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Presentado en sesión de 24 de mayo de 1939

We employ the corrected Gaia Early Data Release 3 photometric data and spectroscopic data from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) DR7 to assemble a sample of approximately 0.25 million FGK dwarf photometric standard stars for the 12 J-PLUS filters using the stellar color regression (SCR) method. We then independently validate the J-PLUS DR3 photometry and uncover significant systematic errors: up to 15 mmag in the results from the stellar locus method and up to 10 mmag primarily caused by magnitude-, color-, and extinction-dependent errors of the Gaia XP spectra as revealed by the Gaia BP/RP (XP) synthetic photometry (XPSP) method. We have also further developed the XPSP method using the corrected Gaia XP spectra by B. Huang et al. and applied it to the J-PLUS DR3 photometry. This resulted in an agreement of 1–5 mmag with the SCR method and a twofold improvement in the J-PLUS zero-point precision. Finally, the zero-point calibration for around 91% of the tiles within the LAMOST observation footprint is determined through the SCR method, with the remaining approximately 9% of the tiles outside this footprint relying on the improved XPSP method. The recalibrated J-PLUS DR3 photometric data establish a solid data foundation for conducting research that depends on high-precision photometric calibration.

Abstract Background White root rot disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado productivity in tropical and subtropical climates. Control of this disease is complex and nowadays, lies in the use of physical and chemical methods, although none have proven to be fully effective. Detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white root rot disease has the potential of aiding future developments in disease resistance and management. In this regard, this study used RNA-Seq technology to compare the transcriptomic profiles of R. necatrix during infection of susceptible avocado ‘Dusa’ roots with that obtained from the fungus cultured in rich medium. Results The transcriptomes from three biological replicates of R. necatrix colonizing avocado roots (RGA) and R. necatrix growing on potato dextrose agar media (RGPDA) were analyzed using Illumina sequencing. A total of 12,104 transcripts were obtained, among which 1937 were differentially expressed genes (DEG), 137 exclusively expressed in RGA and 160 in RGPDA. During the root infection process, genes involved in the production of fungal toxins, detoxification and transport of toxic compounds, hormone biosynthesis, gene silencing and plant cell wall degradation were overexpressed. Interestingly, 24 out of the 137 contigs expressed only during R. necatrix growth on avocado roots, were predicted as candidate effector proteins (CEP) with a probability above 60%. The PHI (Pathogen Host Interaction) database revealed that three of the R. necatrix CEP showed homology with previously annotated effectors, already proven experimentally via pathogen-host interaction. Conclusions The analysis of the full-length transcriptome of R. necatrix during the infection process is suggesting that the success of this fungus to infect roots of diverse crops might be attributed to the production of different compounds which, singly or in combination, interfere with defense or signaling mechanisms shared among distinct plant families. The transcriptome analysis of R. necatrix during the infection process provides useful information and facilitates further research to a more in -depth understanding of the biology and virulence of this emergent pathogen. In turn, this will make possible to evolve novel strategies for white root rot management in avocado.

Exosome-derived miR-21 was independently associated with CD4 T cell decline in HIV-1-infected elite controllers (OR 0.369, 95% CI 0.137–0.994, p = 0.049). Also, a negative correlation between miR-21 expression and MCP-1 level was found (r = −0.649, p = 0.020), while no correlation between soluble biomarkers or cellular immune activation was found. Keywords: Exosomes, miRNAs, HIV-1, Elite controllers, Immune activation, Soluble biomarkers

En elementos pretensados de hormigón, la adherencia entre el acero y el hormigón puede verse deteriorada por diferentes motivos, siendo uno de los más recurrentes el daño inducido por procesos de corrosión. El parámetro fundamental para caracterizar las propiedades adherentes existentes entre el acero pretensado y el hormigón es la longitud de transferencia. Este artículo compara los resultados experimentales obtenidos en ensayos sobre elementos pretensados tipo viga con las predicciones arrojadas por un modelo analítico, basado en la teoría de cilindros de pared gruesa y en la fisuración cohesiva del hormigón, desarrollado para analizar los procesos de degradación de la adherencia motivados por la corrosión en alambres lisos e indentados y su influencia en el comportamiento de elementos pretensados de hormigón.

The skill of current predictions of the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) reduces significantly beyond a lag time of 6 months. In this paper, we aim to increase this prediction skill at lag times of up to 1 year. The new method combines a classical autoregressive integrated moving average technique with a modern machine learning approach (through an artificial neural network). The attributes in such a neural network are derived from knowledge of physical processes and topological properties of climate networks, and they are tested using a Zebiak–Cane-type model and observations. For predictions up to 6 months ahead, the results of the hybrid model give a slightly better skill than the CFSv2 ensemble prediction by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Interestingly, results for a 12-month lead time prediction have a similar skill as the shorter lead time predictions.

The correct identification and interpretation of unrest indicators is useful for forecasting volcanic eruptions, delivering early warnings, and understanding the changes occurring in a volcanic system prior to an eruption. Such indicators play an important role in upgrading previous long-term volcanic hazard assessments and help explain the complexities of the preceding period of eruptive activity. In this work, we present a retrospective analysis of the 2011 unrest episode on the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, that preceded a submarine eruption. We use seismic and surface deformation monitoring data to compute the susceptibility analysis (QVAST tool) and to study the evolution over time of the unrest (ST-HASSET tool). Additionally, we show the advantages to be gained by using continuous monitoring data and hazard assessment e-tools to upgrade spatiotemporal analyses and thus visualize more simply the development of the volcanic activity.

In an acidic pH, the phytic acid is more soluble and therefore, more susceptible to the action of an exogenous phytase (Phy). 50 Hy-Line W36 hens were randomly allocated into five treatments, each one with 10 replicates (one bird/replicate): (1) Positive Control (0.25% of available phosphorus (Pav)); (2) Negative Control (NC; 0.12% Pav); (3) NC + 0.5% lactic acid (LA); (4) NC + 450 FTU/kg Phy; (5) NC + 0.5% LA + 450 FTU/kg Phy. Low levels of Pav (0.12%) negatively affected the production parameters compared to the 0.25% Pav diet. LA alone only improved the egg laying production, egg mass, and feed intake. When Phy was included, the production parameters improved, being similar from 0.25% Pav diet. Additionally, the deposition of P, Ca, and Zn increased in the bone marrow, as well as Fe contents in the yolk. Phy addition decreased P excretion compared to diets with the same level of Pav. There was no difference between the use of Phy alone or in combination with LA. In conclusion, the addition of Phy into low Pav diets produced results that were similar to those obtained with 0.25% of Pav, without any additive effect seen when LA was also added.

Abstract Plasma treatment is recognized as a suitable technology to improve germination efficiency of numerous seeds. In this work Quinoa seeds have been subjected to air plasma treatments both at atmospheric and low pressure and improvements found in germination rate and percentage of success. Seed water uptake by exposure to water vapor, although slightly greater for plasma treated seeds, did not justify the observed germination improvement. To identify other possible factors contributing to germination, the chemical changes experienced by outer parts of the seed upon plasma exposure have been investigated by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX). XPS revealed that the outer layers of the Quinoa plasma treated seeds were highly oxidized and appeared enriched in potassium ions and adsorbed nitrate species. Simultaneously, SEM-EDX showed that the enrichment in potassium and other mineral elements extended to the seed pericarp and closer zones. The disappearance from the surface of both potassium ions and nitrate species upon exposure of the plasma treated seeds to water vapor is proposed as a factor favoring germination. The use of XPS to study chemical changes at seed surfaces induced by plasma treatments is deemed very important to unravel the mechanisms contributing to germination improvement.

