Search

Background: Stroke volume variation (SVV) has been shown to be a reliable predictor of fluid responsiveness. However, the predictive role of SVV measured by FloTrac/Vigileo system in prediction of fluid responsiveness was unproven in patients undergoing ventilation with low tidal volume. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery were randomly divided into two groups: Group C [n1=20, tidal volume (Vt) = 8 ml/kg, frequency (F) = 12/min] and Group L [n2=30, Vt= 6 ml/kg, F=16/min]. After anesthesia induction, 6% hydroxyethyl starch130/0.4 solution (7 ml/kg) was intravenously transfused. Besides standard haemodynamic monitoring, SVV, cardiac output, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume index (SVI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were determined with the FloTrac/Vigileo system before and after fluid loading. Results: After fluid loading, the MAP, CVP, SVI and CI increased significantly, whereas the SVV and SVR decreased markedly in both groups. SVI was significantly correlated to the SVV, CVP but not the HR, MAP and SVR. SVI was significantly correlated to the SVV before fluid loading (Group C: r = 0.909; Group L: r = 0.758) but not the HR, MAP, CVP and SVR before fluid loading. The largest area under the ROC curve (AUC) was found for SVV (Group C, 0.852; Group L, 0.814), and the AUC for other preloading indices in two groups ranged from 0.324 to 0.460. Conclusion: SVV measured by FloTrac/Vigileo system can predict fluid responsiveness in patients undergoing ventilation with low tidal volumes during gastrointestinal surgery.

Recently, cardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death for human health. Because of the complex etiology and long duration, the readmission rate for patients is extremely high during therapy, consuming a large amount of medical resources as well as producing expensive hospitalization costs. In order to solve this problem, this paper summarizes the current situation and problems of risk prediction relevant to the readmission for patients. Combined with data mining technology, a risk assessment model for patients was designed, followed by the design and development of readmission risk assessment system for patients with cardiovascular disease. The risk assessment model includes three parts: risk prediction, clustering analysis and regression analysis of risk factors, which can automatically predicate the risk level and risk factors for the discharged patients in thirty days. The model was accurate 90.62% of the time. Combined the model assessment results with risk control knowledge base, a personalized health management and health guidance given by care workers can be put forward intelligently, which can not only help medical personnel in the rational allocation but also guide patients to carry out self-management better, resulting in the decrease of readmission rate.

Gastric adhesive-floating pellets for Bolo leaf phenols (BLP) were prepared by extrusion-spheronization method, with chitosan as skeleton bioadhesive material, and stearyl alcohol as help-bleaching agent to evaluate its in vitro adhesivity, floatability and in vivo retention situation, and investigate its in vitro release characteristics. The in vitro adhesivity and floatability were evaluated respectively by in vitro tissue retention method and visual observation method. The retention of pellets in rats was investigated by in vivo tissue retention method and in vivo imaging of small animals. In addition, the in vitro release of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid as the index components in pellets were evaluated. Results showed that the in vitro adhesivity of the prepared gastric adhesive-floating pellets reached (73.2±3.4)%, and the pellets could float immediately in simulated gastric fluid for more than 12 h; the retention rate of adhesive-floating pellets in rats reached more than 40% after 6 h, while the retention rate of common reference pellets was decreased by 15% as compared with the gastric adhesive-floating pellets, with significant difference (P0.01); the drug in vitro release time can reach more than 6 h, and the drug release behaviors were lined with Higuchi equation. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that, the gastrointestinal bioadhesive and floating pellets prepared in this study have good bioadhesivity, floatability and good sustained release characteristics.

Over the past decade, numerous in vitro screening techniques have been developed to predict human intestinal absorption including the rat intestinal perfusion model and the cell lines model. But there is limited information about the holistic evaluation of these transporters, so we try to find a useful, sensible and simple method to study the relative proteins participated in the absorption. This research employs cDNA microarrays to identify the changes of gene expression in Caco-2 cells exposed to cantharidin and cantharidin-PEG4000 solid dispersion, and explored the permeability behavior of catharidin and the solid dispersion preparation in order to reveal the mechanism of absorption improvement. We prepared cantharidin solid dispersion with PEG4000, evaluate the oral bioavailability in rat and study the genetic changes that occurred in Caco-2 cell lines during the permeability of cantharidin alone and cantharidin solid dispersion. The in vivo results showed that CA-PEG4000 solid dispersion had higher bioavailability than free CA after oral dosing, the relative bioavailability of CA-SD to free CA was 295.4%. DNA microarray was carried out to investigate the involvement of two transport families, ATP binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier transporter (SLC). The action of drug and solid dispersion significantly changed the expression of some genes in these two families, which may influence the absorption rate of the drug.

