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The study aimed to investigate the defluoridation capacity of nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP) [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and alum-doped hydroxyapatite (AHAP) [Ca8Al(PO4)6.(OH)2] as an environmental friendly adsorbent. The physicochemical characteristics of both the material (HAP and AHAP) were examined using XRD, FE-SEM-EDS, and BET techniques. The batch adsorption study revealed a fluoride removal efficiency of up to 83% (AHAP) and 74% (HAP) under acidic conditions (pH-2). The doping of alum alters the surface chemistry and enhances the affinity of AHAP for fluoride adsorption. The pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2–0.9941) and Langmuir isotherm (R2–0.9425) models best describe the adsorption mechanism and behavior. The thermodynamic analysis indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The study also tested the applicability of the artificial neural network (ANN) modeling approach using MATLAB R2013a to simulate the simulated absorptive efficiency of AHAP. This study suggests that AHAP proved an effective adsorbent for defluoridation.

Since natural coagulants are readily available, inexpensive, nontoxic, and biodegradable, they are now proving to be effective alternatives to chemical coagulants. This research article investigates the potential of de-oiled peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds as a natural coagulant for surface water treatment, comparing its effectiveness with alum, a widely-used chemical coagulant. Ten surface water samples were obtained from the Nile River in the greater Cairo region and treated using coagulants – peanut seeds and alum. Key parameters, such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total bacterial count (TBC), Escherichia coli, and enterococci, were measured to assess the coagulation efficiencies of both substances. Results revealed a minor disparity in turbidity removal, with peanut seeds achieving 75.4% to 85.0% removal, while alum exceeded 90.0%. A more pronounced difference in COD removal was observed, as peanut seeds exhibited a 41.7–53.2% removal rate, in contrast to alum’s maximum removal of 92.3%. Regarding bacterial removal efficiency, alum demonstrated a slightly superior performance (60.0–70.0%) compared to peanut seeds (approximately 50.0%). In conclusion, de-oiled peanut seeds represent an affordable and environmentally friendly alternative coagulant for surface water treatment.

A parent wished to get a medical recommendation to exempt her 13-year old daughter from the hepatitis B immunization in the Hungarian age related school program. He considers this prevention unnecesary and harmful, because they are a decent family free from promiscuity. Learing from the internet he found out, that this vaccine may cause hepatitis B, contains genetically modified substances and other toxic particules, like alum and Saccharomyces cervisiae, the latter even potentially causing Chron disease. Despite being given all correct information for each of his statements he is still convinced of his misbelieves and tries to get an exemption by turning to the court of law. Our lesson from this case is, that a lot more effort should be done to convince lay people, parents and adolescents about the real values and benefits of immunization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To relieve the limitations of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines based on L1 capsid protein, vaccine formulations based on RG1 epitope of HPV L2 using various built-in adjuvants are under study. Herein, we describe design and construction of a rejoined peptide (RP) harboring HPV16 RG1 epitope fused to TLR4/5 agonists and a tetanus toxoid epitope, which were linked by the (GGGS)3 linker in tandem. In silico analyses indicated the proper physicochemical, immunogenic and safety profile of the RP. Docking analyses on predicted 3D model suggested the effective interaction of TLR4/5 agonists within RP with their corresponding TLRs. Expressing the 1206 bp RP-coding DNA in E. coli produced a 46 kDa protein, and immunization of mice by natively-purified RP in different adjuvant formulations indicated the crucial role of the built-in adjuvants for induction of anti-RG1 responses that could be further enhanced by combination of TLR7 agonist/alum adjuvants. While the TLR4/5 agonists contributed in the elicitation of the Th2-polarized immune responses, combination with TLR7 agonist changed the polarization to the balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses. Indeed, RP + TLR7 agonist/alum adjuvants induced the strongest immune responses that could efficiently neutralize the HPV pseudoviruses, and thus might be a promising formulation for an inexpensive and cross-reactive HPV vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy concept is leading environmental engineering in the search for "End-of-Waste" criteria. Untreated waste residue results from drinking water treatment plants, causing severe environmental issues, and its reuse is essential. In this regard, this investigation introduces the beneficial reuses of alum sludge cake to close the loop between sludge waste generation and reuse. Considering alum sludge as a resource for dewatering instead of its categorization as a waste reflects an "End-of-Waste" approach. Alum sludge cake was thermally calcined at 400 °C and named thermally treated alum sludge cake (TAS-cake). In this study, TAS-cake decorated with magnetite with a percent weight of 5 to 1%, respectively, was labeled as TAS-cake@Fe-(5-1). