Search

BackgroundIncreasing evidence indicates that the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had immediate health and social impact, disproportionately affecting certain socioeconomic groups. Assessing inequalities in risk of exposure and in adversities faced during the pandemic is critical to inform targeted actions that effectively prevent disproportionate spread and reduce social and health inequities. This study examines i) the socioeconomic and mental health characteristics of individuals working in the workplace, thus at increased risk of COVID-19 exposure, and ii) individual income losses resulting from the pandemic across socioeconomic subgroups of a working population, during the first confinement in Portugal.MethodsThis study uses data from ‘COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion’, a community-based online survey in Portugal. The sample for analysis comprisedn = 129,078 workers. Logistic regressions were performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of factors associated with working in the workplace during the confinement period and with having lost income due to the pandemic.ResultsOver a third of the participants reported working in the workplace during the first confinement. This was more likely among those with lower income [AOR = 2.93 (2.64-3.25)], lower education [AOR = 3.17 (3.04-3.30)] and working as employee [AOR = 1.09 (1.04-1.15)]. Working in the workplace was positively associated with frequent feelings of agitation, anxiety or sadness [AOR = 1.14 (1.09-1.20)] and perception of high risk of infection [AOR = 11.06 (10.53-11.61)]. About 43% of the respondents reported having lost income due to the pandemic. The economic consequences affected greatly the groups at increased risk of COVID-19 exposure, namely those with lower education [AOR = 1.36 (1.19-1.56)] and lower income [AOR = 3.13 (2.47-3.96)].ConclusionsThe social gradient in risk of exposure and in economic impact of the pandemic can result in an accumulated vulnerability for socioeconomic deprived populations. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have a double effect in these groups, contributing to heightened disparities and poor health outcomes, including in mental health. Protecting the most vulnerable populations is key to prevent the spread of the disease and mitigate the deepening of social and health disparities. Action is needed to develop policies and more extensive measures for reducing disproportionate experiences of adversity from the COVID-19 pandemic among most vulnerable populations.

Background: Social Prescribing (SP) is an intervention to link users of the primary healthcare services to non-clinical organizations based on the community to tackle social determinants of health. Despite the potential benefits of SP, the effectiveness of this complex intervention remains uncertain. This paper presents the study protocol of the evaluation of the first SP project in Portugal. Methods: A mixed-methods study will be conducted to evaluate the SP project. For the quantitative component, a longitudinal, prospective study with a pre-post design will be performed. Data on patients referred to SP will be collected in four different points in time throughout the intervention, using questionnaires on patients’ health status and sociodemographic characteristics, and scales on patients’ well-being, quality of life and activation. The secondary data will be collected using patients’ medical records and SP’s forms about the referral and social responses elaborated within the intervention. Semi-structured interviews with patients and focus groups with stakeholders will be conducted to assess experiences of participation and improvement suggestions on SP. Conclusion: Comprehensive and complementary evidence will provide insights and learning for the implementation of future SP interventions. This can contribute to inform policy and practice, and to increase investment in social prescribing interventions.

This study identified patterns of sexual risk behavior among a sub-Saharan African migrant (SAM) population in Portugal and examined its associations with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, sociodemographics, use of sexual health services, and HIV testing. A cross-sectional biobehavioral survey was conducted with a venue-based sample of 790 SAMs. Data were collected using questionnaires and rapid HIV tests. Cluster analysis identified five subgroups with differing levels of HIV infection (2.5% to 11.3%). In Cluster 1, most participants reported sexual abstinence over the past year and the remaining used condoms consistently; this cluster had the highest HIV prevalence (11.3%). In Cluster 2, most reported one sexual partner and all reported unprotected sex; all HIV-positive participants in this cluster were unaware of their HIV-positive status. In Clusters 3 and 4, most had four or more partners, yet all used condoms. In Cluster 3, 56.5% reported both regular and occasional partners. In Cluster 4, 74% had only occasional partners; all engaged in commercial sex. In Cluster 5, all reported four or more partners and condomless sex. In all subgroups we found low rates of HIV testing and high unawareness of HIV serostatus. Targeted prevention interventions are needed to reduce unprotected sexual relations and undiagnosed infection, as well as improve linkage to sexual health services.

It is critical to develop tailored strategies to increase acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine and decrease hesitancy. Hence, this study aims to assess and identify factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Portugal. We used data from a community-based survey, “COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion”, which includes data regarding intention to take COVID-19 vaccines, health status, and risk perception in Portugal from September 2020 to January 2021. We used multinomial regression to identify factors associated with intention to delay or refuse to take COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Portugal was high: 56% would wait and 9% refuse. Several factors were associated with both refusal and delay: being younger, loss of income during the pandemic, no intention of taking the flu vaccine, low confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine and the health service response during the pandemic, worse perception of government measures, perception of the information provided as inconsistent and contradictory, and answering the questionnaire before the release of information regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. It is crucial to build confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine as its perceived safety and efficacy were strongly associated with intention to take the vaccine. Governments and health authorities should improve communication and increase trust. publishersversion published

Comparative European data using Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS) are scarce among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men. This study evaluated the implementation of Sialon II, a bio-behavioural HIV research combined with targeted HIV prevention in 13 European cities conducted in collaboration with community partners. A mixed-methods process evaluation assessed the project's coverage, outputs, quality, challenges and opportunities for improvement. Data collected through structured questionnaire from 71 data collectors from community-based organisations and semi-structured interviews with 17 managers of participating gay venues were analysed. Overall implementation was successful, achieving 4901 valid behavioural questionnaires and obtaining 4716 biological samples. Challenges in conducting bio-behavioural research in gay venues related to strict research protocols and unfavourable characteristics of venues. Formative research, collaboration with community gay venues, and offering HIV prevention emerged as facilitators. Community researchers' training was crucial for fidelity to research protocols, increased trust amongst communities and enabled data collectors to effectively address practical problems in the field. Scientifically sound SGSS with community participation is feasible and allows for including 'hard-to-reach' populations. Prevention benefits include awareness raising, capacity building and sexual health promotion in gay venues. The findings are beneficial for epidemiological research among other HIV key populations.

ObjectivesPortugal has the highest HIV incidence rate in Western Europe. The proportion assigned to sexual contact between men recently increased to more than 30% of all HIV infections. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are vulnerable to the acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), increasing the per-contact risk of HIV infection. Building on syndemic theory, the aim of this analysis was to identify patterns of current sexual behaviour in MSM, and explore their relationship with self-reported current, past STI diagnoses and HIV positive serostatus.DesignA cross-sectional behavioural survey was conducted in Portugal among MSM, using a community-based participatory research approach. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify patterns including behavioural and demographic factors.ResultsThe analysis resulted in six clusters. Three clusters showed higher rates of current STI diagnosis (ranging from 11.7% to 17.1%), past STI diagnosis (ranging from 25.5% to 41.5%) and HIV positive serostatus (ranging from 13.0% to 16.7%). From the three clusters scoring lower on current and past STI and HIV diagnoses, one was characterised by a high number of sexual partners (62% had more than 12 partners in the last year), a high proportion (94.6%) of frequent visits to gay venues to meet sexual partners and high alcohol use (46.1%). The other two clusters scored lower on high risk sexual behaviour.ConclusionFactors other than sexual behaviour appear to reinforce the vulnerability to STIs and HIV of some MSM in this study, suggesting a syndemic of STIs, HIV and other adverse conditions. More research is needed to better understand the drivers of the STI/HIV epidemic in Portuguese MSM, using a concept that goes beyond risk behaviour, to develop effective combination prevention interventions.

