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Objective: The objective was to quantify the morphological diversity of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambes from four municipalities of the State of Tocantins employing morphological characteristics, to strengthen information on conservation and future breeding of the species. Methodology: Seeds were collected from four municipalities in the State of Tocantins and one in the State of São Paulo. The following were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, and Dickson’s quality index. The data were subjected to univariate analysis of variance, Tocher grouping method, and UPGMA, obtaining a dendrogram through the generalized Mahalanobis distance. Results: The results showed a statistical difference of 1 and 5% probability. Dueré stood out in stem diameter (5.52 mm), Sandolandia in height (34.84 cm) and root length (42.13 cm). Formoso stood out in the number of leaves (34 leaves). Lagoa da Confusão in leaf area (856.28 cm2) and São Paulo in root dry mass (16.20 g), shoot dry mass (12.38 g), total dry mass (16.20 g), and Dickson’s quality index (1.57). Implications: Variations in morphological characteristics can be used as a tool for genetic studies of guanandi progeny according to their similarity and/or differences. Conclusions: The morphological divergence evidenced that among the five studied areas it is possible to direct the collection of seeds to subsidize conservation strategies and future breeding of the species.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.), em planície inundável, em plantio homogêneo (controle) e em dois sistemas agroflorestais - SAFs (simples e biodiverso). O plantio de guanandi foi instalado no Vale do Paraíba, estado de São Paulo, em 2007. De 2011 a 2014 avaliou-se o crescimento de guanandi em um experimento em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições. Os SAFs consistiram do plantio de culturas anuais nas entrelinhas de guanandi. O SAF biodiverso foi acrescido de 16 espécies arbóreas, bananeiras (Musa sp.) e palmeira juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart.). As árvores de guanandi apresentaram similaridade morfológica no plantio homogêneo e nos sistemas agroflorestais, atingindo, em média, 5,40 m de altura total aos sete anos de idade. A taxa de crescimento relativo foi similar nos três tratamentos, com maiores valores atribuídos ao raio da copa (2,59%) e à circunferência a 1,30 m do solo (1,86%). Os sistemas agroflorestais são promissores, por aliar os benefícios da geração de renda e da restauração ecológica ao plantio de guanandi em planície de inundação.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the survival and growth of native tree saplings planted in a drained Mauritia flexuosa palm swamp (vereda) in southeastern Brazil, and to identify suitable species for restoration projects in these hygrophilous environments. Total sapling survival at one-year post-planting was 48%. The species with highest sapling survival and growth were Croton urucurana, Cecropia pachystachya, Erythroxylum citrifolium, Hirtella gracilipes and Tapirira guianensis. Lowest survival and growth were found in Mauritia flexuosa, Piper aduncum, Calophyllum brasiliense, Calyptranthes brasiliensis, Myrsine umbellata, Ladenbergia cujabensis and Ficus sp. We indicate the high-survival species for the restoration of these environments. Typical wetland species attained low survival and growth, indicating the negative influence of anthropization on this ecosystem’s resilience, and highlighting the importance of studies investigating suitable strategies to restore them.

Invasive forage grasses, especially the Urochloa genus, impact reforestation worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate management influence on phytosociology of the herbaceous layer, defined as the layer of herbs, sub-shrubs, shrubs and vines, in two agroforestry systems (AFS) (Simple and Biodiverse) in succession to a reforestation of guanandi ( Calophyllum brasiliense ), compared to monoculture of this specie taken as control. The experiment was conducted in Pindamonhanga (SP), Brazil, from 2011 to 2014, in a randomized block design with eight replications and 144.0 m² plots. In Simple SAF area, food crops were grown alongside C. brasiliense rows: sweet cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) in rotation with arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea ), pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ), banana shrub ( Musa sp.), and jucara palm ( Euterpe edulis ). In Biodiverse AFS, fourteen native tree species were also planted alongside the food crops. Altogether 41 non-stratified species, 38 genera and 24 botanical families were identified; the most abundant families were: Asteraceae, Poaceae e Cyperaceae. The similarity between the areas diverged after three years of management, with the predominance of Commelina benghalensis and M. arundinacea in the AFS areas and Urochloa decumbens in the monocultive, mainly, due to the shadow gradient established for the three systems.