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and morphologies were applied to characterize the hybrid composite. A Fenton-based hybrid composite was applied to extrude water from alum sludge for 7 min of conditioning time. Furthermore, the factorial design based on response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the operational variables. TAS-cake@Fe-(5-1) and hydrogen peroxide revealed 1.2 g/L and 740 mg/L doses at pH 3.0, showing pronounced performance and revealing the highest capillary suction time (CST) reduction, which reached 53%. A temperature increase also showed a pronounced enhancement effect on the sludge dewaterability that reached 72% when 55 °C was applied. Thus, such a novel conditioner is a promising candidate for alum sludge conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, jar and alum technologies were used as treatment materials. Similar synthetic models have been prepared for wastewater from dairy products. The chemical treatment was performed using the jar inspection method. The laboratory temperature, which was between 20-25 degrees Celsius, is a reference in completing the experiments. Experiments have shown that alum can remove phosphorous by up to 95% according to parameters such as the speed of rotation of the oar and the temperature reached in the research. The value of velocity gradient (G) was 1076.915 sec.-1, which represents the potential energy that could make a better crash between particles to achieve an increase in particle size and then settle. This resulted in an optimum aluminum dose equal to 0.5 mg / L at 20 ± 2 ° C. The role of calcium ions in the removal of pollutants has been observed as a catalyst to complete the treatment process, however, it will reduce the aluminum ion concentration necessary to achieve the treatment, it is not possible to risk adding salts over the salinity of water sources to achieve the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Control Theory & Applications / Kongzhi Lilun Yu Yinyong is the property of Editorial Department of Control Theory & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coagulants play an important role in natural water purification and sludge disposal. However, Coagulants are commonly used in traditional treatment processes as aluminium sulfate (Alum). There has been a lot of interest in creating and using plant-based natural coagulants such as Moringa oleifera (MO) because of their natural characteristics and the absence of metals in their structure. The main aim of the present study is to compare the efficiency of MO seeds as a natural coagulant and Alum (the traditional chemical coagulant) for decontamination of drinking water. Therefore, raw water samples were collected from Mahmoudia Canal (MC) intake during the course of the study, where quality parameters of raw water including temperature, pH, EC, DO, turbidity, TDS, BOD, COD, sulfates, aluminium, heterotrophic bacteria (HB), total coliform bacteria (TC) and total phytoplankton count were determined before and after the treatment process and also, the removal efficiencies were calculated. Treatment with MO seed powder didn't affect water temperature, Electrical conductivity slightly increased during the interaction of MO seeds with water but didn't affect water quality. Concerning turbidity, MO showed almost the same removal (83.6%) as alum (88.8%) with RC of 3.6 and 2.5 NTU, which is much lower than the MPLS. MO exhibited higher activity towards the removal of BOD (51.1%), COD (77.39%), sulfate (5.75%) and HB (90.0%) removal compared to 39.4, -4.36, 75.14 and 83.3% achieved by alum respectively. In addition, Moringa increased DO to (7.06 mg/l), TDS (2.9%) and aluminium (49.57%) in the water compared to 6.4 mg/l, 0.29% and 88.25% additions obtained by alum. This confirmed the positive role of MO in decreasing organisms that consume dissolved oxygen (DO), breaking down complexes production of soluble salts (TDS) and reduction in aluminum levels. It is then concluded that using Moringa seed powder is more effective, economical and safe for removing turbidity and other contaminants from raw drinking water compared to alum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryomilling is a promising method for fabricating polymeric blend and composite powder raw materials for various subsequent manufacturing processes. In this study, biodegradable porous membranes were fabricated from poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) using the cryomilling/hot pressing/porogen leaching approach. Powder mixtures of six different