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The rate performance, power density, and energy efficiency of electrochemical devices are often limited by ionic conductivities in electrolyte and electrode materials. Framework Prussian blue analogs and dense niobium oxides have been identified as high‐rate electrodes for sodium‐ and lithium‐ion batteries, respectively, yet the origin of the extremely high solid‐state Na+/Li+ transport is not fully understood. Of critical importance is the fact that their ultra‐low activation energy and anomalous pre‐exponent factor cannot be satisfactorily rationalized from conventional theory of solid‐state diffusion in the crystal lattice. Here, assisted by density‐functional‐theory calculations, we argued that the true origin is a unique surface‐like diffusion mechanism of the intercalation ions. In a surface‐like migration event, a mobile ion moves along the channel wall via a low coordination number and low migration barrier experiencing minimal steric hindrance. It is similar to surface diffusion in the conventional picture and contrasts with lattice diffusion from one interstitial/vacancy site to another one with high coordination number, crowded saddle‐point geometry and high migration barrier. We found that the shifting from solid‐state lattice diffusion to surface‐like diffusion is determined by the size difference between the mobile ion and the diffusion channel, and a lowest migration energy barrier can be reached by mediating the channel size. The analogy to gas diffusion in molecular sieves shall be discussed. Additionally, the effects of defects and crystal water in Prussian blue analogs were also discussed for better understanding their rate performances in experimental scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symmetric solid oxide electrolysis cell (SSOEC) is an advanced electrochemical device that can convert electricity into chemical energy in an efficient and environmentally friendly manner. However, the development of SSOEC is still limited by competent and reliable electrode materials. Herein, the perovskite-type oxide electrode materials La 0 · 7 Sr 0 · 3 Fe 0 · 9 Ni 0 · 1 O 3-δ (LSFN) and La 0 · 55 Ce 0 · 15 Sr 0 · 3 Fe 0 · 9 Ni 0 · 1 O 3-δ (LCSFN) were investigated. Compared with the LSFN symmetric cell, the current density of LCSFN increased from 0.355 A cm−2 to 0.519 A cm−2 under the condition of CO 2 electrolysis at 800 °C and 1.5 V, and the polarization resistance (Rp) decreased from 4.59 Ω cm2 to 2.35 Ω cm2, indicating that the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode was improved after Ce doping. Furthermore, the composite with Gd 0.1 Ce 0 · 9 O 2- δ (GDC) can increase the three-phase boundary of the electrode, thus increasing the reaction active site and improving the cell performance. At 800 °C and 1.5 V, the LCSFN-GDC composite electrode showed better performance in CO 2 electrolysis. The current density further increased to 0.765 A cm−2 compared to the LCSFN symmetric cell. More importantly, the electrolysis cell maintains good stability for 25 h at 700 °C. The results demonstrate that both Ce doping and GDC composite are well-established methods for enhancing the electrode performance of SSOEC. • La 0 · 7 Sr 0 · 3 Fe 0 · 9 Ni 0 · 1 O 3-δ (LSFN) and La 0 · 55 Ce 0 · 15 Sr 0 · 3 Fe 0 · 9 Ni 0 · 1 O 3-δ (LCSFN) as SSOEC electrode was explored. • SSOEC reaches a high current density of 0.765 A cm−2 at 800 °C and 1.5 V for CO 2 electrolysis. • SSOEC shows good stability at 700 °C at thermal-neutral voltage. • Ce doping and GDC composite are well-established methods for enhancing the electrode performance of SSOEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a clean and very efficient electrochemical conversion device, which generates electricity directly from fuel electrochemical oxidation. In this paper, a three dimensional numerical model has been developed in order to analyse the role of some thermophysical and morphological parameters on the performance of the SOFC cell. In particular, we studied the effect of the variation of permeability of the electrodes: fuel distribution, ionic and electric current density, pressure and diffusion flux are analyzed and compared. The volume fraction of the ionic and electronic phase in the electrodes is studied using a parametric study. It was shown that the current density enhanced by decreasing the permeability, up to a defined value, and it diminished with very small permeability. A remarkable influence of pressure and diffusion of species on the performance of the cell, with the variation of permeability, has been recognized. Varying the permeability in the active layer of electrodes has a large impact on the current density, connected to the volume fraction of ionic phase. This study permits to comprehend the relationship between the performance and microstructure of SOFCs. Meanwhile, it furnishes theoretical guidance for an optimum design of the electrode permeability. • A three-dimensional model of a single SOFC is developed using CFD method. • Varying the permeability of electrode components affects the cell performance. • The impact of volume fractions for different permeabilities is studied. • It is concluded that there is an optimum design of the electrode permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to perform both electrochemical and structural/elemental characterization in the same experiment and at the nanoscale allows to directly link electrochemical performance to the material properties and their evolution over time and operating conditions. Such experiments can be important for the further development of solid oxide cells, solid‐state batteries, thermal electrical devices, and other solid‐state electrochemical devices. The experimental requirements for conducting solid‐state electrochemical TEM experiments in general, including sample preparation, electrochemical measurements, failure factors, and possibilities for optimization, are presented and discussed. Particularly, the methodology of performing reliable electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in reactive gases and at elevated temperatures for both single materials and solid oxide cells is described. The presented results include impedance measurements of electronic conductors, an ionic conductor, and a mixed ionic and electronic conductor, all materials typically applied in solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells. It is shown that how TEM and impedance spectroscopy can be synergically integrated to measure the transport and surface exchange properties of materials with nanoscale dimensions and to visualize their structural and elemental evolution via TEM/STEM imaging and spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltammetry, which is at the core of electroanalytical chemistry, is an analytical method that investigates and evaluates the current-potential relationship obtained at a given working electrode. If it is used dropping mercury as working electrode, the method is called as polarography. The current year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of polarography by Czech Jaroslav Heyrovský. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1959 for this discovery and his contribution to the scientific world. A hundred years, within the endless existence of the universe is maybe nothing. A hundred years, in the history of mankind is a line, maybe a short paragraph. But, in science, a hundred years can lead to very significant advances in a field and often to the birth and establishment of an entirely new scientific discipline. Indeed, in the last hundred years, the design and use of new electrochemical devices, depending on the progress in microelectronics and computer technologies, has almost revolutionized voltammetry. Besides these developments, due to the fact that the redox (oxidation/reduction) process is very basic for living organisms; the voltammetry, especially with the beginning of the 21st century, has started to be used as a very powerful tool in neuroscience to solve the mystery of the brain (the basic problems of biomolecules with physiological and genetic importance in brain tissue). This review article is an overview of the 100-year history and fascinating development of voltammetry from Heyrovský to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon‐based allotropes are propelling a technological revolution in communication, sensing, and computing, concurrently challenging fundamental theories of the previous century. Nevertheless, the demand for advanced carbon‐based materials remains substantial. The crux lies in the efficient and reliable engineering of novel carbon allotrope. Although C18 has undergone theoretical and experimental investigation for an extended period, its preparation and direct observation in the condensed phase occurred only recently through STM/AFM techniques. The distinctive cyclic ring structure and the dual 18‐center π delocalization character introduce various uncommon properties to C18, rendering it a subject worthy of in‐depth exploration. In this context, this review delves into past developments contributing to the state‐of‐the‐art understanding of C18 and provides insights into how future endeavours can expedite practical applications. Encompassing a broad spectrum, this review comprehensively investigates almost all facets of C18, including geometric characteristics, electron delocalization, bonding nature, aromaticity, reactivity, electronic excitation, UV/Vis spectrum, intermolecular interaction, response to external fields, electron affinity, ionization, and other molecular properties. Moreover, the review also outlines representative strategies for the direct synthesis and characterization of C18 using atom manipulation techniques. Following this, C18‐based complexes are summarized, and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemical devices, optoelectronics, and sensing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical descaling devices have been widely used in the industrial field due to their broad applicability, convenience of operation, and cost-effectiveness. However, there are many factors that affect the descaling performance of electrochemical descaling devices, such as the selection of electrode materials, the shape and layout of the anode and cathode, the voltage and current of electrochemical equipment, the flow rate, temperature, and mineral content. Existing research has primarily focused on the influence of electrode materials and current density on descaling efficiency, while neglecting external factors such as water flow rate and temperature. In order to further explore the internal and external factors affecting the descaling performance of descaling machines, this study constructed an experimental platform for a descaling machine fouling device. Different voltages, currents, water flow rates, and temperatures were studied to assess the descaling efficiency of the descaling machine. The results indicated that under the conditions of a temperature of 30 °C, a flow rate of 0.35 m/s, a voltage of 24 V, and a current of 10 A, the fouling resistance effect of the electrochemical descaling device was optimal. This provides a new perspective for further improving the descaling efficiency of descaling machines and conducting parameter optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical devices allow the conversion and storage of renewable energy into high‐value chemicals to mitigate carbon emissions, such as hydrogen production by water electrolysis, carbon dioxide reduction, and the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. Independent regulation of the electrode pH environment is essential for optimizing the electrode reaction kinetics and enriching the catalyst species. The in situ water dissociation (WD, H2O→H++OH−${{{\mathrm{H}}}_2}{\mathrm{O}} \to {{{\mathrm{H}}}^ + } + {\mathrm{O}}{{{\mathrm{H}}}^ - }$) in bipolar membranes (BPMs) offers the possibility of realizing this pH adjustment. Here, the design principles of high‐performance polymeric BPMs in electrochemical device applications are presented by analyzing and connecting WD principles and current–voltage curves. The structure–transport property relationships and membrane durability, including the chemical and mechanical stability of the anion‐ and cation‐exchange layers as well as the integrality of the interfacial junction, are systematically discussed. The advantages of BPMs in new electrochemical devices and major challenges to break through are also highlighted. The improved ion and water transport in the membrane layer and the minimized WD overpotential and ohmic loss at high current densities are expected to facilitate the promotion of BPMs from conventional chemical production to novel electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable development, innovative solar‐to‐fuel systems have been designed through the integration of solar energy harvesting and electrochemical devices. Over the last decade, there have been notable advancements in enhancing the efficiency and durability of these solar‐to‐fuel systems. Despite the advancements, there remains significant potential for further improvements in the performance of systems. Enhancements can be achieved by optimizing electrochemical catalysts, advancing the manufacturing technologies of photovoltaics and electrochemical cells, and refining the overall design of these systems. In the realm of catalyst optimization, the effectiveness of materials can be significantly improved through active site engineering and strategic use of functional groups. Similarly, the performance of electrochemical devices can be enhanced by incorporating specific additives into electrolytes and optimizing gas diffusion electrodes. Improvements in solar harvesting devices are achievable through efficient passivant and self‐assembled monolayers, which enhance the overall quality and efficiency of these systems. Additionally, optimizing the energy conversion efficiency involves the strategic use of DC converters, photoelectrodes, and redox media. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in solar‐powered electrochemical energy conversion systems, laying a solid foundation for future research and development in the field of energy sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of electrochromic devices and energy storage systems in wearable electronics is highly desirable yet challenging, because self‐powered electrochromic devices often require an open system design for continuous replenishment of the strong oxidants to enable the coloring/bleaching processes. A self‐powered electrochromic device has been developed with a close configuration by integrating a Zn/MnO2 ionic battery into the Prussian blue (PB)‐based electrochromic system. Zn and MnO2 electrodes, as dual shared electrodes, the former one can reduce the PB electrode to the Prussian white (PW) electrode and serves as the anode in the battery; the latter electrode can oxidize the PW electrode to its initial state and acts as the cathode in the battery. The bleaching/coloring processes are driven by the gradient potential between Zn/PB and PW/MnO2 electrodes. The as‐prepared Zn||PB||MnO2 system demonstrates superior electrochromic performance, including excellent optical contrast (80.6%), fast self‐bleaching/coloring speed (2.0/3.2 s for bleaching/coloring), and long‐term self‐powered electrochromic cycles. An air‐working Zn||PB||MnO2 