Background COVID-19, a viral respiratory disease first reported in December 2019, quickly became a threat to global public health. Further understanding of the epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the risk perception of the community may better inform targeted interventions to reduce the impact and spread of COVID-19. Objective In this study, we aimed to examine the association between chronic diseases and serious outcomes following COVID-19 infection, and to explore its influence on people’s self-perception of risk for worse COVID-19 outcomes. Methods This study draws data from two databases: (1) the nationwide database of all confirmed COVID-19 cases in Portugal, extracted on April 28, 2020 (n=20,293); and (2) the community-based COVID-19 Barometer survey, which contains data on health status, perceptions, and behaviors during the first wave of COVID-19 (n=171,087). We assessed the association between relevant chronic diseases (ie, respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal diseases; diabetes; and cancer) and death and intensive care unit (ICU) admission following COVID-19 infection. We identified determinants of self-perception of risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes using logistic regression models. Results Respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal diseases were associated with mortality and ICU admission among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% CI 1.11-1.98; OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.80-6.40; and OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.66-3.06, respectively). Diabetes and cancer were associated with serious outcomes only when considering the full sample of COVID-19–infected cases in the country (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03-1.64; and OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.89, respectively). Older age and male sex were both associated with mortality and ICU admission. The perception of risk for severe COVID-19 disease in the study population was 23.9% (n=40,890). This was markedly higher for older adults (n=5235, 46.4%), those with at least one chronic disease (n=17,647, 51.6%), or those in both of these categories (n=3212, 67.7%). All included diseases were associated with self-perceptions of high risk in this population. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the association between some prevalent chronic diseases and increased risk of worse COVID-19 outcomes. It also brings forth a greater understanding of the community’s risk perceptions of serious COVID-19 disease. Hence, this study may aid health authorities to better adapt measures to the real needs of the population and to identify vulnerable individuals requiring further education and awareness of preventive measures.

Sub-Saharan African migrants (SAMs) have been disproportionately affected by infectious diseases such as HIV, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Tuberculosis infection (TB). Research on infectious diseases and related factors among migrant populations is critical to further understand these populations' health needs and inform prevention strategies. However, migrants are often underrepresented in national statistics and research. This study aimed to examine correlates of HIV, past STI and past TB among SAMs. A venue-based sample of 790 SSAMs completed a cross-sectional biobehavioral survey on sexual practices, HIV testing and self-reported infectious diseases; an HIV rapid test was offered. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine factors associated with HIV, past STI and past TB. Overall, 5.4% of participants were HIV-positive and 16.7% reported a past STI. Odds of being HIV positive increased by age (OR 1.07, 95%CI 1.03-1.11) and were higher among those who experienced violence from a partner (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.08-7.10). Increased odds of having a past STI were found among migrants with low income (OR 2.86, 95%CI 1.48-5.56), long-term migrants (>25 years residing in Portugal: OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.06-4.38) and those who reported sexual risk behaviors (≥3 sexual partners: OR 2.06, 95%CI 1.14-3.70; inconsistent condom use: OR 2.61, 95%CI 1.32-5.17). In total, 4.1% of participants had TB in the past; these were more likely male (OR 3.42, 95%CI 1.29-9.06) and HIV positive (OR 11.48, 95%CI 4.55-28.94). Half of the participants had never been tested for HIV before, including over a third of those who had STI or TB in the past. Efforts are needed to reduce missed opportunities for HIV/STIs prevention and uptake of HIV testing among SSAMs through more integrated care, while addressing social determinants of infectious diseases. Key messages High levels of HIV, STI and TB infection among SAMs were found to be strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and poor living conditions in the host country. Social inequalities are persistently a major factor affecting risk for HIV, STIs and TB, and thus addressing social determinants of infectious diseases must remain a public health priority.

Migrants often travel back to the origin countries and to other European states after settling in the residence country. Mobility along with structural vulnerabilities may increase HIV acquisition risk. Knowledge on HIV risk exposure when traveling is limited, yet crucial to inform prevention. This study aims to explore risky sexual behaviors and assess HIV prevalence among sub-Saharan African migrants (SAMs) who travel, residing in two European cities. Two cross-sectional biobehavioral surveys were conducted in Lisbon and Antwerp with a venue-based sample of 1508 SAMs. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine travel patterns and associated sexual risk behaviors. Overall, 68.4% of participants had traveled to other countries after settling in the residence country; 41% had traveled back to Africa and within Europe, 25.2% only to Africa and 33.8% only to Europe. Among travelers who reported sexual encounters abroad (49.2%), condomless sex at last intercourse was high both abroad (62.5%) and in the host country (70.7%). Odds of condomless sex at the last sexual encounter in the host country were five times higher among those who also reported no condom use abroad [OR: 5.32; 95% CI: 2.98-9.25], controlling for gender, age, educational level, relationship status, survey country, partner type and origin, and number of sexual partners over the last year. Condomless sex was higher with a regular partner and with an African partner, both abroad (79.9% and 67.5%, respectively) and in the host country (81.3% and 74.6%, respectively). Among the 75 participants who tested HIV-positive (around 5%), more than half had travelled to other countries; of these, about half reported condomless sex with their last sexual partner abroad. SAMs are a mobile population and are exposed to sexual HIV risk both while traveling and in host countries. Prevention interventions should address the complex interplay between migrants' mobility and HIV risk. Key messages Migrants often travel to their origin home countries and other destinations after having settled in host countries, and this mobility increases exposure to HIV risk. A transnational perspective on HIV prevention and sexual health promotion is needed for effectively reducing migrants’ HIV risk related to their mobility.

BACKGROUND COVID-19, a viral respiratory disease first reported in December 2019, quickly became a threat to global public health. Further understanding of the epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the risk perception of the community may better inform targeted interventions to reduce the impact and spread of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to examine the association between chronic diseases and serious outcomes following COVID-19 infection, and to explore its influence on people’s self-perception of risk for worse COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS This study draws data from two databases: (1) the nationwide database of all confirmed COVID-19 cases in Portugal, extracted on April 28, 2020 (n=20,293); and (2) the community-based COVID-19 Barometer survey, which contains data on health status, perceptions, and behaviors during the first wave of COVID-19 (n=171,087). We assessed the association between relevant chronic diseases (ie, respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal diseases; diabetes; and cancer) and death and intensive care unit (ICU) admission following COVID-19 infection. We identified determinants of self-perception of risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes using logistic regression models. RESULTS Respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal diseases were associated with mortality and ICU admission among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% CI 1.11-1.98; OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.80-6.40; and OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.66-3.06, respectively). Diabetes and cancer were associated with serious outcomes only when considering the full sample of COVID-19–infected cases in the country (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03-1.64; and OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.89, respectively). Older age and male sex were both associated with mortality and ICU admission. The perception of risk for severe COVID-19 disease in the study population was 23.9% (n=40,890). This was markedly higher for older adults (n=5235, 46.4%), those with at least one chronic disease (n=17,647, 51.6%), or those in both of these categories (n=3212, 67.7%). All included diseases were associated with self-perceptions of high risk in this population. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the association between some prevalent chronic diseases and increased risk of worse COVID-19 outcomes. It also brings forth a greater understanding of the community’s risk perceptions of serious COVID-19 disease. Hence, this study may aid health authorities to better adapt measures to the real needs of the population and to identify vulnerable individuals requiring further education and awareness of preventive measures.