Aircraft basic performance is the foundation of the research on aircraft, which is characterized by many parameters. According to the example of the shortest rising time spent on flying from an altitude to another arbitrary one, and the example of matching control of joystick and throttle lever, it is demonstrated that the visualization in scientific computing method is useful for promoting engineering research.

The analysis process for the linear coupled vibration of a circular container and its inner liquid often uses FEM method. An equation set which contained the fluid node pressure and the structure node displacement was formed, based on these equations, in this paper, a new equation set which has a smaller dimension and symmetrical form is obtained by the method of model reduction and coordinate symmetrization. By solving the boundary value problems of equivalent Laplace formulas, the additional masses matrix, additional stiffness matrix and coupling matrix which have effect from fluid to structure are gained. The example of the modal analysis for liquid container demonstrates that this method presented in this paper can get the modal frequency accurately and rapidly in fluid-structure coupled vibration system and other similar engineering realm.

Novel autoregulatory metabolites, arthrosporols A-C (1-3), involved in regulating the morphological switch in fungi, were purified and characterized from the carnivorous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. These compounds possess a novel hybrid carbon skeleton consisting of an epoxy-cyclohexenol combined with a rare monocyclic sesquiterpenol substructure. This is the first report of a monocyclic sesquiterpenol of this type of fungal origin. Compounds 1-3 displayed significant inhibitory activities toward the formation of conidiophores, while compounds 1 and 3 showed the opposite effects on the formation of a two-dimensional network with increasing rates of 40-90% and inhibiting rates of 30-90%, respectively.

Chemical investigation of one entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces cateniobliquus YMF1.01799 led to the isolation and identification of six metabolites, which include three new compounds (2-3, and 5) and three known metabolites. Their structures were established by spectroscopic studies such as 1D and 2D NMR and MS analysis. Insect growth experiments suggested that polyketide-derived compound 1 showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, while terpenoid-derived metabolite 5 promoted the growth of the larvae. The findings revealed that the entomopathogenic fungus P. cateniobliquus could produce different types of metabolites to regulate growth of the insect.

The analysis processing for the linear coupled vibration of a flume and its inner fluid often uses FEM method. An equation set which contained the fluid node pressure and the structure node displacement is formed, based on this equation, reduction form and symmetry form is used to get the same modal frequency. Computers can calculate out the frequency more rapidly by a smaller control equation. According to the frequency comparison of different fluid-structure coupled vibration system with different materials, this paper draws some conclusions on the influence of material properties on modal characteristics for fluid-structure coupled vibration system. It can give a reference to select the material in practical engineer.

P2P network is autonomous of sharing file quickly and easily. In recent years, a large number of free-riding nodes and malicious nodes emerge in P2P network, which can’t provide services and have malicious damage to the network system, the result is significant declines of system performance and user satisfaction. In order to solve the problems, a P2P incentive mechanism based on static game of incomplete information is proposed in this paper. The new proposed mechanism has been analyzed and simulated with a series of tests. Experimental results show that the proposed P2P incentive mechanism can solve problem simply and effectively.

