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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of post-operative pain after cleaning and shaping with three file system using Hand, Rotary and Reciprocating motion in maxillary and mandibular molars. Materials and Method: A total 60 patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: in group 1 (n=20) teeth were prepared with hand protaper file system till F2 size. In group 2 (n=20) teeth were prepared with primary wave one gold and in group 3(n= 20) teeth were prepared with protaper gold file system till F2 size. The pre and post-operative pain score was noted using visual analog scale at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after preparation. Results: all the pre instrumentation pain values were higher than post-instrumentation. There was significant difference among the groups with highest post-operative incidence in wave one gold followed by hand protaper and protaper gold files after 12 hours. Conclusion: Post- operative pain was significantly lower in patients treated with rotary protaper gold as compared to wave one gold and hand protaper file systems.

Background: A global review on oral health by the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized that despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist. Dental caries and periodontal disease have historically been considered the most important global oral health burdens. This is particularly so among underprivileged groups in both developing and developed countries. The application of natural products for the control of oral diseases is considered as an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials due to their lower negative impact, and for the effort to overcome primary or secondary resistance to the drug during therapy. Objective: To review the current evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts on dental caries and plaque microorganisms. Materials and Methods: A literature search was made for 6 months in PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, LILACS/BBO, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, SCIENCE DIRECT, and Google scholar databases. The results from the relevant published literatures are discussed. Summary and Conclusion: The extracts of Azadirachta Indica, Ocimum sanctum, Murraya koenigii L., Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Rosa indica, and Aloe barbadensis The current evidence is on individual plant extracts against bacteria involved in either caries or periodontitis. The research assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of a combination of these plant extracts against dental caries and periodontal pathogens is the need of the hour, and such research will aid in the development of a novel, innovative method that can simultaneously inhibit two of the most common dental diseases of mankind, besides slowing the development of drug resistance.

In the paper, we will discuss the various job opportunities that are available in the field of Data Science. Since, I have stated various jobs, I must specify that there are around 43 types of jobs available in the field. The main purpose of this research review paper is to show the variations in the salaries of the various branches of Data Science analyzed on the basis of year 2020/2021 survey. The variations further depend on the skills or softwares that are increasing their values in the field. The research is based on a data set taken from an open-source - “Kaggle” as well as online survey for various sites. I have examined various other review papers Some of the tools, that is, SQL, Excel, R and Python are still at the top of the list. As its stated in recent headlines that the tech workers are being paid same salaries as compare to the medical workers in US. Some of the cloud computing (AWS) have received an high approach. In fact, equal participation is received by women when it comes to Data Science which is discussed in this paper too. Though, the participation is equal, women are being paid less. To explain more specifically, Visualization is the medium which is used as images works more efficiently than words.

Housing instability and intimate partner violence (IPV) compromise women's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) through reduced contraceptive access and increased risk of unintended pregnancy. This study describes the reproductive health status and needs of IPV survivors receiving housing support and explores factors influencing their experience of reproductive coercion (RC), specifically. Cross-sectional baseline data from a quasi-experimental study of 70 IPV survivors enrolled in housing programs in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area from June 2019 through December 2020 were analyzed. Of the 70 women enrolled in the study, 70.3 percent (

Understanding of the energy/charge transfer processes in Mn–CsPbBr3 NPLs is achieved using temperature-dependent femtosecond TA spectroscopy. Charge transfer process which is efficient at 300 K is seen to be inhibited at 5 K.

The current scenario of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pandemics caused by viruses makes research in the area of antibacterial and antiviral materials and surfaces more urgent than ever. In this regard, salicylideneimine based tetracoordinate boron-containing organic compounds are emerging as a new class of photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation. However, the inherent inability of small organic molecules to be processed limits their potential use in functional coatings. Here we show the synthesis of a novel polymer functionalized with diiodosalicylideneimine-boron difluoride (PEI-BF2) and its utility for surface coating inside glass vials

A single step in situ electrospinning strategy is utilized for synthesis of CsPbBr3 inside poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene fiber. The transfer of charge carriers from CsPbBr3 to PVDF-HFP with 300 nm pump excitation is investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy.

Self-powered supramolecular micropumps could potentially provide a solution for powerless microfluidic devices where the fluid flow can be manipulated via modulating non-covalent interactions.