model compositions were compounded by cryomilling; thereafter, films were fabricated by hot-pressing. Poly (ethylene-oxide) (PEO) and salt were utilized as eco-friendly porogens in these mixtures, which were dissolved in water to introduce porosity in the films. Wood sawdust (WSD) and alum were investigated as fillers potentially capable of manipulating the hydrophilicity, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the membranes. The morphological, hydrophilicity, mechanical, and filtration efficiency properties were explored and compared to those of commercial laboratory microfiltration (MF) membranes. SEM analysis revealed dense membrane skins for all compositions, along with lamellar porous structures. Mean pore radius ranged from 0.15 to 0.21 μm, which is within the MF pore size range. Water contact angle measurements averaged 70° and decreased with the addition of WSD and alum, indicating increased hydrophilicity. Tensile test results showed a decrease in mechanical properties, with higher porosities and with the addition of WSD. Adding alum (≥10 wt%) resulted in embrittled membranes. Filtration performance was evaluated in terms of pure water flux and turbidity reduction for textile wastewater, and it compared favorably to commercial membranes. In conclusion, this study has successfully introduced a new facile and versatile membrane fabrication approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanogenesis, the intricate process of melanin synthesis, is central to skin pigmentation and photoprotection and is regulated by various signaling pathways and transcription factors. To develop potential skin-whitening agents, we used B16F1 melanoma cells to investigate the inhibitory effects of anhydrous alum on melanogenesis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Anhydrous alum (KAl(SO4)2) with high purity (>99%), which is generated through the heat-treatment of hydrated alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) at 400 °C, potentiates a significant reduction in melanin content without cytotoxicity. Anhydrous alum downregulates the master regulator of melanogenesis, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which targets key genes involved in melanogenesis, thereby inhibiting α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis. Phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein, which acts as a co-activator of MITF gene expression, is attenuated by anhydrous alum, resulting in compromised MITF transcription. Notably, anhydrous alum promoted extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, leading to the impaired nuclear localization of MITF. Overall, these results demonstrated the generation and mode of action of anhydrous alum in B16F1 cells, which constitutes a promising option for cosmetic or therapeutic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alum-crosslinked hyaluronic acid-dopamine (HD) hydrogel containing indocyanine green (ICG) with anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody (Ab) administration was developed for immunophoto therapy of cancer. Alum modulates the rheological characteristics of hydrogel for enabling syringe injection, shear-thinning feature, and slower biodegradation. In addition, alum in HD-based hydrogel provided CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses for cancer therapy. ICG in the hydrogel under near-infrared (NIR) light exposure may induce hyperthermia and generate singlet oxygen for selective cancer cell killing. HD/alum/ICG hydrogel injection with NIR laser irradiation elevated PD-1 level in CD8+ T cells. Administration of PD-1 Ab aiming at highly expressed PD-1 in T cells may amplify the anticancer efficacies of HD/alum/ICG hydrogel along with NIR laser. HD/alum/ICG hydrogel with NIR light may have both CD8+ T cell-linked immune responses and ICG-related photodynamic/photothermal effects. Additional injection of immune checkpoint inhibitor can ultimately suppress primary and distant tumor growth by combination with those therapeutic actions. [Display omitted] • Alum-crosslinked hydrogel including indocyanine green (ICG) was fabricated. • Alum which has been used as an adjuvant was introduced as a gel crosslinker. • Near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation with hydrogel produced CD8+ T cell responses. • ICG with NIR laser served photodynamic and photothermal potentials in cancer therapy. • PD-1 Ab injection aiming at high PD-1 level may amplify immunotherapeutic efficacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel composite sorbent, synthesized from industrially inexpensive and abundant materials, designed for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) ions through a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technique. The synthesis process innovatively employs alum, a low-cost compound, alongside plaster kiln dust — a by-product waste from the gypsum industry — and Cetyl trim ethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), to produce Nano-sized layered double hydroxide (LDH) composed of aluminum (Al+3) and calcium (Ca+2) ions. The synthesized LDH gel-solution was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and subsequently intercalated onto an iron-slag surface, yielding a novel sorbent termed "iron-slag coated with (Ca/Al-CTAB)-LDH". The intercalation of CTAB and the presence of LDH nanoparticles significantly increased the iron-slag surface area from 0.48802 to 10.21 m² /g, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity of the sorbent for Pb and Cd ions. Optimal synthesis parameters were identified as 0.035 g/50 mL CTAB, pH 10, (Ca/Al) molar ratio of 2, and an iron-slag dosage of 1 g/50 mL. Long-term column tests, spanning a duration of at least 25 days, were conducted, revealing a marked increase in the sorbent's longevity in the packed column when a low flow rate and inlet concentration of contaminants were combined with a high mass of sorbent. The experimental data from the breakthrough curves were successfully fitted by several models, including Bohart-Adams, Thomas-BDST, Yan, Belter-Cussler-Hu, and Clark expressions, with a determination coefficient (R2) exceeding 0.99 and a sum of squared errors (SSE) less than 0.162. The hydraulic conductivity of the packed sorbent remained largely constant at 2.7×10-2 cm/s, suggesting its suitability for PRB applications. The prepared sorbent demonstrated high efficacy in the removal of Pb and Cd ions from contaminated water, making it a promising tool for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the first stages of water treatment is the coagulation process, a side effect of which is the formation of huge amounts of sludge, which is most often deposited in landfills. The residues formed as a by-product in water treatment plants are characterized by high porosity, irregularity and loose structure with limited strength, so they can exhibit adsorption properties. This article reviews the ability of Al-based sludge to adsorb inorganic pollutants and textile dyes from aqueous solutions. Due to its physicochemical properties, alum sludge has a high adsorption capacity against inorganic as well as organic pollutants. The collected literature review focuses on the presentation of the most common directions of use of these materials as effective adsorbents against the pollutants present, the presentation of the conditions for the adsorption process, the mechanisms of binding of pollutants. In addition, it indicates which directions of their use as effective and economical adsorbents have not been sufficiently explored, suggesting that more research in this area be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article compares the efficacy of using alum and poly aluminum chloride (PAM) for the treatment of fish processing wastewater. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of each treatment method in reducing turbidity, COD), BOD, and altering the rheological properties of the wastewater. Batch mode coagulation and flocculation experiments were conducted using lab scale jar test apparatus. The findings indicate that both alum and PAM can significantly reduce turbidity and COD. The highest turbidity removal efficiency of 93% was achieved with alum at a dose of 200 mg/L, while PAM achieved a maximum turbidity removal efficiency of 86% at a dose of 100 mg/L. Alum and PAM achieved the highest BOD5 and COD removal efficiencies at a dosage of 200 mg/L and pH 7.0. However, the removal efficiencies varied at different pH values and dosages. Alum and PAM have significant effect on the rheological properties of fish processing wastewater. The viscosity of settled residual sludge after chemical coagulation is more compared to untreated fish processing wastewater due to aggregation of suspended particles to form larger flocs. This would improve the settling properties of the coagulated sludge. The study concludes that both alum and PAM can be viable options for treating fish processing wastewater, with Alum showing a slight edge over PAM in certain aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vaccination is the most effective and economic way to end the COVID-19 epidemic. • Continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2 requires improvement of existing vaccines. • Alum+CpG adjuvant SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine induced robust and long-lasting humoral response in vaccinated mice. • Alum+CpG adjuvant SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine induced Th1-type cellular immunity and GC B cells in vaccinated mice. The ongoing evolution and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants have raised concerns regarding the efficacy of existing vaccines and therapeutic agents. This study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of an aluminum hydroxide (Alum) and CpG adjuvanted inactivated vaccine (IAV) candidate against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. A comparison was made between the immune response of mice vaccinated with the Alum+CpG adjuvant IAV and those vaccinated with the Alum adjuvant IAV. Mice immunized with Alum+CpG adjuvant IAV demonstrated high antibody titers and a durable