Rural-urban female migrant workers living in factories are a special majority group in the city of Shenzhen, China. These female workers came from different provinces of mainland China. The health-related issues and quality of life (QOL) of this migrator have become serious public health and social problems, which have not been well characterized. This study aimed to explore the QOL and related factors of rural-urban female migrant workers living in factories in China.In total, 3,622 rural-urban female migrant workers completed the Health Survey Short Form (SF-36). Sociodemographic characteristics, health status and job satisfaction during the past 6 months were also collected.Subjects had an average of 2.53 ± 1.93 (median = 2.00, quartile interval = 3.00) diseases. The two-week Morbidity Rate was 21.9%, and only 14.0% of the subjects were satisfied with their current job. Compared to Chinese female norms, the participants scored lower in seven concepts domains of SF-36 (role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and mental health). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that after adjustment for age, education level, work duration and job satisfaction, two-week Morbidity Rate, anemia symptoms and muscular soreness proved to be significant predictors for all the 7 domains (except for physical functioning). Digestive system disease was a significant predictor in 5 out of 7 domains, while urinary system disease and gynecological disease were significant predictors in 4 out of 7 domains.In general, QOL in rural-urban female migrant workers was lower than Chinese female norms. Improving their job satisfaction and controlling job-related disease appears to be critical to improving their QOL.

Membrane fouling mechanism in the vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) was studied both theoretically and experimentally by using ginseng crude extract aqueous solution as a model concentrate system. The concept of critical fouling operating conditions in VMD within which fouling is difficult to occur was introduced for the first time. By analyzing the forces acting on solute particles (microaggregates of biomacromolecules in the ginseng crude extracts solutions), three mathematical relations, namely the expressions of critical operating conditions, to distinguish between solutes depositing on membranes and those suspending in solutions, were derived. Then the effects of operating conditions including the cross-flow velocity, the feed temperature, and the vacuum degree on membrane flux were experimentally evaluated. The experimental results indicated that even under constant operating conditions, the membrane distillation flux could not maintain a stable level when one of following occurred: (1) the vacuum degree increased to its critical value, (2) the feed temperature increased to its critical value, or (3) the feed cross-flow velocity decreased to its critical value. The flux instability suggests that the critical flux had been exceeded and membrane fouling was taking place. These results confirmed the existence of critical fouling operating conditions in the VMD process.

Associations of multimorbidity and income with hospital admission were investigated in population samples from 3 widely differing health care systems: Scotland (n = 36,921), China (n = 162,464), and Hong Kong (n = 29,187). Multimorbidity increased odds of admissions in all 3 settings. In Scotland, poorer people were more likely to be admitted (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.41–1.86 for the lowest income group vs the highest), whereas China showed the opposite (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.56–0.60). In Hong Kong, poorer people were more likely to be admitted to public hospitals (aOR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.36–2.07), but less likely to be admitted to private ones (aOR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.13–0.25). Strategies to improve equitable health care should consider the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on the use of health care resources, particularly among populations with prevalent multimorbidity.

Background and objective Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitors) have been suggested as a first-line drug for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of present meta-analysis was to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of treating PAH with PDE-5 inhibitors, focusing on the improvement of 6-min walk distance (6MWD). Methods Studies were identified from The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PUBMED databases. We calculated odds ratios (OR) for dichotomous data and weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous data. Results Six studies with a total of 1056 patients (729 patients in PDE-5 inhibitors treatment group and 327 patients in placebo group) were included. All-cause mortality rate in the control group and PDE-5 inhibitors group was 2.6% and 0.7%, respectively. In an average of 12.3-week follow-up, PDE-5 inhibitors treatment was associated with a 71% reduction in mortality (OR 0.29; 95 %CI 0.07–1.15; P = 0.08), and increased 6MWD by 40.17 m, improved NYHA functional class and hemodynamic parameters. As for monotherapy and combination therapy patients, 6MWD has improved by 48.94 m and 21.75 m, respectively. Conclusions The results of present meta-analysis suggest that treatment with PDE-5 inhibitors improves the 6MWD, clinical symptoms, hemodynamic parameters, and a tendency of survival benefits. In patients treated with PDE-5 inhibitor monotherapy, the 6MWD significantly increased when compared to combination therapies.

Prior chemical analysis of obligate thermophilic fungus Talaromyces thermophilus led to the discovery of thermolides A-F, six previously undescribed members of the lactam-bearing macrolactone class. A combination of chemical screening, genome analyses, and genetic manipulation led to the identification of the thermolide biosynthetic genes from sister thermophilic fungi T. thermophilus and Thermomyces lanuginosus and a new thermolide. The biosynthetic locus for the thermolides' mixed polyketide/amino acid structure encodes a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS). Our results reveal the first fungal hybrid iterative PKS-NRPS genes involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial-like hybrid macrolactones instead of typical fungal tetramic acids-containing metabolites. The finding provides an insight into the convergent biosynthetic end products that bridge the gap between the modular and iterative PKS-NRPS hybrids.