We study the problem of sinking particles in a realistic oceanic flow, with major energetic structures in the mesoscale, focussing on the range of particle sizes and densities appropriate for marine biogenic particles. Our aim is to evaluate the relevance of theoretical results of finite size particle dynamics in their applications in the oceanographic context. By using a simplified equation of motion of small particles in a mesoscale simulation of the oceanic velocity field, we estimate the influence of physical processes such as the Coriolis force and the inertia of the particles, and we conclude that they represent negligible corrections to the most important terms, which are passive motion with the velocity of the flow, and a constant added vertical velocity due to gravity. Even if within this approximation three-dimensional clustering of particles can not occur, two-dimensional cuts or projections of the evolving three-dimensional density can display inhomogeneities similar to the ones observed in sinking ocean particles.

A new zenith-looking narrow-band radiometer based system (ZEN), conceived for dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) monitoring, is presented in this paper. The ZEN system comprises a new radiometer (ZEN-R41) and a methodology for AOD retrieval (ZEN-LUT). ZEN-R41 has been designed to be stand alone and without moving parts, making it a low-cost and robust instrument with low maintenance, appropriate for deployment in remote and unpopulated desert areas. The ZEN-LUT method is based on the comparison of the measured zenith sky radiance (ZSR) with a look-up table (LUT) of computed ZSRs. The LUT is generated with the LibRadtran radiative transfer code. The sensitivity study proved that the ZEN-LUT method is appropriate for inferring AOD from ZSR measurements with an AOD standard uncertainty up to 0.06 for AOD500 nm ∼ 0.5 and up to 0.15 for AOD500 nm ∼ 1.0, considering instrumental errors of 5 %. The validation of the ZEN-LUT technique was performed using data from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) Cimel Electronique 318 photometers (CE318). A comparison between AOD obtained by applying the ZEN-LUT method on ZSRs (inferred from CE318 diffuse-sky measurements) and AOD provided by AERONET (derived from CE318 direct-sun measurements) was carried out at three sites characterized by a regular presence of desert mineral dust aerosols: Izaña and Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands and Tamanrasset in Algeria. The results show a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.99 to 0.97, and root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from 0.010 at Izaña to 0.032 at Tamanrasset. The comparison of ZSR values from ZEN-R41 and the CE318 showed absolute relative mean bias (RMB) R2 higher than 0.97.

The number of horses in northern Spanish mountains has increased in recent decades, but little is known about their grazing behaviour, performance and potential for foal meat production. This research aimed to study the diet selection, liveweight (LW) changes and parasitic status of dry and lactating mares, and foals’ LW gains, grazing on heathlands with different botanical composition. The experimental design consisted of three vegetation types: dominated by heather (Ericaceae) species (H), dominated by gorse (Ulex gallii; G) and co-dominated by gorse and heath-grasses (G-G), with four replicates per treatment (12 paddocks of 1.2 ha). The study lasted three grazing seasons (2010–12). Each year, 24 crossbred mature mares (310±52 kg LW) were used, managing one lactating mare with her foal plus one non-lactating mare per paddock from May to late summer or early autumn. In the case of H paddocks, animals had to be removed before (late August to early September) because of apparent loss of body condition. Animals were periodically weighed. Mares’ diet composition was estimated using alkane markers, analysing the discrepancies in alkane concentrations between dietary plant components and faeces. Faecal samples were also analysed for gastrointestinal nematodes ova. Chemical composition of the main plant components (i.e. heather, gorse and grasses) revealed a low nutritive value, averaging 79, 115 and 113 g CP/kg dry matter (DM), respectively, that could restrict livestock performance. Mares initially selected gorse and grasses (0.47 and 0.40, respectively, in 2010), increasing heather consumption over time (from 0.13 in 2010 to 0.29 in 2012) as gorse availability decreased. The performance of both mares and foals was lower in H compared with G and G-G paddocks (−216 v. 347 g/day for mares, P

The third edition of the international workshop Nonlinear Processes in Oceanic and Atmospheric Flows was held at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (ICMAT) in Madrid from 6 to 8 July 2016. The event gathered oceanographers, atmospheric scientists, physicists, and applied mathematicians sharing a common interest in the nonlinear dynamics of geophysical fluid flows. The philosophy of this meeting was to bring together researchers from a variety of backgrounds into an environment that favoured a vigorous discussion of concepts across different disciplines. The present Special Issue on Current perspectives in modelling, monitoring, and predicting geophysical fluid dynamics contains selected contributions, mainly from attendants of the workshop, providing an updated perspective on modelling aspects of geophysical flows as well as issues on prediction and assimilation of observational data and novel tools for describing transport and mixing processes in these contexts. More details on these aspects are discussed in this preface.

el presente estudio expone los resultados de una campaña intensiva de pesca de cuatro días en el Rio Monday. Se colectaron ejemplares de Cichlidae, Characidae, Heptapteridae, Erythrinidae citados en orden decreciente de sus capturas. Los ejemplares de la dos primeras familias son de porte pequeño pero de interés económico para el acuarismo. Los ejemplares Heptapteridaey Erythrinidae como mandiies y tareyi son también deportivos y para consumo.

Diet influences animal body and tissue composition due to direct deposition and to the nutrients effects on metabolism. The influence of specific nutrients on the molecular regulation of lipogenesis is not well characterized and is known to be influenced by many factors including timing and physiological status. A trial was performed to study the effects of different dietary energy sources on lipogenic genes transcription in ham adipose tissue of Iberian pigs, at different growth periods and on feeding/fasting situations. A total of 27 Iberian male pigs of 28 kg BW were allocated to two separate groups and fed with different isocaloric feeding regimens: standard diet with carbohydrates as energy source (CH) or diet enriched with high oleic sunflower oil (HO). Ham subcutaneous adipose tissue was sampled by biopsy at growing (44 kg mean BW) and finishing (100 kg mean BW) periods. The first sampling was performed on fasted animals, while the last sampling was performed twice, with animals fasted overnight and 3 h after refeeding. Effects of diet, growth period and feeding/fasting status on gene expression were explored quantifying the expression of a panel of key genes implicated in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism processes. Quantitative PCR revealed several differentially expressed genes according to diet, with similar results at both timings: RXRG, LEP and FABP5 genes were upregulated in HO group while ME1, FASN, ACACA and ELOVL6 were upregulated in CH. The diet effect on ME1 gene expression was conditional on feeding/fasting status, with the higher ME1 gene expression in CH than HO groups, observed only in fasting samples. Results are compatible with a higher de novo endogenous synthesis of fatty acids (FA) in the carbohydrate-supplemented group and a higher FA transport in the oleic acid-supplemented group. Growth period significantly affected the expression of most of the studied genes, with all but PPARG showing higher expression in finishing pigs according to a pattern dissimilar from the usual in cosmopolitan pig breeds. Feeding/fasting status only influenced PPARG gene transcription. The lack of effects of feeding/fasting status on lipogenic gene expression and the higher ME1 response to diet in fasting samples than in postprandial sampling, suggest the persistence of de novo lipogenesis during fasting. Overall results improve the understanding of the influence of different factors on lipid metabolism regulation in Iberian pigs.