device is also developed with a 70.3% optical contrast, fast switching speed (2.2/4.8 s for bleaching/coloring), and over 80 self‐bleaching/coloring cycles. Furthermore, the closed nature enables the fabrication of various flexible electrochromic devices, exhibiting great potentials for the next‐generation wearable electrochromic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycol sidechains are often used to enhance the performance of organic photoconversion and electrochemical devices. Herein, we study their effects on electronic states and electronic properties. We find that polymer glycolation not only induces more disordered packing, but also results in a higher reorganisation energy due to more localised π-electron density. Transient absorption spectroscopy and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy are utilised to monitor the structural relaxation dynamics coupled to the excited state formation upon photoexcitation. Singlet excitons are initially formed, followed by polaron pair formation. The associated structural relaxation slows down in glycolated polymers (5 ps vs. 1.25 ps for alkylated), consistent with larger reorganisation energy. This slower vibrational relaxation is found to drive ultrafast formation of the polaron pair state (5 ps vs. 10 ps for alkylated). These results provide key experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of molecular structure on electronic state formation driven by strong vibrational coupling. Glycol sidechains are often used to enhance the performance of organic photoconversion and electrochemical devices. Here, the authors provide photophysical insight into the role of glycol sidechains for the formation of polaron pairs induced by strong vibrational coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal‐based materials exhibit a broad range of catalytic activities in numerous electrochemical processes. Their displayed catalytic functions rely essentially on their distinctive electronic structures, changes of which play pivotal roles in dictating reaction dynamics within many electrochemical devices. Nevertheless, accurately probing electronic structure changes, especially in real‐time, of active materials remains a formidable challenge. In this work, a viable approach to achieve it within a CoC2O4/Li model system by employing a combined microscopic is demonstrated, spectroscopic analysis, plus a unique operando magnetometry technique. The findings reveal that upon completion of the conventional conversion of CoC2O4, a surface‐dominated capacitance emerges at the Co/Li2C2O4 interface owing to the injection of spin‐polarized electrons. Subsequently, the decomposition of Li2C2O4 proceeds through the releasing of the spin‐polarized electrons from Co, which, therefore serve as a catalyst leading to further discharge products. Such real‐time monitoring of electron transfer is realized by in situ monitoring electronic structure changes of Co, manifested by its intriguing magnetization alterations during the process. This work highlights a novel characterization tool that provides a solid explanation for the commonly observed large capacities in this type of materials and sheds light on design rules and selection guidance of materials for high‐performance electrochemical energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox‐conducting polymers based on SalEn‐type complexes have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in electrochemical devices. However, their charge transfer mechanisms, physical and electrochemical properties remain unclear, hindering their rational design and optimization. This study aims to establish the influence of monomer geometry on the polymer's properties by investigating the properties of novel nonplanar SalEn‐type complexes, poly[N,N'‐bis(salicylidene)propylene‐2‐(hydroxy)diaminonickel(II)], and its analog with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO)‐substituted bridge (MTS). To elucidate the charge transfer mechanism, operando UV–Vis spectroelectrochemical analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance are employed. Introducing TEMPO into the bridge moiety enhanced the specific capacity of the poly(MTS) material to 95 mA h g−1, attributed to TEMPO's and conductive backbone's charge storage capabilities. Replacement of the ethylenediimino‐bridge with a 1,3‐propylenediimino‐ bridge induced significant changes in the complex geometry and material's morphology, electrochemical, and spectral properties. At nearly the same potential, polaron and bipolaron particles emerged, suggesting intriguing features at the overlap point of the electroactivity potentials ranges of polaron–bipolaron and TEMPO, such as a disruption in the connection between TEMPO and the conjugation chain or intramolecular charge transfer. These results offer valuable insights for optimizing strategies to create organic materials with tailored properties for use in catalysis and battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports the fabrication via FFF-3D printing of 3- and 8-YSZ electrolytes, which are considered the current state-of-the-art of electrolyte materials for high temperature fuel cells (i.e., SOFCs), using filaments with ceramic loadings in the 65 to 75 wt% range. Filaments, green bodies and sintered specimens have been produced and fully characterised using thermal, structural, morphological, rheological and electrochemical techniques. The 3D printed electrolytes exhibit chemical stability under the debinding and sintering conditions, without significant microstructural changes when compared to conventional press and sinter processing and very high relative densities, compatible with SOFC operation, i.e. > 95%. The conductivity of the 3D printed electrolytes was 0.05 and ≈ 0.1 S/cm at 1000 °C, for 3- and 8-YSZ respectively, which is very close to the values typically reported for conventionally processed zirconia electrolytes. These results confirm the potential application of FFF-3D printing technology towards the production of a new generation of electrochemical devices for energy production, such as SOFCs, with larger volumetric and surface energy densities and without their current geometrical limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on reviewing the actual progress of the use of ionic liquids and derivatives in several electrochemical application. Ionic liquids can be prepared at room temperature conditions and by including a solution that can be a salt in water, or a base or acid, and are composed of organic cations and many charge-delocalized organic or inorganic anions. The electrochemical properties, including the ionic and electronic conductivities of these innovative fluids and hybrids, are addressed in depth, together with their key influencing parameters including type, fraction, functionalization of the nanoparticles, and operating temperature, as well as the incorporation of surfactants or additives. Also, the present review assesses the recent applications of ionic liquids and corresponding hybrids with the addition of nanoparticles in diverse electrochemical equipment and processes, together with a critical evaluation of the related feasibility concerns in different applications. Those ranging from the metal-ion batteries, in which ionic liquids possess a prominent role as electrolytes and reference electrodes passing through the dye of sensitized solar cells and fuel cells, to finishing processes like the ones related with low-grade heat harvesting and supercapacitors. Moreover, the overview of the scientific articles on the theme resulted in the comparatively brief examination of the benefits closely linked with the use of ionic fluids and corresponding hybrids, such as improved ionic