BACKGROUND Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, (PML) a demyelinating disease of the brain, caused by the John Cunningham (JC Virus) is usually seen in patients who are immunocompromised. Here, we describe a case of an immunocompetent patient diagnosed with PML and a comprehensive literature review. CASE DESCRIPTION A 64-year-old Caucasian male presented with acute worsening of progressive neurological decline with difficulty in vision and reading. Based on history, examination, CSF markers, histopathology, and MRI Brain at the time of presentation diagnosed the patient with PML in a setting of no immunosuppression disorder. Patient was started on Pelfilgrastim with significant systematic improvement. RESULT In our literature review, it was seen that the average age of symptom presentation was 57.5 with predominance in males. Most of the patients presented with progressive neurological deficits with symptomology ranging from mild confusion, aphasia, anxiety to sensory disturbances with numbness, hemiparesis and hemianopsia. Out of the 21 cases, patients responded to mirtazapine and intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (IVMP). The mortality rate was close to 50% with 11 fatal cases and 10 non-fatal cases. CONCLUSION Our case and literature review demonstrate the possibility that PML may very rarely occur in patients that our immunocompetent. Furthermore, our review showed that patients responded well to mirtazapine and IVMP. We also want to highlight that mortality rate was lower in this review and was only compared to morality in PML associated with immunocompromised status. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Tin chalcogenides (SnX, X = S, Se)-based heterostructures (HSs) are promising materials for the construction of low-cost optoelectronic devices. Here, we report the synthesis of a SnSe/CdSe HS using the controlled cation exchange reaction. The (400) plane of SnSe and the (111) plane of CdSe confirm the formation of an interface between SnSe and CdSe. The Type I band alignment is estimated for the SnSe/CdSe HS with a small conduction band offset (CBO) of 0.72 eV through cyclic voltammetry measurements. Transient absorption (TA) studies demonstrate a drastic enhancement of the CdSe biexciton signal that points toward the hot carrier transfer from SnSe to CdSe in a short time scale. The fast growth and recovery of CdSe bleach in the presence of SnSe indicate charge transfer back to SnSe. The observed delocalization of carriers in these two systems is crucial for an optoelectronic device. Our findings provide new insights into the fabrication of cost-effective photovoltaic devices based on SnSe-based heterostructures.

Communication between mobile nodes occurs in mobile ad hoc networks without a centralized control system. The mobility of a node in this environment is unpredictable; this is a feature of wireless networks. The network is subject to routing misbehaviour and attacks as a result of defective or malicious nodes. Active attacks are the most harmful for networks because they raise the risk of information loss. The focus of this research is on the Black Hole Attack. This assault degrades the MANETs' performance to the point where regaining control becomes the most difficult task. Several researchers previously worked to combat these assaults, but the problem persists, compromising the network with numerous dangers. Most suggested security methods have not been tested on huge amounts of traffic, attacker nodes, or congestion, which increases the complexity of communication and necessitates the development of preventative techniques. As a result, in this paper, a trust-based security protocol is proposed. The trust parameters, which are derived based on two factors: (i) Current Energy and (ii) Packed Drop Count of a node, are used to choose IDS. The selected IDS node assists the source node in selecting a data transmission path and then monitoring that route until the transmission is complete. The impact of each scenario is computed using PDR, NRL, and PLR, and the performance of this proposed protocol is tested using three distinct scenarios with varied numbers of attackers, mobility, and nodes. In order to assess the effectiveness of this work, a grey hole attack is used. The average PDR is 97.7%, the NRL is 1.157, and the PLR is 2.22%, which is higher than other current protocols such as Reputation Value and AODV. In this work, a comparison is conducted for each scenario, and it is noticed that increasing the number of attackers and mobility decreases performance, but increasing the number of nodes increases the possibility of more alternative pathways. All of the calculations demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms other current protocols, achieving the intended result.

