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Gluten protein composition determines the rheological characteristics of wheat dough and is influenced by variable alleles with distinct effects on processing properties. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF–MS), we determined the high-molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition of 665 wheat genotypes employed in breeding programs in South Korea. We identified 22 HMW-GS alleles, including 3 corresponding to the Glu-A1 locus, 14 to Glu-B1, and 5 to Glu-D1. The Glu-1 quality score, which is an important criterion for high-quality wheat development, was found to be 10 for 105/665 (15.79%) of the studied genotypes, and included the following combinations of HMW-GS: 2*, 7 + 8, 5 + 10; 2*, 17 + 18, 5 + 10; 1, 7 + 8, 5 + 10; and 1, 17 + 18, 5 + 10. To select wheat lines with the 1Bx7 overexpression (1Bx7(OE)) subunit, which is known to have a positive effect on wheat quality, we used a combination of MALDI-TOF–MS and published genotyping markers and identified 6 lines carrying 1Bx7(OE) out of the 217 showing a molecular weight of 83,400 Da, consistent with 1Bx7(G2) and 1Bx7(OE). This study demonstrates that the MALDI-TOF–MS method is fast, accurate, reliable, and effective in analyzing large numbers of wheat germplasms or breeding lines in a high-throughput manner. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02637-z.

Antigen delivery systems play critical roles in determining the quality and quantity of Ab responses in vivo. Induction of protective antibodies by B cells is essential in the development of vaccines against infectious pathogens, whereas production of IgE antibodies is prerequisite for investigation of allergic responses, or type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are efficient platforms for expression of proteins of interest in highly repetitive manners, which grants strong Ab responses to target antigens. Here, we report that delivery of hen egg lysozyme (HEL), a model allergen, through VLP could provoke strong HEL specific IgE Ab responses in mice. Moreover, acute allergic responses were robustly induced in the mice sensitized with VLPs that express HEL, when challenged with recombinant HEL protein. Our data show that antigen delivery in the context of VLPs could function as a platform for sensitization of mice and for subsequent examination of allergic reactions to molecules of interest.

A previous work developed and identified a new omega-5 gliadin deficient wheat line named O-free by crossing Keumkang and Olgeuru, which is nutritionally quite meaningful in that omega-5 gliadin is one of the known wheat allergens. To verify the characteristics of the O-free, we performed RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis of the O-free and the two parent lines (Keumkang and Olgeuru). The results of the similarity analysis with the ESTs for gliadins and glutenins showed that the O-free ESTs had no similarity with the omega-5 gliadin sequences but had similarity to other gliadins and glutenins. Furthermore, mapping results between the raw RNAseq data from the O-free and the omega-5 gliadin sequence showed a clear deletion of the N-terminal sequences which are an important signature of omega-5 gliadin. We also designed specific PCR primers that could identify omega-5 gliadin in the genomic DNA. The results showed that no omega-5 gliadin fragments were detected in the O-free. According to these results, we confirmed that the deficiency of omega-5 gliadin in the O-free is not caused by post-transcriptional or post-translational regulations such as epigenetic phenomena but by a simple deletion in the chromosome. Furthermore, we showed that the low-molecular weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) gene in the O-free had a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causing a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated polypeptide. We expect that the O-free line may serve as an excellent source of wheat that could prevail in the hypo-allergen wheat market, which has recently gained interest world-wide.

Plants require nitrogen (N) for growth and development. However, they are frequently exposed to conditions of nitrogen deficiency. In addition, anthocyanin accumulation is induced under salt stress and nitrate deficiency. To date, most studies have revealed that nitrate deficiency under high sucrose levels induce high levels of anthocyanin accumulation in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Under nitrate-starved conditions, plant growth rapidly worsens and cells eventually die. In addition, plants are severely affected by salt exposure. Therefore, in this study, we determined whether increased levels of anthocyanin could improve plant growth under salt stress and nitrate-starved conditions. We used PAP1-D/fls1ko and ttg1 plants which have a perturbed anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway to explore the role of anthocyanin in plant adaptation to nitrate-deficient conditions and salt stress. Our results demonstrate that high anthocyanin accumulation in PAP1-D/fls1ko plants confers enhanced tolerance to nitrate-deficient conditions combined with high salinity. PAP1-D/fls1ko plants appeared to use absorbed nitrate efficiently during the nitrate reduction process. In addition, nitrate-related genes such as NRT1.1, NiA1 and NiA2 were upregulated in the PAP1-D/fls1ko plants. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that high anthocyanin accumulation helps plants to cope with salt stress under nitrate-deficient conditions via the effective utilization of nitrate metabolism.

