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The paper shows it necessary to define clinical physiology of the digestive system as a nosological entity due to the natural evolution of physiology and to the increasing clinical practical requirements. It considers its purpose, tasks, and areas under study and gives the results of some original studies of the gastroduodenal and hepatobiliary systems and the small intestine. Special emphasis is laid on new guidelines to examining the functional and morphological states of the alimentary tract.

The examination of 453 new cases of young-age gastroduodenal affections demonstrates that two-thirds of the patients have non-ulcerative dyspepsia presenting as a symptom complex associated with heterogeneous group of gastric and duodenal diseases with specific pathomorphological alterations in the absence of ulcers and cancer. The problem of nonulcerative dyspepsia needs further detailed specification studies.

The health of a man considerably depends on his nutritional status. The present-day defects in dietary are frequently acting as the main "killers" and "pathogens" in the modern human society. The poor dietary could considerably change the protective status of a human organism and influence upon the course of diseases. The article makes a definition of the "trophological status" and describes various methods of its estimation which could be successfully applied for an early diagnosis of trophological insufficiency in servicemen.

Clinico-statistical evaluation of reparative process in 332 gastric ulcer and 294 duodenal ulcer patients revealed factors of objective value to its course. In order of significance the factors rank as follows: area of ulcer, localization, combination with certain mucosal erosions, total fasting acidity, free fasting hydrochloric acid, basal gastric secretion, cardial function, duodenogastric reflux, sex, age, number of cigarettes smoked daily. When studying treatment effects on regeneration in ulcer patients in is necessary to take into consideration basal clinico-endoscopic parameters.

Two groups of pathogenetic mucosal changes peculiar to fasting period were revealed in 28 obese patients: a structural rearrangement of mucosa with inhibition of mitotic activity of epithelial crypts, and the inflammatory responses manifested by increased cellular infiltration of stroma and compensatory-adaptive changes of capillary bed structures. The adequate dietotherapy provided full recovery of the mucosa tissue parameters on the 26th day.

Nutrition is a very important factor in maintenance of human health. Defects in nutrition may become the main "killer" and "pathogen" in current human society. Malnutrition can modify host defenses, influence the disease patterns and outcomes. The paper introduces the notion "trophologic status" as an indicator of human health. The definition is presented. Assessment of the trophologic status can be conducted by various methods useful for different medical institutions in early diagnosis of trophologic insufficiency in patients.

Leucocytes were studied in 112 patients with ulcer disease of the stomach in comparison with periods of existence of an ulcer defect of the gastric mucosa. Methods of statistical analysis allowed to establish that the peripheral blood shows phasic changes in the absolute content of the leucocytes and their forms, pathogenetically related to the course of the reparative process.

The ability of nucleic endonucleases to recognize dinucleosomal level of chromatin structure was studied. Rat liver chromatin endonucleases were shown to be capable of DNA cleavage at dinucleosome linkers. The cleavage was observed mainly at initial stages of chromatin autohydrolysis, i.e. up to 10-20th min of incubation in the medium containing 5 mmol of magnesium chloride and 2 mmol of calcium chloride. Thus, mononucleosomal DNA in dinucleosomes and other even chromatin subunits was larger and more homogeneous than in odd subunits. The cleavage of autodigested chromatin by bovine spleen and snake venom exonucleases and by nuclease S1 has shown that dinucleosomal structure is independent of differences in the length of internal and external dinucleosome linkers. The initial endonucleolysis appears to be characterized by different accessibility of the linkers for chromatin nucleases.

An increase in the medium size of mitochondria in synapses, postsynaptic dendrites and neurons of the dorsal hippocampus was recorded after single and 3fold intracortical injection of penicillin (1000 IE) to rabbits. An increase in the size of vacuoles was found in astrocytes, synapses and postsynaptic dendrites. Mitochondrial hypertrophy indicates the energy output intensification in the form of ATP, while the increased size of vacuoles points to a greater permeability. The changes disclosed evidence an activation of synapses, postsynaptic dendrites and neurons.

i. M.D. Grozdova, Yu. A. Grigorovich, A. M. Zubovskaya, et al., Vopr. Med. Khim., No. 3, 415 (1980). 2. G. I. Dorofeev, L. A. Kozhemyakin, and V. T. Ivashkin, Cyclic Nucleotides and Adaptation of the Organism [in Russian], Leningrad (1978). 3. V.F. Makeeva, G. S. Komolova, I. A. Egorov, et al., Vopr. Med. Khim., No. i, 59 (1981). 4. N.N. Mayanskaya and L. E. Panin, Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 92, No. i, 64 (1981). 5. F.Z. Meerson and V. K. Vasil'ev, Byull. Eksp. Biol. Me-d., No. 9, 297 (1981). 6. F.Z. Meerson, V. E. Kagan, Yu. V. Arkhipenko, et al., Kardiologiya, No. 12, 55 (1981). 7. K.V. Sudakov, Vestn. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, No. 9, i0 (1981). 8. K.V. Sudakov and L. S. Ul'yaninskii, Vestn. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, No. ii, 37 (11980).

The effect of micropolarization (MP) with a current of 0.05–0.75 μA on epileptogenic foci produced by injection of 500 and 1000 units of penicillin solution into the motor cortex was investigated in chronic experiments on rabbits. A single MP of extrafocal structures (corpus callosum, caudate nucleus) and of the region of the focus was shown to inhibit the development of paroxysmal responses. Repeated MP of the region of the focus had the opposite effect. The effects observed can probably be explained not only by the specific role of the structures studied in the processes of formation and spread of excitation, and by their initial functional state, but also by the dependence of the activity of these structures on the conditions of MP.