Cardiac disease has emerged as the leading cause of death worldwide, and food rich in phenolic acids has drawn much attention as sources of active substances of hypolipidemic drug. Ananas comosus L. (pineapple) is one of the most popular tropical and subtropical fruits. Isolated from pineapple leaves, EAL(Extract of Ananas Comosus L. Leaves) is rich in phenolic acids, such as p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and other phenolics, highly relevant to the putative cardiovascular-protective effects, which suggests its potential to be a new plant medicine for treatment of cardiac disease, but little is known about absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of EAL in animals or human beings. In this study, we employed cDNA microarray, Caco-2 cell lines, and rat intestinal model to explore the absorption behavior of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid in EAL. The permeation of 2 substances was concentration and time dependent. Results also indicated that monocarboxylic acid transporter was involved in the transepithelial transport of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid.

Opportunistic relaying scheme is a single cooperative relay selection method based on Channel State Information. However, the failure probability of the best relay selection may become unacceptable when the number of relays increases. Although most of the existing solutions can reduce the failure probability of relay selection, they ignore the fairness of the relay selection. In order to improve the fairness of the relay selection without affecting the failure probability of the best relay selection, we propose a modified practical best relay selection scheme in this paper, and by introducing proportional fair algorithm, the relay timer will be given a smaller correlation coefficient. The proposed method makes the probability of selection be improved. In the light of defined fairness factor, the relay fairness is represented. Simulation results show that the new algorithm can improve the fairness of the relay selection on the basis of maintaining the original failure probability of relay selection. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i1.3910

The carnivorous fungus Arthrobotrys entomopaga (Drechsler) can develop adhesive knobs to capture nematodes. Chemical study on the culture medium of A. entomopaga producing adhesive knobs led to isolation of six trace amounts of metabolites, including two new metabolites, paganins A and B (1 and 2), blumenol A (3), talathermophilins A and B (4 and 5), and cyclo(glycyltryptophyl) (6). Compounds 3-6 were reported for the first time from carnivorous fungi. Compounds 1 and 2 promoted the formation of the predatory adhesive knobs with an increasing rate up to 118% at a concentration of 50 μM but showed moderate inhibitory activity at a concentration of 5 μM. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 displayed strong inhibitory activities toward the formation of A. entomopaga conidiophores with inhibitory rates of 40-75%. Growth experiments suggested that compounds 1 and 2 could be involved in the regulation of the fungal predatory and reproductive abilities. Nematode chemotaxis bioassay indicated that compounds 1 and 3 displayed strong nematode-attracting abilities. These findings provided a new type of regulatory metabolite and support for the hypothesis that predators often evolve to respond to their metazoan prey.

Macrocyclic PKS-NRPS hybrid metabolites represent a unique family of natural products mainly from bacteria with broad and outstanding biological activities. However, their distribution in fungi has rarely been reported, and little has been reported regarding their nematocidal activity. Here we describe an unprecedented class of PKS-NRPS hybrid metabolites possessing a 13-membered lactam-bearing macrolactone, thermolides A-F (1-6) from a thermophilic fungus Talaromyces thermophilus. We showed that 1 and 2 displayed potent inhibitory activity against three notorious nematodes with LC(50) values of 0.5-1 μg/mL, as active as commercial avermectins. This work provided a new class of promising lead compounds for nematocide discovery.