Chromosomes of Korean hexaploid wheat were investigated to compare the chromosomal karyotype for cytogenetic diversity. Chromosomal karyotyping was done with in situ hybridization using two types of simple sequence repeats (SSR)s, (AAG)5 and (AAC)5 labeled with tetramethyl-rhodamine-5-dUTP and fluorescein-12-dUPT as a fluorescence, respectively. The two SSRs as cytogenetic markers revealed that the cytogenetic characteristics of the wheat chromosomes were remarkably a B genome. In this study, the chromosomal karyotype of Keumkang, a Korean hexaploid wheat cultivar, was the A, B, and D genomes used as a cytogenetic reference. The expressed signals from the two SSRs showed a difference in the chromosomal karyotype of chromosome 1B among the Korean hexaploid wheat. The distribution pattern and the degree of condensation for the (AAG)5 and (AAC)5 signals on the short arm of chromosome 1B were different in the Korean hexaploid wheat shown in descending order: Keumkang > Joeun > Johan > Olgeuru. Olgeuru had a lower level of distribution and condensation for the two SSRs signals compared to the other Korean hexaploid wheat. In the A genome, chromosome 7A showed an unbalanced expression of the (AAG)5 signal on the distal region of the short and long arms in several Korean hexaploid wheat while Joeun, a Korean hexaploid wheat, showed a definite (AAG)5 signal on the distal region of each arm of chromosome 7A. Among the Korean hexaploid wheat, Shinmichal1, a Korean hexaploid waxy wheat, had a chromosome with a unique expression pattern for (AAG)5 and (AAC)5 compared the other Korean hexaploid wheat. Those cytogenetic differences identified in this study are useful as an indicator to improve the cytogenetic diversity in the Korean wheat breeding program.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetylde-oxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.

In this study, we investigated the changes in quality and antioxidant activity of sugar-snap cookies prepared with different blends of refined wheat (WHF) and oat flour (OAF). The crude protein contents of OAF and WHF were 12.24% and 7.17%, respectively, and the fiber contents of were 3.45% and 0.31%, respectively; both were increased by adding OAF. However, the total starch contents were decreased by adding OAF. The β-glucan content of the samples increased considerably upon the addition of OAF. The water-holding capacity was increased after adding OAF compared to WHF (79.21%). Water binding in wet gluten contents decreased on the addition of OAF. Final viscosity increased on the addition of OAF. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic acid were increased upon the addition of OAF. The thickness of cookies prepared with OAF, WHF, 20% of WHF with OAF (WOB20), and WOB40 were 11.28, 12.35, 9.74, and 9.81 mm, respectively. The hardness of cookies prepared with WHF and WOF20 did not differ significantly, and analysis of the appearance of cookies showed that the cookies were increasingly cracked as the OAF content increased. Therefore, substituting WHF with OAF improved the quality and nutrient value of the cookies.

This study was performed to identify how the different levels of nitrogen application affected the variances of gluten properties and end-use qualities and the differences of variances among Korean wheat cultivars. Protein and dry gluten content, SDS sedimentation volume and water absorption of Mixolab increased as nitrogen application increased. This ratio of the increase was higher in Korean wheat cultivars for bread than in Korean wheat cultivars for noodles and cookies. The proportion of (α+β)-gliadin measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) increased, but the proportion of ω- and γ-gliadin decreased as the protein content increased. The Korean wheat cultivars for bread showed a high proportion of (α+β)-gliadin increase, the Korean cultivars for noodles had a high proportion of γ-gliadin decrease and the Korean wheat cultivars for cookies had a high proportion of ω-gliadin decrease. However, there was no variation of the component in the proportion of glutenin component measured by RP-HPLC, even though the protein content was increased, but all of the protein fractions measured by size exclusion (SE)-HPLC were increased. The soluble monomeric protein showed a high proportion of Korean wheat cultivars for bread by the increase of protein content. Bread loaf volume increased by the increase of protein content but there were no variances in the ratio of increase among Korean wheat cultivars. The cookie diameter decreased with the increase of protein content, and this ratio of decrease was the highest in Korean wheat cultivars for cookies. The hardness of cooked noodles also increased by the increase of protein content but there were no variations in springiness and cohesiveness. The decrease proportion of ω-gliadin affected the increase of bread loaf volume, the hardness of cooked noodles, and the decrease of cookie diameter.