En los últimos tiempos han aumentado el interés por la vida de los deportistas tras su carrera en la élite (Park, Lavalle,y Tod 2013).La propia idiosincrasia económica de cada deporte hace que sean interesantes las comparaciones entre diferentes grupos (Aquilina, 2013).Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar si la calidad de la retirada deportiva, evaluada a partir de las dificultades percibidas en diferentes ámbitos, y las condiciones asociadas a la misma (planificación, voluntariedad, tipo de carrera deportiva y nivel de estudios) era diferente para los deportistas profesionales y amateurs. Se utilizó un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuestas, con muestreo intencional, administrando un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas, elaborado ad hoc. Participaron un total de 127 deportistas, de ellos 53 profesionales y 74 no profesionales. Los deportistas profesionales experimentaron en mayor grado dificultades relacionadas con su carrera profesional, con su familia, con su red social y vivieron su proceso de integración laboral de una forma menos positiva que los deportistas amateurs. Estos últimos, experimentaron en mayor grado dificultades económicas. Como cabría esperar debido a un vínculo más fuerte con el deporte, un mayor número de deportistas profesionales se dedicó exclusivamente al deporte, mientras que un mayor número de deportistas amateurs compaginaron deporte y trabajo. Además, entre aquellos que compatibilizaron el deporte con los estudios, más deportistas profesionales priorizaron el deporte. La planificación de la retirada fue más frecuente entre los profesionales y no se observaron diferencias en relación a la voluntariedad de la retirada ni en el nivel de estudios.

Utilization of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) as diet composition markers in horses and cattle was assessed in a study conducted with 12 mature crossbreed mares (385±47 kg BW) and six adult non-lactating cows (499±36 kg BW) of Asturiana de los Valles breed. The LCOH data were combined with alkane and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) data to test the applicability of combining these markers to estimate diet composition. Animals were randomly divided into groups of three animals and received a daily total amount of 1.0 kg dry matter/100 kg BW of diets composed of different proportions of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and woody species (Ulex gallii and heather). Diet composition was estimated from even-chain LCOH (C20-OH to C30-OH) combined or not with alkane (C25-C31 and C33) and/or LCFA (C22-FA to C28-FA, C30-FA, C32-FA and C34-FA) concentrations in diet components and faeces by least-squares procedures, using marker faecal concentrations uncorrected for incomplete faecal recovery (FR0) or corrected using mean recoveries across diets within animal species (FR1). Results showed large differences between plant species in their LCOH profiles, and that these markers offered additional discriminatory information to that provided by alkanes and LCFA. The LCOH markers were incompletely recovered in the faeces of both animal species. In cattle, LCOH FR tended to increase with carbon-chain length in a linear manner in both diets (P

Mud volcanoes (MVs) are the most prominent indicators of active methane/hydrocarbon venting at the seafloor on both passive and active continental margins. Their occurrence in the western Mediterranean is patent at the West Alboran Basin, where numerous MVs develop overlaying a major sedimentary depocentre containing overpressured shales. Although some of these MVs have been studied, the detailed biogeochemistry of expelled mud so far has not been examined in detail. This work provides the first results on the composition and origin of organic matter, anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) processes and general characteristics on MV dynamics using lipid biomarkers as the main tool. Lipid biomarker analysis was performed on MV expelled material (mud breccias) and interbedded hemipelagic sediments from Perejil, Kalinin and Schneider's Heart MVs located in the northwest margin of the Alboran Sea. The n alkane distributions and n alkane-derived indices (CPI and ACL), in combination with the epimerization degree of hopanes (22S/(22S+22R)) indicate that all studied mud breccia have a similar biomarker composition consisting of mainly thermally immature organic matter with an admixture of petroleum-derived compounds. This concordant composition indicates that common source strata must feed all three studied MVs. The past or present AOM activity was established using lipid biomarkers specific for anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (irregular isoprenoids and dialkyl glycerol diethers) and the depleted carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of crocetane/phytane. The presence of these lipid biomarkers, together with the low amounts of detected glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, is consistent with the dominance of anaerobic methanotrophs of the ANME-2 over ANME-1, at least in mud breccia from Perejil MVs. In contrast, the scarce presence or lack of these AOM-related lipid biomarkers in sediments from Kalinin and Schneider's Heart MVs, suggests that no recent active methane seepage has occurred at these sites. Moreover, the observed methane concentrations support the current activity of Perejil MV, and the very low methane seepage activity in Kalinin and Schneider's Heart MVs.

This study focuses on the factors that may influence Spanish family owned businesses to decide to export and move towards internationalization, posing their level of debt as a possible determining factor. To do so, a review of publications on the subject has been carried out, as well as an empirical study using a sample of 1,846 businesses, which include both family and non-family firms. The results seem to show that the debt level of businesses whose propriety and management are handled by a family differs from that of those that do not fit this characteristic, especially where the decision whether or not to export products abroad is concerned.

Our objective was to evaluate the metabolic, endocrine and hepatic mRNA profiles through the gestation–lactation cycle in purebred (PU: Angus and Hereford) and crossbred (CR: reciprocal F1 crosses) mutliparous beef cows (n=32), grazing on two herbage allowances of native pastures (2.5 v. 4 kg dry matter/kg BW; LO v. HI) and their associations with cow’s productive performance (calf birth weight, milk production and commencement of luteal activity). Cow BW, body condition score (BCS) and blood samples were collected monthly, starting at −165 days relative to calving (days), and every 2 weeks after calving until +60 days of lactation. Liver biopsies were collected at −165, −75, −45, −15±10, and +15 and +60±3 days. Metabolic, endocrine and hepatic gene expression profiles, and calf birth weight, milk yield and postpartum commencement of luteal activity were evaluated. Overall, the most pronounced changes in metabolic, endocrine and hepatic gene expression occurred during winter gestation (−165 to −45 days), when all cows experienced the onset of a negative energy balance (decreased BCS, glucose and insulin, and increased non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, P

Formic acid, a major product of biomass processing, is regarded as a potential liquid carrier for hydrogen storage and delivery. The catalytic dehydrogenation of FA to generate hydrogen using heterogeneous catalysts is of great interest. Ni based catalysts supported on silica were synthesized by incipient wet impregnation. The effect of doping with an alkaline earth metal (calcium) was studied, and the solids were tested in the formic acid decomposition reaction to produce hydrogen. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and programmed temperature surface reaction (TPSR). The catalyst doped with 19.3 wt.% of Ca showed 100% conversion of formic acid at 160 °C, with a 92% of selectivity to hydrogen. In addition, all the tested materials were promising for their application, since they showed catalytic behaviors (conversion and selectivity to hydrogen) comparable to those of noble metals reported in the literature.

Coastal transport in the Bay of Palma, a small region in the island of Mallorca, Spain, is characterized in terms of Lagrangian descriptors. The data sets used for this study are the output for two months (one in autumn and one in summer) of a high resolution numerical model, ROMS (Regional Ocean Model System), forced atmospherically and with a spatial resolution of 300 m. The two months were selected because of their different wind regime, which is the main driver of the sea dynamics in this area. Finite-size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs) were used to locate semi-persistent Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) and to understand the different flow regimes in the bay. The different wind directions and regularity in the two months have a clear impact on the surface bay dynamics, whereas only topographic features appear clearly in the bottom structures. The fluid interchange between the bay and the open ocean was studied by computing particle trajectories and residence time (RT) maps. The escape rate of particles out of the bay is qualitatively different, with a 32% greater escape rate of particles to the ocean in October than in July, owing to the different geometric characteristics of the flow. We show that LCSs separate regions with different transport properties by displaying spatial distributions of residence times on synoptic Lagrangian maps together with the location of the LCSs. Correlations between the time-dependent behavior of FSLE and RT are also investigated, showing a negative dependence when the stirring characterized by FSLE values moves particles in the direction of escape.