Background: Migrants from high endemic countries accounted for 18% of newly diagnosed HIV infections in Europe in 2017. Knowledge on the link between HIV risk and post-migration travels and their impact on HIV acquisition is scarce, but critical to inform prevention. This study aims to explore risky sexual behaviour and HIV-acquisition among sub-Saharan African migrants, and to assess post-migration mobility as a determinant of sexual risk behaviour. Methods: Data from two cross-sectional bio-behavioural surveys to assess HIV-prevalence conducted in Lisbon and Antwerp were analysed to explore migration-related characteristics, travel patterns, and sexual risk taking in the host country and abroad. Bi- and multivariate associations were estimated through adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals; multivariable logistic regression determined factors associated with condomless sexual intercourse. Results: Among N = 1508 participants above 18 years (58% males), 68% travelled post-migration (49.2% reported intercourse abroad). The overall proportion of condomless sex at last sexual intercourse was high (68.1%). The odds of condomless sex in the host country was five times higher when the last sexual intercourse abroad was also condomless [OR:5.32; 95% CI:2.98-9.25]. About half of the travellers reported concurrency, i.e. a regular partner in the host country while having other sexual partners abroad. Almost three percent of the participants reported being HIV+, but 5% had a reactive HIV test-result, with similar proportions among travellers and non-travellers. Also, among the n = 75 participants with reactive HIV test-results, condomless sex occurred (n = 40) and was associated with mobility. Conclusions: Sub-Saharan African migrants are mobile and engage in sexual risk behaviours in the countries of residence and while travelling, increasing risk of post-migration HIV-acquisition. A transnational perspective on HIV prevention and sexual health promotion is needed for effectively reducing migrants' HIV risk related to their mobility. publishersversion published

Cervical cancer screening (CCS) has been proven to reducing mortality of cervical cancer, yet migrant women show a lower participation in screening compared to non-migrants. This study explores the perspectives of healthcare workers and community workers on the factors influencing the CCS participation of migrant women living in Portugal. A qualitative study with online focus groups was conducted. Healthcare workers experienced in CCS and community workers working with migrant communities were purposively sampled. A semi-structured guide was used covering the participation of migrant women in CCS, barriers, and strategies to overcome them. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Participants considered that migrant women have low participation in CCS related to insufficient knowledge, low risk perception, and lack of interest on preventive care. Other barriers such as difficulties in accessing the healthcare services, relationship with healthcare workers, language, and cultural differences were highlighted. Promoting continuity of care, disseminating culturally tailored information, and use of self-sampling methods were suggested to improve participation in CCS. Inequalities in access to CCS among migrant women are mostly caused by information gaps and healthcare system-related barriers. Building a migrant-friendly healthcare system that creates opportunities for healthcare workers to establish relationships with their patients and delivering culturally and linguistically adapted information may contribute to overcoming those barriers and increasing the participation of migrant women in screening.

Male-to-female transgender sex workers (TSW) have been identified as a key population at risk for HIV. This study examined risk behaviors and HIV prevalence among TSW, and described health services use. A participatory cross-sectional survey was conducted with 125 TSW recruited in locations and networks where sex workers congregate. HIV-risk behaviors were common among participants. Inconsistent condom use with clients in the previous month was reported by 12.0% of participants and was associated with Portuguese nationality, inconsistent condom use with non-paying partners and not been reached by HIV prevention programs in the previous year. Ever use of psychoactive substances was reported by 61.6% of participants and was associated with being non-employed, doing full-time sex work, having higher number of non-paying partners and having never used health services. Also, ever use of psychoactive substances was negatively associated with older age and Portuguese nationality. About 34% of the participants reported having not been tested in the previous 12 months; 20.2% never used the health services. Overall, 14.9% (95%CI: 8.0–21.0%) reported being HIV-positive. Of those, 22.2% (95%CI: 1.0–43.5%) had unprotected sex with clients in the previous month, 26.7% (95%CI: 1.3–52.0%) had unprotected sex with non-paying partners in the previous year, 13.3% (95%CI: 0.0–33.0%) had ever injected drugs, 60.0% (95%CI: 23.0–97.0%) reported a past STI and 33.3% (95%CI: 2.0–64.6%) had currently HIV/STI co-infection. The socioeconomic, relational or partnering, and structural contexts conducive to increased risk are warranting further investigation. This knowledge would be valuable to inform prevention programs. HIV interventions, including secondary prevention, should address specific needs of TSW. Outreach initiatives aimed to reach TSW who are difficult to access can play a role in promoting access to health services and reducing HIV infection and transmission.

The difficulty in accessing hard-to-reach populations as men who have sex with men presents a dilemma for HIV surveillance as their omission from surveillance systems leaves significant gaps in our understanding of HIV/AIDS epidemics. Several methods for recruiting difficult-to-access populations and collecting data on trends of HIV prevalence and behavioural factors for surveillance and research purposes have emerged. This paper aims to critically review different sampling approaches, from chain-referral and venue-based to respondent-driven, time-location and internet sampling methods, focusing on its main advantages and challenges for conducting HIV research among key populations, such as men who have sex with men. The benefits of using these approaches to recruit participants must be weighed against privacy concerns inherent in any social situation or health condition. Nevertheless, the methods discussed in this paper represent some of the best efforts to effectively reach most-at-risk subgroups of men who have sex with men, contributing to obtain unbiased trends of HIV prevalence and HIV-related risk behaviours among this population group.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the main causes of death worldwide. In 2017, the proportion of TB cases among foreign-born individuals in Portugal was of 19%, and this proportion has been increasing. TB control among migrant populations largely depends on the role of the healthcare providers and their close contact with the patients. We aimed to explore the perspectives of primary care providers on the provision of TB care for migrant patients in Portugal. Methods An online survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare providers from primary care settings in Portugal. Overall, 120 participated in the survey, and 17 were interviewed. Data from the survey and interviews were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. Results Many participants (36.9%) considered that migrants arrive at an advanced stage of TB disease, and the main reason referred was migrants’ unawareness of the disease and its symptoms. Moreover, half (50.0%) of the providers considered that migrants frequently interrupt treatment, mainly due to their mobility, which causes difficulties in follow-up, and their social isolation that hampers social support. Overall, three main barriers for migrants’ access and use of TB care were mentioned: migrants’ low socioeconomic status, great bureaucracy required to register at services, and obstacles to benefit from social protection. Providers also suggested more training to improve their cultural competence and updating training on TB care. Conclusions Our study have shown social and economic factors that must be addressed to improve migrants’ access and use of TB care. In addition, increased health literacy for migrants and more training initiatives for providers can also contribute to improve TB care for migrants. Key messages Perspectives from primary care providers in Portugal highlighted social, economic, and administrative obstacles hampering the provision of TB care for migrants. With this work we expected to contribute with evidence to improve TB care for migrant patients in Portugal.

Sub-Saharan African migrants (SSAMs) have been disproportionately affected by infectious disease burden. We aimed to identify correlates of HIV, past sexually transmitted infection (STI) and past Tuberculosis infection (TB), as well as examine HIV seropositivity unawareness and testing history among SSAMs. A venue-based sample of 790 SSAMs completed a cross-sectional biobehavioral survey on sexual practices, HIV testing and self-reported infectious diseases, an HIV rapid test was offered. Overall, 5.4% of participants were HIV-positive and 16.7% reported a past STI. Odds of being HIV positive or having a past STI were higher among participants with low socioeconomic status and who experienced violence from a partner. Increased odds of having a past STI were also found among long-term migrants and those who reported sexual risk behaviors. In total, 4.1% of participants had TB in the past, these were more likely male and HIV positive. Unawareness of HIV-positive status was notably high (35%). Half of the participants had never been tested for HIV before, including over a third of those who had STI or TB in the past. Efforts are needed to reduce missed opportunities for HIV/STIs prevention and uptake of HIV testing among SSAMs through more integrated care, while addressing social determinants of infectious diseases.