Among four species of Clusiaceae (sensu lato) occurring in a mosaic of different types of tropical vegetation, Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. and Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. were C3-species with similar performance at micro-sites of contrasting water supply, Clusia criuva Cambess—although potentially a C3/CAM intermediate species—performed C3-photosynthesis, while Clusia arrudea Planchon & Triana ex Engl. performed C3-photosynthesis or CAM-cycling depending on site characteristics and dry or wet season. Depending on individual species, C3-photosynthesis proves to be a suitable option at a variety of environmental conditions, while CAM-cycling appears to be an escape under more severe stress. In this ecophysiological field work, we investigated possible microhabitat-dependent expression of modes of photosynthesis among species of Clusiaceae (sensu lato) in a mosaic of tropical vegetation. The study site was in the Serra de Sao Jose (21°08’S, 44°17′W; in the municipality of Tiradentes, state of Minas Gerais, SE-Brazil). The mosaic of tropical vegetation types was made up of rupestrian grasslands, cerrado, small rock outcrops, and riverine and gallery forest alongside a small river. Four species were measured, namely C. criuva Camb., C. arrudea Planchon & Triana ex Engl., K. coriacea Mart. & Zucc., and C. brasiliense Camb. K. coriacea and C. brasiliense performed C3-photosynthesis with midday depressions and reversible acute photoinhibition in response to varying environmental conditions related to habitat types and wet and dry seasons, respectively. The C3/CAM intermediate C. criuva also performed C3-photosynthesis with midday depression and acute photoinhibition. It appeared not to be stressed enough to switch to its intrinsic CAM option. In contrast, while C. arrudea under favourable conditions in the gallery forest and the wet season also performed C3-photosynthesis, under drier conditions, it used CAM-cycling. For particular species, realization of CAM-options is a possibility of acclimation. Other species contemporarily may rely on different alternatives such as plastic performance of C3-photoynthesis. At the microsite level, overlapping functional diversity of species and diversity of habitats contributes to the complexity of this vegetation type.

The objective of this study was to evaluate chlorophyll a fluorescence as a stress indicator in Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess seedlings grown with different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) under intermittent water deficit condition: daily irrigation without ABA (I); daily irrigation + 10 μM ABA (I 10); daily irrigation + 100 μM ABA (I 100); suspension of daily irrigation without ABA (SI); suspension of daily irrigation + 10 μM ABA (SI 10) and suspension of daily irrigation + 100 μM ABA (SI 100). The intermittent water deficit reduces water status and impairs the photochemical apparatus functioning and seedling quality. The fluorescence measurements helped identify the stress condition of water deficit in the cultivation of C. brasiliense and the beneficial effect of the application of 10 μM of ABA in minimizing stress and facilitating the recovery of seedlings after re-irrigation, while maintaining the integrity and function of the photosynthetic apparatus.

O conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas é fundamental para o sucesso de atividades de reflorestamento e de plantio em florestas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial e a eficiência de uso de água e nitrogênio por mudas de quatro espécies florestais nativas e exóticas (Calophyllum brasiliense (nativa), Eucalyptus urograndis (exótica), Toona ciliata (exótica) e Tabebuia impetiginosa (nativa)) com idade de aproximadamente 120 dias após a semeadura por 120 dias após o transplante em condições de casa de vegetação. Foram realizadas amostragens destrutivas para avaliar a biomassa seca (folha, caule, raiz e total), área foliar, relação raiz/parte aérea e nitrogênio total nas mudas. Com base nessas variáveis, foram calculados os parâmetros fisiológicos de crescimento e a eficiência de uso de água, que foi obtida pela razão entre o total de biomassa seca acumulada e a evapotranspiração dos vasos no período, determinada através de pesagens diárias em balança de bancada. Ao final de 240 dias após a semeadura, Calophyllum brasiliense e Tabebuia impetiginosa apresentaram maior produção de biomassa seca total e Toona ciliata apresentou maior relação raiz/parte aérea. Não houve diferenças entre a taxa de crescimento relativo das espécies avaliadas. Eucalyptus urograndis, Toona ciliata e Calophyllum brasiliense apresentaram os maiores valores de razão de área foliar, Toona ciliata, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Eucalyptus urograndis apresentaram os maiores valores de área foliar específica, Eucalyptus urograndis e Calophyllum brasiliense apresentam os maiores valores para razão de massa foliar e Tabebuia impetiginosa, Toona ciliata e Eucalyptus urograndis apresentaram os maiores valores de taxa de assimilação líquida. Com base na quantificação do nitrogênio total, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Toona ciliata foram as espécies mais eficientes no uso do nitrogênio. Eucalyptus urograndis apresentou a maior evapotranspiração enquanto Calophyllum brasiliense e Tabebuia impetiginosa foram as espécies mais eficientes no uso de água.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) on photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in seedlings of Calophyllum brasiliense grown under water deficit. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments: 1) daily irrigation without ABA (I 0 ABA); 2) daily irrigation + ABA 10 µM (I 10 ABA); 3) daily irrigation + ABA 100 µM (I 100 ABA); 4) suspension of daily irrigation without ABA (E 0 ABA); 5) suspension of daily irrigation + ABA 10 µM (E 10 ABA); 6) suspension of daily irrigation + ABA 100 µM (E 100 ABA). According to results, suspending irrigation decreased gas exchange and water potential, affecting negatively the functioning of the photochemical apparatus, increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. The decrease in stomatal conductance was accompanied by a decrease in photosynthetic and transpiration rates, but seedlings treated with 10 µM ABA presented a higher photosynthetic rate than the remaining treatments under water deficit. Seedlings under water restriction showed recovery after reirrigation of all studied parameters until the end of the experiment, to values similar to those of control plants. Intermittent water deficit decreased plant water status and gas exchange, and increases the antioxidant enzyme activity. Application of 10 µM ABA minimizes the effects of water deficit and increases the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves in C. brasiliense seedlings and improve plant recovery after resuming irrigation, preserving the integrity and functioning of photosynthetic apparatus.