This study was designed to develop a semiautomatic computer assisted methodology to evaluate the membrane integrity of ram spermatozoa using a commercial kit based on acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) labelling and ImageJ software. The study was divided into two experiments. In the first trial, the new computer-assisted method was validated by mixing fresh semen samples with different volumes of freeze killed spermatozoa to determine proportions of damaged spermatozoa in the final samples. The proportion of damaged spermatozoa in each sample determined by the automated procedure where highly correlated (R2=0.97, p

The lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile in pig tissues are strongly influenced by genotype and nutrient supply, with implications in meat quality. The de novo lipid synthesis and pattern of FA unsaturation could be an important cause of variation in the overall efficiency of energy utilization among breeds. To test the effects of pig genotype and CP supply on the evolution of back-fat tissue FA profile throughout the growing and finishing stages, 32 Iberian (IB) and Landrace × Large White (LR × LW) barrows were offered one of two diets differing in CP content (13% or 17% as fed). A pair-fed procedure (0.8 × ad libitum intake of IB pigs) was used. Subcutaneous fat samples were taken at the dorso-lumbar region at ∼38, 50, 65, 90 and 115 kg BW. Higher proportions of total monounsaturated FA (MUFA; P < 0.01) and lower proportions of total saturated FA (SFA; P < 0.01 to 0.05) were found in the outer back-fat layer of pigs both at 50 and 115 kg BW. Pig genotype affected the FA composition of both subcutaneous back-fat layers. The proportions of C18:0 and SFA in fat tissue were higher in IB than in LR × LW pigs from 38 to 65 kg BW, especially in the outer layer. In addition, MUFA contents were higher in IB pigs at 115 kg BW in both layers (+5% on average; P < 0.01). Increased proportions of C18:2 n-6 and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were found in LR × LW pigs, irrespective of the stage of growth and back-fat layer (P⩽0.02). At 50 kg BW, pigs receiving the high-protein diet presented the highest C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3 and PUFA contents. A significant genotype × CP content interaction was observed for C18:3 n-3 because of the increased concentration of this FA in LR × LW pigs when offered the 17% CP diet (P < 0.05). Higher C16:0 and SFA contents (+5%; P = 0.03) were found in pigs offered the 13% CP diet and slaughtered at 115 kg BW. There was a genotype × CP interaction for MUFA concentration because of the higher MUFA content observed in IB pigs offered the highest protein content diet (P = 0.03). Our results suggest that genetic variation in de novo lipid synthesis and pattern of FA unsaturation might contribute to explain differences in back-fat FA profile of IB and LR × LW pigs under identical nutritional management. They could be also relevant to explain the low efficiency of nutrient and energy utilization in the IB pig.

A ~1000 m3 rockslide occurred close to Lorca (SE Spain) during the main shock (Mw = 5.1) of the May 2011 seismic sequence. The location of the rockslide, within 10 km of the earthquake epicenter and along the southern slope of a valley in which similar geological conditions occur on both slopes of the valley, suggests a significant near-field effect due to local seismic response. This could be related to the specific interaction between the topography and the obliquely propagating seismic waves. A dynamic stress strain numerical model was constructed using the FLAC 7.0 finite difference code to back analyze the Lorca rockslide event and relate its occurrence to both the local seismic amplification and the interaction between seismic waves and local topography. The results indicate that only for seismic waves with incidence angles in the range 0°–50° are the occurred slope instabilities expected. These results do not significantly change when varying the values for either stiffness or strength parameters within the range of the experimental data.

A nivel latinoamericano, hay pocas investigaciones sobre iglesias (capillas) coloniales construidas en tapia pisada desde el punto de vista arquitectónico, histórico y estructural (desempeño sísmico). La carencia de estudios ha producido malas intervenciones del patrimonio histórico. En el presente artículo se presentan los resultados de ensayos en mesa vibratoria de modelos a escala 1:50 de capillas de adoctrinamiento en tapia pisada construidas en los siglos XVI al XVIII en Colombia. Los muros de los modelos de las capillas fueron rehabilitados sísmicamente mediante dos técnicas de reforzamiento diferentes: maderas de confinamiento y malla de acero; ambas técnicas instaladas por una sola cara de los muros. Los resultados sugieren que los sistemas de refuerzo sísmico evaluados disminuyen hasta en un 52 % los desplazamientos de los muros a la vez que disminuyen la fisuración y el agrietamiento.

Airway inflammation is the most common hallmark of allergic asthma. Chemokine receptors involved in leukocyte recruitment are closely related to the pathology in asthma. CCR9 has been described as a homeostatic and inflammatory chemokine receptor, but its role and that of its ligand CCL25 during lung inflammation remain unknown. To investigate the role of CCR9 as a modulator of airway inflammation, we established an OVA-induced allergic inflammation model in CCR9-deficient mice. Here, we report the expression of CCR9 and CCL25 as early as 6 hours post-OVA challenge in eosinophils and T-lymphocytes. Moreover, in challenged CCR9-deficient mice, cell recruitment was impaired at peribronchial and perivenular levels. OVA-administration in CCR9-deficient mice leads to a less inflammatory cell recruitment, which modifies the expression of IL-10, CCL11, and CCL25 at 24 hours after OVA challenge. In contrast, the secretion of IL-4 and IL-5 was not affected in CCR9-deficient mice compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate for the first time that CCR9 and CCL25 expressions are induced in the early stages of airway inflammation and they have an important role modulating eosinophils and lymphocytes recruitment at the first stages of inflammatory process, suggesting that they might be a potential target to regulate inflammation in asthma.

The electrical resistance of the sleeper-fastening elements system in a wet railway track is a very important parameter. This is because the rails are electric conductors in the circuit of signaling and traction systems. This electrical resistance, defined as a characteristic value of the sleeper-fastening elements-water system is a measurand obtained with reference measurement procedures as described in international standards. But it is subject to many kinds of undefinitions that result in a very high dispersion. In this work the dependence of this parameter on variables such as the water conductivity, the temperature and the relative humidity is shown, and several ways to reduce it to minimum values are also established.