The decreased microsomal Ca++Mg++ATPase activity and lowered level of Ca++ binding by the brain cortex microsomes in seizure prone rats as compared with normal animals have been revealed. Taurine increases these parameters in experiments in vitro. Injection of taurine into the penicillin-provoked epileptogenic focus prevents the seizure reaction in rabbits. This effect is not observed after injection of taurine together with EGTA. The data obtained demonstrate the important role of calcium ions in the anticonvulsant action of taurine.

It has been shown in chronic experiments on rabbits with epileptogenic foci provoked by microinjections of penicillin into the dorsal hippocamp that the N-cholinoblockers gangleron (3 mg/k, intravenously) and etherophen (5-10mg/kg, intravenously) possess marked anticonvulsant activity. Diphenin (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was less potent. The M-cholinoblocker methamizil (1 mg/kg, intravenously), on the contrary, potentiated the epileptiform seizures. Emphasis is laid on the necessity of the goal-oriented synthesis and search for agents that would exhibit a "purely" central N-cholinoblocking action with a purpose of applying such agents as antiepileptic drugs. It is not recommended using the M-cholinoblockers for such purposes.

Sucralfate (55 patients), cimetidine (25 patients), ranitidine (30 patients), antacids and cholinolytics (32 patients) were studied and compared in open clinical trials for the efficacy in the treatment of ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum. During 5 weeks, ulcers completely healed in 100% of the patients given sucralfate (in 94.5% for 4 weeks), in 90% of the patients treated with ranitidine, in 84% on cimetidine, and in 78% of the patients undergoing treatment with antacids and cholinolytics.

The influence of micropolarization (MCP, 0.05-0.75 muA) was studied in chronic experiments on rabbits with epileptogenic foci provoked by penicillin (doses of 500 and 1000 U) injection into the motor cortex. A single MCP of extrafocal structure (the corpus calossum, nucleus caudatus) and the site of the focus inhibited the development of seizure reactions. Numerous MCP of the focus facilitated the seizure reactions. These effects may be explained not only by the specific role of the structures studied in the processes of the formation and propagation of the excitation, their initial functional state, but also by the dependence of the activity of these structures on the MCP regimen.

Chronic experiments on rabbits with penicillin epilepsy have shown that intravenous injections of the ACHE inhibitor galanthamine (1 mg/kg), and N-cholinergic-blockers, ganglerone (3 mg/kg) and eterofen (8 mg/kg), decreased or suppressed completely epileptogenesis manifestations. Combination of galanthamine with one of the N-cholinergic-blockers markedly increased their anticonvulsive actions. On the contrary, combination of galanthamine with the M-cholinergic-blocker metamizil (0.5 mg/kg) enhanced epileptogenesis activity. It is postulated that both M- and N-cholinergic mechanisms take part in the genesis of penicillin epilepsy. The use of N-cholinergic-blockers and their combinations with M-cholinomimetics as anticonvulsants seems expedient.

It has been established in chronic experiments on rabbits that acute alcohol intoxication increased the after-discharge thresholds in response to electrical stimulation of dorsal hippocampus. It has been shown that neurotropic agents selectively blocking M- or N-cholinoceptors exerted various effects. M-cholino-blocker methamizol (1 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased the excitability of dorsal hippocampus, potentiated EEG and behavioural effects of alcohol intoxication. N-cholinoblocker etherophen (IEM-506, 20 mg/kg, i. p.), on the contrary, increased the excitability of dorsal hippocampus and reduced behavioural effects of alcohol administration.

An increase in the medium size of mitochondria in synapses, postsynaptic dendrites and neurons of the dorsal hippocampus was recorded after single and 3fold intracortical injection of penicillin (1000 IE) to rabbits. An increase in the size of vacuoles was found in astrocytes, synapses and postsynaptic dendrites. Mitochondrial hypertrophy indicates the energy output intensification in the form of ATP, while the increased size of vacuoles points to a greater permeability. The changes disclosed evidence an activation of synapses, postsynaptic dendrites and neurons.

Experiments on rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted into the cortex and deep brain structures were made to examine the changes that occur during epileptiform reactions induced by electric stimulation of the motor cortex. Formation of different epileptiform reactions, seizures and hyperkineses was dependent on the current intensity and regimen. It is suggested that the development of stable chronic changes on the electrogram and in the animals' behavior in the course of a direct action on the "dispatch" and "destination" stations may be a consequence of the functioning of the determinant "dispatch" station and formation of the pathological system.

According to recommendations of the European Health Committee, noninvasive methods should be preferred for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in children. Equipment and reagents for respiration diagnostic tests available from foreign manufacturers have rather high cost, which hinders their use in domestic medical institutions. A new noninvasive electrochemical technique for HP detection is based on the use of HelicoSense gas analyzer. 150 patients (100 children 6-17 years old and 50 adults 18-78 years old) participated in mulicenter testing of the developed technique. Chronic gastritis was previously diagnosed by endoscopic and morphological examination in all patients. HP status was studied using bacteriological, serological, and cytological methods, as well as the Helpil test. The obtained results were compared to the results of examination with HelicoSense gas analyzer. Our study showed that HelicoSense gas analyzer provides easy use, patient's safety, and possibility of rapid testing. Its application does not require specially trained medical personnel. The device provides high specificity (86.7%) and high sensitivity (93.7%).