A redução da disponibilidade hídrica causa efeitos na fisiologia e morfologia das plantas, sendo responsável por alterações no metabolismo, com implicações no desenvolvimento de plantas arbóreas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do estresse hídrico no crescimento foliar e estado nutricional em plantas adultas de gonçalo-alves (Astronium fraxinifolium), guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.), ipê-amarelo (Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl.), ipê-rosa (Handroanthus impetiginosa (Mart.) Matos.), marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl.) e mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King.), cultivadas em condições de sequeiro e irrigadas, no perímetro irrigado do Baixo Acaraú, Ceará. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de medidas repetidas no tempo, num esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas (6 x 2 x 2), sendo a parcela principal composta por seis espécies, a subparcela por dois regimes hídricos (irrigado e sequeiro) e a subsubparcela pelas épocas de avaliação. Foram determinadas concentrações foliares de N, P e K, além de área foliar específica (AFE), grau de suculência (GS), índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) e eficiência fotossintética no uso de N (A/N) e P (A/P), nas estações seca e chuvosa. Os resultados mostraram que o ipê-amarelo foi a espécie mais sensível quanto à variação das concentrações de N, P e K nas folhas em resposta à disponibilidade de água no solo. Quanto à AFE, ipê-amarelo, ipê-rosa e mogno foram mais sensíveis às condições de déficit hídrico extremo. A restrição hídrica no solo ocasiona a diminuição da suculência foliar no gonçalo-alves e no mogno. O IRC é diretamente afetado pelo déficit hídrico e está relacionado ao maior GS e à menor AFE. Quanto a A/N e A/P, o gonçalo-alves foi a espécie mais eficiente, não sendo afetado pelas condições de disponibilidade hídrica do solo.

The uniparental inheritance and conserved structure of the chloroplast genome among many angiosperms makes it suitable for constructing gene lineages and inferring population histories based on these relationships. However, the analysis of a single chloroplast region to solve population issues has not yielded the desired amount of variability due to the low mutation rate. Therefore, it is necessary to screen and carefully analyze chloroplast intergenic or intronic regions to select the most appropriate for studying the genetic variability in the chloroplast genome of a particular taxon. In this context, the aim of this work was to characterize 8 regions in Calophyllum brasiliense using 11 selected primer pairs and to evaluate their usefulness for phylogeographic analysis. Intergenic spacers petA-psbJ, petG-trnP and rpl32-trnL and the trnL intron demonstrated potentially informative sites. The combination of these 4 regions will allow the analysis of genetic population structure and the integration of historical aspects to inform strategies for conserving C. brasiliense, especially for highly impacted populations and those at risk of local extinction., Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva

Brazil has an area of 851.6 million ha, of which over 477 million ha is covered with natural forest and other 7.84 million ha has commercial forest plantations. The latter are dominated by non-native species: eucalypts, pines, teaks, acacia, poplars, gmelina, and African mahogany, which occupy 96% of forestry areas, while native species like rubber tree (Hevea spp.), “cuiabano” pine (Schizolobium amazonicum), and swamp cedar (Calophyllum brasiliense) occupy 4%. Surveys conducted over the last two decades have shown important diseases and damage for cultivated species: Eucalyptus, Austropuccinia psidii (myrtaceous rust); Hevea, Microcyclus ulei (South American leaf blight). In this chapter you can obtain more details about the management of these diseases so dangerous to the world.

No Vale do Paraíba do Sul, entre os estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, a substituição da Mata Atlântica para o cultivo do café degradou os solos e os cursos d’água. O cultivo de espécies florestais pode ajudar a restaurar esse ambiente. O guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) é uma espécie florestal nativa com grande potencial de exploração econômica da madeira. O seu cultivo em sistema agroflorestal – SAF pode tornar-se mais vantajoso devido o seu moderado crescimento. Os objetivos com essa pesquisa foram comparar o crescimento do guanandi em monocultura e na diversificação agroflorestal em SAFs simples e biodiverso, assim como avaliar o desempenho da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) e araruta (Maranta arundinacea L.) nesses sistemas, em ciclos com alta precipitação pluvial e escassez hídrica. O SAF biodiverso foi acrescido de feijão guandu, bananeira, palmeira juçara e diversidade arbórea. Os sistemas agroflorestais não prejudicaram o crescimento do guanandi, que incrementou a circunferência a altura do peito no SAF simples após três anos de conversão. As culturas alimentares de mandioca e araruta apresentaram desempenho compatível com a densidade de plantio utilizada nos SAFs, com produções significativamente superiores no SAF simples. A araruta suportou o estresse ambiental em ambos SAFs e dispensa o replantio, ocupando naturalmente o sub-bosque. O SAF simples é um sistema para agricultores interessados em obter o máximo rendimento de cultivos anuais em associação com a espécie florestal. O SAF biodiverso é adequado para diversificar a produção agrícola e restaurar o ambiente concomitantemente.

