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Left turns may generate efficiency problems, which can be solved by appropriately prohibiting left turns. The goal of this paper is to propose a method for purpose of minimizing total travel times in urban road networks by prohibiting left turns. With left turn prohibition, the signal timing plan is optimized with the lane-based method because the method can adequately handle both signal timing optimization and lane assignment. The total travel time is calculated with link flows and link travel time being estimated with signal settings. As illustrated by numerical examples, prohibiting left turns reduces the total travel time of car traffic in road networks. As the left turn prohibition results can handle the randomness in the network, these results provide potential implications for congestion management.

In an urban environment, drivers have to yield to many other road users. This is still a difficult challenge for autonomous vehicles and could be facilitated by reducing the number of permissive turnings at signalised intersections. If autonomous vehicles were segregated at a presignal, they could be given exclusive protected movements. Other traffic streams could still be signalled permis-sively. An analytical model has been developed here based on the constraints of this intersection operation mode in order to estimate its capacity given a specific set of circumstances (the configuration of the traffic signal program and layout of the infrastructure). The model is used to maximise capacity depending on the position of the presignal.

Neither traffic detector counts nor Floating Car Data are able to determine the absolute traffic demand with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, traffic management depends on simple and often inaccurate estimations. In recent years, various research projects have shown that plausible results can be achieved from mere road detector data by applying the Information Minimization model and eliminating redundant information. However, a problem that has not yet been solved in this approach is the lack of information about the structure of traffic demand. This can be extracted from Floating Car Data. To merge both pieces of information into one consistent model the present paper introduces a methodology based on the work of Pohlmann utilizing the Information Minimization Model by Van Zuylen.

Directional counts at network nodes, in particular at urban intersections, are currently obtained during short time periods using either camera observations, or manual traffic counts or by using vehicle identification hardware, such as Bluetooth or ANPR. Since lanes are in many cases shared, continuous lane based detection does not provide directional counts for the majority of signalized urban intersections and roundabouts. The purpose of this research is to develop a method, which is purely based on the fusion of automatically recorded probe data and cross section counts at node entries and exits. This approach allows for continuous directional count analysis and thus the identification of patterns over different time spans with no need for an in-situ investment with devices or counting personnel.

Today, the possibility of accessing and processing large volumes of information (the binomial Big-Data ↔ Machine- Learning/IA) has motivated the review of methodologies for analysis, planning and m...

Zur Erzielung der Klimaneutralität ab 2050 ist die Implementierung des Nachhaltigkeitsgedankens in allen Lebensbereichen umzusetzen. Dies betrifft sowohl Konsumgüter- als auch Immobilienwirtschaft. Gebäudezertifizierung trägt dabei zur Qualitätssteigerung und Zukunftsfähigkeit der bebauten Umwelt bei und verdeutlicht den Stellenwert der Nachhaltigkeit. Neben diesen beiden Elementen steht die Mehrzahlungsbereitschaft für nachhaltige Gebäude im Fokus vorliegender Arbeit. Anhand einer quantitativen Studie wurde untersucht, welchen Stellenwert Nachhaltigkeit in der österreichischen Gesellschaft einnimmt und inwiefern diese Immobilieninvestitionen beeinflusst. Mittels standardisiertem Online-Fragebogen wurden 172 Personen zum Thema befragt. Die Erstellung des Fragebogens erfolgte anhand validierter Skalen und thematisierte die Einstellung gegenüber der Nachhaltigkeit sowie die Mehrzahlungsbereitschaft für diese. Das nicht repräsentative Sampling wurde anhand von Rangkorrelationen nach Spearman, Mann-Whitney-U-Tests und Kruskal-Wallis-Tests analysiert. Es zeigte sich, dass Testpersonen, die Nachhaltigkeit im Allgemeinen als hoch oder sehr hoch einstuften, diese im Falle eines Hauskaufes nicht zwingend als wichtig erachten. Trotz hoher Mehrzahlungsbereitschaft für nachhaltige Konsumgüter, kann die Mehrzahlungsbereitschaft für bessere Energieausweiswerte oder zertifizierte Immobilien niedrig sein. Mit steigender Verbrauchserwartung und steigenden Energiepreisen steigt auch das Interesse an nachhaltigen Elementen bei Immobilien. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse dienen im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung und immobilienwirtschaftlicher Entscheidungen für Investoren und Bauherren als Anhaltspunkt.*****This paper deals with the development of sustainability in the consumer goods sector as well as in the real estate sector and its different facets. Certification of buildings enhanc-es the quality and the viability of developed areas and highlights the significance of sus-tainable devel