Introducción: La nutrición parenteral (NP) es esencial en muchos pacientes hospitalizados, no estando exenta de complicaciones. El seguimiento de estos pacientes constituye un método eficaz para el éxito de la terapia nutricional, por lo que los equipos de soporte nutricional han incrementado la eficacia y eficiencia de la NP. En España, no existen referencias sobre los equipos de soporte nutricional hospitalarios. Objetivos: Crear un equipo nutricional y analizar las intervenciones realizadas y los resultados obtenidos en términos de calidad, efectividad y seguridad en la NP. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo transversal. Se seleccionaron los pacientes con NP durante dos meses, previos y posterior a la creación del equipo (grupo 1 y 2, respectivamente). Las funciones del equipo incluyen: valoración del paciente, seguimiento diario de constantes vitales y glucemia, control analítico completo, manejo de complicaciones metabólicas, electrolíticas y hepáticas, entre otras. Resultados: La duración de la NP fue < 7 días en el 67% del grupo 1 (n = 24) y en el 22% del grupo 2 (n = 38). Ningún paciente fue valorado, ni tuvo seguimiento diario de constantes vitales en el grupo 1 (100% grupo 2). El control analítico completo se realizó en el 4% del grupo 1 y 79% del grupo 2. En el grupo 2, los niveles de albúmina y prealbúmina se mantuvieron estables o aumentaron en el 66% y 88% de los pacientes, respectivamente. Ningún paciente presentó hipertrigliceridemia. El 34% presentó glucemias > 140 mg/dl (100% fueron resueltas) y el 26% presentó complicaciones hepatobiliares (50% fueron resueltas). Ningún paciente presentó síndrome de realimentación (se añadió tiamina al 34%). Discusión: El equipo nutricional ha incrementado notablemente la calidad, seguridad y efectividad de la NP quedando demostrada la necesidad de dichos equipos multidisciplinares a nivel hospitalario.Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is an essential component in the treatment of many hospitalized patients; however its use is associated to severe complications. The monitoring of these patients has been demonstrated as an effective method for the success of nutrition therapy; therefore, nutritional support teams play an important role to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the PN. In Spain, there is no data available about the situation of nutritional support teams in hospitals. Objective: Develop a nutritional support team in our hospital and analyze the interventions and outcomes in terms of quality, effectiveness and safety. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Patients with PN were selected during two months, corresponding to the period before and after the creation of the nutritional support team (group 1 and 2, respectively). The functions of the nutritional team include: nutritional evaluation, daily monitoring of vital signs and glycemia, detailed analytical control, management of PN complications, between others. Results: 67% of patients in group 1 (n = 24) maintain the PN < 7 days, versus 22% in group 2 (n = 38). In group 1, no patient had a nutritional assessment, neither daily vital signs monitoring (100% in group 2). Detailed analytical control was carried out in the 4% of group 1 and 79% of group 2. In group 2, albumin and prealbumin levels remain stable or increased in the 66% and 88% of patients, respectively. No patient reached triglyceride > 400 mg/dl. 34% of patients showed glycemia > 140 mg/dl (100% of them were solved), and 26% of patients underwent hepatic dysfunction (50% were solved). No refeeding syndrome was reported (thiamine was added to PN in 34% of patients). Discussion: the nutritional support team work has notably increased the quality, safety and effectiveness of PN. This study demonstrates the need to incorporate multidisciplinary nutritional teams in hospitals and the benefit obtained in the patient medical care.

El trauma psíquico es una transversalidad en la historia de la humanidad, pero de diagnóstico tardío, especialmente en lo que refiere a su incorporación a los sistemas de clasificación en psicopatología como Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT). Desde ese momento hasta nuestros días han ido en aumento los estudios sobre TEPT, avanzando primero en las formas de evaluación específica y posteriormente en las propuestas de intervención, con énfasis en población adulta. Otros trabajos han evidenciado que, la semiológica del TEPT en niños y adolescentes, no puede ser analizada y bordada de igual manera que en población adulta. En este artículo se presentan los resultados generales de estudios sobre el TEPT en la infancia y adolescencia y los trabajos sobre un Listado de apoyo a los Clínicos para la evaluación del TEPT y del TEPTC o DESNOS, con algunos de los resultados preliminares de los estudios realizados con población de menores en situación de abuso y maltrato.

In this work, we describe an efficient approach for wind retrieval from dual Doppler radar data. The approach produces a gridded field that not only satisfies the observations, but also satisfies the anelastic mass continuity equation. The method is based on the so-called three-dimensional variational approach to the retrieval of wind fields from radar data. The novelty consists in separating the task into steps that reduce the amount of data processed by the global minimization algorithm, while keeping the most relevant information from the radar observations. The method is flexible enough to incorporate observations from several radars, accommodate complex sampling geometries, and readily include dropsonde or sounding observations in the analysis. We demonstrate the usefulness of our method by analyzing a real case with data collected during the TPARC/TCS-08 field campaign.

Resumen: Introducción: el periodo formativo en neurofisiología es una parte sustancial del programa de la especialidad de neurología en España. La Comisión Nacional de Neurología (CNN), que es el órgano dependiente de los Ministerios de Sanidad y Educación, debe velar por el cumplimiento del programa. Material y métodos: durante el primer semestre de 2008 la CNN envió a cada una de las 69 unidades docentes acreditadas para la formación de neurología en España un cuestionario para que los responsables docentes de cada unidad lo contestaran, donde se preguntaba sobre este periodo formativo. Resultados: de los 69 cuestionarios remitidos se recibieron 49 cumplimentados, lo que supone una tasa de respuesta del 71%. El periodo formativo de neurofisiología del programa de la especialidad de neurología se realiza en España en el mismo hospital en 44 centros (90%); los 5 restantes envían sus NeF a 4 hospitales diferentes. La Unidad que realiza el periodo formativo de neurofisiología está integrada en el servicio de neurología en 19 (39%) hospitales, es independiente en 27 (55%) y la fórmula es mixta en 3 (6%). El 69% de los tutores docentes estaba satisfecho con la formación, pero en el 90% de los hospitales en los que la unidad estaba integrada en neurología y en el 65% de los que no existía esta relación. Los neurólogos en formación informan EEG en el 49% de las unidades docentes, realizan EMG/ENG en el 57% e informan potenciales evocados en el 35% tras su periodo formativo. Conclusiones: aunque el grado de satisfacción es alto, el nivel de responsabilidad que asumen los neurólogos en formación durante la rotación por neurofisiología parece que no cumple las exigencias previstas en el programa formativo, especialmente en aquellas unidades no integradas en servicios de neurología. Abstract: Introduction: the training period in neurophysiology is a substantial part of the Neurology Specialist Program in Spain. The National Neurology Committee (La Comisión Nacional de Neurología (CNN), which is the body reporting to the Ministries of Health and Education, must ensure compliance to the Program. Material and methods: during the first trimester of 2008, the CNN sent a questionnaire, in which there was a question asking about this training period, to each of the managers of the 69 teaching units accredited for neurology training in Spain, for them to answer. Results: of the 69 questionnaires issued, 49 were received completed, which was a response rate of 71%. The neurophysiology training period of the neurology specialist program in Spain was carried out in the same hospital in 44 teaching unit (90%): the remaining 5 sent their neurology trainees to 4 different hospitals. The Unit that carried out the neurophysiology training period was incorporated into the Neurology Department in 27 (55%) cases, and the formula was mixed in 3 (6%). A total of 69% of tutors were satisfied with the training, but was 90% in the hospitals where the unit was integrated into Neurology, and was 65% where this relationship did not exist. The neurologists in training were informed about EEG in 49% of education units, performed EMG/ENG 57%, and informed about evoked potentials in 35% after their training period. Conclusions: although the level of satisfaction is high, the level of responsibility assumed by the neurologists in training during their rotation into neurophysiology does not appear to comply to the demands laid out in the training program, particularly in these units not integrated into Neurology Departments. Palabras clave: Neurología, Educación, Neurofisiología, Programa formativo, Keywords: Neurology, Education, Neurophysiology, Training program

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary levels of crude protein (CP), close to the range used commercially and to the European Commission recommended values, on the nitrogen (N) balance, ammonia (NH3) emission and pollutant characteristics of the slurry from growing and finishing pigs. Three feeding programmes with different CP levels were compared during the growing and the finishing periods of fattening. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and for the digestible lysine : metabolisable energy ratio to be similar in all the diets for each phase, but differed in CP concentration (160, 150 and 140 g CP/kg for the growing phase and 155, 145 and 135 g CP/kg for the finishing phase). Faeces and urine from barrows (eight replicates per diet) allocated in metabolism cages were collected separately for 5 days to calculate the N balance and for 2 days to measure NH3 emission in a laboratory system for 240 h. Excreta were analysed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total N, electrical conductivity (EC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4-N reduction of dietary CP content led to a linear decrease of urinary (P < 0.05) and total (P < 0.05) N excretion, and N excretion/feed intake (P < 0.001). The emission of NH3 was similar in all diets (P > 0.05) during the 240 h of study. However, in the growing phase, the NH3-N level in slurry was lower (P < 0.05) for the low-CP diet. In addition, the CP level had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on total VFA, EC, TS, VS, COD or BOD5 contents of excreta. These parameters were higher (P < 0.05) in slurry from the finishing phase than from the growing phase. However, NH4-N in the slurry decreased (P < 0.05) by 20.3% and 28.4% when the CP level was decreased by 9.30 or 21.40 g/kg, respectively. It is concluded that lowering dietary CP levels even by small amounts and using CP levels close to these used in commercial diets and close to the European Commission recommended values will decrease urinary and total N excretion in the slurry of growing-finishing pigs. The slurry from finishing pigs is more concentrated than that from growing pigs.