conductivity, thermal and electrochemical stabilities, and tunability, in comparison with the traditional solvents, electrolytes, and electrodes. Finally, this work analyzes the fundamental limitations of such novel fluids such as their corrosivity potential, elevated dynamic viscosity, and leakage risk, and highlights the essential prospects for the research and exploration of ionic liquids and derivatives in various electrochemical devices and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doped-zirconia finds several applications as strucutral material and in different electrochemical devices; moreover, it is considered a model ceramic system. The consolidation of 3 mol% Y 2 O 3 stabilized ZrO 2 (3YSZ) by rapid sintering (flash processes) has yielded unusual properties like higher hardness and thinner electrochemical grain boundaries. To explore the effect of high heating rate and distinguish it from field-induced phenomena, we investigated and compared UHS (Ultrafast high-temperature sintering) with conventional heating with and without an electric field. The results show that: i) UHS allows ultra-rapid consolidation (<30 s) of YSZ nanopowders (≈20 nm) with a densification pathway different from conventional sintering in terms of microstructural evolution (UHS allows a grain size reduction by more than 60% at a fixed desnity level); ii) the electric field plays a minor role in sintering, microstructure evolution, and properties; iii) UHS does not affect the hardness and the grain boundary electrochemical properties of the sintered bodies. Whereas similarities can be pointed out between UHS and flash-related techniques in terms of accelerated densification and microstructure, the final properties are rather different with UHS YSZ being more similar to conventional sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical performance of a material is primarily determined by its composition, working mechanism, and electronic conductivity. We derive design recommendations of a simple route for preparing Ni–Co binary metal sulfides (NCS) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with outstanding electrochemical properties for all-solid-state supercapacitor fabrication. The combination of the two energy storage mechanisms and the synergistic effect between the redox centers are the main reasons for the excellent electrochemical performance of the rGO/NCS material compare to pristine rGO and NCS materials. Specifically, the rGO/NCS material exhibits a specific capacity 125 % higher than that of NCS material and becomes higher up to 224 % compared to the counterpart of the rGO at a current density of 2 A g−1, retention of up to 95.7% initial specific capacity after 10,000 cycles. In addition, in the power density ranging from 1.6 to 16 kW kg−1 the all-solid-state supercapacitor device based rGO/NCS material exhibited an energy density from 23.6 to 47.2 Wh kg−1. And thus, this work indicates that rGO/NCS is a potential material for manufacturing all-solid-state supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems (EESCSs), including batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and water electrolysis technologies, enabling the direct conversion between chemical and electrical energies. They are key to the flexible storage and utilization of renewable energy and play an important role in future energy technologies. The physical and chemical properties of electrode materials significantly influence the performance of EESCSs, necessitating the development of materials with both high cost‐effectiveness and superior electrochemical storage and catalytic capabilities. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), due to their unique properties as high surface area, evenly distributed active sites, and tunable compositions, makes themselves and the derivatives have become focal points in the EESCSs. This review summarizes recent advances of LDH and their derivates for diverse EESCSs applications, aims to elucidate the modification strategies of LDH materials and provide valuable insights for exploring LDH‐derived materials in various electrochemical devices, offering interdisciplinary perspectives for the rational design of LDH‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive consumption of chicken has resulted in the emergence of a significant environmental issue in the form of chicken feather waste. As such, there is an urgent need for the development of green treatment and recycling methods for chicken feathers. Chicken feathers can serve as a type of heteroatomic doping carbon source, making them an excellent candidate for the electrode materials used in electrochemical energy devices. Furthermore, their unique structures and functional groups make them highly promising for use as adsorbents, electronics, and building materials. In this paper, we provide a summary and review of recent progress made in the use of chicken feathers for energy and environmental applications. Based on the theoretical knowledge and practical applications presented in this review, promising green recycling processes of chicken feathers can be developed. These processes can help to reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a pectin biopolymer and ionic salt (KI)-incorporated biopolymer composite electrolyte system is reported in this communication for electrochemical device fabrication. The solution cast technique is used to create composite electrolyte films of synthesized pectin biopolymer with KI salt at different concentrations. The conductivity achieved for the pectin biopolymer-based electrolyte films is up to the order of 8.1 × 10−6 S/cm, which is an increase of three orders over the conductivity (2.7 × 10−9 S/cm) of pure pectin. Electrical, structural, and optical studies of the biopolymer electrolyte films are carried out and described. The optical properties are represented by polarized optical microscopy images which show the amorphous nature of the electrolytes films. The electrochemical stability window (ESW) presents a potential window of 1.82 V, which makes the electrolyte film suitable for device fabrication. The maximum cationic transference number reveals the ionic nature of the biopolymer electrolyte films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outstanding thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties of ceramic membranes have attracted increasing attention, offering advantages over polymer and metal counterparts. Exploring the specialized applications of ceramic membranes through various preparation methods poses a daunting challenge for contemporary researchers. Traditional preparation methods are essentially unable to meet the requirements of complex membrane structures. For instance, in ceramic fuel cell applications, cells composed of ceramic membrane materials exhibit high resistance and low conductivity, which seriously hinders the progress of new high-performance ceramic fuel cells. Therefore, it is necessary to improve preparation methods to improve the electrochemical performance of devices composed of ceramic membrane materials. In recent years, breakthroughs in various new processing technologies have propelled the performance of ceramic membrane devices. This paper will focus on the following aspects. Firstly, traditional preparation methods and advanced preparation methods of ceramic membrane materials will be discussed. Secondly, high-performance ceramic membrane materials prepared by different advanced preparation methods are introduced, and the electrochemical properties of the devices composed of ceramic membrane materials are elaborated in combination with different testing and characterization methods. Finally, the prospects and future direction of the preparation of ceramic