The generation of sewage sludge and the concern with their fate has greatly increased. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of using in natura (SS) or composted sewage sludge (SSC) in comparison with mineral fertilizer (MF) application and a control (CT) treatment on the nutritional status of Guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) seedlings in a typical Red Oxisol in Brazil. The leaf-level nutritional responses of the Guanandi seedlings to these three different fertilizers and the control were evaluated at 90 and 180 days after planting. Nutritional data of leaf variables were compared between the treatments by means of one-way analysis of variance using the F test and a pair-wise comparison of means done by Tukey’s test. The seedlings that received SS or SSC showed deficiencies in Ca, Mg, and Mn, which were confirmed by a visual diagnosis of their leaf symptoms. However, at 180 days after planting there were significant differences (p < 0.05) for K that was greater for MF, SS and SSC than CT, Mg, with SSC larger than SS, and for S that was greater with SS and SSC uses relative to MF. The results highlight the potential for using SS and SSC, after adding KCl and lime, although the Guanandi was highly demanding of Ca, Mg, and Mn. However, they were able to nutritionally supply seedlings, although the short-term cannot be conclusive as regards the exclusive use of them in place of mineral fertilizers.

Site-specific growth modeling based on tree-ring data is demonstrated to be an efficient tool for conservation and sustainable forest management of an economically important tropical tree species, Calophyllum brasiliense. One of the main challenges in the sustained management of natural tropical forests is obtaining reliable data on tree growth, which is prerequisite information for determining harvesting volumes and felling cycles. In this study, we apply growth models based on tree-ring data and allometric equations to estimate site-specific management options for timber resources of the commercial species Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) comparing 16 wetland sites across different Brazilian ecoregions, the Amazon, Cerrado (savannah), Pantanal and Mata Atlântica (Coastal Atlantic Rainforest). By modeling diameter, height, and volume growth parameters, we estimate site-specific minimum logging diameters (MLD) and felling cycles analyzing a total of 341 trees. Between ecoregions, the mean diameter increments varied slightly between 4.3 ± 1.6 mm year−1 in the Amazon region (average of six sites), 4.0 ± 0.8 mm year−1 in the Cerrado and Pantanal (average of seven sites), and 4.5 ± 1.2 mm year−1 in the Mata Atlântica (average of three sites). However, between sites, we observed significant differences in diameter and volume increment rates, resulting in felling cycles varying from 14 to 63 years and MLDs in the range of 35–81 cm. This clearly indicates that forest management practices in Brazil, which generally applies a feeling cycle of 25 years and a diameter-cutting limit of 50 cm cannot guarantee a sustainable timber harvest. Timber resource management of this species requires site-specific criteria and should be restricted at sites with a low wood productivity. Moreover, long-term monitoring of the population structure and dynamics is necessary for a better understanding of the relationship between environmental factors and population dynamics, especially concerning the regeneration processes.

Calophyllum brasiliense (Cb) belongs to the Clusiaceae family and it is generally used for diabetes treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of Cb’s hydroethanolic extract (CBE) on diabetic induced rats by streptozotocin and evaluate the content of polyphenols and tannins of the extract. The polyphenols and tannins evaluation in the extract were determinated by a spectrophotometer in 760 nm and isocratic HPLC system and reverse phase column (C18). The induction of diabetes was performed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and was confirmed by a histopathological analysis. The total content of polyphenols and tannins (gallic acid) in CBE was 0.025 ± 0.0028 mg/mL (4.77%) and 8.262 ± 0.417 µg/mL, respectively. According to the oral glucose tolerance test that was performed both in normal and diabetic mice, the treatment with 500 mg/kg of CBE appeared to significantly reduce the blood glucose levels compared to the untreated group (P < 0.001). The treatment of diabetic mice with 500 mg/kg of CBE for 30 days significantly improved diabetes clinical symptoms (polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight loss) (P < 0.001). After the urinary glucose analysis, it was found that the treatment with 500 mg/kg of CBE significantly decreased the urinary glucose levels at an average of 177.55 ± 17.8 mg/dL (32.40%) (P < 0.001). In relation to the blood glucosemeasurements, it was shown that the groups treated with 500 mg/kg CBE and 3 mg/kg of Glibenclamide had significantly lower levels of blood glucose when compared to non-treated group (P < 0.001) 24.09% (143.36 ± 19.6 mg/dL) and 36.04% (200.08 ± 14.9 mg/dL), respectively). The histopathological analysis revealed an increase in the number of endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans in the groups treated with CBE500 and insulin. Therefore, it was concluded that the treatment with 500 mg/kg of CBE exhibited anti-diabetic activity. Key words: Calophyllum brasiliense, polyphenols, diabetes, clinical parameters.