Introduction: The training period in neurophysiology is a substantial part of the Neurology Specialist Program in Spain. The National Neurology Committee (La Comisión Nacional de Neurología, CNN), which is the body reporting to the Ministries of Health and Education, must ensure compliance to the Program. Material and methods: During the first trimester of 2008, the CNN sent a questionnaire, in which there was a question asking about this training period, to each of the managers of the 69 teaching units accredited for neurology training in Spain, for them to answer. Results: Of the 69 questionnaires issued, 49 were received completed, which was a response rate of 71%. The neurophysiology training period of the neurology specialist program in Spain was carried out in the same hospital in 44 teaching unit (90%): the remaining 5 sent their neurology trainees to 4 different hospitals. The Unit that carried out the neurophysiology training period was incorporated into the Neurology Department in 27 (55%) cases, and the formula was mixed in 3 (6%). A total of 69% of tutors were satisfied with the training, but was 90% in the hospitals where the unit was integrated into Neurology, and was 65% where this relationship did not exist. The neurologists in training were informed about EEG in 49% of education units, performed EMG/ENG 57%, and informed about evoked potentials in 35% after their training period. Conclusions: Although the level of satisfaction is high, the level of responsibility assumed by the neurologists in training during their rotation into neurophysiology does not appear to comply to the demands laid out in the training program, particularly in these units not integrated into Neurology Departments. Resumen: Introducción: El periodo formativo en neurofisiología es una parte sustancial del programa de la especialidad de neurología en España. La Comisión Nacional de Neurología (CNN), que es el órgano dependiente de los Ministerios de Sanidad y Educación, debe velar por el cumplimiento del programa. Material y métodos: Durante el primer semestre de 2008 la CNN envió a cada una de las 69 unidades docentes acreditadas para la formación de neurología en España un cuestionario para que los responsables docentes de cada unidad lo contestaran, donde se preguntaba sobre este periodo formativo. Resultados: De los 69 cuestionarios remitidos se recibieron 49 cumplimentados, lo que supone una tasa de respuesta del 71%. El periodo formativo de neurofisiología del programa de la especialidad de neurología se realiza en España en el mismo hospital en 44 centros (90%); los 5 restantes envían sus NeF a 4 hospitales diferentes. La Unidad que realiza el periodo formativo de neurofisiología está integrada en el servicio de neurología en 19 (39%) hospitales, es independiente en 27 (55%) y la fórmula es mixta en 3 (6%). El 69% de los tutores docentes estaba satisfecho con la formación, pero en el 90% de los hospitales en los que la unidad estaba integrada en neurología y en el 65% de los que no existía esta relación. Los neurólogos en formación informan EEG en el 49% de las unidades docentes, realizan EMG/ENG en el 57% e informan potenciales evocados en el 35% tras su periodo formativo. Conclusiones: Aunque el grado de satisfacción es alto, el nivel de responsabilidad que asumen los neurólogos en formación durante la rotación por neurofisiología parece que no cumple las exigencias previstas en el programa formativo, especialmente en aquellas unidades no integradas en servicios de neurología. Keywords: Neurology, Education, Neurophysiology, Training program, Palabras clave: Neurología, Educación, Neurofisiología, Programa formativo

The formation of west Pacific tropical cyclone Nuri (2008) was observed over four days from easterly wave to typhoon stage by aircraft using scanning Doppler radar and dropsonde data. This disturbance developed rapidly in a significantly sheared environment. In spite of the shear, overlapping closed circulations existed in the frame of reference of the storm in the planetary boundary layer and at 5 km elevation, providing a deep region protected from environmental influences. The rapid spinup of Nuri can be attributed to the strong increase with height at low levels of the vertical mass flux during and after the tropical depression stage, and the correspondingly strong vorticity convergence in the planetary boundary layer. As Nuri developed, convective regions of boundary layer vortex stretching became fewer but more intense, culminating in a single nascent eyewall at the tropical storm stage. A non-developing tropical wave case was also analyzed. This system started with much weaker circulations in the boundary layer and aloft, leaving it unprotected against environmental intrusion. This may explain its failure to develop.

Este trabajo es un estudio sobre la morfología polínica de varias especies de plantas de Pantepui (Guayana venezolana), una región con elevada biodiversidad y un alto grado de endemismo, donde se espera un fuerte impacto del calentamiento global. El estudio consiste en una serie de descripciones morfológicas de taxones pertenecientes a la colección Maguire de láminas de referencia del Jardín Botánico de Nueva York (NYBG). La colección fue iniciada bajo la dirección del Curador Jefe Basset Maguire con el objeto de avanzar en estudios de sistemática, palinología y medicina; aunque actualmente también resulta útil en otras disciplinas, como por ejemplo la paleoecología, la paleoclimatología o los estudios forenses. El objetivo de este estudio de morfología polínica es aumentar la base de datos de descripciones e ilustraciones polínicas con propósitos de identificación taxonómica, para ser utilizada en reconstrucciones paleoecológicas y otro tipo de estudios actualmente en desarrollo, en particular en las cimas de los tepuis de Guayana.

El adecuado comportamiento de estructuras prefabricadas de hormigón se encuentra condicionado por el diseño y ejecución de las conexiones entre sus elementos. El uso de conexiones rígidas basadas en la adherencia mediante el solape de armaduras se ve en muchos casos limitado, a pesar de su simplicidad, por problemas derivados de las considerables longitudes de solape requeridas y la congestión en el refuerzo. En el desarrollo de este estudio, enmarcado dentro del trabajo de investigación para la puesta a punto de una conexión para pórticos prefabricados con el uso de hormigones de altas especificaciones reforzados con fibras (Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete-[UHPFRC]), se evaluó experimentalmente el comportamiento de solapes de armaduras embebidos en UHPFRC en conexiones simples de vigas de hormigón armado. Elementos viga biapoyados construidos a partir de dos medias vigas prefabricadas unidos mediante el solape de armaduras en una zona central hormigonada con UHPFRC y sin el uso de cercos cerrados o tirantes verticales de refuerzo trasversal fueron ensayados a flexión. Los resultados experimentales para solapes con longitudes entre 10 db y 20 db indican un comportamiento satisfactorio para las conexiones sometidas a ciclos de carga y descarga, condición desfavorable para las condiciones de adherencia, y con recubrimientos y separación trasversal entre solapes escasa, inferior a 0,7 db. Se evidencia la influencia de la mayor resistencia a tracción y ductilidad de los UHPFRC en el confinamiento, las condiciones de adherencia, la transferencia de tensiones y su efecto rigidizador.