membrane materials by advanced preparation methods are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of scaling, pipeline corrosion, and the growth of sludge, bacteria, and algae within circulating cooling water systems have been consistently limiting the enhancement of production efficiency in enterprises. The trending new electrochemical water softening technology, with its environmentally friendly, high efficiency, and low energy consumption characteristics, offers a fresh approach to addressing the stable operation of industrial circulating water systems. This paper begins by detailing the mechanisms of active scale removal, sterilization, and algae control facilitated by electrochemical water softening technology. Subsequently, it compares and analyzes the crucial core components of electrochemical devices (including the selection and preparation of anode and cathode materials, as well as the power system). Furthermore, it introduces the main types and installation modes of electrochemical equipment available in the market. Additionally, it uncovers the key factors influencing the efficiency of electrochemical descaling and validates the impact of electrochemical water softening technology on industrial circulating water systems through illustrative examples. Lastly, the paper concludes by summarizing and forecasting the future development direction of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs) are considered highly competitive technologies for meeting the energy demands of the next generation, whether for energy storage or portable power. However, their practical application is hindered by critical challenges such as low voltage, CO2 poisoning at the cathode, low power density, and poor charging efficiency Herein, a rechargeable hybrid alkali/acid Zn–air battery (h‐RZAB) that effectively separates the discharge process in an acidic environment from the charging process in an alkaline environment, utilizing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) respectively is reported. Compared to previously reported ZABs, this proof‐of‐concept device demonstrates impressive performance, exhibiting a high power density of 562.7 mW cm−2 and a high operating voltage during discharging. Moreover, the battery requires a significantly reduced charging voltage due to the concurrent utilization of biomass‐derived glycerol, resulting in practical and cost‐effective advantages. The decoupled system offers great flexibility for intermittently generated renewable power sources and presents cost advantages over traditional ZABs. As a result, this technology holds significant promise in opening avenues for the future development of renewable energy‐compatible electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of ammonia starting from nitrogen and using electrochemical processes is considered an interesting strategy to produce ammonia in a sustainable way. However, it requires not only the development of efficient catalysts for nitrogen reduction but also the optimization of the operating conditions of the employed electrochemical devices. In this work, we optimize the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction in water by developing a pressurized H-cell that may operate at temperatures up to 80 °C. Ni foam with low Au loading (0.08 mg cm−2) has been adopted as a catalyst at the cathode. Ammonia has been produced during chronoamperometry experiments in a saturated N2 atmosphere and measured by the indophenol blue method. The effect of voltage, temperature, and pressure has been studied. The nitrogen reduction experiments have been repeated under saturated Ar. To remove contributions due to environmental contamination, we determined the net value as the difference between the produced ammonia in N2 and in Ar. The ammonia yield increases by increasing the temperature and the pressure. The best results have been obtained by using the combined effects of temperature and pressure. Operating at 5 bar of saturated N2 and 75 °C, a production rate of 6.73 μg h−1·cm−2 has been obtained, a value corresponding to a 5-fold enhancement, compared to that obtained under ambient conditions and room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film technology is an advanced technique for the preparation of ordered molecular ultra-thin films at the molecular level, which transfers a single layer of film from the air/water interface to a solid substrate for the controlled assembly of molecules. LB technology has continually evolved over the past century, revealing its potential applications across diverse fields. In this study, the latest research progress of LB film technology is reviewed, with emphasis on its latest applications in gas sensors, electrochemical devices, and bionic films. Additionally, this review evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of LB technology in the application processes and discusses the promising prospects for future application of LB technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of sunitinib (STB) as a significant anticancer drug is very important. In the present research, a novel and effective electrochemical sensing device for STB was manufactured using the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the 2D layered metal-organic framework-carbon nanotubes (2DMOF-CNTs) nanocomposite. The electro-oxidation of STB exhibited a notable enhancement in the anodic current at +0.70 V, which may be due to the catalytic character of the 2DMOF-CNTs modifier. The key experimental parameters affecting the efficiency of the STB sensor including amount of 2DMOF-CNTs and solution pH of were evaluated and optimized. The 2DMOF-CNTs/GCE demonstrated a linear response in detecting STB, covering a range from 0.02 µM to 30 µM. In addition, the established sensor showed a good detection limit of 5 nM based on signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The successful evaluation of the practical implementation of the 2DMOF-CNTs/GCE for STB detection in serum samples as the real sample was accomplished. The novel electrochemical device possesses several remarkable properties, such as broad linear range, low limit of detection, quick analysis time, high selectivity, and convenient operation. [Display omitted] • An effective sensing assay was proposed for voltammetric determination of sunitinib drug. • The novel sunitinib sensor possesses a broad linear range and low limit of detection. • The method was successfully utilized for sunitinib determination in serum and urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels–Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure–property–performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium-ion-based batteries have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries for energy storage systems due to their affordability, wide accessibility and comparable chemical characteristics to lithium. This study employs molecular dynamics simulations to explore the physical phenomena of potassium fluoride in aqueous solutions. The interatomic interactions were defined using the OPLS-AA force field, while the SPC/E water model and ions were represented as charged Lennard-Jones particles. The simulations were conducted across concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mol kg-1. The insights derived from this investigation provide valuable understanding into the behaviour of KF electrolytes and their potential utility in energy storage systems. A comprehensive comprehension of the impact of KF electrolyte concentration on structural, dynamic and dielectric properties is pivotal for the design and optimization of potassium-ion batteries, as well as other electrochemical devices leveraging KF-based electrolytes. This research