This cross-sectional bio-behavioral survey conducted with 853 female sex workers (FSW) aimed to examine differences in use of HIV health services, testing and prevalence among migrant and national FSW. A quarter of undocumented FSW had never used National Health Service (NHS) and 15 % never tested for HIV, significantly more than nationals (p

We examined differences in sexual risk behaviors, HIV prevalence, and demographic characteristics between men who have sex with men (MSM) who visit different types of venues to meet sexual partners, and identified correlates of high-risk behaviors. A cross-sectional behavioral survey was conducted with a venue-based sample of 1011 MSM in Portugal. Overall, 36.3 % of MSM usually visit cruising venues to meet sexual partners (63.7 % only visit social gay venues). Cruising venues' visitors reported higher HIV prevalence (14.6 % [95 % CI 11-18 %] vs. 5.5 % [95 % CI 4-7 %]). Visiting cruising venues was more likely among those older, reporting high number of male sexual partners, group sex, and unprotected anal sex with a partner whose HIV status was unknown. Cruising venues play an important role in increasing risk of HIV transmission among MSM who frequent them. Venue-focused behavioral interventions that promote healthy sexual behaviors are needed.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global health problem. The increasing number of cases observed among foreign-born populations contrasts with the decreasing trends observed in later years in some high-income countries. Healthcare providers are key interveners in the control of TB and HIV-TB infections. In this study, we aimed to explore the perspectives of healthcare providers working in primary care in Portugal about the provision of TB care for migrant patients with TB or HIV-TB co-infection. Methods: We applied a mixed-methods approach using an online survey and semi-structured interviews with primary healthcare providers. A total of 120 Portuguese healthcare providers participated in the survey, and 17 were interviewed. Survey and interview data were analysed applying descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. Results: Migrants' lack of knowledge on TB disease and its symptoms was the main reason for advanced-stage presentation of cases. Their high mobility and social isolation affect adherence to treatment. The providers also listed several barriers to migrants' access and use of TB care. The most frequently referred were limited socioeconomic resources, complex bureaucracy at the point of access and registration for healthcare services, especially for undocumented migrants, and obstacles for social protection. Providers also advocated more training initiatives on migrants' health, social and cultural contexts, on HIV and TB integrated care, and on TB scientific update for general practitioners and nurses working at primary healthcare centres. Conclusions: Future efforts should provide measures to overcome social, economic and administrative obstacles to care for TB-infected migrants, and promote regular training initiatives for national healthcare providers in order to raise awareness and facilitate better care to culturally diverse populations with TB. This study was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - FCT, www.FCT.pt), through funds to the Global Health and Tropical Medicine Research Centre (GHTM - UID/Multi/04413/2013). AMT was supported by FCT grant PD/BD/ 105916/2014. ABA was supported by the Investigador FCT programme. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Primary health care (PHC) should be a preferential way to access healthcare. Access to PHC is fundamental in terms of preventive medicine and an important health equity indicator. In Portugal, PHC has been continuously strengthened with an ongoing reform initiated in 2006. Although migrants are recognized as a group that tend to underuse preventive healthcare services, knowledge about patterns, determinants and barriers to migrants’ access and use PHC is still scarce. Using data from the National Health Survey we compare migrants’ access and utilization of PHC in 2005 and 2014. For the same time period, we explore the existing policies regarding migrants’ access to healthcare services and, more specifically to PHC. Through document analysis, we describe the main barriers to migrants’ access to PHC. Based on the results, we discuss how policies on migration and health, the economic crisis and PHC reform can explain access to PHC by migrants in Portugal. Resulting recommendations will inform policies and strategies that will promote access to PHC by migrants and reinforce preventive and health promotion initiatives among this population.

A participatory HIV research project was conducted with sex workers (SW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) to understand epidemiological HIV dynamics and associated sociobehavioural factors among these vulnerable groups. We examine the impact of this project, critically analysing the processes undertaken and focusing on the advantages and the challenges faced. A partnership was built through two Community Advisory Boards (CABs) and a Scientific Commission (SC). Regular meetings, workshops, and focus groups were conducted with CABs, SC, and partners to assess the processes and outcomes of the project implementation. This participatory research produced change processes with impacts at different levels: individuals, community organizations, health professionals, academics, and policy-makers. Advantages of the participatory process were encountered but also challenges, evidencing the dynamic and complex nature of each project's stage. This project showed that participatory research can work as an intervention. Indeed, it triggered a dynamic and interactive process of knowledge coproduction and translation into effective community-oriented health actions and policies. The participatory research reproduced an innovative alliance for HIV prevention and sexual health promotion responsive to local needs and priorities. Further efforts are needed to systematize and evaluate the processes and impacts of participatory health research. publishersversion published

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (Administração e Política Educacional), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2017 Submitted by Amelia Janeiro (ajaneiro@reitoria.ul.pt) on 2017-09-15T11:42:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ulsd730947_td_tese.pdf: 3412529 bytes, checksum: 190647c3dcab614cea47d4a37f7399d9 (MD5) ulsd730947_td_anexos.pdf: 145133818 bytes, checksum: 52c986571a193465640450ba5e9da6a1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-27T17:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ulsd730947_td_tese.pdf: 3412529 bytes, checksum: 190647c3dcab614cea47d4a37f7399d9 (MD5) ulsd730947_td_anexos.pdf: 145133818 bytes, checksum: 52c986571a193465640450ba5e9da6a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017

No campo da saúde pública, advoga-se uma mudança de paradigma de investigação que possibilite maior tradução do conhecimento científico em ações e políticas de saúde mais adaptadas às comunidades. Especial atenção tem sido dada à investigação participativa baseada na comunidade, pelo seu potencial em possibilitar um maior conhecimento sobre as questões complexas de saúde. Neste ensaio, refletiu-se sobre a contribuição da investigação participativa em saúde, analisando as suas perspectivas teóricas, princípios e potencialidades. Também se examinarom alguns aspectos críticos na sua implementação, realçando-se possíveis estratégias para superar esses desafios. A investigação participativa integra uma abordagem colaborativa de envolvimento das comunidades, profissionais, decisores políticos e acadêmicos na produção de conhecimento, incorporando as suas diferentes perspectivas e experiências. Essa abordagem favorece a aceitação do projeto, a adesão das comunidades ao estudo e, consequentemente, a qualidade dos dados coletados. A investigação participativa pode ser, em si só, uma intervenção: o envolvimento das comunidades pode aumentar a sua tomada de consciência sobre a importância das temáticas abordadas e capacitá-las para definir e responder às problemáticas de saúde, promovendo o seu empoderamento. Contudo, os investigadores encontram desafios na utilização dessa abordagem, relacionados com o estabelecimento e manutenção das parcerias de investigação, a partilha de controle da tomada de decisão e a conciliação das motivações e interesses dos parceiros. Mais evidência sobre o processo de implementação da investigação participativa reforçará o seu quadro teórico, a compreensão das suas potencialidades e limitações no estudo de diferentes problemáticas, contextos e populações, e o seu papel benéfico para as comunidades.

Migration has been associated with a greater vulnerability in health. Migrants, especially women, go through several experiences during the migration process and in the host countries that ultimately put their health at risk. This study examines self-reported health status and preventive behaviors among female and male immigrants in Portugal, and identifies sociodemographic and behavioral factors underlying gender differences. A sample of 1375 immigrants (51.1% women) was studied. Data were analyzed through logistic regression. Good health status was reported by 66.7% of men and by 56.6% of women (P < 0.001). Gender differences were also found across preventative behaviors. Among women and men, reported good health was associated with younger age, African and Brazilian origin (compared to Eastern European), secondary/higher education, no chronic disease, and concern about eating habits. Among women, good health was also associated with perceived sufficient income, no experience of mental illness, and regular physical exercise. When developing health programs to improve immigrants' health, special attention must be given to existing gender inequalities, and socioeconomic and cultural context, in accordance with their experience of living in the host country over time.