The tumor suppressor BRCA1-BARD1 complex functions in many cellular processes; of critical importance to its tumor suppressor function is its role in genome integrity. Although RING E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is the only known enzymatic activity of the complex, the in vivo requirement for BRCA1-BARD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity has been controversial. Here we probe the role of BRCA1-BARD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vivo using C. elegans. Genetic, cell biological, and biochemical analyses of mutants defective for E3 ligase activity reveal both E3 ligase-dependent and independent functions of the complex in the context of DNA damage repair and meiosis. We show that E3 ligase activity is essential for BRCA1-BARD1 to concentrate at both DNA damage and recombination sites in meiotic germ cells, but not at DNA damage sites in proliferating germ cells. While BRCA1 alone is capable of monoubiquitylation, BARD1 is required with BRCA1 to promote polyubiquitylation. We find that the requirement for E3 ligase activity and BARD1 in DNA damage signaling and repair can be partially alleviated by driving the nuclear accumulation and self-association of BRCA1. Our data suggest that in addition to E3 ligase activity, BRC-1 serves a structural role for DNA damage signaling and repair while BRD-1 plays an accessory role to enhance BRC-1 function.Author SummaryBRCA1-BARD1 is a E3 ubiquitin ligase, which modifies proteins by the addition of the small protein ubiquitin. While mutations that disrupt E3 ligase activity and stability of the BRCA1-BARD1 complex lead to a predisposition for breast and ovarian cancer, the specific requirement for E3 ligase activity in tumor suppression is not known. Here we probe the function of E3 ligase activity and BARD1 in the maintenance of genome integrity by engineering point mutations that disrupt E3 ligase activity in C. elegans BRCA1 as well as a null mutation in BARD1. We find that while E3 ligase activity is important for genome integrity, the complex plays additional roles besides ubiquitylating proteins. Further, our data suggest that BRCA1 is the key functional unit of the complex while BARD1 is an accessory partner that enhances BRCA1’s function. These findings may help explain why there is a higher prevalence of cancer-causing mutations in BRCA1 compared to BARD1.

In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-aided zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by fusion of precipitation-cum-hydrothermal method. The PEG/ZnO NPs were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) transformation, UV-visible field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray, high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and RAMAN techniques. XRD analysis confirms the formation of the wurtzite phase with a crystallite size of 8 nm of synthesized PEG/ZnO. While FESEM and HRTEM investigations reveal the formation of distinct structural forms, FTIR investigations show interactions between PEG and ZnO. High crystallinity of PEG/ZnO is observed in the selected area electron diffraction pattern. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) study revealed that ZnO NPs have a mesoporous structure with a significant specific surface area of 42 m2 g−1. The evaluation of photocatalytic activity of PEG/ZnO-based photocatalyst was carried out via the degradation of typical azo dye (industrial methylene blue (MB) dye) along with total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The PEG-ZnO (dose 200 mg l−1) was found to be an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of MB dye. The degradation reaction exhibits pseudo-first-order kinetics. Additionally, TOC removal was monitored, elucidating almost complete mineralization.

Background: In the present study, we aimed to determine the expression of PDL1 and its correlation with TIL in Triple Negative (ER, PR and Her 2neu negative) cases of breast carcinoma (immune-histochemical study) Methods: Expression of PD-L1 was seen on 40 proven triple negative cases of breast carcinomas (TNBC) and to correlate it with other parameters affecting prognosis of the disease. All the cases were infiltrating ductal carcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) Result: Maximum cases were Grade III (67.5%) followed by Grade II (32.5%). PD-L1 positivity was seen in 32.5% cases whereas TIL was positive for PD-L1 in 27.5 %. 5 cases were positive for both epithelial cell and TIL. Out of 13 PD-L1 positive tumors, 38.5% cases showed TIL positivity whereas out of 27 PD-L1 negative tumors, only 22.2% were TIL positive. PD-L1 expression in TIL was seen in 38.5% of cases however there was no statistically significant correlation between PD-L1 positivity and TIL positivity. PDL-1 positivity was more in Grade III (33.3%) as compared to Grade II (23%) lesions. Thus, it was observed that PD-L1 positivity increased from grade II to grade III lesions. Conclusion: Intra-tumoral expression of PD-L1 is directly proportional to histological grade, aggressive subtypes in TNBC cases however there was no statistically significant correlation between PD-L1 positivity in tumor cells and TIL positivity. We thus postulate that measurement of PD-L1 expression in TNBC cases could enhance the accuracy of predicting patient prognosis and allow for optimal treatment selection.