humoral immune response, as well as a Th1-type cellular immune response. Notably, compared to Alum alone vaccine, the Alum+CpG adjuvant IAV induced significantly higher proportions of GC B cells in the splenocytes of immunized mice. Importantly, the changes in inflammatory cytokine levels in the sera of mice vaccinated with the Alum+CpG adjuvant IAV followed a similar trend to that of the Alum adjuvant IAV, which had been proven safe in clinical trials. Overall, our results demonstrate that Alum+CpG adjuvant has the potential to serve as a novel adjuvant, thereby providing valuable insights into the development of vaccine formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat starch (WS) is a common adhesive material used in mounting of calligraphy and paintings. Potassium alum (PA) has indeed been used for many centuries to modify the physicochemical properties of starch. Thermal analysis revealed that the presence of PA led to an increase in the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of the starch gels. The leached amylose and the swelling power of the starch gels exhibited a maximum at the ratio of 100:6.0 (WS:PA, w/w). The rheological properties of starch gels were consistent with changes in the swelling power of starch granules. SEM observations confirmed that the gel structure became more regular, and the holes grew larger with the addition of PA below the ratio of 100:6.0 (WS:PA, w/w). The short-range molecular order in the starch gels was enhanced by the addition of PA, confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Mechanical experiments demonstrated that the binding strength of the starch gels increased with higher PA concentrations and decreased significantly after the aging process. TGA results revealed that PA promoted the acid degradation of starch molecules. This study provides a detailed guide for the preparation of starch-based adhesive and its applications in paper conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions and nitrogen (N) losses in the process of dung and urine storage are crucial for waste resources utilization and air pollutants reduction in stockbreeding industry. We selected the fresh mixture of cow dung and urine from the intensive livestock farm in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as the research object. Urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT), nitrification inhibitor (3.4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, DMPP) and alum were added to the fresh cattle feces, and the nutrient contents and NH 3 fluxes under different inhibitor treatments during 22 days of feces storage were tested. The structural equation model was employed to analyze the effects of various factors on NH 3 emissions and N transformations during the storage of feces. The results showed that (1) Nitrification inhibitor and low-dose alum addition had no effects on N losses and ammonia emissions during the storage of feces. But the cumulative emissions of NH 3 in NBPT treatment was reduced by 25.07% than the control group. (2) During the short-term storage of feces and urine, total organic nitrogen content in NBPT treatment increased by 43.86 % compared with the control group, while the ammonium nitrogen content decreased by 39.15%, and the average C:N ratio increased by 20.99 %. (3) The higher water content was beneficial to reducing the NH 3 emissions during the storage of feces. Meanwhile, urease inhibitor could reduce ammonium nitrogen production and NH 3 flush by reducing total organic nitrogen decomposition and C:N rate. Shortly, urease inhibitor could effectively slow down N losses and NH 3 release by controlling the ammonium production in short-term storage in the processing of cow dung and urine mixture, while the optimal application conditions of nitrification inhibitor and alum need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Since natural coagulants are readily available, inexpensive, nontoxic, and biodegradable, they are now proving to be effective alternatives to chemical coagulants. This research article investigates the potential of de-oiled peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds as a natural coagulant for surface water treatment, comparing its effectiveness with alum, a widely-used chemical coagulant. Ten surface water samples were obtained from the Nile River in the greater Cairo region and treated using coagulants – peanut seeds and alum. Key parameters, such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total bacterial count (TBC), Escherichia coli , and enterococci, were measured to assess the coagulation efficiencies of both substances. Results revealed a minor disparity in turbidity removal, with peanut seeds achieving 75.4% to 85.0% removal, while alum exceeded 90.0%. A more pronounced difference in COD removal was observed, as peanut seeds exhibited a 41.7–53.2% removal rate, in contrast to alum's maximum removal of 92.3%. Regarding bacterial removal efficiency, alum demonstrated a slightly superior performance (60.0–70.0%) compared to peanut seeds (approximately 50.0%). In conclusion, de-oiled