Resumo Nas décadas recentes tem sido destacada a necessidade de renovar a educação superior por meio do processo de Bolonha para responder às exigências de uma nova sociedade. Simultaneamente, a saúde pública e a promoção da saúde têm evoluído no sentido de concretizar a aspiração de aumentar os anos de vida saudáveis, diminuir as desigualdades em saúde e enfrentar os múltiplos problemas de saúde que afetam as populações na atualidade. Essa evolução tem suscitado a reflexão sobre os desafios da formação, investigação e implementação prática dessas disciplinas. Neste texto, pretende-se produzir uma visão integradora das especificidades do ensino de promoção da saúde e de seu lugar na progressão da formação do estudante em Saúde Pública Internacional, apresentando como exemplo a integração da disciplina no programa de pós-graduação do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical em Portugal. A proposta de ensino apresentada procura contribuir para a formação de uma massa crítica de profissionais informados e com competências para atuar na formulação de políticas e na implementação de estratégias que contribuam para a melhoria da saúde das populações. Numa perspetiva de política educativa, prover conhecimentos, competências e valores aos profissionais para traduzir teoria e investigação em políticas e práticas efetivas é essencial para fortalecer a promoção da saúde global. Abstract In recent decades it has been highlighted the need to renew higher education through the Bologna process to meet the demands of a new society. Simultaneously, public health and health promotion have evolved towards the achievement of the aspiration of increasing the years of healthy life, reducing health inequalities and facing the multiple health problems that affect the population today. This evolution has stimulated the reflection on the challenges of education, research and practical implementation of these disciplines. In this paper, it is intended to produce an integrated view of the specificities of health promotion teaching and its role in the progression of the student's education in International Public Health, presenting as an example its integration in the post-graduation program of the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical in Portugal. The teaching proposal presented aims to contribute to the formation of a critical mass of informed and skilled professionals to work in policy formulation and strategies implementation that contribute to the improvement of populations' health. In an educational policy perspective, providing knowledge, skills and values for professionals to translate theory and research into effective policies and practices is essential to strengthen the global health promotion.

Equity of access to health services is a major concern as it is an important precondition for positive health outcomes. However, inequities in use of health services among immigrant populations persist. Despite the increasing research in the field, patterns of healthcare seeking among immigrant populations and its associated factors are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate healthcare-seeking patterns among immigrants in Portugal and identify factors associated with utilisation of health services. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2008 and May 2009 with a sample of 1375 immigrants residing in the Lisbon region. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire applied by trained interviewers. Two stepwise logistic regressions were conducted to identify which factors were associated with utilisation of the National Health Service (NHS) and with healthcare seeking for the first time in Portugal at the Primary Health Care service, estimated by calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among participants, around 77% reported having used the NHS; 50% sought health-care for the first time at the Primary Health Care service and 33% at the emergency room. Lower odds of having used the NHS were associated with being male, Brazilian or eastern European compared with being African, and undocumented. Lower odds of having sought health-care for the first time at the Primary Health Care service were associated with being male and undocumented. These results suggest that further efforts are needed to tackle inequalities in access to care and promote the utilisation of health services, particularly among the more vulnerable immigrant groups. Increasing appropriate utilisation of health services, including the primary and preventive care services, may lead to better health outcomes. Immigrants’ involvement and participation should be incorporated into the development of health strategies to improve access and utilisation of healthcare services.

OBJETIVOS: descrever práticas relacionadas com a procura de cuidados de saúde e percepções relativamente a aspectos da utilização dos serviços de saúde por parte de uma população de mulheres imigrantes a residir em Portugal. MÉTODOS: em 2009 foi realizado um estudo transversal na área metropolitana de Lisboa onde foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário a uma amostra de 703 mulheres imigrantes. O questionário incluiu itens para caracterização sóciodemográfica e sobre práticas relacionadas com a procura de cuidados de saúde e percepções das participantes quanto à utilização dos serviços. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva das variáveis em estudo. RESULTADOS: a grande maioria das participantes (82.4%) reporta já ter utilizado o Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS), mais frequentemente as africanas (94,5%) e do Leste Europeu (87,2%) do que as brasileiras (66.8%). Cerca de 60% das inquiridas revela estar satisfeita ou muito satisfeita com os serviços, mais frequentemente as africanas (77%) do que as brasileiras (49,7%) e do Leste Europeu (43,4%). Os grupos de participantes apontam diferentes obstáculos para a utilização dos serviços de saúde, entre os quais aspectos relacionados com a condição de ser imigrante, a interação com os profissionais de saúde e os serviços. CONCLUSÕES: as diferenças nas percepções dos grupos de imigrantes sobre os serviços e profissionais refletem a importância de desenvolver práticas avaliativas que identifiquem necessidades de intervenção. Tal conhecimento pode contribuir para melhor adequar a prestação de cuidados de saúde às especificidades dos grupos de imigrantes.

Objectives To explore attitudes and experiences related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of African and Brazilian immigrant women in Portugal. Methods Focus groups were conducted with 35 immigrant women with low income living in Lisbon, chosen through purposive sampling. Discussions were audio-taped and transcribed, and analysed through content analysis procedure. Results Compared to the Brazilian women, most Africans lacked knowledge and had more negative attitudes toward contraceptive methods, which adversely affected their proper use. African women were also less knowledgeable on sexually transmitted infections (STIs); some of them considered that their vulnerability to STIs was related to their partners' sexual risk behaviours. Nevertheless, a few Africans held less traditional attitudes toward condom use and appeared to have greater control over their sexual behaviour and STI prevention. Focus group discussions brought to light that cultural background often shapes women's desires concerning maternity. The participants' statements highlight the interaction between economic and social factors that affect immigrants and play an important role in their reproductive health. Conclusions This study illustrates the importance of developing holistic and tailored interventions for SRH promotion among immigrant women, whereby the differences and specific needs of each group need to be taken into consideration.

A saúde sexual e reprodutiva representa uma das principais preocupações da Saúde Pública, pois afeta a saúde e o bem-estar dos indivíduos e compromete o nível social e econômico das sociedades. Muitos problemas relacionados à saúde sexual e reprodutiva são acentuados em grupos socialmente desfavorecidos, como os imigrantes. Esta investigação aprofunda o conhecimento de alguns aspectos sobre a saúde sexual e reprodutiva de imigrantes brasileiras e africanas em Portugal, particularmente em relação ao uso de métodos contraceptivos, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e uso do preservativo. A coleta de dados se deu a partir da realização de grupos focais com mulheres imigrantes, em idade fértil, residentes em Portugal e provenientes do Brasil ou de Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa. Os resultados permitem compreender as percepções e conhecimentos das participantes em relação às temáticas abordadas e determinar os aspectos a serem levados em conta para melhor atender suas necessidades de saúde sexual e reprodutiva.

This study aimed to describe the proportion of HIV testing among an African immigrant population in Portugal and identify the socio-demographic factors that may be associated. A questionnaire was applied to 522 African immigrants (53% men) who attend the National Immigrant Support Centre, in Lisbon. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated through logistic regression to analyse the relationships between HIV testing and other variables. Around 52% of participants reported having been HIV tested, mostly women. After adjusting for potential confounders, age and educational level were significantly associated with HIV testing for both women and men. Searching for HIV information at NHS was also significantly associated with HIV testing, but only among men. This study points out interesting challenges for HIV prevention programs among African immigrants and may help in the development of tailored projects focused on the promotion of HIV testing among these populations.