Aims To investigate the reasonable dose of Voluven for rapid plasma volume expansion during the anaesthesia induction patients receiving gastrointestinal surgery. Methods Sixty patients were randomly divided into three groups (n=20): Group A (5 ml/kg), Group B (7 ml/kg) and Group C (9 ml/kg). HES 130/0.4 was intravenously transfused at a rate of 0.3 ml/kg/min) at 30 min before anaesthesia induction. Besides standard haemodynamic monitoring, cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and stroke volume variation (SVV) was continuously detected with the FloTrac/Vigileo system. Haemodynamic variables were recorded immediately before fluid transfusion (T0), immediately before induction (T1), immediately before intubation (T2), immediately after intubation (T3) and 5 min, 10 min, 20 min and 60 min after intubation (T4-T7). Arterial and venous blood was collected for blood gas analysis, Hb and Hct before volume expansion (t0), immediately after volume expansion (t1) and at 1 h after volume expansion (t2). Oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen extraction ratio (ERO2) and volume expansion rate were calculated. Results 1) MAP and CI decreased in Group A in T2~T7 and remained changed in Group B and C. 2) CVP increased in three groups after fluid infusion without significant difference. 3) The decrease in SVRI was more obvious in Group B and C than that in Group A after induction and more obvious in Group C than in Group B in T2-T4 and T6~T7. 4) SVV was lower in Group B and C than that in Group A after intubation, and lower in Group C than that in Group B in T3-T6. 5) Hb and Hct decreased after fluid infusion, and the decrease in Hb and Hct was in the order of C>B>A. 6) Volume expansion rate was in the order of C>B>A. 7) ScvO2, PaO2 and DO2 increased in three groups after fluid infusion and the increase in DO2 was in the order of C>B>A. Conclusions Rapid plasma volume expansion with Voluven at 7-9 ml/kg can prevent haemodynamic fluctuation during anaesthesia induction, maintain the balance between oxygen supply and oxygen consumption during gastrointestinal surgery, and Voluven at 9 ml/kg can improve the oxygen delivery.

To study the predictors of depression in patients with chronic prostatitis (CP).We enlisted 49 CP patients in this study, and evaluated their clinical symptoms with NIH-CPSI and IIEF-5, their depression symptoms with the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), their trait-oriented coping styles with the Trait-Oriented Coping Styles Questionnaire (TCSQ), and their illness perceptions with the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). We conducted Pearson correlation analysis on the correlation of depression with the clinical symptoms of the patients and used multivariate Logistic regression models to analyze the predictors of their depression.Pain or discomfort, urination symptoms, impact of symptoms and total score in NIH showed a significant positive correlation with depression symptoms, but a negative correlation with erectile function (r = 0.32, 0.31, 0.35, 0.38, and -0.36, P0.05). Besides, 43.4% of the depression symptoms in the CP patients could be explained by negative trait-oriented coping and disease impact factors (R2 = 0.434, adjusted R2 = 0.456, F = 14.853, P0.001).Depression symptoms are closely associated with clinical symptoms, and negative trait-oriented coping and disease impact factors are the main predictors of depression in CP patients.

This paper presents the boundedness and uniform boundedness of traveling wave solutions for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation. They are discussed by means of a traveling wave transformation and Lyapunov function.

Aim of the study To evaluate the antihypertensive effect of total flavone extracts from Puerariae Radix (FEPR). To explore the hemodynamic profiles and pertinent mechanism of the extracts. Materials and methods Acute and chronic antihypertensive effects of FEPR were examined in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) and reno-hypertensive rats (two kidneys one clip model, 2K1C). Anesthetized dogs were used to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of FEPR. The determination of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro and plasma renin activity (PRA) and endothelin (ET) in vivo were used to study the pilot mechanism of FEPR. Moreover, the toxicity study of FEPR was evaluated. Results FEPR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.v. ) notably reduced the blood pressure of SHRs in a short time period. A two-week administration of FEPR (45, 90 and 180 mg/kg, p.o. ) decreased the blood pressure of both 2K1C rats and SHRs. The results of hemodynamic study in anesthetized dogs showed that, left ventricular end systolic pressure and left ventricular d P /d t max had shown no significant difference between FEPR-treated dogs and those from the control group, while the cerebral blood flow increased significantly in FEPR-treated groups. FEPR significantly inhibited the ACE activities in vitro dose dependently, and inhibited the PRA in vivo , while the content of ET showed no difference in the FEPR treated group comparing with the control group. Conclusions FEPR shows significantly blood pressure lowering and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) decreasing effect, which can partly be explained by the involvement of the Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS).