Calophyllum brasiliense is a species native to Brazil and has potential for use in the timber industry, in the reforestation of degraded areas, besides having medicinal properties. Its propagation is mainly by seeds which, depending on their recalcitrant characteristics, leads to difficulty in conservation, due to changes in its physiological potential during storage. Aiming to contribute to the expansion of its cultivation, rational use and conservation, the objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of C. brasiliense seeds during storage. Different packings (paper, aluminum and polyethylene) and environmental conditions (room temperature and cold chamber) were quarterly tested over 12 months, by evaluating germination viability and vigor. Based on the results, it was concluded that packaging in polyethylene and freezer storage provided the best conditions for the conservation of seeds, keeping them viable for a period of nine months. Resumo Calophyllum brasiliense é uma espécie nativa do Brasil e está na lista de espécies recomendadas para o reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, além de possuir propriedades medicinais e madeireiras. Sua propagação se dá principalmente via sementes, as quais, em função das suas características recalcitrantes, apresentam dificuldade de conservação, devido a alterações no seu potencial fisiológico ao longo do armazenamento. Visando contribuir com a ampliação de seu cultivo, uso racional e conservação, objetivou-se investigar o comportamento das sementes de C. brasiliense durante 12 meses de armazenamento. Testou-se diferentes embalagens (papel, alumínio e polietileno) e condições ambientais (câmara fria e temperatura ambiente), avaliando-se trimestralmente a germinação, viabilidade e vigor. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o acondicionamento em embalagem de polietileno e o armazenamento em câmara fria proporcionou a melhor condição para a conservação das sementes, mantendo essas viáveis por um período de nove meses.

Summary Damage caused by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to several plant species in Brazil is described and illustrated for the first time, namely: Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) and Dinurothrips hookeri Hood to Mentha sp. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae); Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) to varieties of Rosa × grandiflora Lindl. (Rosales: Rosaceae); Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) to Plumeria sp. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae); Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) to Terminalia catappa L. (Myrtales: Combretaceae) and Rosa sp.; and Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) to Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Malpighiales: Calophyllaceae) and Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Saxifragales: Altingiaceae). The associations between R. syriacus and plants have been reported previously, but information on damage caused by this species is sparse or nonexistent. All other plant associations herein mentioned are first records.

The occurrence of chromanone derivatives has been noticed as a distinctive feature of the genus Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae). Previous studies have demonstrated that the extract of the stem bark of Calophyllum brasiliense and its chromanone-rich fractions show anti-ulcer activity in murine gastric ulcer models. In this work, brasiliensic and isobrasiliensic acids, the two main compounds of the n-hexane extract of the stem bark extract of C. brasiliense, were isolated by flash chromatography using silica gel impregnated with silver nitrate and their structures were elucidated by NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. 13C NMR data is available for the first time for both compounds. Brasiliensic and isobrasiliensic acids showed good in vitro bacteriostatic activity against Helicobacter pylori, and are responsible, at least in part, for the bacteriostatic anti-H. pylori activity of the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of C. brasiliense.

Population genetics studies can provide knowledge in support of conservation efforts for plant populations. We studied the genetic diversity and structure in nine populations of Calophyllum brasiliense from Santa Catarina state, Brazil, aiming to establish conservation strategies. Allozymic markers were used to genotype about 50 individuals from each population. Moderate genetic diversity (mean = 0.135) and high fixation indexes (mean = 0.259) were estimated. Genetic divergence was significant, equal to 0.140, and a Bayesian analysis found two different genetic groupings. The results show clear signs of risk of diversity loss, basically related to restrictions of effective size. As conservation efforts, we suggested the use of C. brasiliense in restoration programs and for wood production. We also suggested the protection of its associated fauna and the development of more protected areas. Finally, populations 430, 640, 642 and 913 were indicated as priorities for conservation, based on their genetic indexes.

