Germany and Austria

This chapter succinctly outlines the history and basic principles of signal control in Germany and Austria. It provides an overview of the relevant guidelines, underlines and details the interrelated design of intersections and signal control, and describes the standard procedure for fixed-time control which is also the basis for traffic-actuated signal programs. This includes the calculation of intergreen times and saturation flow rates and the determination of levels of service for cars, bicycles, and pedestrians according to the respective guidelines. The explanations are illustrated by several figures. The chapter closes with the application of the signal timing procedure for an example intersection.