El penalty córner es una de las jugadas más importantes en el hockey hierba. El drag-flick es la técnica de golpeo más eficaz en las jugadas de penalty córner (McLaughin, 1997). Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron el describir los parámetros cinemáticos del drag-flick en jugadores de nivel internacional y analizar las diferencias intergénero. La muestra fueron trece sujetos, un modelo, seis hombres y seis mujeres. El sistema de captura automático VICON registró 20 lanzamientos de cada jugador con una frecuencia de muestreo de 250 Hz. Las velocidades máximas angulares de las caderas, hombros y stick fueron superiores (pPalabras Clave: Biomecánica, drag-flick, hockey hierba, cinemáticaThe penalty corner is one of the most important goal plays in field hockey. The drag-flick is more efficient than other techniques when playing a penalty corner. The aims of this study were to describe the kinematics of international field hockey players during the drag-flick and to analyse gender differences. Thirteen participants, one male drag-flicker, six males and six females participated in the study. VICON optoelectronic system measured the kinematic parameters from the drag-flick with six cameras sampling at 250 Hz. Twenty trials were captured from each subject. Ball velocity at release, hips maximum angular velocity, stick minimum and maximum angular velocities were higher (pKey Words: Biomechanics, drag-flick, field hockey, kinematics.

Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are characterized by a high productivity of plankton associated with large commercial fisheries, thus playing key biological and socio-economical roles. Since they are populated by several physical oceanic structures such as filaments and eddies, which interact with the biological processes, it is a major challenge to study this sub- and mesoscale activity in connection with the chlorophyll distribution. The aim of this work is to make a comparative study of these four upwelling systems focussing on their surface stirring, using the Finite Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLEs), and their biological activity, based on satellite data. First, the spatial distribution of horizontal mixing is analysed from time averages and from probability density functions of FSLEs, which allow us to divide each areas in two different subsystems. Then we studied the temporal variability of surface stirring focussing on the annual and seasonal cycle. We also proposed a ranking of the four EBUS based on the averaged mixing intensity. When investigating the links with chlorophyll concentration, the previous subsystems reveal distinct biological signatures. There is a global negative correlation between surface horizontal mixing and chlorophyll standing stocks over the four areas. To try to better understand this inverse relationship, we consider the vertical dimension by looking at the Ekman-transport and vertical velocities. We suggest the possibility of a changing response of the phytoplankton to sub/mesoscale turbulence, from a negative effect in the very productive coastal areas to a positive one in the open ocean. This study provides new insights for the understanding of the variable biological productivity in the ocean, which results from both dynamics of the marine ecosystem and of the 3-D turbulent medium.

Objetivos: describir la frecuencia y características clínico-analíticas de la pancreatitis aguda (PA) recidivante con enteropatía por gluten (EG) asociada. Pacientes y métodos: estudiamos de forma prospectiva los casos de pancreatitis agudas ingresados en nuestro Servicio durante el año 2006. Registramos un total de 185 pacientes. A las formas recurrentes que fueron 40 en total (22%), les aplicamos un protocolo clínico-analítico consistente en la determinación de marcadores serológicos, genéticos y biopsias duodenales, para descartar una EG asociada. Resultados: un total de 34 pacientes (18%) cumplían criterios clínico-biológicos de EG asociada (grupo 1) y se compararon con el resto de las PA no-EG (n = 161) (grupo 2). La edad media en la EG fue de 54 ± 25 años, ligeramente inferior al grupo 2, (61 ± 14) (NS). Existía un ligero predominio de mujeres (50%) en el grupo 1, respecto al grupo 2 (38,5%) (NS). Siete pacientes del grupo 1 (20%) presentaron una PA grave, frente a 27 (17%) en el grupo 2 (NS). La presencia de colelitiasis en el grupo 1, fue de 6 casos (18%), significativamente inferior a la del grupo 2, de 72 casos (45%) (p < 0,05). Cuatro pacientes con EG desarrollaron seudoquistes (12%) frente a 13 (8%) en el grupo 2 (NS). La transglutaminasa tisular (TGt) estaba elevada únicamente en 3 casos (9%). Nueve pacientes (34%) fueron DQ2 (+) y 4 (12%) DQ8 (+), siendo el resto (54%), negativos para ambos marcadores. Existía una duodenitis difusa desde el punto de vista endoscópico en 32 pacientes (95%). Las biopsias duodenales, mostraron atrofia vellositaria (Marsh 3) en 2 casos (6%); infiltración inflamatoria de la submucosa (Marsh 2) en 10 casos (29,4%); aumento de los linfocitos intraepiteliales (Marsh 1) en 8 casos (23,5%) y mucosa normal (Marsh 0) en 14 casos (41,2%). La respuesta a la DSG al año, fue excelente en 30 pacientes (88%). Conclusiones: la PA recidivante con EG, constituye una asociación relativamente frecuente, indistinguible desde el punto de vista clínico y evolutivo del resto de PA, excepto por una menor presencia de colelitiasis (p < 0,05). En estos pacientes es muy conveniente la realización de un protocolo diagnóstico específico para su identificación, ya que la DSG constituye la única medida eficaz, para prevenir la aparición de nuevos episodios de PA.Objectives: to describe the frequency and the clinical and laboratory characteristics of relapsing acute pancreatitis (AP) associated with gluten enteropathy (GE). Patients and methods: we prospectively examined all acute pancreatitis cases admitted to our Department in 2006. We recorded a total of 185 patients. With recurring forms, 40 (22%) in all, we used a clinical-lab protocol including serologic and genetic markers, and duodenal biopsy to rule out GE. Results: a total of 34 patients (18%) met clinical-biological criteria for GE (group 1), and were compared to the remaining non-GE AP cases (n = 161) (group 2). Mean age in the GE group was 54 ± 25 years, slightly younger than group 2 (61 ± 14) (NS). There was a mild predominance of women (50%) in group 1 versus group 2 (38.5%) (NS). Seven patients in group 1 (20%) had severe AP, as compared to 27 (17%) in group 2 (NS). The presence of cholelithiasis in group 1 involved 6 cases (18%), which was significantly lower than in group 2 - 72 cases (45%) (p < 0.05). Four patients with GE developed pseudocysts (12%) versus 13 (8%) in group 2 (NS). Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) was elevated only in 3 patients (9%). Nine patients (34%) were DQ2 (+) and 4 (12%) DQ8 (+); the rest (54%) were all negative for both markers. From an endoscopic perspective there was diffuse duodenitis in 32 patients (95%). Duodenal biopsies revealed villous atrophy (Marsh 3) in 2 patients (6%); submucosal inflammatory infiltration (Marsh 2) in 10 (29.4%); increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (Marsh 1) in 8 cases (23.5%), and normal mucosa (Marsh 0) in 14 patients (41.2%). Response to GFD after 1 year was excellent in 30 patients (88%). Conclusions: relapsing AP with GE represents a relatively common association that is indistinguishable from other APs from a clinical-evolutive standpoint, except for a lower presence of cholelithiasis (p < 0.05). A specific diagnostic protocol is much needed in the identification of these patients since GFD is the only effective therapy to prevent new AP events from developing.