Soulattrolide is a natural coumarin synthesized by the leaves of species of Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae) rain forest trees, including the American C. brasiliense, and the Asian C. teysmanii. Soulattrolide is a potent inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase from HIV-1 (RT-HIV-1), and active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the effects of this coumarins on other systems, remains to be evaluated. C. brasiliense is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Therefore, we decided to explore the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory activity of soulattrolide in mice, as well as, some of its possible effects on the CNS. Soulattrolide showed antinociceptive effects in the writhing test (ED50 = 33.8 mg/kg), as well as, in the formalin test with an ED50 = 7.9, and 22.1 mg/kg for Phases 1 and 2, respectively. The highest dose of soulattrolide (50 mg/kg) induced 40% of antinociception in the hot plate test. Regarding to anti-inflammatory activity, in the 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) test, soulattrolide showed an IC50 = 1.81 μmol/ear, whereas in the myeloperoxidase assay, it showed an inhibition of 87% (1 μmol/ear). Soulattrolide showed sedative effects on the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test, and the rotarod test, but lacked antidepressant activity on the tail suspension test. In conclusion, we report for the first time, the antinociceptive effects of soulattrolide in mice, like those of naproxen; soulattrolide also showed mild anti-inflammatory activity, as well as mild sedative and anxiolytic properties, therefore, it has also activity on the CNS.

Submitted by Alison Souza (alisonsouza@ufgd.edu.br) on 2019-06-07T13:44:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasCoutinhoReis.pdf: 1568149 bytes, checksum: e359fc2b23ad78d93b33e4139bc16e51 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-07T13:44:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasCoutinhoReis.pdf: 1568149 bytes, checksum: e359fc2b23ad78d93b33e4139bc16e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) As plantas quando submetidas a condições de déficit hídrico podem apresentar alterações nas características morfosiológicas, as quais podem garantir a sua adaptabilidade e sobrevivência ao estresse. Além disso, o déficit hídrico aumenta a concentração de ácido abscísico (ABA), que desencadeia diversas respostas na planta. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o déficit hídrico intermitente em mudas de Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. tratadas ou não com ácido abscísico, sob as respostas morfofisiológicas, enzimáticas e estomáticos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no delineamento interiamente casualizado com seis tratamentos, sendo eles 1) irrigação diária sem ácido abscisico (ABA) (I 0 ABA); 2) irrigação diária + ABA 10 μM (I 10 ABA); 3) irrigação diária + ABA 100 μM (I 100 ABA); 4) suspensão da irrigação diária sem ABA (E 0 ABA); 5) suspensão da irrigação diária + ABA 10 μM (E 10 ABA); 6) suspensão da irrigação diária + ABA 100 μM (E 100 ABA) e quatro repetições. As mudas de C. brasiliense quando submetidas ao déficit hídrico apresentaram redução nas trocas gasosas, potencial hídrico da folha, aumento da atividade enzimática, alterações nos parâmetros de biomassa como diâmetro do caule, índice de clorofila, crescimento do sistema radicular, aumento da área foliar e da densidade estomática. A redução da condutância estomática foi acompanhada da taxa fotossintética e transpiratória, no entanto, as mudas que receberam a dose 10 μM de ABA mantiveram a taxa fotossintética superior aos demais tratamentos do déficit hídrico. A influência da dose 10 μM de ABA também foi observada na fluorescência da clorofila a onde as mudas que receberam essa dose não apresentaram redução na eficiência do aparato fotossintético. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes durante os períodos de suspensão hídrica variou de acordo com a enzima, dose de ABA e parte da planta. Após reirrigação das mudas e até o final das avaliações, todas as características fisiológicas e enzimáticas estudadas sob restrição hídrica se recuperam. A restrição hídrica desencadeou respostas adaptativas em mudas Calophyllum brasiliense, como aumento no crescimento das raízes e da densidade estomática. A aplicação de 10 μM de ABA nas plantas sob déficit hídrico o efeito estressante e otimiza a recuperação das plantas após reirrigação, mantendo o pontecial hídrico e o conteúdo relativo de água na folha próximo do controle bem como a manutenção da integridade e funcionamento do aparato fotossintético. Observou-se ainda que durante o período avaliação as plantas não recuperaram seu crescimento e os aspectos estomáticos após o restabelecimento da irrigação. Plants submitted to water deficit conditions may present changes in morphological characteristics, which can guarantee their adaptability and survival to stress. In addition, the water deficit increases the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers several responses in the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intermittent water deficit in Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. treated or not with abscisic acid, under morphophysiological, enzymatic and stomatal responses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized design with six treatments: 1) daily irrigation without abscisic acid (ABA) (I 0 ABA); 2) daily irrigation + 10 μM ABA (I 10 ABA); 3) daily irrigation + 100 μM ABA (I 100 ABA); 4) suspension of daily irrigation without ABA (E 0 ABA); 5) daily irrigation suspension + 10 μM ABA (E 10 ABA); 6) suspension of daily irrigation + ABA 100 μM (E 100 ABA) and four replicates. The C. brasiliense seedlings submitted to the water deficit showed a reduction in gas exchange, leaf water potential, increased enzymatic activity, changes in biomass parameters such as stem diameter, chlorophyll index, root system growth, leaf area increase and stomatal density. The reduction of the stomatal conductance was accompanied by the photosynthetic and transpiratory rate, however, the seedlings receiving the 10 μM ABA dose maintained the photosynthetic rate higher than the other treatments of the water deficit. The influence of the 10 μM dose of ABA was also observed in the chlorophyll fluorescence where the seedlings that received that dose did not present a reduction in the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes during the periods of water suspension varied according to the enzyme, dose of ABA and part of the plant. After reirrigation of the seedlings and until the end of the evaluations, all the physiological and enzymatic characteristics studied under water restriction recover. The water restriction triggered adaptive responses in Calophyllum brasiliense seedlings, as an increase in root growth and stomatal density. The application of 10 μM of ABA in the plants under water deficit stresses the effect and optimizes the recovery of the plants after reirrigation, maintaining the water balance and the relative water content in the leaf close to the control as well as the maintenance of the integrity and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus . It was also observed that during the evaluation period the plants did not recover their growth and the stomatal aspects after the irrigation reestablishment.