O Regime de Com?rcio de Licen?as de Emiss?o da Uni?o Europeia, o primeiro e o maior sistema de com?rcio de emiss?es do mundo, ? uma pe?a central na estrat?gia da Uni?o Europeia para conter emiss?es de poluentes dentro de seu territ?rio. No entanto, existe um fen?meno que pode comprometer a efici?ncia desse mercado: a fuga de carbono. Tal ocorr?ncia surge quando uma regula??o ambiental mais r?gida em uma regi?o faz com que emiss?es em outras ?reas aumentem, o que pode prejudicar o objetivo geral da redu??o global de emiss?es antropog?nicas. O sistema europeu criou um mecanismo para coibir o risco de fuga de carbono. Esse dispositivo tem como fundamento principal a oferta de licen?as de emiss?o gratuitas para setores e subsetores da economia que estejam expostos ? fuga de carbono. A presente disserta??o investiga as inefici?ncias contidas nas regras criadas para impedir a fuga de carbono no Regime de Com?rcio de Licen?as de Emiss?o da Uni?o Europeia que fazem com que setores e subsetores em demasia sejam beneficiados. Tamb?m ? evidenciado como a teoria dos custos de transa??o, com ?nfase para os pressupostos atrelados aos conceitos de racionalidade limitada e oportunismo, ajuda a entender as causas dessas falhas de design institucional. The European Union Emission Trading System, the first and the largest emissions trading system in the world, is a centerpiece in the European Union?s strategy to contain pollutant emissions within its territory. However, there is a phenomenon that can compromise the efficiency of this market: carbon leakage. Such an occurrence arises when a stricter environmental regulation in a region causes emissions in other areas to increase, which can harm the general objective of the global reduction of anthropogenic emissions. The European system has created a mechanism to curb the risk of carbon leakage. This devise is primarily based on the offering of free emission allowances for sectors and subsectors of the economy that are exposed to carbon leakage. This dissertation investigates the inefficiencies contained in the rules created to prevent carbon leakage in the European Union Emission Trading System, which cause too many sectors and subsectors to benefit. It is also evidenced how the theory of transaction costs, with emphasis on the assumptions linked to the concepts of limited rationality and opportunism, helps to understand the causes of these institutional design flaws. Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

This paper proposes a system providing city-logistic services, based on the use of autonomous-connected platoons consisting of delivery vans. The proposed system is tested using a microsimulation. ...

This work presents a methodology for measuring traffic quantities from crowd-sourced trajectories for the purpose of estimating saturation flow rates. First, the observed trajectories are clustered to identify the signal programs that occur over the data collection period. Trajectories with known cycle lengths are accumulated on one space–time plot with their respective green start times at the origin, and then Edie’s generalized definitions of traffic variables are adapted to construct a full-scale fundamental diagram. The approach is tested empirically, and the averages and variances of the estimated quantities were within the expected ranges for each type of movement. Results from several movements were also verified against field measurements from a short video recording. The proposed method enables estimations of saturation flow rates over entire networks based on long-term datasets, instead of short-term field measurements. The approach is particularly advantageous for estimations under the unpredictable conditions associated with conflicting movements.