The Working Group on Marine Sediments in Relation to Pollution (WGMS) met for the first meeting of its new three year term of reference on 2-6 March 2015, in Koblenz, Ger-many. The meeting was attended by ten members from 8 countries, with additional rele-vant presentations received from staff of the host institute. WGMS has six Terms of Reference, with all of them being due for completion in 2017. These terms of reference require the Group to (1) respond to requests for advice; (2) re-port to ICES on research using passive sampling, review the suitability of different pas-sive sampling methods for monitoring contaminants in sediments, to produce guidelines for sediment monitoring using passive samplers, to produce criteria to assess passive sampling monitoring data; (3) to report on the applicability of modelling to explain the distribution of sediment-associated contaminants in relation to potential sources; (4) to advise on deep sea sediment monitoring protocols; (5) to investigate/review the potential for release of contaminants from marine renewable energy activities; (6) to review emerg-ing issues such as microplastics and deep sea mining as potential risks of environmental contamination by hazardous substances. In 2015, good progress was made on five of the ToRs, whilst (ToR 5) was not worked on as the most interested member could not attend the meeting. The Group were due to produce a review in 2015 on methods for passive sampling of sediments. However, whilst significant progress was made with respect to reviewing methods of passive sam-pling for metallic contaminants and a review for hydrophobic contaminants was brought to the meeting, the final review document could not be finalised at the meeting and com-pletion of this (ToR 2a) will be done as part of the final report of the group's three year term. A literature database was established and begun to be populated with reports suit-able for deriving assessment criteria. Reports on modelling approaches were received and reviewed. Existing protocols and guidelines on sediment monitoring were reviewed for applicability to the deep sea. Reports from other working groups with interests in microplastics and deep sea mining were reviewed, and further information presented on work being done in these areas. Work to further progress the ToRs was agreed and will be taken forward at the next meeting of WGMS, which will take place in Ostend, Belgium during 14-18 March 2016.

Estudou-se o comportamento de 34 casos de hidronefrose congénita, com e sem diagnóstico pré-natal, com padrões renográficos obstrutivo e nãoobstrutivo, submetidos a terapêutica cirúrgica ou mantidos em vigilância. Dos 24 casos com diagnóstico pré-natal, 14 tinham padrão não obstrutivo. Dos 10casos sem diagnóstico pré-natal, apenas 2 tinham esse padrão. Do total de 16 casos com padrão não obstrutivo, 15 tinham inicialmente função parcial normale, submetidos a vigilância apenas 1 deteriorou. Dos 18 casos com padrão obstrutivo, 10 tinham função diminuída, dos quais 8 não tinham diagnóstico pré--natal. Após cirurgia apenas 1 manteve deterioração funcional parcial aos 6 meses de evolução. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que: os padrões «nãoobstrutivo» e «obstrutivo» definidos pelo renograma com DTPA com prova diurética, correspondem a entidades com comportamento habitualmente diferente.O primeiro associa-se mais frequentemente a uma função renal parcial normal que tende a manter-se, com normalização das curvas excretoras. O segundo,poderá surgir com maior frequência nos casos de diagnóstico mais tardio e associado a uma função parcial inferior a 40%., Portuguese Journal of Pediatrics, Vol 26 No 1/2 (1995)

OBJECTIVES: Sex workers (SW) are key populations at an increased risk of HIV infection. This study aimed to characterise risk-taking behaviours and assess HIV prevalence among SW in Portugal. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1040 SW using a participatory research approach. SW were recruited in sex-work locations and community-based organisation offices. Data were collected through a questionnaire with trained interviewers. An HIV rapid test was performed in 213 respondents. RESULTS: Reported HIV prevalence was 8%: 17.6% of man-to-woman transgenders, 7.4% of women and 5% of men. Of SW reportedly living with HIV, 52.2% reported ever injecting drug use. Inconsistent condom use with clients in the last month was higher among male SW (26.5%) and with non-paying partners in the last year was higher among women (71.3%). Among reported HIV-positive SW, the proportions of inconsistent condom use were high. In multivariate regression analysis, reported HIV infection remained significantly higher among transgenders (OR 6.4; 95% CI 1.7 to 24.3), those older (OR 5.1; 95% CI 1.3 to 21.1), working outdoors (OR 5.4; 95% CI 1.9 to 15.6), having ever used psychoactive substances (OR 4.1; 95% CI 2.2 to 7.7) and earning ≤€1000 per month (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2 to 5.9). Of those who had an HIV rapid test, 8.9% were reactive; 73.7% were unaware of their seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV infection burden in SW is high. Efforts to promote HIV testing must be sustained in order to reduce undiagnosed infection. The diverse risk profiles of SW must be addressed in targeted HIV interventions. Prevention interventions should be systematically implemented within most-at-risk subgroups of SW.

O movimento de saúde pública e as transformações que o acompanharam modificaram a forma de compreender e de dar resposta aos problemas que afetam a saúde das populações nos seus contextos. Este ensaio pretende analisar a contemporaneidade da promoção da saúde, examinando a sua evolução enquanto disciplina e os desafios atuais com que se depara. A evolução da promoção da saúde consolidou um conjunto de princípios, como os das perspetivas socioecológica e salutogénica, da abordagem holística e multissectorial, da preocupação com o desenvolvimento sustentável, do compromisso para a justiça social e equidade, da abordagem participativa de capacitação individual e comunitária, e do respeito e sensibilidade face à diversidade cultural. As limitações dos modelos tradicionais de investigação, a preocupação com as iniquidades sociais em saúde e os novos desafios da saúde global tem suscitado a necessidade de perspetivas mais abrangentes de investigação e intervenção. Para melhor compreender os processos e fatores subjacentes às questões complexas de saúde tem sido valorizada a omplementaridade de várias abordagens metodológicas de investigação, como os estudos quantitativos e qualitativos e a investigação participativa baseada na comunidade. Este conhecimento apoia o planeamento de políticas e intervenções que, desenvolvidas numa abordagem colaborativa e multissectorial, sejam adaptadas às necessidades das populações e se revelem mais eficazes na resposta aos novos desafios da saúde global. A promoção da saúde enquanto disciplina dinâmica tem evoluído para responder às questões de saúde no atual mundo globalizado. Desenvolver o seu campo teórico, de investigação e de ação é uma necessidade contínua. The public health movement and the subsequent changes accompanying it have changed the way problems affecting populations’ is understood and/or addressed within their contexts. This article aimed to analyze health promotion contemporaneity, examining its evolution as a discipline and the current challenges it faces. The evolution of health promotion led to consolidating a set of principles, such as those concerned with socio-ecological and salutogenic perspectives, a holistic, multisector approach, a concern for sustainable development, a commitment to social justice and equity, a participatory approach to individual and community capacitybuilding and respect and sensitivity regarding cultural diversity. The limitations of traditional models of research, a concern for social inequality regarding health and new global health challenges have raised the need for more comprehensive perspectives concerning research and intervention. Several research approaches’ complementarity has been evaluated to better understand the processes and factors underlying complex health issues (i.e. quantitative and qualitative studies and community-based participatory research). Such knowledge fuels the planning of policy and interventions tailored to population needs which have been adopted in a collaborative, multi-sector approach and which are more effective in addressing global health’s fresh challenges. Health promotion (as a dynamic discipline) has evolved in response to health issues arising in today's globalized world; yet developing its fields of theory, research and action is a continuing need. El movimiento de salud pública y las transformaciones que lo acompañaron modificaron la forma de comprender y responder a los problemas que afectan la salud de las poblaciones en sus contextos. Este ensayo pretende analizar la contemporaneidad de la promoción de la salud, examinando su evolución como disciplina y sus desafíos actuales. La evolución de la promoción de la salud consolidó un conjunto de principios, como los de las perspectivas socioecológica y salutogénica, del enfoque holístico y multisectorial, de la preocupación con el desarrollo sostenible, del compromiso con la justicia social y igualdad, del enfoque participativo de capacitación individual y comunitaria, del respeto y sensibilidad hacia la diversidad cultural. Las limitaciones de los modelos tradicionales de investigación, la preocupación con las iniquidades sociales en salud y los nuevos desafíos de salud global han generado la necesidad de perspectivas más amplias de investigación e intervención. Para comprender mejor los procesos y factores subyacentes a los problemas complejos de salud se valoriza la complementariedad de enfoques metodológicos de investigación (estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos) y la investigación participativa basada en la comunidad. Este conocimiento apoya la planificación de políticas e intervenciones que, desde una perspectiva colaborativa y multisectorial, se adapten a las necesidades de las poblaciones y sean más eficaces en la respuesta a nuevos desafíos de salud global. La promoción de la salud como disciplina dinámica ha evolucionado para enfrentar los problemas de salud en el actual mundo globalizado. Desarrollar su campo teórico, de investigación y de acción es una necesidad permanente.