The objective of this work was to determine the relationship of the morphological and physiological characteristics of guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense) fruit and seeds with ripening and harvesting time. The reproductive cycle of a native plant population, located in the coast of the state of Paraná, Brazil, was monitored from anthesis until fruit dispersion, during three years. Monthly harvests were performed, and the morphological and physical aspects (color, size, dry mass, and moisture content) of fruit and embryos were evaluated, as well as the physiological ones (germination and vigor) of seeds. The ripening process of guanandi seeds occurred between 200 and 240 days after anthesis (DAA), with anthesis peak in February and fruit dispersion in October. The maximum dry matter mass accumulation was not synchronized with the maximum physiological potential of the seeds. Germination potential was reached close to the middle of the maturation process, and maximum vigor at the end of the cycle. Fruit external color did not change from 110 DAA onwards. The morphological characteristics related to harvesting time are fruit pulp and embryo weakly adherent to the endocarp and to the tegument, respectively, as well as the dark-brown color of these tissues. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a relação das características morfológicas e fisiológicas do fruto e da semente de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense) com a maturação e o ponto de coleta das sementes. O ciclo reprodutivo de uma população de plantas nativas, localizada no litoral do Estado do Paraná, foi monitorado da antese até a dispersão dos frutos, durante três anos. Realizaram-se coletas mensais, tendo-se avaliado aspectos morfológicos e físicos (cor, tamanho, massa de matéria seca e teor de água) dos frutos e dos embriões, bem como os fisiológicos (germinação e vigor) das sementes. O processo de maturação das sementes de guanandi ocorreu entre 200 e 240 dias após antese (DAA), com pico da antese em fevereiro e dispersão dos frutos em outubro. O máximo acúmulo de massa de matéria seca não esteve sincronizado com o máximo potencial fisiológico das sementes. O potencial germinativo foi atingido próximo à metade do processo de maturação, e o máximo vigor no final do ciclo. Não houve mudanças na coloração externa dos frutos a partir de 110 DAA. As características morfológicas relacionadas ao ponto de coleta são a fraca adesão da polpa do fruto e do embrião ao endocarpo e ao tegumento, respectivamente, além da coloração marrom-escura desses tecidos.

In Mexico, the oil seed from Calophyllum brasiliense is traditionally used for lighting, but the oil seeds and leaves have not yet been evaluated. In this work, two sites of C. brasiliense were studied: San Andres Tuxtla and Pajapan. The aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid profile of the seed oil, leaves, and callus cultures from leaves or seed explants. Fatty acids of the leaves, seeds, and callus culture samples were extracted with hexane, esterified, and then analyzed in a Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The San Andres Tuxtla seeds had a significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) oil content: 58.2% versus 47.6% in Pajapan seeds. The seed oil recovered from the San Andres Tuxtla samples showed higher amounts of linoleic acid (41.3%), while the oil recovered from the Pajapan seeds had remarkable oleic acid content (39.3%). The physicochemical parameters of San Andres Tuxtla and Pajapan oils such as the density, viscosity, iodine, acid, and saponification values were measured and met the industrial standards for oil feedstock for biodiesel. The biomass growth of callus cultures was enhanced, and callus could produce fatty acids. These were mainly total saturated acids such as palmitic acid (31.32–39.18%) followed by stearic acid (19.52–21.18%). The main unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid with values ranging from 23.14 to 31.63%. This is the first report on the fatty acid composition of seeds, leaves, and callus cultures from C. brasiliense. Therefore, this study can help to promote the importance of this agricultural product and can lead to biotechnological tools for the sustainable production of fatty acids or secondary metabolites.