The objective of this paper is the development of a staged methodology that allows the estimation of signal timing information like cycle length, green and red time intervals for time-dependent fixed-time controlled and actuated intersections based on floating car data (FCD). To be able to infer signal timing information based on low frequency FCD, the approach assumes as a basic condition the daily repetition of signal plans, whereby similar daytime and workdays are aggregated to reach a sufficient data density. The established concept utilizes only a very small number of trajectories that covers typical sampling intervals between 15-45 secs. The explained methodology considers three processing stages. Firstly, map matching, data decomposition and stop line estimation are realized in a basic data preparation. Secondly, the method calculates for each trajectory the specific moment, where each trajectory has crossed the inferred stop line position, whereby crossing times are projected by the application of a modulo operation into the time scale of different cycle lengths. A statistical data analysis allows the identification of daytime slices, where signal program stays constant. Finally, the last stage considers the precise estimation of red and green time intervals based on a histogram analysis. The basic applicability of the developed concept has been demonstrated using a simulated trajectory dataset and could be also successfully tested on a real world case study. Data source used in this paper allowed finally the exact estimation of cycle length, whereas red and green time interval could be estimated with an accuracy of ± 1 secs when comparing estimates against reference signal program documents.

In 2013, 2+1 roadways have become mandatory for newly constructed rural roadways in Germany. The steady trend towards autonomous vehicles and vehicle-to-X (V2X) communication will enable new automated traffic coordination mechanisms. In our research, we study how traffic flow on 2+1 roadways can be improved by using such mechanisms for coordinating the usage of overtaking lanes. Conflicts between vehicles on 2+1 roadways arise due to (1) differing capabilities (e.g. maximum speed), and (2) conflicting preferences of drivers (e.g. desired speed). These conflicts can lead to poor use of resources, and ultimately in time loss both from an individual vehicle and aggregated system perspective. To foster acceptance of coordination mechanisms, it is important to not only consider the system perspective but also to ensure some level of driver satisfaction and fairness, e.g. if vehicles are denied access to the overtaking lane in favour of faster vehicles, this raises questions regarding the acceptance of external coordination. While there is some research studying microscopic optimisation of traffic flows on rural 2+1 roads and intersections, there has been only little research focusing on driver satisfaction and fairness of mechanisms. In this work, we present the results of a pre-study on simulated 2+1 manoeuvres conducted using the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) suite to estimate optimisation potentials of coordination. Preliminary results indicate potentials to reduce driver dissatisfaction while maintaining fairness. We analyse optimisation potentials and propose a model which combines driver satisfaction and fairness of coordination, aiming at increasing acceptance of autonomous vehicle coordination.

Durch den zunehmenden Wandel in der innerstädtischen Straßenraumgestaltung hin zu fußgänger- und radfahrerfreundlichen Bereichen sind neue Entwurfskonzepte für die Straßenraumgestaltung entstanden. Beim Shared-Space-Gedanken werden die Grenzen der nach Verkehrsarten getrennten Verkehrsflächen mit dem Ziel aufgelöst, die Aufenthaltsqualität und die Erschließung der angrenzenden Bebauung zu verbessern. Dies führt dazu, dass eine Interaktion zwischen unterschiedlichen Verkehrsarten auf einem Großteil der Fläche möglich ist. Dadurch soll eine aufmerksame Fahrweise, besonders des Kraftfahrzeugverkehrs, gefördert und somit die Verkehrssicherheit verbessert werden. Zur Beurteilung der Verkehrssicherheit und der Leistungsfähigkeit solcher Verkehrsflächen existieren bisher keine Standards, sodass die Auswirkungen eines geplanten Vorhabens nur mittels Verkehrssimulationen abgeschätzt werden können. In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues Simulationsmodell für die realistische Abbildung der Bewegungsabläufe auf Verkehrsflächen nach dem Shared-Space-Gestaltungsprinzip vorgestellt. Dabei wird auf Basis des Soziale-Kräfte-Modells ein mehrstufiger Ansatz eingeführt, welcher die drei Bewegungsmuster freie Bewegung, antizipierte Konfliktlösung und ad hoc-Reaktion abbildet. Anschließend wird eine simulationsbasierte Methode zur Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit eingeführt und diese an einer realen Verkehrsfläche verifiziert.

this paper presents a case study of an integrated practice-oriented methodology to continuously monitor intersections' capacity from a data stream of vehicle trajectories after a one-time calibration with information automatically collected from video images through object recognition and tracking. Such an approach would allow a quick adaptation to upcoming changes in traffic flow physics with connected and automated vehicles, as well as the spread in time and space of the knowledge of effective capacities, filling the current gap in the practice that relies on highway capacity manuals or punctual measurements. Historical data from probe trajectories are used to extract common features of the signalized approach such as cycle time, green start and stop line position. Applying computer vision machine learning on short video recordings of the signalized approach we track vehicles and extract specific features such as queue density (equivalently spatial headway) and the relationship between vehicles speed profiles and vehicle sizes. These parameters help extract saturation flow rate values from newly observed probe trajectories. The same information extracted from videos serve as a comparison basis in spite of different time frame.