To investigate the illness perception of cancer patients as well as the difference of illness perception between cancer patients and diabetics so as to help them to derive meaning from illness experiences and facilitate posttraumatic growth.A sample of 210 Chinese cancer patients and 71 diabetics was recruited from the same hospital and CIPQ-R completed.Cancer patients had higher consequences [F (1, 275) = 23.32, P0.001(2) = 0.08] and emotional representation [F (1, 275) = 25.95, P0.001(2) = 0.09]; as well as less perceived controls over illness as compared with diabetics. Among the cancer patients, those with a better understanding about the meaning of illness tended to report more positive changes.Illness perception is one of the important cognitive components affecting posttraumatic growth of cancer patients. Helping patients to derive meaning from their illness experiences facilitates the posttraumatic growth after cancer diagnosis.

The blister beetle is traditional Chinese medicine that was first discovered and used as anticancer drug in China, and cantharidin proved to be its principal active ingredient. Cantharidin-based pharmaceutical preparations are now widely used in clinics in China with good therapeutic efficacy. As a toxic anticancer drug, the therapeutic dose of cantharidin is low, and no method to determine the blood cantharidin concentration under the therapeutic dose has so far been reported. Here, we present a simple, sensitive, and reliable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to monitor the plasma cantharidin and perform the pharmacokinetic study of cantharidin in beagle dogs. After protein precipitation by hydrochloric acid, a liquid-liquid extraction procedure using ethyl acetate was applied to extract cantharidin from plasma. An elastic quartz capillary GC column DB-5MS was used in GC-MS, the temperature was kept at 60 degrees C for 1 min, then increased to 220 degrees C at the rate of 6 degrees C/min, held there for 1 min, and then to 280 degrees C at the rate of 20 degrees C/min, held for 3 min. The extraction recovery was over 80% for all the tested specimens. The linearity ranged from 2.14 to 314.2 ng/mL, the intra- and interday precisions were both below 20%, the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification was 2.14 ng/mL. Cantharidin in plasma proved to be stable during the whole period of storage, treatment, and analysis. Cantharidin demonstrated as one-compartment model after i.v. administration with an elimination half-life of 0.69 +/- 0.03 h and area under curve of 204 +/- 24 h.ng/mL. This GC-MS assay proved to have high precision, accuracy, reliability, and sensitivity, and it was suitable for determination of trace cantharidin in plasma.

To investigate the features and clinical implications of event related potential (ERP) and cognitive-processing in patients with depression, anxiety or both anxiety and depressionA total of 34 patients with anxiety (HAMA14, HAMD17), 33 patients with depression (HAMD17, HAMA14), 54 patients with both anxiety and depression (HAMA14, HAMD17), and 37 health volunteers were recruited in the study. The event related potential were recorded by Nihon Kohden instruments.Compared with the healthy volunteers, the latency of P3a and P3b was longer (P0.05) and the amplitude of N2-P3b was lower in the patients with anxiety (P0.05); the Amplitude of N2-P3b was lower (P0.05) in the patients with depression; the latency of P3a was longer and the amplitude of N2-P3b was lower (P0.05) in the patients with both anxiety and depression. The latencies of P3a and P3b in the patients with anxiety and both anxiety and depression were longer than in the patients with depression(P0.05). The latency of N2 in the patients with anxiety and depression was longer than in the patients with anxiety or depression (P0.05).The features of ERP in patients with depression are different from those with anxiety, which provides an electroneurophysiology basis for the clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis for anxiety and depression.

To evaluate the influence and therapeutic effect of self-improving based group psychotherapy which bases on pathopsychology mechanism of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in denfense mechanisms for the client with SAD.70 psychotherapy clients and inpatients with SAD were involved in this group psychotherapy voluntarily. Every group had six to eight clients with SAD and two psychotherapists. Psychotherapy was conducted once a week with 2 to 2. 5 hours for a period of 8 weeks. The evaluation of the therapeutic effect contains the subjective perception of the clients with SAD, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ).65 clients with SAD completed the therapy. The clients reported self and social functions were improved after 8 weeks therapy. The total score of LSAS after the therapy was significantly lower than that of before the therapy (Z = -5.673, P=0.000). A significant decrease in immature defense machanism and in neurotic defense machanism were observed (Z = -4.866, -2.973; P=0.000, 0.003 respectively). And a trend of increasing the use of mature defense machanism was also observed (Z = -2.780, P=0.005).Self-improving based group psychotherapy can encourage the clients with SAD accept themselves and cure the social anxiety symptoms. And there was a increasing use of mature defense machanism. These imply the clinic application value of the studied group psychotherapy.