Commercial reforestation of Brazilian native species to produce hardwood for sawmills has been recently intensified in the country. Among the potential species planted by the logging industry is guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess) because it is widely distributed in the country, highly adapted to different soil and climate conditions, good bole form and high quality timber. The development of genetic improvement programs should prioritize gains in productivity and yields in the medium and long term. For such programs to be successful, the study of vegetative propagation techniques to abbreviate steps in forest improvement and allow its mass production is fundamental. To assess the viability of vegetative propagation of the species, two successive experiments were carried out during two years testing the best type of cutting, hormone concentration and management. Different cuttings types submitted to increasing doses of indole-butyric acid (IBA) were tested to evaluate survival, sprouting, rooting and callus formation. Results indicate that the species is viable for vegetative propagation with 85 to 90% rooting of cuttings from seedlings in the IBA concentrations of 3000 to 7000 mg.L-1. For the cuttings, sprouting from the base of adult trees 3000 mg.L-1 was the best concentration of IBA. RESUMO O reflorestamento comercial de espécies nativas brasileiras, visando à produção de madeira nobre para serraria, tem se intensificado nos últimos anos em diversas regiões do Brasil. Dentre as espécies nativas potenciais que veem sendo plantadas por empresas do setor florestal, o guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) é destaque, uma espécie com ampla distribuição natural, alta adaptabilidade a diferentes condições de solo e clima, boa forma fuste e ótima qualidade madeira. O desenvolvimento de um bom programa de melhoramento genético requer prioridade para a obtenção de ganhos de produtividade e rendimento no médio e longo prazo. Nesta linha de pesquisa, o estudo das técnicas de propagação vegetativa, visando abreviar etapas no melhoramento florestal e viabilizar a produção maciça de material melhorado, tem importância fundamental no sucesso do programa de melhoramento. Com objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade da propagação vegetativa da espécie, foram realizados dois experimentos sucessivos, instalados e avaliados ao longo de dois anos, a fim de identificar os melhores tipos de estacas, doses de hormônio e manejo. Foram testados diferentes tipos de estacas, submetidas a doses crescentes de ácido indolbutírico (AIB), avaliados principalmente os dados de sobrevivência, emissão de brotos e formação de raiz. Os resultados indicaram que a espécie se mostrou viável a propagação vegetativa, obtendo índices de 85% a 90% de enraizamento de estacas provenientes de mudas, para as doses de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) nas concentrações entre 3.000 a 7.000 mg.L-1. Para as estacas de brotações da base de árvores adultas 3.000 mg.L-1 foi a melhor dose de AIB.

Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) is a medicinal tree known mainly for producing calanolides, secondary metabolites against HIV -1 reverse transcriptase. This wild plant is listed as threatened and despite its outstanding medicinal value, no studies have been conducted on its propagation or preservation. This study standardized a procedure for the micropropagation of C. brasiliense with nodal segments from in vitro seedlings. The in vitro seed germination was 48.6%. The nodal explants displayed a high percentage of shoot induction (77.5%), shoots per segment (6.9), nodes per shoot (3.8), leaves per shoot (8.0) and shoot length (4.2 cm) when 0.5 mg L -1 indole-3-butyric acid plus 0.1 mg L -1 thidiazuron were used. Furthermore, maximum shoot rooting (63.5%) and root length (2.2 cm) were recovered using 1.0 mg L -1 indole-3-acetic acid. More than three-quarters of the acclimatized plants (77.5%) grew successfully in pots. Thus, this study developed an in vitro propagation protocol for C. brasiliense that can be used as a potential resource for restoring wild populations or performing phytopharmacological studies. Key words: Seed germination, plant growth regulators, micropropagation, nodal segments, medicinal plants.

Tropical trees of Calophyllum genus (Calophyllaceae) have chemical and biological importance as potential source of secondary active metabolites which can lead to the development of new drugs. Research on this species has been rising since 1992 due to the discovering of anti-HIV properties of Calanolide A found in Calophyllum inophyllum leaves. This compound is the most important natural product for potential development of new anti-HIV drugs and phytomedicines. The scientometric analysis (1953---2014) here performed revealed that the most studied species of Calophyllum genus are: C. inophyllum and C. brasiliense, distributed in the Asian, and American continents, respectively. Current research on these species is carried out mainly in India and Brazil, respectively, where these species grow. Research on C. brasiliense is focused mainly on ecological, antiparasitic, cytotoxic properties, and isolation of new compounds. Chemical studies and biodiesel development are the main topics in the case of C. inophyllum. Text mining analysis revealed that coumarins, and xanthones are the main secondary active metabolites responsible for most of the reported pharmacological properties, and are potential compounds for the treatment of leukemia and against intracellular parasites causing American Trypanosomiasis and Leshmaniasis. On the other hand, C. inophyllum represents an important source for the development of 2nd generation biodiesel. Medicinal and industrial applications of these species may impulse sustainable forest plantations. To our knowledge this is the first scientometric and text mining analysis of chemical and biomedical research on Calophyllum genus, C. brasiliense and C. inophyllum.