Abiotic stresses on plants are often associated with significant decreases in crop production. Plants have evolved a variety of mechanisms to regulate their growth and development to cope with these stresses. In this study, we characterize the gene AtMYBL-O, a member of the MYB-like transcription factor family, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Although high-salt concentrations and abscisic acid (ABA) induced the expression of AtMYBL-O, its upregulation by high-salt conditions was more significant, with its highest expression level detected in seedlings treated with 300 mM NaCl for 6.0 h. The AtMYBL-O protein localizes in the nucleus, implying that it might act as a transcription factor. Under abiotic stresses, the growth performance of AtMYBL-O-overexpressing (AtMYBL-O-OE) plants was significantly reduced compared with that of the A. thaliana Columbia-0 (Col-0) ecotype (wild-type) plants. In addition, in response to ABA, stress-responsive genes, including ABI1, ABI2, ABI5, COR15a, COR15b, COR47, and RD29A, showed lower expression in AtMYBL-O-OE than in Col-0 plants; therefore, the overexpression of AtMYBL-O has a negative function under abiotic stress conditions in A. thaliana.

Although wheat is a common staple food in the world, some people suffer from a variety of wheat allergies. For example, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis is induced in the gastrointestinal tract by wheat proteins. Relatively high molecular weight proteins that are salt-insoluble induce many wheat allergies. In the present study, we investigated the induction of an allergy response using crude wheat proteins, which are relatively low molecular weight, salt-soluble proteins. The crude antigen used in this study was extracted using phosphate buffered saline. When the antigen extracts from various wheat cultivars were orally administered, differentiable degrees of allergy responses were observed as measured by serum IgE and histamine secretion compared to the control. Serum IgE levels increased following administration of three of the wheat extracts. This evidence suggests that a combination of salt-soluble wheat proteins could be antigens for the induction of various allergy responses.

Quality changes of fresh noodles prepared from wheat cultivated with N-fertilization treatments, followed by γ-irradiation were investigated. The protein content of the KPS60 was the highest of all treated samples, and protein contents of wheat cultivated with N-fertilizer was increased. γ-Irradiation did not affect the protein contents of the samples. However, the water holding capacity and resistant starch contents was increased by irradiation. The dry gluten and wet gluten contents of samples were further increased by γ-irradiation. The pasting properties were influenced by γ-irradiation but not N-fertilization. The hardness of noodles made with irradiated wheat flour was decreased, but the degree of decrease was small compared with that of viscosity. The gumminess and chewiness of noodles made with irradiated flour having higher protein content and WG showed also higher score. Thus, treatment of wheat flour with N-fertilization and γ-irradiation may improve the quality of Korean-style noodles during storage.

DH20, a new wheat mutant missing low-molecular weight glutenin subunits encoded by the Glu-B3 locus, was discovered among double haploid lines obtained from a cross between the Korean wheat cultivars Keumkang and Olgeuru. Absence of the Glu-B3 LMW-GS proteins was determined by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and confirmed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The deletion of Glu-B3 genes was also demonstrated using allele specific DNA markers. Basic agronomic traits, protein content, dough mixing properties and bread loaf volume of DH20 and parental wheat cultivars were evaluated in field-grown wheat over a two year period. This mutant is a valuable resource for understanding the function of individual LMW-GS alleles or genes at the Glu-B3 locus using either breeding or biotechnology approaches.

The whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become a crucial tool in understanding genome structure and genetic variation. The MinION sequencing of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) is an excellent approach for performing WGS and it has advantages in comparison with other Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): It is relatively inexpensive, portable, has simple library preparation, can be monitored in real-time, and has no theoretical limits on reading length. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is diploid (2n = 2x = 20) with a genome size of about 730 Mb, and its genome sequence information is released in the Phytozome database. Therefore, sorghum can be used as a good reference. However, plant species have complex and large genomes when compared to animals or microorganisms. As a result, complete genome sequencing is difficult for plant species. MinION sequencing that produces long-reads can be an excellent tool for overcoming the weak assembly of short-reads generated from NGS by minimizing the generation of gaps or covering the repetitive sequence that appears on the plant genome. Here, we conducted the genome sequencing for S. bicolor cv. BTx623 while using the MinION platform and obtained 895,678 reads and 17.9 gigabytes (Gb) (ca. 25&times, coverage of reference) from long-read sequence data. A total of 6124 contigs (covering 45.9%) were generated from Canu, and a total of 2661 contigs (covering 50%) were generated from Minimap and Miniasm with a Racon through a de novo assembly using two different tools and mapped assembled contigs against the sorghum reference genome. Our results provide an optimal series of long-read sequencing analysis for plant species while using the MinION platform and a clue to determine the total sequencing scale for optimal coverage that is based on various genome sizes.

Whole grain wheat flour (WGWF) is the entire grain (bran, endosperm, and germ) milled to make flour. The WGWF of 31 Korean wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were analyzed for the chemical compositions, and classified into groups by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCL). The average composition values showed a substantial variation among wheat varieties due to different wheat varieties. Wheat cv. Shinmichal1 (waxy wheat) had the highest ash, lipid, and total dietary fiber contents of 1.76, 3.14, and 15.49 g/100 g, respectively. Using HCL efficiently classified wheat cultivars into 7 clusters. Namhae, Sukang, Gobun, and Joeun contained higher protein values (12.88%) and dietary fiber (13.74 %). Regarding multi-trait crop breeding, the variation in chemical compositions found between the clusters might be attributed to wheat genotypes, which was an important factor in accumulating those chemicals in wheat grains. Thus, once wheat cultivars with agronomic characteristics were identified, those properties might be included in the breeding process to develop a new variety of wheat with the trait.

Allergies and indigestion problems have increased in our society with increasing wheat consumption. Among wheat proteins, omega-5 gliadins (ω5-gliadins) and high molecular weight (HMW)-glutenin are known to be some of the major factors responsible for an allergic response and indigestion. Certain low molecular weight (LMW)-glutenin subunits are also able to promote local inflammation, and share common epitopes with ω5-gliadins. It is known that different wheat cultivars have different combinations of HMW- and LMW-glutenins. We investigated the relationship between the composition of LMW-glutenins and the degree of allergic response or indigestion. The extent of allergic reaction and indigestion characteristics in response to six different wheat cultivars were compared. Patterns of the change of blood glucose level with time, which were employed to measure the indigestion, were quite different, depending on the type of wheat cultivars. The extent of allergic response, as measured with the histamine and IgE levels, was also quite different, depending on the type of wheat cultivars. In addition, the extents were not correlated with patterns of LMW-glutenin DNA and HMW/LMW glutenin protein of various wheat cultivars. The results from the present study suggest that some more other factors, together with factors studied above, need to be considered to better explain the physiological phenomena of variation in blood glucose level and allergic response.

Although it is well known that low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) from wheat affect bread and noodle processing quality, the function of specific LMW-GS proteins remains unclear. It is important to find the genes that correspond to individual LMW-GS proteins in order to understand the functions of specific proteins. The objective of this study was to link LMW-GS genes and haplotypes characterized using well known Glu-A3, Glu-B3, and Glu-D3 gene-specific primers to their protein products in a single wheat variety. A total of 36 LMW-GS genes and pseudogenes were amplified from the Korean cultivar Keumkang. These include 11 Glu-3 gene haplotypes, two from the Glu-A3 locus, two from the Glu-B3 locus, and seven from the Glu-D3 locus. To establish relationships between gene haplotypes and their protein products, a glutenin protein fraction was separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) and 17 protein spots were analyzed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). LMW-GS proteins were identified that corresponded to all Glu-3 gene haplotypes except the pseudogenes. This is the first report of the comprehensive characterization of LMW-GS genes and their corresponding proteins in a single wheat cultivar. Our approach will be useful to understand the contributions of individual LMW-GS to the end-use quality of flour.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria that promote plants growth in the rhizosphere. PGPRs are involved in various mechanisms that reinforce plant development. In this study, we screened for PGPRs that were effective in early growth of Arabidopsis thaliana when added to the media and one Bacillus subtilis strain L1 (Bs L1) was selected for further study. When Bs L1 was placed near the roots, seedlings showed notably stronger growth than that in the control, particularly in biomass and root hair. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a high level of expression of the high affinity nitrate transporter gene, NRT2.1 in A. thaliana treated with Bs L1. After considering how Bs L1 could promote plant growth, we focused on nitrate, which is essential to plant growth. The nitrate content was lower in A. thaliana treated with Bs L1. However, examination of the activity of nitrate reductase revealed higher activity in plants treated with PGPR than in the control. Bs L1 had pronounced effects in representative crops (wheat and lettuce). These results suggest that Bs L1 promotes the assimilation and use of nitrate and plant growth.