peanut seeds represent an affordable and environmentally friendly alternative coagulant for surface water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of plant-based coagulant extracted from Leucaena leucocephala seeds compared with alum in removing solids from aquaculture wastewater. Water-extraction method was used to extract the active ingredients from the seeds by dissolving the seeds' powder in distilled water at 20 g/L concentration, whereas alum was dissolved directly at the same concentration. Operation parameters of jar test including dosage, rapid-mixing speed, and settling time were optimized for the water-extracted seed solution and alum to improve the removal efficiency. The optimum operation parameters for the water-extracted seed solution and alum were dosages of 240 and 320 mg/L respectively, rapid-mixing speed 150 rpm, and settling time 40 min. At the optimum operation parameters, water-extracted seed solution had removal efficiencies of 96.32%, 92.85%, and 86%, whereas alum had removal efficiencies of 99.77%, 99.92%, and 99.92% for turbidity, total suspended solids, and color, respectively. Despite the high efficiency of the water-extracted seed solution, dissolved contaminants such as NO3, PO4, COD, and true color increased owing to the presence of organic matter in the solution. With these results, L. leucocephala seeds had high potential to be used as alternative in removing solids from aquaculture wastewater. Further studies on the extraction of active ingredients should be conducted to increase the removal efficiency and avoid side effects on the contaminants dissolved in the effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy industry is a vital food industry in the world. The dairy industry discharges large quantities of wastewater. In this article, it has been used jar test model JLT 6 Leaching test VELP Scientific, with all apparatuses and tools that can complete work. Alum, as well as Porcelanite Rocks from the North Territory area in Australia, were used as a treatment material for the removal of phosphorus. Results showed the effectiveness of phosphorous removal using alum improves when using these rocks because they contain different concentrations of positive ions in general and aluminium ions in particular. The optimum value of Al3+ is 0.5 mg/L. The percent of removal of phosphorus will reach 95.7% ̴96% by 1.45 mg/L of the aluminium ion. The use of Porcelanite Rocks alone. cannot lead to clear removal of phosphorous or pollutants, rather it is used as an aid. The results also showed that Porcelanite rocks play a prominent role in preparing the therapeutic conditions for alum in terms of regulating the pH for better treatment, as they raise the pH at a time when the sulphates are reduced. With 20 mg/L of Porcelanite rocks, it has been completed the best removal of phosphorus at 20 ºC. Using alum with Porcelanite rocks as assistance in treatment will improve treatment by 30-40%. This process will drop residual aluminium concentration by about 10% from the total and then exclude health effects due to aluminium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zagros Petrochemical Company, as one of the largest methanol companies in Iran, faces the problem of high levels of turbidity and sulfate and ammonia pollutants in its wastewater. So, it is required to effectively purify this wastewater for reusing in steam production in the methanol unit; also, to bring the amount of pollutants to the required environmental standards. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the coagulation process and compare the effectiveness of six different coagulants, including aluminum sulfate (alum), iron (II) sulfate, chloroferric, polyaluminum chloride and two types of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, in reducing the existing amount of turbidity, sulfate and ammonia in the wastewater of this company. During these experiments, the effects of effluent pH and coagulant concentration parameters on the efficiency of reducing the turbidity and the mentioned pollutants has been investigated. According to the results, and considering the long flocculation time, as well as low formation of very small and non-quick precipitating suspended particles, the coagulants alum, chloroferric and iron (II) sulfate do not have a significant effect on the removal of turbidity from the target wastewater sample. Meanwhile, the coagulants PAC, cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, with low concentrations, are suitably effective, and, in combination with lime, can remove a significant amount of the turbidity (about 99%) and the ammonia (about 60%) from the investigated wastewater. Also, the highest amount of the sulfate reduction (about 45%) is attributed to the alum coagulant. Finally, taking into account the costs, accessibility and compatibility of the wastewater treatment package of the Zagros Petrochemical Company, the coagulant PAC in a concentration of 5 mg/L, in combination with lime at a pH of 12, has been suggested and the mentioned problems were completely resolved.