significantly contributes to the ongoing endeavours aimed at developing efficient and economically viable energy storage solutions that transcend the confines of traditional lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied electrochemistry (AE) plays today an important role in a wide range of fields, including energy conversion and storage, processes, environment, (bio)analytical chemistry, and many others. Electrochemical synthesis is now proven as a promising pathway to avoid all disadvantages in terms of high energy consumption and high pollution, while electrochemical modeling becomes a powerful tool to understand complex systems and predict and optimize the electrochemical devices under various conditions, which reduce study time and cost. The vital role of electrochemistry will greatly be considered in the upcoming years, aiming to reduce carbon footprints and supporting the transition towards a green and more sustainable energy framework. This review article summarizes the recent advances in applied electrochemistry. It shows how this field has become an indispensable tool for innovation, progress, problem-solving in the modern world, and addressing societal challenges across diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapatteries are contemporary electrochemical energy‐storage devices that bridge the gap between the conventional supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries. Supercapatteries utilize battery‐type electrode‐active materials for their charge storage. Among the various futuristic materials, transition‐metal dichalcogenides receive prominent attention due to their excellent charge‐storage capabilities. Herein, the microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis of layered two‐dimensional (2D) nickel sulfide nanosheets (NSN) and their application as electrode‐active materials in high‐performance asymmetric supercapatteries are reported. The layered 2D architecture is preferred for the electrode‐active materials as the layered electrode nanostructure provides a hindrance‐free movement to the electrolyte ions through it during the charge‐storage process that include intercalation/deintercalation mechanisms. The electrochemical thermal stability of the 2D NSN electrode reveals that its stability in KOH (aqueous) electrolyte is better than that in LiOH (aqueous) and NaOH (aqueous) electrolytes. The supercapattery electrode synthesized using 2D NSN exhibits excellent electrochemical charge‐storage performances bearing a maximum specific capacity of 594.77 C g−1 (an equivalent mass‐specific capacitance of 991.29 F g−1) in 2 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte. The electrochemical cycling performance of the 2D NSN electrode shows a stability over 40 000 cycles without any significant capacity loss. An asymmetric supercapattery device fabricated with 2D NSN electrode as positrode and activated carbon as negatrode exhibits a maximum mass‐specific capacity of 143.58 C g−1 with a corresponding energy density of 29.91 Wh kg−1 in 2 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clean energy requirements for bio-power emphasize the need for technological improvements in the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) domain. This exceptionally high-skill field has assumed a crucial role in planning energy-based equipment in recent years, which has replaced fluid electrolytes in electrochemical sensors, fuel cells, and electrochemical devices. Materials based on lithium conduction, which is used to develop electrochemical devices play a major role for the same. Eco-friendly materials have gained a fair amount of importance for facing an energy crisis, the warming of the earth and the very concept of the resilient energy revolution. Extensive study is going on to develop biopolymer-based electrochemical devices, rather than conventional artificial polymers owing to their high cost and ecologically unfriendly nature. Cellulose Acetate having different concentrations of Lithium Chloride (LiCl) has been prepared by the solution casting technique and characterized by XRD. The highest conductivity of 2.136 x 10-2 Scm-1 observed amongst the various samples was achieved by the concentration of 10:90 percent of CA : LiCl. The high amorphicity is based on the results of the powder XRD process. A Lithium ion-based battery has been developed by utilizing the biopolymer electrolyte membrane having the highest conductivity, and its open load voltage, and nominal voltage are estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of voltammetric and related methods implemented with low-cost, mainly lab-made instrumentation. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing low-cost electrochemical instrumentation. Advances in electronics and software have made it easier to access high-performance components for the construction of potentiostats. Currently, lab-made instrumentation for electrochemical research can be very simple, with minimal components to perturb the system and record the response signal. It can also be very advanced, using high-performance electronic components and software development. Several authors have presented the feasibility of designing and manufacturing electrochemical instruments for voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, and electrodeposition. This review presents some available options, ranging from basic to advanced. The aim is to provide readers with the full range of possibilities for using their own instruments, especially in cases where access to commercial apparatus is difficult or where specific applications are needed, for example in the Internet of Things or artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical self-assembly with long-range order above centimeters widely exists in nature. Mimicking similar structures to promote reaction kinetics of electrochemical energy devices is of immense interest, yet remains challenging. Here, we report a bottom-up self-assembly approach to constructing ordered mesoporous nanofibers with a structure resembling vascular bundles via electrospinning. The synthesis involves self-assembling polystyrene (PS) homopolymer, amphiphilic diblock copolymer, and precursors into supramolecular micelles. Elongational dynamics of viscoelastic micelle solution together with fast solvent evaporation during electrospinning cause simultaneous close packing and uniaxial stretching of micelles, consequently producing polymer nanofibers consisting of oriented micelles. The method is versatile for the fabrication of large-scale ordered mesoporous nanofibers with adjustable pore diameter and various compositions such as carbon, SiO2, TiO2 and WO3. The aligned longitudinal mesopores connected side-by-side by tiny pores offer highly exposed active sites and expedite electron/ion transport. The assembled electrodes deliver outstanding performance for lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Carboplatin (CBP) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used in the treatment of a variety of cancers. Despite its efficiency, CBP is associated with side effects that greatly limit its clinical use. To mitigate these effects, CBP can be encapsulated in targeted delivery systems, such as liposomes. Ensuring the adequate loading and release of CBP from these carriers requires strict control in pharmaceutical formulation development, demanding modern, rapid, and robust analytical methods. The aim of this study was the development of a sensor for the fast and accurate quantification of CBP and its application on proof-of-concept CBP-loaded nanosomes. (2) Methods: Screen-printed electrodes were obtained in-lab and the electrochemical behavior of CBP was tested on the obtained electrodes. (3) Results: The in-lab screen-printed electrodes demonstrated superior properties compared to commercial ones. The novel sensors demonstrated accurate detection of CBP on a dynamic range from 5 to 500 μg/mL (13.5–1350 μM). The method was successfully applied on CBP loaded and released from nanosomes, with strong correlations with a spectrophotometric method used as control. (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates the viability of electrochemical techniques as alternative options during the initial phases of pharmaceutical formulation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global issue for proton exchange membrane fuel cell market development is a reduction in the device cost through an increase in efficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction occurring at the cathode and an extension of the service life of the electrochemical device. Losses in the fuel cell performance are due to various degradation mechanisms in the catalytic layers taking place under conditions of high electric potential, temperature, and humidity. This review is devoted to recent advances in the field of increasing the efficiency and durability of electrocatalysts and other electrode materials by introducing structured carbon components into their composition. The main synthesis methods, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of materials, and performance of devices on their basis are presented. The main correlations between the composition and properties of structured carbon electrode materials, which can provide successful solutions to the highlighted issues, are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical biosensors include a recognition component and an electronic transducer, which detect the body fluids with a high degree of accuracy. More importantly, they generate timely readings of the related physiological parameters, and they are suitable for integration into portable, wearable and implantable devices that are significant relative to point-of-care diagnostics scenarios. As an example, the personal glucose meter fundamentally improves the management of diabetes in the comfort of the patients' homes. This review paper analyzes the principles of electrochemical biosensing and the structural features of electrochemical biosensors relative to the implementation of health monitoring and disease diagnostics strategies. The analysis particularly considers the integration of the biosensors into wearable, portable, and implantable systems. The fundamental aim of this paper is to present and critically evaluate the identified significant developments in the scope of electrochemical biosensing for preventive and customized point-of-care diagnostic devices. The paper also approaches the most important engineering challenges that should be addressed in order to improve the sensing accuracy, and enable multiplexing and one-step processes, which mediate the integration of electrochemical biosensing devices into digital healthcare scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we introduce a novel approach for synthesizing two‐dimensional (2D) MXene heterostructures featuring a sandwiched and cross‐linked network structure. This method addresses the common issue of activity degradation in 2D nanomaterials caused by inevitable aggregation. By utilizing the distinct surface characteristics of MXene, we successfully induced the growth of various 2D nanomaterials on MXene substrates. This strategy effectively mitigates self‐stacking defects and augments the exposure of surface areas. In particular, the obtained 2D‐2D MXene@NiCo‐layered double hydroxide (MH−NiCo) heterostructures exhibit enhanced structural stability, improved chemical reversibility, and heightened charge transfer efficiency, outperforming pure NiCo LDH. The aqueous MH−Ni4Co1//Zn@carbon cloth (MH−Ni4Co1//Zn@CC) battery demonstrates exceptional performance with a remarkable specific capacity of 0.61 mAh cm−2, maintaining 96.6 % capacitance after 2300 cycles. Additionally, it achieves an energy density of 1.047 mWh cm−2 and a power density of 32.899 mW cm−2. This research not only paves the way for new design paradigms in energy‐related nanomaterials but also offers invaluable insights for the application and optimization of 2D‐2D heterostructures in advanced electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline polymer membrane electrochemical energy conversion devices offer the prospect of using non-platinum group catalysts. However, their cationic functionalities are currently not sufficiently stable for vapor-phase applications, such as fuel cells. Herein, we report 1,6-diazabicyclo[4.4.4]tetradecan-1,6-ium (in-DBD), a cationic proton cage, that is orders of magnitude more resistant to hydroxide-promoted degradation than state-of-the-art organic cations under ultra-dry conditions and elevated temperature, and the first organic cation-hydroxide to persist at critically low hydration levels (< 10% RH at 80 °C). This high stability against hydroxide-promoted degradation is due to the unique combination of endohedral protection and intra-bridgehead hydrogen bonding that prevents the removal of the inter-cavity proton and lowers the susceptibility to Hofmann elimination. We anticipate this discovery will facilitate a step-change in the advancement of materials and electrochemical devices utilizing anion-exchange membranes based on in-DBD that will enable stable operation under extreme alkaline conditions. Organic cations are typically unstable under low-humidity, alkaline conditions. Here, the authors report an organic cation featuring a proton protected within a cage that can withstand vapor-phase alkaline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal Nanomaterials titled "Advances in Nano-Electrochemical Materials and Devices." The special issue focuses on the recent advancements in nano-electrochemical materials and devices, particularly in the areas of energy storage, sensing, and electrochemical processing. The articles in the special issue cover topics such as the synthesis of nanostructured electrode materials, the development of nano-electrochemical sensors, and the application of nanomaterials in energy storage and conversion. The special issue also includes reviews on the use of carbon-based materials in electrochemical applications, the reduction of carbon dioxide using electrochemical methods, and the use of metal-organic framework materials in supercapacitors. Additionally, the special issue highlights the advancements in electrochemical devices for medical and biological applications, such as sensors for disease detection. The document concludes by stating that the special issue aims to promote the development of advanced functional nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in the field of electrochemical materials and devices. [Extracted from the article]