This paper proposes a concept for the semantic classification of pedestrian traffic scenarios to estimate the test coverage during the validation of automated driving systems for urban environments. A model is introduced to describe pedestrian behavior as a combination of geometric data of their trajectory and maneuvers in relation to the surrounding infrastructure. The presented concept is applied and evaluated on an initial dataset of recorded measurement data to monitor the achieved coverage of pedestrian behavior during the test drives. Furthermore, the benefits and challenges of the approach are discussed. The methodology can help to detect semantic redundancy in a given scenario database and thereby improve the efficiency of the overall testing process. Moreover, common traffic scenarios can be identified, which makes it possible to focus real world test drives on these, while more infrequent scenarios are covered in simulations.

Purpose Immune activation with T cell tumor infiltration is beneficial for the prognosis of patients suffering from solid cancer. Depending on their immune status, solid tumors can be immunologically classified into three groups: “hot” tumors are infiltrated with T lymphocytes, “cold” tumors are not infiltrated and “immune excluded” tumors are only infiltrated in the peripheral tumor tissue. Checkpoint inhibitors provide new therapeutic options for “hot” tumors by triggering the immune response of T cells. In order to enable this for cold tumors as well, T cells must be enriched in the tumor. Therefore, we use the principle of magnetic targeting to guide T cells loaded with citrate-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONCitrate) to the tumor by an externally applied magnetic field. Methods SPIONCitrate were produced by alkaline coprecipitation of iron(II) and iron(III) chloride and in situ coating with sodium citrate. The concentration-dependent cytocompatibility of the particles was determined by flow cytometry and blood stability assays. Atomic emission spectroscopy was used for the quantification of the particle uptake into T lymphocytes. The attractability of the loaded cells was observed by live-cell imaging in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. Results SPIONCitrate displayed good cytocompatibility to T cells and did not show any sign of aggregation in blood. Finally, SPIONCitrate-loaded T cells were strongly attracted by a small external magnet. Conclusion T cells can be “magnetized” by incorporation of SPIONCitrate for magnetic targeting. The production of the particle-cell hybrid system is straightforward, as the loading process only requires basic laboratory devices and the loading efficiency is sufficient for cells being magnetically controllable. For these reasons, SPIONCitrate are potential suitable candidates for magnetic T cell targeting.

This chapter succinctly outlines the history and basic principles of signal control in Germany and Austria. It provides an overview of the relevant guidelines, underlines and details the interrelated design of intersections and signal control, and describes the standard procedure for fixed-time control which is also the basis for traffic-actuated signal programs. This includes the calculation of intergreen times and saturation flow rates and the determination of levels of service for cars, bicycles, and pedestrians according to the respective guidelines. The explanations are illustrated by several figures. The chapter closes with the application of the signal timing procedure for an example intersection.

When streets are designed according to the shared space principle, road users tend to interact spontaneously and to negotiate priority with each other by adapting their trajectory and speed. Despite the success of this design principle in the recent years, traffic engineers still cannot rely on microsimulation tools for shared spaces, which would be extremely useful to compute performance indicators describing safety and quality of traffic. In view of this, in the previous research the authors have developed a three-layered social force-based model, capable to simulate the operation of shared space environments. The aim of the current work is to extend the model by including conflict solving strategies for multiple conflict situations, i.e., conflicts which involve more than two road users. A methodological approach based on aggregated probabilities is proposed to determine road users’ behavioral strategy. The goodness of the model is shown by means of an observed situation involving multiple pedestrians and motorists.