It is undeniable that oil and gas explorations are going on at a frantic pace due to excessive fossil fuel usage across the world. This has compelled us to explore isolated or even uninhabited places to meet the surging demand for oil and gas. There is no doubt that scientists and researchers worldwide are exploring more renewable energy sources to produce value-added products. In the last few years, biogas' usage as a reactant gas in the catalytic reforming process has emanated as an energy carrier to produce energy-efficient products, i.e., syngas and methanol. This review aimed to analyze the research works focusing on the biogas DR reactions and methanol production from biogas. The findings of some experimental studies have been presented in the form of graphs for important selective parameters as case studies. The overall impression from the review suggests that the performance of the reforming catalysts deteriorates regarding different operating conditions. Still, the improvement in syngas production has been reported by neglecting the effect of H2S impurity. Furthermore, various parameters have been discussed paragraphically to evaluate the catalytic performance in biogas dry reforming reactions and a check on catalyst synthesis methods. After that, a few scattered studies have been discussed on methanol synthesis using biogas as a feedstock.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) frequently leads to housing instability and homelessness among survivors. While the client populations of many housing support programs are likely to include IPV survivors who have unique safety needs, the organizational readiness of these housing providers to identify and support IPV survivors is not clear. This study assessed organizational readiness for IPV response among Rapid Re-Housing (RRH) and Transitional Housing (TH) providers in Maryland, whose client populations include women ( n = 32). We adapted the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) to create the Housing provider Readiness to Manage IPV Survey (H-REMIS), inclusive of IPV-related perceptions, policies, staff training and capability, and resources. The 12-point H-REMIS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.748). Descriptive and comparative analyses domains by IPV-specific ( n = 4) and general ( n = 28) housing providers assessed readiness and identified areas for improvement. IPV-specific providers had higher mean organizational readiness for IPV response scores relative to non-IPV specific providers (11.3 and 7.5, respectively). High readiness areas included perceiving the importance of IPV and staff having adequate time, space, and comfort level to address IPV. Areas of low readiness included development and use of IPV response policies as well as staff training on IPV. This assessment documents concerning gaps in organizational readiness for IPV response among supportive housing providers, and pinpoints areas where training and capacity building can be most valuable. The process of improving readiness in the supportive housing sector must involve capacity building and a systems-level approach in order to ensure that all supportive housing providers are prepared to meet the needs of IPV survivors among their client population.

Bioaerosols and splatters generated by air syringes, ultrasonic scalers and high-speed turbine handpieces during dental treatment pose a potential hazard of infection not only to the patients but, to the dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants as well as other healthcare workers. Severe infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, measles, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV AIDS can be transmitted through aerosols. With the emergence of β-coronavirus (COVID-19), questions concerning the protection from such viral transmission in the dental hospital setting have arisen due to close contact and its transmission through the exposure of saliva, blood and other body fluids. A systematic electronic search with relevant key terms viz. Aerosol Management, Dental Aerosols, Dentistry and COVID-19, Dental Unit Waterlines, Preprocedural Mouth rinsing, High Volume Suction Evacuators (HVE) and CDC Guidelines was executed in PubMed and Medline databases for literature extraction and data has been interpreted by including articles based on predefined inclusion criteria.In this review article, we address the importance of understanding and implementation dental safety by following various systems for the management of dental aerosols

House of Ruth Maryland is a comprehensive intimate partner violence (IPV) service provider. Our academic‒practitioner partnership conducted a prospective, quasi-experimental evaluation (n = 70) of on-site transitional housing and community-based rapid rehousing to meet the safety and stability needs of individuals made homeless because of IPV. By 6-month follow-up, both IPV revictimization and housing instability significantly improved (P