The main focus of this work is changing inert sand into a reactive material by adding new binding sites (layered double hydroxide nanoparticles) to its surfaces. The main ingredients used to create these nanoparticles are surfactant, chicken eggshells (solid waste), and alum (cheap material). The efficacy of modified sand, also known as “sand coated with (Ca/Al-CTAB)-LDH,” was examined by removing amoxicillin from an aqueous solution. Two surfactants (CTAB and DK1) were investigated and measurements proved that the sorbent with CTAB has high ability to remove the adopted antibiotic with efficiency > 80 % at best synthesis conditions of pH 12, CTAB dosage 0.05 g, Ca/Al ratio 2 and sand dosage 1 g/50 mL. According to isotherm models, the sorption curve for amoxicillin onto modified sand is “favorable” with a maximum sorption capacity of 43.642 mg/g. The pseudo first-order model was more efficient in the fitting of kinetic results. Characterization analyses showed that the structure of coated sand has significantly changed due to the formation of a plate-like layer made up of loosely aggregated micrometric plates caused by (Ca + Al + CTAB) LDH nanoparticles. This can result in a significant increase in the removal of antibiotics.

In this article, jar and alum technologies were used as treatment materials. Similar synthetic models have been prepared for wastewater from dairy products. The chemical treatment was performed using the jar inspection method. The laboratory temperature, which was between 20-25 degrees Celsius, is a reference in completing the experiments. Experiments have shown that alum can remove phosphorous by up to 95% according to parameters such as the speed of rotation of the oar and the temperature reached in the research. The value of velocity gradient (G) was 1076.915 sec.-1, which represents the potential energy that could make a better crash between particles to achieve an increase in particle size and then settle. This resulted in an optimum aluminum dose equal to 0.5 mg / L at 20 ± 2 ° C. The role of calcium ions in the removal of pollutants has been observed as a catalyst to complete the treatment process, however, it will reduce the aluminum ion concentration necessary to achieve the treatment, it is not possible to risk adding salts over the salinity of water sources to achieve the treatment.

The addition of new reactive sites on the surface area of the inert sand, which are represented by layered double hydroxide nanoparticles, is the primary goal of this work, which aims to transform the sand into a reactive material. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant is used in the reaction of calcium extracted from solid waste-chicken eggshells with aluminum prepared from the cheapest coagulant-alum. By separating amoxicillin from wastewater, the performance of coated sand named as "sand coated with (Ca/Al-CTAB)-LDH" was evaluated. Measurements demonstrated that pH of 12 from 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, CTAB dosage of 0.05 g from 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 g, ratio of Ca/Al of 2 from 1, 2, 3, and 4, and mass of sand of 1 g/50 mL from 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 g/50 mL are the optimal manufacturing conditions for coated sand to guarantee an antibiotic removal efficiency greater than 80. After planting the LDH nanoparticles, characterization analyses revealed that the generation of a plate-like layer composed of loosely aggregated micrometric plates had significantly altered the structure of sand. Finally, as the sorbent mass increased as well as the flow rate and inlet contaminant concentration (Co) decreased, the longevity of coated sand in the packed column significantly increased. In comparison to the Belter-Cussler-Hu and Yan models, the Thomas-BDST model provides a more accurate simulation of measured breakthrough curves.