Background Omega-5 gliadins are a group of highly repetitive gluten proteins in wheat flour encoded on the 1B chromosome of hexaploid wheat. These proteins are the major sensitizing allergens in a severe form of food allergy called wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). The elimination of omega-5 gliadins from wheat flour through biotechnology or breeding approaches could reduce the immunogenic potential and adverse health effects of the flour. Results A mutant line missing low-molecular weight glutenin subunits encoded at the Glu-B3 locus was selected previously from a doubled haploid population generated from two Korean wheat cultivars. Analysis of flour from the mutant line by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the omega-5 gliadins and several gamma gliadins encoded by the closely linked Gli-B1 locus were also missing as a result of a deletion of at least 5.8 Mb of chromosome 1B. Two-dimensional immunoblot analysis of flour proteins using sera from WDEIA patients showed reduced IgE reactivity in the mutant relative to the parental lines due to the absence of the major omega-5 gliadins. However, two minor proteins showed strong reactivity to patient sera in both the parental and the mutant lines and also reacted with a monoclonal antibody against omega-5 gliadin. Analysis of the two minor reactive proteins by mass spectrometry revealed that both proteins correspond to omega-5 gliadin genes encoded on chromosome 1D that were thought previously to be pseudogenes. Conclusions While breeding approaches can be used to reduce the levels of the highly immunogenic omega-5 gliadins in wheat flour, these approaches are complicated by the genetic linkage of different classes of gluten protein genes and the finding that omega-5 gliadins may be encoded on more than one chromosome. The work illustrates the importance of detailed knowledge about the genomic regions harboring the major gluten protein genes in individual wheat cultivars for future efforts aimed at reducing the immunogenic potential of wheat flour. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1506-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Plants of wheat cultivar Iksan370, which was recently produced by crossing paternal line Keumkang with maternal line Xian83, accumulate anthocyanins in their coleoptiles and seeds. However, the spatio-temporal regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in wheat remains poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we characterized wheat dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), which catalyzes the conversion of dihydroflavonol to leucoanthocyanidins during anthocyanin biosynthesis, using a heterologous expression system. The deduced amino acid sequence from full-length cDNA of wheat DFR cloned from young seedlings of Iksan370 (TaDFR-I) includes a well-conserved substrate-binding domain compared with previously identified DFRs. Furthermore, as expected, phylogenetic tree analysis placed TaDFR-I in the monocotyledonous clade. Introduction of TaDFR-I into the wild-type Arabidopsis Col-0 and dfr mutant backgrounds resulted in significant accumulation of anthocyanins in the respective transgenic plants. Similarly, TaDFR transcripts highly accumulated in Iksan370 wheat seedlings under various anthocyanin-inducing conditions, including low temperature, high salt and sugar levels, and UV-B illumination. Thus, we functionally characterized TaDFR-I from Iksan370 lines using a heterologous expression system and revealed the presence of transcriptional regulatory factors similar to those of Arabidopsis that regulate TaDFR expression in response to various abiotic stresses.