To study drug release of sustained-released tablets of total puerariae flavones and investigate the evaluating method of sustained released preparations Chinese material medica sustained-released preparation.Rotating basket method and HPLC were employed to assess the characteristics of multi-component.Under the selected chromatographic conditions, good HPLC fingerprint of the release of sustained-released tablets of total puerariae flavones were obtained. Through the determination of 8 time-point samples,the release of sustained-released tablet of total puerariae flavones had a well-balanced release behavior.The HPLC-UV fingerprint method was simple and reproducible, quality of tablets of total puerariae flavones can be controlled effectively by the method. The method could be applied to evaluate the release of sustained-released tablets of total puerariae flavones.

To explore the clinical manifestation of subhealth status in teachers and medical staff.An on-the-spot investigation was conducted in 891 personnel of a medical college using a self-designed subhealth questionnaire. The diagnostic criteria for subhealth status were formulated on the basis of literature review and expert counseling. The results were analyzed by frequency analysis and multiple-factor logistic analyses.The total subhealth incidence was 57.2 %, and the clinical manifestations included many symptoms of the body, psychology and society. Multiple-factor logistic analysis revealed the most common clinical manifestations of subhealth status including ademonia, weariness, insomnia, waist and back pain, frequent sighs, eye dryness, inattention, irritability, foot and hand coldness, vulnerability to common cold etc.The clinical manifestations of sub-health status complex.

To investigate the influence of injury of prefrontal cortex on the risk-taking decision-making and to test the hypothesis that the orbitofrontal area is involved in the special network of risk-taking decision-making.47 patients with lesions in the prefrontal lobe, 21 in the orbitofrontal area (OBF) and 19 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLF), and 40 healthy controls (HC group) were administered with a risk-taking task.The risky response rate after punishment of the HC group was 0.54 +/- 0.23, significantly fewer than before punishment (t = -3.82, P0.01), and the risky response rate after punishment of the DLF injury group was 0.68 +/- 0.16, significantly fewer than before punishment too (t = -2.32, P0.05). The risky response rate after reward of the patients with lesions in OBF areas was 0.79 +/- 0.19, significantly higher than that of the HC group (0.68 +/- 0.16, P0.05), and the risky response rate after punishment of the patients with lesions in OBF areas was 0.82 +/- 0.18, significantly higher than that of the HC group (0.54 +/- 0.23, P0.05). The risky response rates after reward and after punishment of the DLP group were 0.72 +/- 0.22 and 0.63 +/- 0.25 respectively, both not significantly different from those of the HC group (both P0.05).The patients with lesions in the orbitofrontal area, not in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, have a specific deficit in risk-taking decision-making, i.e. an inhibition effect of punishment, reduced sensitivity to punishment but increased sensitivity to reward. The orbitofrontal areas play an important role in risk-taking decision-making processes.