EnglishThis paper intends to present the result of a work of both mapping and analysis of the knowledge produced by research on the Educational Territories of Priority Intervention (TEIP). From the recognition that is at the level of master's theses that the bulk of research conducted in Portugal is located, we centre the analysis of the scientific production on this Program in public and private higher education institutions, in Portugal between 1998 and 2012. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the following analytical dimensions: (i) the location and disciplinary field in which they are anchored, (ii) the focus areas of the research, (iii) the methodology used and, (iv) the main trends in the analysis of the program. Through the survey and identification of master's theses produced on the subject under review, a number of studies were identified. Then it was decided to select the thesis developed within academic masters’ degree and those which has the TEIP as the object of study. From a qualitative approach was carried out the categorization and analysis of the 23 theses. From the analysis gains prominence the small number of theses produced on the TEIP as well the tendency to the Program be based on the metropolis. Also that the same trend expresses the same reality when we analyse what are the institutions which produces knowledge on the TEIP. The area of Educational Administration or School Administration, is the major producer of theses on the subject, with a clear predominance by themes assembled around Evaluation of the Program. portuguesNeste artigo pretende-se apresentar o resultado do trabalho de mapeamento e analise dos saberes produzidos pela investigacao academica sobre os Territorios Educativos de Intervencao Prioritaria (TEIP). A partir da constatacao de que e no nivel das teses de mestrado que se situa a maioria da investigacao realizada em Portugal, centramos a analise da producao cientifica produzida sobre este Programa nas instituicoes de ensino superior publicas e privadas entre 1998 e 2012. A analise realiza-se a partir das seguintes dimensoes de analise: (i) a localizacao e o campo disciplinar onde estao ancoradas; (ii) as areas de incidencia da pesquisa; (iii) a metodologia utilizada; e, (iv) as principais tendencias da incidencia da analise do Programa. Atraves do levantamento e identificacao das teses de mestrado produzidas sobre a tematica em analise, foram identificados um conjunto de trabalhos. De seguida, optou-se por selecionar as teses desenvolvidas no âmbito de mestrados academicos e as que se centram nos TEIP, enquanto objeto de estudo. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, fez-se a categorizacao e analise das 23 teses identificadas de acordo com os criterios definidos. Ganha visibilidade o diminuto numero de teses produzidas sobre os TEIP, a manifesta tendencia para a metropolizacao do Programa, mas tambem que igual tendencia expressa a mesma realidade, quando analisamos quais sao as instituicoes onde se produz conhecimento sobre os TEIP. A area da Administracao Educacional ou Escolar e a grande produtora de teses, registando-se um claro predominio pelos temas agrupados em torno da Avaliacao do Programa.

The public health movement and the subsequent changes accompanying it have changed the way problems affecting populations' is understood and/or addressed within their contexts. This article aimed to analyze health promotion contemporaneity, examining its evolution as a discipline and the current challenges it faces. The evolution of health promotion led to consolidating a set of principles, such as those concerned with socio-ecological and salutogenic perspectives, a holistic, multi-sector approach, a concern for sustainable development, a commitment to social justice and equity, a participatory approach to individual and community capacity-building and respect and sensitivity regarding cultural diversity. The limitations of traditional models of research, a concern for social inequality regarding health and new global health challenges have raised the need for more comprehensive perspectives concerning research and intervention. Several research approaches' complementarity has been evaluated to better understand the processes and factors underlying complex health issues (i.e. quantitative and qualitative studies and community-based participatory research). Such knowledge fuels the planning of policy and interventions tailored to population needs which have been adopted in a collaborative, multi-sector approach and which are more effective in addressing global health's fresh challenges. Health promotion (as a dynamic discipline) has evolved in response to health issues arising in today's globalized world; yet developing its fields of theory, research and action is a continuing need.

Migration has been associated with a greater vulnerability in health. Migrants, especially women, go through several experiences during the migration process and in the host countries that ultimately put their health at risk. This study examines self-reported health status and preventive behaviors among female and male immigrants in Portugal, and identifies sociodemographic and behavioral factors underlying gender differences. A sample of 1375 immigrants (51.1% women) was studied. Data were analyzed through logistic regression. Good health status was reported by 66.7% of men and by 56.6% of women (P 0.001). Gender differences were also found across preventative behaviors. Among women and men, reported good health was associated with younger age, African and Brazilian origin (compared to Eastern European), secondary/higher education, no chronic disease, and concern about eating habits. Among women, good health was also associated with perceived sufficient income, no experience of mental illness, and regular physical exercise. When developing health programs to improve immigrants' health, special attention must be given to existing gender inequalities, and socioeconomic and cultural context, in accordance with their experience of living in the host country over time.

Em Portugal, no final da década de 90 do século XX, começaram a ser desenvolvidas estratégias de discriminação positiva visando garantir o cumprimento da escolaridade obrigatória e a luta contra a exclusão escolar e social, designadamente nas periferias das grandes cidades. É neste contexto que surgem as escolas e os Territórios Educativos de Intervenção Prioritária (TEIP) pelo Despacho nº147-B/ME/96, de 1 de Agosto de 1996. Este programa, inicialmente inspirado nas zonas de intervenção prioritárias francesas, visava a intervenção de vários parceiros locais (professores, alunos, pessoal não docente, associações de pais, autarquias locais, associações culturais e associações recreativas) na elaboração do Projeto Educativo. Com o XVII Governo Constitucional o programa foi redefinido passando a incluir novas vertentes: necessidade de existência de um projeto educativo próprio; consultadoria externa; avaliação periódica de resultados em diferentes domínios (taxas de insucesso e abandono escolar, assiduidade, comportamento, participação, inovações organizacionais, parcerias educativas estabelecidas no âmbito do Programa, etc.). Foi também alargado a todo o território nacional, envolvendo atualmente cento e cinco agrupamentos escolares. Com esta apresentação visamos analisar se as novas políticas e diretrizes, no domínio da educação prioritária, contribuíram para a emergência de novas estratégias pedagógicas, organizacionais e de envolvimento comunitário. Os elementos em que basearemos a nossa análise serão os seguintes: (i) relatório nacional do programa TEIP (2010-2011); (ii) relatórios do programa de avaliação externa das escolas; (iii) entrevistas realizadas aos atores locais, designadamente a coordenadores e consultores dos projetos TEIP. As conclusões da nossa comunicação centrar-se-ão no papel dos atores locais no desenvolvimento do Programa TEIP e no impacto deste programa na melhoria dos resultados académicos, na diminuição da indisciplina e violência escolar e na construção de percursos de vida que contrariem as tendências para a exclusão escolar e social. Positive discrimination strategies started to develop in Portugal in late 1990’s. These strategies, first and foremost, intended to assure mandatory schooling and to struggle against social and school exclusion, especially in the countries major cities’ suburbs. It is in this context that Priority Intervention Educational Territories program (TEIP) is created, through the legislative diploma nº 147-B/ME/96, of August 1st. The program was initially inspired by the French Zones d’Éducation Prioritaire and aimed the intervention of several local partners (teachers, students,staff, parents associations, municipalities, cultural and recreational institutions) to design educational projects. During the mandate of Portugal’s 17th Constitutional Government the program was redefined and new features were included: necessity to design educational projects specific to each territory; external consultancy; periodical assessment of results in different domains (students’ failure rates, dropout rates, assiduity, behaviour and participation; organizational innovations; local partnerships; etc.). The program was also extended to all national territory, now involving 105 schools consortia. During our presentation we analyze if new policies and directions in the field of priority education are contributing to generate new pedagogical, organizational and community participation strategies. Analysis is based on: (i) TEIP program’s national evaluation report (2010-2011); (ii) schools’ external evaluation reports; (iii) interviews conducted with local actors, namely with TEIP program coordinators and consultants. Conclusions are based on the role local actor’s play in the program’s development and on its impact on improving students’ school results, decreasing indiscipline and school violence, and on defying the strong existing social and school exclusion patterns.