[no abstract available]

The direct left turn at intersections increases delays and causes more accidents in certain conditions. Prohibiting left turns could increase the capacity of the road network and reduce the delays. This research aims to analyze which left turns should be prohibited in an urban road network to increase efficiency. Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE), with left turn prohibition, is studied in this paper, by minimizing the travel time of the network. The left turn prohibition solution, the corresponding cycle time and green times are determined. A left turn prohibition filtering algorithm (LTPFA) is developed in this paper. The core of the algorithm is that the minor left turn flows have priority to be prohibited. The LTPFA succeeds to find optimal or near-optimal result of travel time in the shorter time compared with enumerating all left turn prohibition combinations. As the total traffic demands increase, the traffic network can benefit more from the left turn prohibition.

Surface-functionalized gold-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Au-SPIONs) may be a useful tool in various biomedical applications. To obtain Au-SPIONs, gold salt was precipitated onto citrate-stabilized SPIONs (Cit-SPIONs) using a simple, aqueous one-pot technique inspired by the Turkevich method of gold nanoparticle synthesis. By the further stabilization of the Au-SPION surface with additional citrate (Cit-Au-SPIONs), controllable and reproducible Z-averages enhanced long-term dispersion stability and moderate dispersion pH values were achieved. The citrate concentration of the reaction solution and the gold/iron ratio was found to have a major influence on the particle characteristics. While the gold-coating reduced the saturation magnetization to 40.7% in comparison to pure Cit-SPIONs, the superparamagnetic behavior of Cit-Au-SPIONs was maintained. The formation of nanosized gold on the SPION surface was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. Cit-Au-SPION concentrations of up to 100 &micro, g Fe/mL for 48 h had no cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cells. At a particle concentration of 100 &micro, g Fe/mL, Jurkat cells were found to take up Cit-Au-SPIONs after 24 h of incubation. A significantly higher attachment of thiol-containing L-cysteine to the particle surface was observed for Cit-Au-SPIONs (53%) in comparison to pure Cit-SPIONs (7%).

This contribution proposes a semantic description of vehicle behavior in urban environments in the form of maneuvers. By detecting these maneuvers in recorded measurement data of test drives, specific scenarios can be identified and evaluated in regards to vehicle behavior on public roads. Characteristicsofextractedmaneuverscantheninturnbeused to describe and differentiate the behavior of traffic participants in test scenarios for automated driving systems. We extend an earlier concept to be applicable for urban vehicular traffic. Furthermore we analyze real-world measurement data of test drives by identifying the maneuvers which are defined in this contribution. We then show exemplary how classified vehicle behaviorcanbeusedtoformulateaLogicalScenariocontaining parameter distributions. These distributions are then sampled to obtain multiple Concrete Scenarios for use in simulation. Finally, we discuss our results and possible future work.

This paper describes the validation of Chinese driver models in SUMO that enables a Chinese traffic simulation in the ChAoS framework. For validation a multi-level-concept is used, meaning that microscopic and macroscopic parameters are used. The results are discussed with respect to the characteristics of Chinese traffic, especially the improvements made by the sublane model.

Vergleiche auch: Andreas Glöckner: Johann Sebastian Bach und die Universität Leipzig - Neue Quellen (Teil I). BJ 2008, S. 159-201, Bach-Jahrbuch, Bd. 22 (1925)

Bach-Jahrbuch, Bd. 17 (1920)

Bach-Jahrbuch, Bd. 8 (1911)

Bach-Jahrbuch, Bd. 9 (1912)

Bach-Jahrbuch, Bd. 5 (1908)

Bach-Jahrbuch, Bd. 3 (1906)

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This article reports about a new synthesis approach by the Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis of Au nanoparticles which consists of a separate heating zone for evaporation and subsequent connection of reduction gas by entering directly into the reaction zone. This redesign was made in order to control each step of the USP to find those influential parameters which dictate final gold nanoparticles’ morphology and size. For the precursor a starting solution of HAuCl4 and water was used with various concentrations of Au (0.625 g/l, 1.25 g/l and 2.5 g/l). Other variable parameters were evaporation temperatures (75 � C, 80 � C and 85 � C) and time of synthesis (3 h, 6 h, 9 h), while the temperature in the heating zone was constant (350 � C) during performing all the experiments. Characterization of synthesized Au nanoparticles was carried out by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was found that Au nanoparticles have bimodal size distribution. An investigation of the Au nanoparticles’ electron diffractions enabled us to find the possible growth of Au nanocrystal types which was finally the base for setting up the synthesis mechanisms of Au nanoparticles. The cytocompatibility investigations of the Au nanoparticles suggested that they were not cytotoxic for L929 cells in vitro, but they can exhibit anti-proliferative properties, depending on their size distribution.