Background China's comprehensive health-care reform was embarked on in 2009, targeting health-care financing, care delivery, drug supply, and hospital reform. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which being people with multiple long-term disorders who are unemployed and uninsured are prevented from accessing hospital inpatient care. Methods We analysed data from a large community household survey of about 5% of the general resident population with household registry in three prefectures in southern China in 2011. Close-ended questions on demographics, socioeconomics, and lifestyle behaviours were derived from the National Health Services Survey (NHSS) 2008. Open-ended questions on chronic disorders (clinically diagnosed or being treated) and admissions to hospitals at the secondary level or above in the previous 12 months were designed by a research panel. The multistage sample designs and sampling weights were taken into account in the binary logistic regression analysis of the survey response. We cross-validated self-reported chronic disorders with paper-based medical reports obtained from previous health-care visits and annual check-ups. Multimorbidity was defined as having two or more chronic disorders from a validated list of 40 morbidities. Findings 124 829 residents (aged ≥20 years) from 53 760 households participated in the survey. In the previous 12 months, 7211 (5·8%, 95% CI 5·7–5·9) residents had at least one admission to hospital, of whom 3002 (42%, 40·8–42·4) had multimorbidity. Admission to hospital was associated with the number of chronic disorders (≥4 disorders vs none: adjusted odds ratio 17·13 [95%CI 16·15–18·16]), having social medical insurance (1·41 [1·37–1·44]), household income per head (highest household income group vs the lowest household income group: 1·80 [1·74–1·85]), and unemployment (1·61 [1·55–1·66]). We found a statistically significant interaction between employment status and the presence of medical insurance on hospital admission, meaning that patients who were unemployed and not covered by a social medical insurance were least likely to be admitted to a hospital (0·50, 0·47–0·52). Interpretation The ability to pay a medical bill seems to be significantly predictive of inpatient service use for multimorbidity. A better designed social medical insurance system with more government contribution would be of particular necessity to improve equitable access to health care, particularly for people with less affordability because of unemployment. Funding Department of Health, Guangdong province, China (C2009006/2009–2013), Department of Education, Guangdong province, China (BKZZ2011047/2010–2013), Medical Research Fund, Chinese Medical Association, China (2010-08-05), and Community Health Research Fund, Community Health Association of China, China (2012-2-91). HHXW was supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship in the Hong Kong-Scotland Partners in Post Doctoral Research programme, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, and the Scottish Government, UK (S-CUHK402/12). JJW is supported by Guangdong Exemplary Centres for Exploratory Teaching in Higher Education Institutions – General Practice Exploratory Teaching Centre [GDJG-2010-N38-35, Guangdong Department of Education, China], and The Ninth Round of Guangdong Key Disciplines – General Practice [GDJY-2012-N13-85, Guangdong Department of Education, China], both of which he leads. The Scottish School of Primary Care partly supported SWM's post and the development of the National Research Programme on Multimorbidity, which he leads.

Background Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), the main active components of Radix Notoginseng, has been used for treating atherosclerosis, cerebral infarction, and cerebral ischemia. Ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, and notoginsenoside R1 are the main contributors of biological activities, determination of these three saponins is very important for the in vivo evaluation of PNS. The present study aims to develop a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, and notoginsenoside R1. The use of this method was exemplified in pharmacokinetic study of beagle dog plasma after oral administration of PNS. Methods Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE). This setup was used to determine simultaneously the three major PNS (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, and notoginsenoside R1) in beagle dog plasma. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed using electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. Results The lower limits of quantification were 0.5 ng/mL for notoginsenoside R1, 0.82 ng/mL for ginsenoside Rg1, and 1.10 ng/mL for ginsenoside Rb1. The calibration curves for the three saponins were linear over the concentration ranges 2.64-264 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9967, P = 0.003), 3.6-360 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9941, P = 0.004), and 18.7-1870 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9912, P = 0.004) for notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Rb1, respectively. Within these concentration ranges, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra- and interday assays for the three PNS from beagle dog plasma samples were less than 12%. Conclusions This LC/MS/MS method in combination with SPE is useful in the pharmacokinetic study of PNS, such as the simultaneous determination of saponins in beagle dog plasma after oral administration.

Background The clinical application of cantharidin (CA) is limited by its insolubility, toxicity and short half-life in circulation. This study aims to achieve a steady and sustained blood concentration–time profile, using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a drug carrier. Methods CA-SLNs were prepared by a film dispersion–ultrasonication method. The physiochemical properties were studied by transmission electron microscopy. In vitro release and in vivo evaluation of CA-SLNs were studied by GC and GC-MS, while a comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties between CA-SLNs and free CA was performed in rats. Results The mean size, drug content and encapsulation yield of CA-SLNs were 121 nm, 13.28 ± 0.12% and 93.83 ± 0.45%, respectively. The results show that CA-SLNs had a sustained release profile without a burst effect, a higher bioavailability than free CA after oral administration, and that the relative bioavailability of CA-SLNs to free CA was 250.8%. Conclusion CA-SLNs could improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of CA.