HIV infection remains a major public health concern in Europe, with evidence of continuing transmission of HIV. Surveillance data published by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe indicate that, in 2009, 53 427 cases of HIV were diagnosed and reported by 49 of the 53 countries in the WHO European Region; the rate of HIV cases diagnosed was 8.5 per 100 000 population in this region (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe [ECDC/WHO Regional Office for Europe], 2010). Migration has been acknowledged as a factor influencing the epidemiology of HIV in Europe (ECDC, 2010a). In 2005, 46% of all cases of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in Western Europe involved migrants from high prevalence countries (ECDC, 2009).

Background Health workers’ attitudes toward immigrant patients influence behaviour, medical decisions, quality of care and health outcomes. Despite the increasing number of immigrant patients in health services and the potential influence of health workers’ attitudes, there is little research in this area. This study aimed to examine attitudes of different health workers’ groups toward immigrant patients and to identify the associated factors. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 400 health workers from primary health care services in the Lisbon region, Portugal. Among those, 320 completed a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used for the evaluation of data. Results Most participants did not agree that immigrant patients tend to behave like victims, but about half considered that some are aggressive and dangerous. Doctors and nurses showed more positive attitudes than office workers. Among doctors, the older ones reported less positive attitudes compared to the younger ones. Health workers who have less daily contact with immigrants revealed more positive attitudes. Most participants evaluated their knowledge and competencies to work with immigrants as moderate or low. Conclusions Although health workers reveal positive attitudes, this study reinforces the need to develop strategies that prevent negative attitudes and stereotyping in health services. Efforts should be made to improve workers’ competencies to deal with culturally diverse populations, in order to promote quality of health care and obtain positive health outcomes among immigrant populations.

Equity of access to health services is a major concern as it is an important precondition for positive health outcomes. However, inequities in use of health services among immigrant populations persist. Despite the increasing research in the field, patterns of healthcare seeking among immigrant populations and its associated factors are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate healthcare-seeking patterns among immigrants in Portugal and identify factors associated with utilisation of health services. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2008 and May 2009 with a sample of 1,375 immigrants residing in the Lisbon region. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire applied by trained interviewers. Two stepwise logistic regressions were conducted to identify which factors were associated with utilisation of the National Health Service (NHS) and with healthcare seeking for the first time in Portugal at the Primary Health Care service, estimated by calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among participants, around 77% reported having used the NHS; 50% sought health-care for the first time at the Primary Health Care service and 33% at the emergency room. Lower odds of having used the NHS were associated with being male, Brazilian or eastern European compared with being African, and undocumented. Lower odds of having sought health-care for the first time at the Primary Health Care service were associated with being male and undocumented. These results suggest that further efforts are needed to tackle inequalities in access to care and promote the utilisation of health services, particularly among the more vulnerable immigrant groups. Increasing appropriate utilisation of health services, including the primary and preventive care services, may lead to better health outcomes. Immigrants' involvement and participation should be incorporated into the development of health strategies to improve access and utilisation of healthcare services.

The growing international migration has reinforcing the importance of a greater adequacy of health services in order to respond effectively to immigrants' needs. Previous studies indicate that several difficulties in the access and utilization of health services persist for some immigrant groups. The objective of this study was to understand the perspective of different health professionals' groups about the barriers in access and utilization of services by immigrants. In a transversal study a questionnaire was applied to 320 primary health care professionals of Lisbon and Tagus Valley. Differences between professional groups were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. To determine which groups diverged more in their perceptions, mean ranks of each group were compared. Of the total participants, 64.2% evaluated their knowledge and competencies to deal with immigrants as reasonable however, 15.2% evaluated it as bad. Around one third of professionals admitted to be unaware of the legislation which regulates migrants' access to services. The largest proportion considered that, at the individual level, the frequent change of residence, the lack of economic resources, the cultural and religious beliefs and traditions, the fear of denunciation when the immigrant is undocumented, the lack of knowledge about legislation and services, and the linguistic differences influence access and utilization of health services. Most considered as barriers at the professionals' and services' level the limited sociocultural skills, the complex bureaucratic procedures, the cost and the lack of interpreters. The divergences in the perception of these factors occurred mainly between office workers and the other professionals. The perceptions of health professionals about the barriers in access and utilization of services by immigrants highlight opportunities for intervention in the context of cultural diversity. Given the different perceptions among the professional groups, which may be reflection of the functions they perform, it is reinforced the importance of developing appropriate training to the different professional profiles. The capacity-building of health professionals to deal with cultural diversity may be an important component of human resources training, contributing to better adequate services to the needs of the immigrant.

This paper describes the uptake of HIV testing and its associated factors among a sample of immigrants in Portugal.A questionnaire was completed by 1,513 immigrants at the National Immigrant Support Centre, in Lisbon. The magnitude of the association between ever been HIV tested and socio-demographic variables was estimated by means of crude and adjusted odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals, using logistic regression.Approximately half of the participants reported having ever been HIV tested. Age, sex, educational level, region of origin, immigration status and knowing someone infected were independently associated with the HIV test uptake. Almost 90% of participants reported knowing where to obtain support on HIV-related issues. Most declared preferring doctors to get HIV information. However, only 9.2% had sought HIV information at the National Health Service.Our results suggest differences between migrant groups regarding HIV testing. Adopting more innovative approaches to HIV testing could improve the efficacy of HIV prevention strategies, especially among vulnerable groups within immigrant population as male and undocumented.

Sol–gel-derived SiO2–CaO–P2O5 porous glass monoliths with a dual hierarchical pore structure including both macropores of ∼20–200 micrometers and mesopores ∼5–20 nanometers in size are prepared in the presence of the drying control chemical additive formamide, for a possible application as scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration. While the mesopores are intrinsic to the sol–gel processing, the interconnected macropores are achieved through a polymer-induced phase separation together with the sol–gel transition, by adding a water-soluble polymer, poly(ethylene oxide), to the precursor sol. The textural nanopore structure is controlled through solvent exchange procedures and the addition of urea. The overall pore size distribution obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry was found to shift to larger pore sizes when formamide is added. In vitro tests are used to evaluate the bioactivity. The cell-support function of the resultant scaffolds is also assessed in vitro using osteoblast-like cells cultured for 2 days. The results show that the scaffold has a significant bioactivity and a good ability to support the attachment of MC3T3 preosteoblast cells.