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an increasingly common and rapidly fatal demyelinating infection of central nervous system caused by the highly prevalent John Cunningham (JC) virus in immunocompromised individuals belonging to all age groups and genders. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most common predisposing factor among other immunodeficient conditions leading to reactivation and multiple neurological symptoms. It has varied findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnosis is confirmed by positive JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We report 12 confirmed cases of PML from a single academic center. We comprehensively described clinical presentations, risk factors, CSF and neuroimaging findings, treatment and outcome for these cases of PML, a rare disease. The cases were almost equivalently distributed among young and old age groups and both genders. Positive JC virus on CSF was present in the majority of cases along with mild to severe reduction in lymphocyte counts. Significant MRI changes were present in all cases ranging from T2 hypertense signals to white matter lesions in various regions. Treatment with the reversion of immune-modulators, optimization of antiviral therapy (ART), plasmapheresis (PLEX), IVIG, Mirtazapine, oral steroids, and others was started as soon as the diagnosis was made in the majority of the cases. However, PML is a rapidly fatal illness and hence, survival was only seen in 4 cases in our study. The objective of this article is to highlight the importance of early diagnosis of PML with CSF findings and neuroimaging, early reversion of immunosuppressive medications, and careful monitoring and treatment of HIV cases with goals to reduce mortality, long-term morbidity, and deficits.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the expression of Cyclin D1 in colorectal carcinoma, and to correlate Cyclin D1 positivity with the grade of the tumor along with other parameters such as age, tumor location, lymph node metastasis, and vessel invasion.Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 proven cases of colorectal carcinoma from October 2015 to October 2017. The tissues were fixed, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin followed by immunohistochemical staining with Cyclin D1 using monoclonal antibodies.Results: 75% of the cases were conventional adenocarcinoma while the rest were mucinous adenocarcinoma. Of the total colorectal carcinomas,12.5% were Grade I, 50% were Grade II and 37.5% cases were Grade III. Cyclin D1 positivity was seen in 60% of cases with the most positivity in grade II tumors. A statistically significant correlation of Cyclin D1 was seen with age group (5th- 6th decade) and histological type of tumor. No significant correlation was seen of Cyclin D1 with lymph node involvement, depth of invasion, vascular invasion, or perineural invasion. A significant statistical correlation was seen with Crohn’s-like reaction and peritumoral lymphocytic response.Conclusions: Thus, it was concluded that a highly statistically significant correlation was seen with age group (5th- 6th decade) and histological type of tumor. No significant correlation was seen with Cyclin D1 expression with lymph node involvement, depth of invasion, vascular invasion, or perineural invasion.

Pumpkin seeds are used globally for snacks, bakery, and oil due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. The seeds of pumpkin have 35–45% oil, rich in health-enhancing fatty acids especially linoleic (52.7%), oleic (28.3%), and palmitic (12.7%). However, the presence of thick leathery seed coat (hull) limits the use due to decortication process required for further use. A mutant carrying thin and papery layer overcame the barrier of cost, time, and labor for decortication of pumpkin seed. The recessive gene mutation prevents lignin deposition and leads to collapse of the middle testa layers of the pumpkin seed. Mutation also changed the color of seeds from white to olive-green and produced dark-colored oil. Seed testa remains the same as in wild variety with five distinct testa layers of epidermis (E), hypodermis (H), sclerenchyma (S), parenchyma (P), and innermost chlorenchyma (C) during the initial stages of development. The changes in the seed testa start with the lignification process, which coincides with the reduced polyamine content. Lignin deposition diminution also coincides with reduced expression of the genes or enzyme activities involved in secondary wall formation. This suggests that, the mutation led to a series of changes to bring about a single response, i.e., naked seed or hull-less seed. Thus, this mutation should be studied thoroughly to determine the effects causing reduced lignin deposition and production of hull-less seeds. This review is focused on the changes induced by mutation that causes hull-less seed trait and its implications for commercial use.

A valveless micropump was designed via dynamic supramolecular interaction between beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and benzimidazole (BzI). It shows flow reversal in response to the pH change. An L-shaped microchannel was used to demonstrate the flow reversibility over long distances.

Due to the availability and particular features, wood is one of the first materials used by mankind with a wide variety of applications. Changes in moisture content lead to changes of virtually all physical and mechanical properties (e.g. shrinkage or swelling, strength and stiffness properties) of wood. The present study deals with the determination of mass attenuation coefficient of silver oak (Grevillea robusta) and mango (Mangifera indica) wood samples as it varies across material thickness and at varying moisture levels using gamma ray transmission method. NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and a radioactive source 137Cs of energy 0.662 MeV and having strength of 1.0 microcurie were used. Wood samples were placed in an oven for fixed durations to vary moisture levels. The attenuation varies with decreasing moisture content i.e., the mass attenuation coefficient was minimum for completely wet state and maximum for oven dry state of the samples. Wood density is also a vital parameter giving knowledge about anatomical and physical properties of wood. Wood densities were also measured for these wood samples by using conventional, oven dry and nuclear method. Owing to the fact that the shielding capacity of wood samples can also be determined easily, wood of sliver oak and mango can be used as shielding material from radiation.

