lexicalization and grammaticalization of the affix at stake. A path of grammaticalization is described as starting from the Proto-Germanic derivational prefix *ga- and leading to inflectional ge- in Old English. Quantitative evidence is gathered in favour of a progressive loss of the derivational productivity of the prefix that is paralleled by a gradual increase in inflectional distribution. The conclusion is reached that the neuter noun which is zero derived from the strong verb contributes through its derivatives to the decategorialization of the prefix ge-, which undergoes grammaticalization for reasons of over-markedness, becomes exclusively inflectional and, ultimately, disappears. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article explores several strategies that can be implemented by upper elementary, middle, and high school teachers to help students develop their general vocabulary knowledge while also increasing their comprehension of content area words and concepts. Particular focus is given to methods in which teachers allow students to explore the etymology of words through an understanding of roots, prefixes, and suffixes that are common to the English language. Other topics explored include morphological knowledge, direct instruction, and spelling-meaning connections.

Some evidence suggests that memory for serial order is domain-general. Evidence also points to asymmetries in interference between verbal and visual–spatial tasks. We confirm that concurrently remembering verbal and spatial serial lists provokes substantial interference compared with remembering a single list, but we further investigate the impact of this interference throughout the serial position curve, where asymmetries are indeed apparent. A concurrent verbal order memory task affects spatial memory performance throughout the serial positions of the list, but performing a spatial order task affects memory for the verbal serial list only for early list items; in the verbal task only, the final items are unaffected by a concurrent task. Adding suffixes eliminates this asymmetry, resulting in impairment throughout the list for both tasks. These results suggest that domain-general working memory resources may be supplemented with resources specific to the verbal domain, but perhaps not with equivalent spatial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Most English prefixes are syllables that can also begin words in which they do not function as a productive prefix. The literature notes a pronunciation difference such that true-prefixes, e.g. /dɪs/ in discolour, have a heavier rhythmic beat than pseudo-prefixes, e.g. /dɪs/ in discover. When the syllable following dis- or mis- begins with a voiceless stop, there is a clear difference in its VOT, but differences in dis/mis itself are more subtle and have not been systematically measured. Five speakers of Southern British English engaged in 40 scripted dialogues which contained such words in controlled phonetic contexts. Prefixed words were longer up to voicing onset in syllable 2 and had longer and more peripheral [ɪ], longer VOT, and shorter [s] than pseudo-prefixed words. These differences produced distinctive acoustic patterns consistent with the difference in perceived beat. Effects due to nuclear/postnuclear accent and word frequency were observed, but appear to be secondary to effects of morphological status. We conclude that the morphological status of these syllables is the primary cause of their characteristic acoustic patterns, and that their segmental composition dictates further reduction processes they may undergo due to weaker prosodic contexts, higher word frequency, casual register, and other influences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper attempts to present the Functions of Pronominal affixes in Sizang. Sizang shows elaborate paradigms of person/number agreement with the subject of the sentence. It shows even the agreement for singular and plural numbers in persons, as well as for inclusive and exclusive persons in plural. For the most part the affixes involved are suffixed or prefixed directly to the verb stem. This type of grammatical features is referred to as verbal pronominalization, which is a common characteristic of Kuki-Chin languages of the Tibeto-Burman family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The studies of 1-Fibonacci word patterns and 0-Fibonacci word patterns were initiated by Turner (1988) and Chuan (1993) respectively. It is known that each proper suffix of the infinite Fibonacci word is an -Fibonacci word pattern, . In this paper, we consider the suffixes of the two two-way infinite extensions and of the infinite Fibonacci word. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for suffixes of and to be -Fibonacci word patterns. This gives us all the mechanical words with slope which are -Fibonacci word patterns. All possible -seed words of each of them are determined. Finally, images of suffixes of and under the action of certain Sturmian morphisms are computed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Given a string , the longest previous factor (LPF) problem is to determine the maximum length of a previously occurring factor for each suffix occurring in . The LPF problem is defined for traditional strings exclusively from the constant alphabet . A parameterized string (p-string) is a string composed of symbols from a constant alphabet and a parameter alphabet . We formulate the LPF problem in terms of p-strings by defining the parameterized longest previous factor (pLPF) problem. Subsequently, we present an expected linear time solution to construct the parameterized longest previous factor () array. Given our pLPF solution, we show how to construct the (parameterized longest common prefix) array with the same general algorithm. We exploit the properties of the data structure to also construct the standard (longest previous factor) and (longest common prefix) arrays all in linear time. Further, we provide insight into the practicality of our construction algorithms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Setswana is an agglutinative language where prefixes and suffixes are extensively used in the formation of words. Words such as verbs, pronouns, adjectives and so on, which have a grammatical relationship with nouns in sentences, demonstrate agreement with such nouns by means of agreement morphemes. In certain instances verbs in Setswana sentences may take two objects. Both of these objects may be represented in the verb by object agreement morphemes. The result is that two object agreement morphemes may be prefixed to the verb. While the morphemes of the verb are presented systematically in Setswana grammars, the occurrence of multiple object agreement morphemes has received limited attention in the literature on Setswana linguistics. Similarly, this phenomenon has not yet been investigated from a computational morphological point of view. This article reports on (i) an example-based investigation towards a better and more complete understanding of the phenomenon of multiple object agreement morphemes as they appear in Setswana verbs, (ii) the modelling of these morphemes in an existing finite state tokeniser and computational morphological analyser for Setswana, and (iii) the novel role that a morphological analyser and its guesser variant can play in a corpus-based investigation of the phenomenon under discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Convergence in case mapping strategies in the oral speech of Quechua–Spanish bilinguals is examined. In principle, Quechua case suffixes could be analyzed as postpositions or as case markers. The data show that in code mixing utterances, Spanish prepositions and Quechua case suffixes co-occur and that mapping strategies converge. The fact that, in Quechua–Spanish code switching, Spanish prepositions are combined with Quechua case suffixes is taken as evidence that the latter are case markers, not postpositions. Further support for this view is the fact that no obvious differences were found in the data between non-oblique and oblique case markers. This distribution is consistent with an analysis of Quechua case suffixes as the spell out of an agree relationship between a null prepositional head and a DP. Cases of case suffix dropping in differential object marking expressions are analyzed as a possible source of instability in case marking in code mixing utterances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper we consider the computational complexity of the following problems: given a DFA or NFA representing a regular language L over a finite alphabet Σ, is the set of all prefixes (resp., suffixes, factors, subwords) of all words of L equal to Σ*? In the case of testing universality for factors of languages, there is a connection to two classic problems: the synchronizing words problem of Černý, and Restivo's conjecture on the minimal uncompletable word. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diminutive suffix -let is generally considered a peripheral phenomenon in English today. The present study deals with the status of this suffix in present-day language, in comparison to its occurrence over the past two hundred years. Differences between British and American English are also considered. Quantitative methods based on large electronic corpora of English are combined with qualitative methods employed to study the use of diminutives in -let in the context of discourse and the social situation they occur in. A special focus is on the communicative functions of diminutives denoting persons in social roles, e.g. wifelet and princelet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the gradual development of morphological specification, as reflected in use of early non-finite verb forms in the speech of three Hebrew-acquiring children (mean age range 1;4-2;2). Children acquiring different languages have been shown to make use of non-finite forms in their initial verb usage. Use of uninflected verbs in matrix clauses has been attributed to the Root or Optional Infinitives phenomenon in generative frameworks, or to the generally stepwise path of acquisition in developmental approaches. Analyses of the longitudinal data presented here suggest that Hebrew-acquiring children do not use infinitival forms before they begin to master inflections productively. Instead, they rely, for several months, on non-affixed "bare stems" as their initial verb forms. Prefix-marked "full" infinitives occur later, typically in well-formed syntactic contexts, alongside productive use of affixed Present-tense (benoni) participial forms. Hebrew-acquiring children thus appear to make selective use of different types of nonfinite forms (initial bare stems followed by Infinitives and benoni), each representing different levels of inflectional knowledge. It is therefore argued here that non-finiteness in early child language is in itself a developmental concept consisting of several sub-phases each of which demonstrates a particular level of linguistic knowledge, motivated by typological features of the ambient language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of phonological development on the acquisition of Hebrew verb inflectional suffixes, comparing between two monolingual typically developing children (SR and RM). Examination of the order at which the suffixes appeared in the children's speech reveals one distinction; SR produced the number (plural) suffix -im before the person (1st singular) suffix -ft', while RM produced these suffixes in the opposite order. All other suffixes were produced in the same order. As these suffixes differ in the presence vs. absence of a coda, I attribute the distinction between the children to the development of word final codas, which was faster in SR's speech than in RM's. This interaction between phonology and morphology is known as prosodic licensing, whereby the prosodic structure hosting a grammatical morpheme is a prerequisite for the production of this morpheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation plays an important role in communication across languages and cultures. Because translation must balance various requirements arising from globalisation against the goal of communicating distinctive cultural characteristics, it is the focus of increasing attention in culture studies research. This study employs Pathfinding techniques to compare emerging transcultural concepts in translation studies in Taiwan with those found in international literature. Two data banks were established by compiling the abstracts of academic papers in the field of translation studies from the period 2000-2009. The first data bank included abstracts of papers published in major Taiwanese journals, as well as abstracts of master and doctoral theses; the second data bank included abstracts of papers published in international journals listed in the Web of Science (WOS) database. All of the abstracts in the data banks contained at least one word beginning with one of the four prefixes 'trans-', 'post-', 'inter-', and 'cross-'. The researcher then used tools in the WordSmith linguistic analysis software package to extract twenty keywords representing important transcultural concepts. Co-occurrence analysis was carried out on the two data banks and the key concepts were mapped on two-dimensional graphs. The resulting graphs were then examined to gain insight into translation issues relevant to transculturation. It is hoped that comparative studies of this kind can shed light on both domestic and international perspectives on the phenomenon of transculturation and its effects on translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the second half of the twentieth century, a new type of adverb, viewpoint adverbs formed with the suffix -wise. appeared in English. This article traces the diffusion and development of viewpoint -wise adverbs using American and British newspaper corpora, the spoken component of the British National Corpus. and the Longman Spoken American Corpus. It is shown that the adverbs are at least twice as frequent in the spoken corpora as in the written, that they are increasing in both American and British English, and that the originally American adverb type is now more frequent in British English. Its spread seems to be motivated by both functional and social factors. In newspapers, a high proportion occurs in represented speech, and the major domains are sports, art and entertainment, and "living." It has extended its range of bases from nouns to noun phrases and, to some extent, generalized to adjectives and adverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS STUDY investigates how speakers of Educated Yoruba English (EYE) produce the vowels in typically unstressed syllables of English words whose suffixes require a shift of stress and a consequent reduction of vowels, as in atómic from átom and dramátic from dráma. Twenty suffixed English words were read by one hundred Yoruba subjects, with a Briton who studied at the University of London serving as the control. The focus is on Yoruba English because of both its many speakers and the need for a ‘geo-tribal’ approach to defining the concept Nigerian English. The data was analysed by converting tokens of occurrence to percentages, the higher percentages being taken as the norm. The acoustic analysis was done in a computerized speech laboratory. The study establishes that vowels occurring in typically unstressed syllables in traditional Standard English remain strong and full in educated Yoruba English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The section provides an overview of works covering English language morphology. An Introduction to English Morphology, by Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, has chapters on words, inflection derivation the history of English word formation and words in languages in general. Among general morphological issues, the extent to which morphology mirrors syntax has continued to occupy several minds. Joseph Edmonds sees A Common Basis for Syntax and Morphology: Tri-Level Lexical Insertion. He points out that the Right Hand Head Rule of morphology is also encountered in many syntactic phrases, and goes on to suggest that the heads of words are also heads of phrases. Also, Laurie Bauer, in Why Are We Linguists and Not Linguisticians? tries to trace the semantic and pragmatic factors that have governed the fortunes of the -ician suffix.