Here we report on the discovery of a novel fast potassium super stoichiometric silicate, with fully earth‐abundant nominal chemical composition of K2+xMg1−x/2SiO4, which exhibits near superionic K+ conductivity, up to 5 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. Fast K+ conduction is attributed to a high Continuous Symmetry Measure value in K‐polyhedrons, coupled with a low packing ratio of Corner‐Sharing‐framework. This is the first time that such a high conductivity is measured by a rock‐silicate formed only by abundant metal ions. K2+xMg1−x/2SiO4 displays excellent stability under air and humidity, which renders it a very promising candidate for economical fabrication of electrochemical devices such as potentiometric gas sensors. We demonstrated this by fabricating a gas sensor for SO2 detection, as the first demonstration of type III potentiometric gas sensors using K+ conductors. At 500 °C and SO2 concentrations in the range of 0–10 ppm, the sensor exhibited high sensitivities (69–72 mV dec−1), robust signal output (220 mV for 2 ppm of SO2), fast response times (1–6 min), and excellent stability in ambient condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is generally recognized as the optimal electrochemical conversion device for CO2 reduction reaction due to its high efficiency. However, the development of SOECs is limited by the lack of cathode materials with high electrocatalytic activity and stability. Perovskite cathodes exhibit redox stability at high temperatures, but their electrocatalytic activity remains limited. In this study, both A-site defects and B-site doping are designed for the perovskite La0.5Sr0.5TiO3−δ. This cathode material promotes B-site exsolution through A-site defects, resulting in high-density nanoparticles. The in situ exsolved nanoparticles and the oxide substrate form a metal–oxide interfacial structure that significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity and stability of the SOEC cathodes. The La0.45Sr0.45Ti0.9Mn0.1Fe0.1O3−δ cathode exhibits exceptional electroreduction performance under the operating conditions of 850 °C, producing a CO yield of 5.3 mL min−1 cm−2 with a current efficiency of 97.1%. Even after 100 h of operation, the SOEC maintains excellent durability. This work provides new ideas for improving surface and interface engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very sensitive and ultra‐selective electrochemical sensing device with high conductivity and durability was made using styrene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and functionalised graphene oxide. To construct a mediator‐free, non‐enzymatic sensing probe for the detection of arsenic (v) ions, a recently synthesized sensor was impregnated onto an interdigital electrode (IDE) surface. The newly developed receptors were characterized using Fourier Transmission Infra‐Red (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Under the optimized experimental conditions, sensor showed the lowest detection limit of 0.11 ppb with highest sensitivity (3460 ppb) and a strong linear relationship in the range of 50 ppm–1 ppb of As (v) concentration. The ion imprinting technique is employed to enhance the selectivity of the fabricated sensor. The arsenic sensor is found to be highly selective in the presence of interfering species like AlCl3, FeCl3, and CoCl3 etc. The electrochemical sensor proved to be reliable and could be reused after proper storage, also exhibit a high repeatability response and maintaining of 99 % of its initial sensor response for detection after repeated use of one month to six months. This effort showed excellent results in an electrochemical sensor with sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reversibility for detecting trace quantities of As (v) in real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofibers have been synthesized by many methods due to its numerous applications. This article provides a thorough introduction to electrospinning here, including its history, various production techniques, common materials, and potential uses, most notably in energy storage. Electrospinning, a simple and low‐cost process, can be used to effectively manufacture nanofibers. While the method of electrospinning has been known for over a half‐century, current understanding of the process and the parameters that determine the qualities of the fibers produced by it is quite limited. This is extremely advantageous for energy devices including electrochemical (bio) sensors that give increased solar‐electric energy conversion efficiency. Apart from energy, other applications related to drug delivery, filter media and membrane like are also discussed. This article covers current advances in electrospun nanofibers, with an emphasis on their synthesis and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent increase in curiosity regarding behavior of two-dimensional layered materials leads the scientists worldwide to explore various physico-chemical properties of these materials. Promising application of MoS2 as electrode material for various electrochemical devices prompted our group to investigate and compare the electrochemical nature of bare glassy carbon electrode with that of PANI/ MoS2 modified glassy carbon electrode. PANI is preferred over other materials in electrochemical applications owing to its unique properties as conductive polymer. In this paper, a comparison of the voltammetric response of dopamine has been explored on both the electrodes. The study indicates that the voltammetric response is slightly better in case of modified glassy carbon electrode in comparison to bare electrode. Study also shows that the effect of adsorption is also observable on both the electrodes from concentration of 0.4 µM onwards. The outcome of this paper holds significant implications for a wide range of electroanalytical applications, biomedical sensing and other chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La1-xGdxFeO3 (x = 0 to 0.25) nanoparticles are prepared by microwave combustion process (MCP) with L-alanine as a fuel. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, SAED, XPS, FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, DRS-UV and VSM analysis. XRD and FT-IR confirmed that lanthanum ferrite has an orthorhombic structure with an average crystallite size ranging from 57.8 to 37.9 nm. The energy gap values were estimated using UV–vis spectra and it is in the range between 2.17 and 2.43 eV. The elements Gd, La, Fe and O are present in EDX and XPS analysis. FE-SEM images reveal aggregated spherical morphology. VSM analysis shows strong ferro magnetic behavior of La1-xGdxFeO3 nanoparticles. The Ms and Mr values are in the range between 5.63 to 6.54 and 0.76 to 1.71 emu/g for La1-xGdxFeO3 respectively. The experimental results of this work hold promise for further advancements and novel uses in various fields of technology and industry, include solid oxide fuel cells, oxygen separation membranes, gas sensors, catalysis, magnetic devices, electrochemical devices, and potential use in environmental and thermoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite progress in the prevention and diagnosis of cancer, current technologies for tumor detection present several limitations including invasiveness, toxicity, inaccuracy, lengthy testing duration and high cost. Therefore, innovative diagnostic techniques that integrate knowledge from biology, oncology, medicinal and analytical chemistry are now quickly emerging in the attempt to address these issues. Following this approach, here we developed a paper-based electrochemical device for detecting cancer-derived Small Extracellular Vesicles (S-EVs) in fluids. S-EVs were obtained from cancer cell lines known to express, at a different level, the αvβ6 integrin receptor, a well-established hallmark of numerous epithelial cancer types. The resulting biosensor turned out to recognize αvβ6-containing S-EVs down to a limit of 0.7*103 S-EVs/mL with a linear range up to 105 S-EVs /mL, and a relative standard deviation of 11%, thus it may represent a novel opportunity for αvβ6 expressing cancers detection. The detection of cancer in its early stages can greatly prevent disease development, however, current technologies for tumor detection present several limitations. Here, the authors develop a paper-based electrochemical device for detecting cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (S-EVs) in fluids, recognizing αvβ6-containing S-EVs down to a limit of 0.7*103 S-EVs/mL with a linear range up to 105 S-EVs/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]