In the field of traffic road design, the shared space approach aims to develop roads from mere traffic infrastructures to public spaces, compelling higher interaction between road users. In this paper we develop the fundamentals for a micro-simulation tool based on the Social Force Model, to represent the motion of road users in such layouts. Working with the observed behavior of users in a pedestrian-friendly intersection in the city of Braunschweig (D), a multi-layer structured model is developed, in which each layer is designated to handle different situations, from free-flow movements to user interactions in crowded situations. Visibility graphs and clothoid estimations are used for designing trajectories of road users for the free flow movement. Furthermore, an enhancement of the classical Social Force Model is provided in order to model long-range collision avoidance behavior. Finally, the enhanced simulation framework is validated by two observed scenarios, which include various conflicts between pedestrians and cars. DFG/BE 2159/13-1 DFG/FR 1670/13-1

While conventional shared demand-responsive transportation (SDRT) systems mostly operate on a door-to-door policy, the usage of meeting points for the pick-up and drop-off of user groups can offer several advantages, like fewer stops and less total travelled mileage. Moreover, it offers the possibility to select only feasible and well-defined locations where a safe (de-)boarding is possible. This paper presents a three-step workflow for solving the SDRT problem with meeting points (SDRT-MP). Firstly, the customers are clustered into similar groups, then meeting (and divergence) points are determined for each cluster. Finally, a parallel neighbourhood search algorithm is applied to create the vehicle routes. Further, a simulation with realistic pick-up and drop-off locations based on map data is performed in order to demonstrate the impact of using meeting points for SDRT systems in contrast to the door-to-door service. Although the average passenger travel time is higher due to enhanced walking and waiting times, the experiment highlights a reduction of operator resources required to serve all customers., 28 pages. Submitted to Transportation Science

In shared space environments the movements of road users is not regulated by traffic rules, but is the result of spontaneous interaction between traffic users, who negotiate the priority according to social rules such as eye contact or courtesy behavior. However, appropriate micro simulation tools, which can reproduce the operation of shared spaces, are currently lacking. In this paper, a multi-layer approach for representing the movement of road users and their interaction, based on the Social Force Model, is developed. In a free-flow layer a realistic path is calculated for each user towards his destination, while a conflict layer is used for detecting possible conflict situations and computing an appropriate reaction. The novelty of this work in the field of shared space modeling is in the implementation of group dynamics and a SFM based approach for cyclists. The presented approach is qualitatively tested in different traffic situations involving cyclists, pedestrians and pedestrian groups, and shows realistic behavior. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. DFG/BE 2159/13-1 DFG/FR 1670/13-1

The future holds great promise for the use of autonomous vehicles. Many daily activities which require the use of extensive manpower, will soon be performed with much less human interference, if at all. City logistics is an example of one such arena, which will most surely benefit from the introduction of autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicles will replace human couriers in the near future, and conduct delivery tasks. Given the current trends in the freight industry, this will probably be integrated with the use of platoons, which has recently gained an increasing interest in the freight sector. In this paper we present an urban freight delivery system, which is based on the use of autonomous connected platoons. In the presented system, autonomous vehicles carry out delivery tasks, traveling from an origin depot to a customer, by joining platoons along the way, which bring them closer to their destination. Many issues can be analysed with respect to the proposed system. In this paper, we choose to focus on the travel time issue. In particular, we examine the effects different platoon configurations (total number of platoons in the network and their size) have on the travel time of the vehicles performing the delivery tasks. In order to examine the proposed system, a traffic microsimulation is used. A case study is presented, demonstrating the effects of varying the platoon number and size on the travel time. The results show a relation between the configuration of platoons and the travel time, especially with respect to the delay in intersections, and the waiting time while switching platoons. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.