The encoding of suffixed words (both derivations and inflections) was assessed by monitoring eye movements during reading English sentences in which the target words were embedded. The target words were derived words in Experiment 1 and inflected words in Experiment 2. In each experiment, whole-word frequency and root frequency were independently manipulated, where pairs of words differing on one variable and matched on the other were inserted into the same sentence frame. For derived words, root morpheme frequency affected processing earlier than did whole-word frequency: it affected the duration of the first fixation, whereas whole-word frequency affected processing only beginning on the second fixation. In contrast, for (the regular) inflected words, word frequency had significant effects beginning on the first fixation, whereas root frequency had significant effects beginning with the first fixation duration only for plural nouns and not for inflected verbs. Subsequent regression analyses on the inflected words suggested that the usual part of speech for the stem may play a significant role in processing. The data thus indicate that in normal reading, both the whole word as a unit and the root morpheme play a significant role in processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a unified account of the semantic and syntactic properties of certain particle and prefix verbs in German as well as of constructions involving resultative and depictive predicates. I will argue that the secondary predicates, considered to be adjuncts, are lexically integrated into the verb by an operation called Argument Extension(ARG), a general option of the modification rule which states that the head accommodates to the adjunct, in contrast to the traditional view, according to which the adjunct accommodates to the head. Section I motivates the theoretical possibility of the operation ARG within Categorial Grammar, while section 2 briefly introduces the framework of Lexical Decomposition Grammar, in which the following analyses are situated. Section3 shows that the operation ARG allows a satisfying analysis of prefixes and particles that introduce new arguments to the verb. This analysis will then be extended to resultative and depictive secondary predicates in sections 4 and 5, and will be compared to some of the syntactically based alternatives that have been proposed in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the use of the intensifying prefix 'un-' in Old English. Obsolescence of the intensifying 'un-' within the Anglo-Saxon period; Examples of the intensifying 'un-' in the epic poem 'Beowulf.'