Iksan370 is a long-spike wheat developed by the Rural Development Administration yielding excellent features components such as cold resistance, disease resistance, and viviparous germination. The physicochemical and material properties of the raw wheat and milled flour of Iksan370 were analyzed to derive its appropriate uses. The raw wheat of Iksan370 showed high contents of ash and proteins at 1.71% and 13.7%, respectively. Its test weight of 763.0 g/L was similar to those of other varieties and its 1,000 k ernel weight was high at 45.38 g. The milled flour of Iksan370 had an ash content of 0.45%, which corresponds with a class 1 flour, and its protein content is 12.18%, corresponding with strong flour. The damaged starch was 5.41%, which was lower than that of other varieties. The average grain size was 70.67 µm and the grain distribution was at the level of a typical hard wheat. In the farinogram, the water absorption was 58.63%, which corresponded to the level of medium flour. The development time was 7.00 minutes, which was significantly lower than those of Jokyung and Keumkang. The degree of softening was 67.00 BU, similar to those of Yunbaek and Baekjoong. Among the physico-chemical characteristics, the high protein content and typical hard wheat grain distribution of Iksan370 were similar to those of strong wheat, usually used for bread making. However, in the farinogram, the dough development time was short and the degree of softening was high. As a result, Iksan370 was expected to have poor breadmaking properties and a small volume of the final bread product due to insufficient dough durability. On the other hand, Iksan370 showed the highest maximum gelatinization viscosity at 864.00 BU. Therefore, Iksan370 is expected to show glutinous texture when used for noodles and its flour appears to be appropriate for frying powders as well. Key words: domestic wheat cultivar, Iksan370, quality characteristics, milling, flour

High temperature is one of major environmental stress. Heat tolerance managing is difficult through the phenotypic selection, so marker assistant selection (MAS) using molecular markers like as RAPD, SSR etc. was tried to select useful traits for heat tolerance. Fourteen SSR markers reported by previous research were selected for this research. We tried to evaluate 14 SSR markers for MAS using 31 useful wheat resources including 24 crossing line from Turkey, six Korean wheat cultivars and Chinese spring. The average of the number of alleles and PIC values in this study were 6.14 and 0.64, respectively. Two major clades and four sub clades were grouped by phylogenetic tree using UPGMA. Four Korean wheat cultivars were distinct from other Turkey resources in the phylogenetic dendrogram. From the results, we expected that these markers were able to adapt to screening wheat genotyping for heat tolerance.

The allelic variations at the Rht-1, Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 of 410 Korean wheat cultivars, including 111 Korean experimental lines, 238 Korean landraces and 61 North Korean collections, were investigated to provide the information of plant height and heading date and to elucidate the relationship between those traits and allelic variation of these genes because earliness is major consideration in Korean wheat production. All Korean wheats displayed vrn-A1 and Ppd-A1b alleles, while Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles were also predominantly found. Most Korean wheats carried both Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a alleles, both vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 alleles, or both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1a alleles. The Rht-B1a, vrn-D1, Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles were found to exhibit longer culm and spike length than their counterpart alleles. The Rht-B1a allele also showed longer spike length than Rht-B1b. Vrn-B1b and vrn-D1 alleles exhibited longer days to heading date than their counterpart alleles at the Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Lines carrying both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles displayed shorter culm and longer spike length and days to heading date than any other combination of alleles at the Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 loci. In contrast, lines carrying both Ppd-B1b and Ppd-D1b alleles exhibited longer culm and spike length than any other combination of alleles at the Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 loci.

Dept. Animal bio, Chanbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to characterize feed value and silage quality according to storage period and film layers for whole-crop barley silage. The crude protein(CP) content increased in all silage during the storage periods compared to those before silage,this content slightly increased over the prolonged storage period but it was not significant(p>0.05). Depending on the film layers of silage, 6 layers were higher than 4 layers. The neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) contents also increased in all silage during storage periods compared to those before silage(P

The Korean wheat line Iksan370 was recently bred by crossing the paternal line Keumkang with the maternal line Xian83. Iksan370 has a giant phenotype in terms of its whole body architecture, and its height and leaf and spikelet length are higher than those of the paternal line Keumkang. From young seedlings to adult plants, the photosynthetic pigmentation and photosystem II efficiency of Iksan370 and Keumkang lines did not differ significantly; however, Iksan370 lines had significantly larger leaf epidermal cells than Keumkang, resulting in enlarged leaf architecture. Consistently, RNA sequencing analysis and subsequent quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) was several fold higher in Iksan370 than in Keumkang, while expression of cell division- and photosynthesis-related genes did not differ among the lines. These data suggest that the giant characteristics of Iksan370 leaves are owing to enhanced expression of TOR, which is involved in cell expansion.