The non-equilibrium liquid structure was achieved by interfacial jamming of pillar[5]arene carboxylic acid (P[5]AA) mediated by hydrogen bonding interactions. The assembly was reversibly modulated via jamming to unjamming transition thus dynamically shaping the liquid droplets. Interestingly, these supramolecular constructs showed pH-switchable gated diffusion of encapsulants, hence showcasing a next generation smart release system.

Mn-doped perovskites have already been widely explored in the context of interesting optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. Such fascinating traits showcased by them explain the huge augmentation in the device efficiency, directing their widespread application in the field of solar cells, energy- harvesting sectors, and light-emitting diodes. However, the underlying photophysics governing the overall charge carrier dynamics in Mn-doped CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets (NPLs) has never been discussed and therefore demands an in-depth investigation. Herein, fluorescence up-conversion and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy are employed for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the excited-state dynamics and the fundamental energy/charge-transfer processes for two-dimensional CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets (NPLs) and their Mn-doped counterparts. The up-conversion measurement clearly suggests the possibility of energy-transfer pathways in the Mn-doped CsPbBr3 NPLs. Interestingly, strong indication of charge transfer (CT) in Mn-doped CsPbBr3 NPLs was unambiguously established by an ultrafast TA approach. Our investigation clearly suggests that both the probable processes viz. the ultrafast energy and electron transfers noticeable in the Mn2+-doped CsPbBr3 NPLs are utterly competitive and rapid owing to the highly confined nature of the two-dimensional NPLs. This extensive probing of concurrent charge/energy-transfer processes may pave help clarify unresolved anomalies in Mn-doped perovskites, which may prove advantageous for a wide range of practical applicability.

Purpose This study aims to analyse whether investment in green and sustainable stocks provide some cushion during current precarious time. To compare the impact of COVID-19 on the volatility of sustainable and market-capitalisation-based stocks, daily returns from Greenex, Carbonex, Large-Cap, Mid-Cap and Small-Cap index have been analysed over a period of six years from 2015 to 2021. Design/methodology/approach At the outset, logarithmic return of all selected indices has been tested for possible unit root and heteroscedastic. On confirmation of stationarity and heteroscedasticity of data, auto-regressive conditional heteroscedastic models have been applied. Thereafter, volatility is modelled through best suitable model as suggested by Akaike and Schwarz information criterions. Findings The findings indicate the positive impact of COVID-19 on the volatility of the indices. Asymmetric power ARCH model indicates highest significant impact of COVID-19 over the volatility of Large-Cap index, whereas exponential GARCH model detected highest significant impact of COVID-19 over the volatility of Mid-Cap Index. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present study is original in the sense that it aimed at comparing the possible impact of COVID-19 over sustainable and market-capitalisation-based indices.

The inhibitory effect of nucleotides on the catalytic activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) was rationalized and a similar inhibition trend was observed when analyzing the macroscopic fluid flow generated by surface immobilized AChE. Additionally, the demonstration of enzymatic micropumping by showing adenine-nucleotide responsive AChE actuated fluid flow from blood plasma paved the way for designing future lab-on-a-chip devices in complex biological environments with potential clinical applications.

The angulated C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope (VL) is designed for difficult intubation and may not be compatible with standard PVC endotracheal tubes.Present study was planned to compare efficacy of C-MAC, D-blade VL using endotracheal tube with three different stylets versus No stylet in patients undergoing tracheal intubation with simulated difficult airway.After obtaining written consent and IEC approval, total 144 adult patients were allocated to four groups of 36 each using no stylet or different types of stylets. The four groups were Group NS: No stylet; Group CS: C-MAC stylet; Group DS: D-blade type stylet; Group HS: hockey-stick shaped stylet. A rigid appropriate sized Philadelphia cervical collar was placed around the neck to simulate difficult airway and C-MAC D-Blade VL was used for intubation. The duration of each intubation stage and attempts were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 for Windows and appropriate tests for different variables were applied. Appropriately, Student's t test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and one-way ANOVA test were applied.Similar Cormack Lehane grade glottic view was observed in all groups. The number of attempts and duration of intubation was significantly greater using NS than for other groups. Additional laryngeal manipulation, was required in all cases in Group NS, compared to one, zero and two cases in group CS, DS and HS respectively (p0.001).Use of Hockey stick shaped, D blade shaped stylet and C Mac stylet decreased the total intubation duration in patients with simulated difficult airway.