Focuses on the suffix -ist in the English language. Usage of the suffix; Application of the suffix in the Greek language; Historical perspectives on the use of the suffix.

Looks at the story of the use of the suffix -ola in connection with bribery after the U.S. government discovered payola practices in the recording industry in early 1960s. Connotations of the suffix in theatrical industry and in names of appliances; Association of the suffix -ola in popular culture with bribery; Several -ola trade names.

Focuses on the English language suffixes -ard, -art and -er. Philological implications, absence of dictionary entry and presence in magazine articles of the term 'slackard,' which means slacker; 'Vulgar' speakers' representation of 'scholar' as 'scholard'; Co-existence of -ard and -er words.

An introduction is presented in which the guest editors discuss the theme of the issue, how the prefix "alter" is linked to notion of an alternative and to notion of multiplicity, and to explore how Indigenous and non-Indigenous knowledge interact between the settler nation and Indigenous peoples.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including English translation of a public sign in China; differences between two native-speaker models and Vietnam War American slang; and English prefix de.

Argues that the use of noun prefixes in the names of African languages in the Afrikaans or English version of the South African Constitution is pedantic. Afrikaans and English loan words derived from Zulu; Contention that noun prefixes do not serve any purpose when used in a language that does not use sentence concordance such as Afrikaans or English.

The article focuses on the Greek and Latin numbers, prefixes and suffixes that are used in modern medical vocabulary, and presents a list of numbers in English, Latin and Greek. It also discusses the use of Greek word for many "polus" in several medical terms including polydipsia, polyuria and polydactylism, and mentions that Greek word for few "oligos" developed terms like yielded terms such as oligodendroglia, oligomorphic and oliguria.

The article discusses esoteric prefixes of medicine. It mentions that Greek language has provided many prefixes for medical vocabulary including mio, platy, and cata. Also mentions standard prefixes used in medical terminology provided by ancient Greek language such as pleo, plesio, and iso and medical prefixes starting with Greek letter xi.

Discusses the use of the suffixes -eteria, -torium and -ery to several English terms to refer to establishments, such as stores and restaurants. Basketeria; Barbatorium; Beanery.