En febrero de 2006 ocurrió un brote epidémico de gastroenteritis aguda de origen alimentario, en ocasión de un festejo popular en una pequeña localidad de la provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. Aproximadamente 800 personas participaron de un almuerzo en las instalaciones del Gimnasio Municipal, y unas tres horas después de finalizado, cerca de 150 asistentes consultaron al hospital local, afectados por síndrome gastroentérico agudo. Se realizó una investigación epidemiológica caso-control a través de un muestreo representativo no probabilístico. Los resultados epidemiológicos establecieron un brote de ETA a fuente común, con una relación caso-control de 1:1,8. Los principales síntomas fueron cólicos abdominales (88%), vómitos (73,5%) y diarrea (60%). La torta que se sirvió en ese evento fue identificada como el alimento causal (OR 9,79; IC 95%; 2,66-36,00; valor p = 0,0001), sujeto a condiciones higiénico-sanitarias insatisfactorias en los diferentes procesos de elaboración, conservación y manipulación. De una porción de la torta se aisló una cepa de Staphylococcus aureus subespecie aureus, coagulasa positiva, enterotoxigénica, con un recuento de 2,4x10(6) UFC/g, y también se aisló este microorganismo de tres muestras de manos y narinas de personas involucradas en la preparación y el servicio. Las cepas aisladas de un operador y de la torta portaron el gen sea y presentaron el mismo patrón de SmaI-PFGE. Se atribuyó el brote de ETA a la contaminación durante el proceso de preparación de la torta consumida durante ese almuerzo popular, lo que podría estar relacionado con deficiencias en aspectos higiénicos y con la falta de refrigeración y de mantenimiento de la cadena de frío.In the summer of 2006, an epidemic outbreak of acute gastrointestinal illness related to food consumption occurred in a small town in the province of Neuquén, Argentina. During a popular feast, approximately 800 local residents attended lunch held in the facilities of the Municipal Gymnasium. About three hours later, nearly 150 attendees sought medical assistance at the local hospital due to acute gastroenteritis. A case-control epidemiological investigation was conducted using representative non-probability sampling. The epidemiological investigation showed a common-source foodborne disease outbreak with a case-control ratio of 1:1.8. The main symptoms were abdominal cramps (88%), vomiting (73.5%) and diarrhea (60%). The cake was identified as the source of infection (OR 9.79; IC 95%, 2.66-36.00; p = 0.0001), and unsatisfactory hygienic conditions in food production, conservation and handling steps were identified. Coagulase positive, enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, subspecies aureus was detected in a piece of cake, with a count of 2.4x10(6) CFU/g, and in samples from the hands and nostrils of three people involved in food preparation and service. The strains isolated from both the cake and one of the food handlers carried the sea gene, and presented the same SmaI-PFGE pattern. The foodborne disease outbreak was considered to be due to contamination in the preparation process of the cake consumed at the feast, which was related to inadequate hygienic conditions, lack of refrigeration and cold chain disruption.

Introducción: El cáncer, los tratamientos que lo acompañan y los síntomas consecuentes que a su vez generan, aumentan en los pacientes el riesgo de sufrir malnutrición. La cual produce un gran deterioro del estado de salud, con el consecuente aumento de complicaciones, disminución de la tolerancia al tratamiento oncológico y una disminución de la calidad de vida del paciente. Por este motivo, un grupo de profesionales sanitarios de diferentes puntos de España se reunieron con el objetivo de mejorar la intervención nutricional en pacientes oncológicos, con el apoyo de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Básica y Aplicada (SENBA). Metodología: Este grupo multidisciplinar de profesionales elaboró un documento de consenso basado en la literatura y en la experiencia personal, creando un protocolo de evaluación y de intervención nutricional en forma de algoritmos. Se clasifican los pacientes en tres pasos: 1. según el tipo de tratamiento oncológico que reciben, ya sea de tipo curativo o paliativo; 2. riesgo nutricional de la terapia antineoplásica (bajo, mediano, o alto riesgo), y 3. de acuerdo a la Valoración Global Subjetiva-Generada por el paciente (VGS-gp), que clasifica a los pacientes en: A. pacientes con adecuado estado nutricional, B. pacientes con malnutrición o a riesgo de malnutrición y C. pacientes con malnutrición severa. Durante un año el protocolo se puso en marcha en 226 pacientes mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos, escogidos al azar en las consultas externas de Radioterapia Oncológica y Oncología Médica. Resultados: Más de la mitad sufren malnutrición (64%), y este valor se incrementa llegando hasta un 81% en pacientes con tratamiento paliativo. La mayoría de los pacientes tienen tratamiento de intención curativa (83%) y reciben tratamiento oncológico de intensidad moderada o de alto riesgo nutricional (69%). Un 68% de los pacientes tienen algún tipo de dificultad en la alimentación. La media en el porcentaje de pérdida de peso es del 6,64% ± 0,87 (min 0, máx 33%). El 32% de la población presenta cifras de albúmina entre 3 y 3,5 g/dl, existiendo una correlación negativa entre ésta y las dificultades con la alimentación p = 0,001. El IMC no mostró ser un parámetro significativo para detectar malnutrición (sólo un 10% se encontraba por debajo de 19,9 kg/m²), pero tiene una tendencia lineal significativa con las dificultades en la alimentación, de forma tal que a medida que disminuye el IMC aumentan las dificultades p = 0,001. Más de la mitad de la población, requirió recomendaciones dietéticas específicas para el control de los síntomas que dificultaban la ingesta y una tercera parte de la población necesitó la indicación de suplementos nutricionales. Tras la intervención nutricional más de la mitad (60%) mantuvo su peso y una sexta parte lo aumentó. Conclusión: La aplicación de este protocolo es útil, sencillo y podría facilitar la detección de malnutrición en los pacientes oncológicos. Seleccionando a los pacientes que realmente se podrían beneficiar de una intervención nutricional específica, pero debería aplicarse al inicio coincidiendo si fuera posible con el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. El soporte nutricional resulta eficaz en la mayoría de los pacientes.Introduction: Cancer and its oncological treatment cause symptoms which increase the patients risk to suffer from malnutrition. This affects the patients health status negatively by increasing the number of complications, reducing the tolerance to the oncology treatment and a decrease of the patients quality of life. Motivated by this, a group of health professionals from several spanish regions met with the backing of the Sociedad Española de Nutrición Básica y Aplicada (SENBA) to address strategies to improve the quality of nutritional intervention in cancer patients. Methods: This multidisciplinary group developed a protocol describing nutritional assessment and intervention in form of algorithms based on literature and personal experience. The patients are classified in a three step process: 1. type of their oncology treatment (curative or palliative); 2. nutritional risk of the antineoplastic therapy (low, medium or high risk) and 3. depending on the Subjective Global Assessment patient-generated (SGApg). The patients are classified as: A. patients with adequate nutritional state, B. patients with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition and C. patients suffering from severe malnutrition. During one year, the protocol has been used for 226 randomly chosen female and male patients older than 18 years. They were treated by the Medical and Radiotherapy Oncology outpatient clinic. Results: More than a half of the patients were suffering from malnutrition (64%) increasing up to 81% for patients undergoing palliative treatment. Most of them were treated curatively (83%) and received oncology treatment with moderate or high nutritional risk (69%). 68% of patients were affected by some feeding difficulty. The mean percentage of weight loss has been 6.64% ± 0.87 (min 0%, max 33%). Albumin values of 32% of the patients were between 3 and 3.5 g/dl and negatively correlated with feeding difficulties (p = 0.001). The body mass index (BMI) has not found to be a significant parameter for detecting malnutrition (only in 10% of the patients, the value was below 19.9 kg/m²). But a significant linear tendency when compared to feeding problems could be shown, such that in patients with less feeding problems a higher BMI has been found (p = 0.001). More than a half of the patients required nutritional counselling to control symptoms which made food intake difficult. One third of the patients needed oral nutritional supplementation. Following the nutritional intervention the weight of about 60% of the patients could be maintained and of one sixth it could be increased. Conclusion: The application of this protocol is useful, easy and could help detecting malnutrition in oncology patients. It provides the possibility to select those patients who can benefit from a specific nutritional intervention. If possible, the application of the protocol should be started immediatly after cancer is diagnosed. Nutritional support proves efficient for most of the patients.