The dairy industry is a vital food industry in the world. The dairy industry discharges large quantities of wastewater. In this article, it has been used jar test model JLT 6 Leaching test VELP Scientific, with all apparatuses and tools that can complete work. Alum, as well as Porcelanite Rocks from the North Territory area in Australia, were used as a treatment material for the removal of phosphorus. Results showed the effectiveness of phosphorous removal using alum improves when using these rocks because they contain different concentrations of positive ions in general and aluminium ions in particular. The optimum value of Al3+ is 0.5 mg/L. The percent of removal of phosphorus will reach 95.7% ̴ 96% by 1.45 mg/L of the aluminium ion. The use of Porcelanite Rocks alone. cannot lead to clear removal of phosphorous or pollutants, rather it is used as an aid. The results also showed that Porcelanite rocks play a prominent role in preparing the therapeutic conditions for alum in terms of regulating the pH for better treatment, as they raise the pH at a time when the sulphates are reduced. With 20 mg/L of Porcelanite rocks, it has been completed the best removal of phosphorus at 20 ºC. Using alum with Porcelanite rocks as assistance in treatment will improve treatment by 30-40%. This process will drop residual aluminium concentration by about 10% from the total and then exclude health effects due to aluminium ions.

The novel point of this study represents by manufacturing new material for treating of aqueous solution laden with cadmium ions. This can achieve through utilizing of alum as cheapest and available substance, plaster kiln dust wastes from gypsum industry, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant in the preparation of nano-sized layered double hydroxide of aluminum and calcium in the existence of mentioned surfactant. The gel-solution of nanoparticles can be co-precipitated on the iron slag to obtain new sorbent identified “iron-slag coated with (calcium/aluminum- cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) layered double hydroxide” and composition of all materials was characterized by analysis of X-ray diffraction. The outcomes proved that the area of slag surfaces was increased significantly from 0.49 to 10.21 m2/g due to the surfactant intercalation and precipitation of nanoparticles. The synthesis parameters require surfactant 0.035 g/50 mL, pH 10, molar ratio of (calcium/aluminum) 2, and mass of slag 1 g/50 mL. Batch tests proved that more than 99.3% cadmium can remove at time 60 min, initial pH 7, coated slag mass 0.5 g/50 mL, and speed 250 rpm for 50 mg/L initial concentration to obtain highest capacity of sorption of 14.50 mg/g. The measurements of kinetic tests were well followed the model of Pseudo second-order and; accordingly, the chemisorption mechanism will predominate the removal process. Model of intra-particle diffusion demonstrate that the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and diffusion are major mechanisms required in the cadmium removal onto the prepared sorbent. Also, Langmuir model is an ideal formula for representing the sorption data with determination coefficient = 0.99. Characterization tests certified that the nanoparticles on the slag can play a prime role in the enhancement of cadmium sorption. In addition, the exhausted sorbent can be regenerated and its efficiency was not less than 83% for removal of cadmium after 9 regeneration cycles.

Objective: Saponin compounds, including Glycyrrhizin, can enhance immune responses. The current investigation was conducted to study the effects of alum and Glycyrrhizin Liposomes (GL) as adjuvants on the humoral and cellular responses of the immune system in mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA). Materials and Methods: Male Balb/c mice were immunized with OVA adjuvant with alum, GL, or alum-GL combination twice at two-week intervals. Two weeks after the last immunization, the specific immune responses against OVA were assessed. Results: The adjuvant formulated with alum and GL induced a Th1 cytokine pattern against OVA, while alum alone induced a Th2 cytokine pattern. The combined adjuvant increased the potential of OVA to induce a delayed- type hypersensitivity reaction and IgG2a antibody titer compared to other groups (p<0.05). OVA-specific lymphocyte proliferation did not show significant differences among the three groups receiving adjuvant (p=0.11). Conclusion: Unlike alum, the combination of alum and GL synergistically increased the cellular and humoral immune responses after immunization with an antigen and therefore had the ability to be used as an adjuvant to induce cellular immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of alum sludge as an alternative to fly ash in fabricating geopolymer paste and mortar. The blending of this industrial waste (alum sludge and fly ash) is not only for the benefit of sustainable construction and disposal of industrial waste but also for the reduction of CO2 emissions due to the increasing production of Portland cement from the cement production industry. A laboratory investigation was carried out on the workability and mechanical properties of geopolymer paste and mortar produced with alum sludge replacement in different proportions (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100). A combination of an alkaline solution of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide of 14 molarity was employed as an activator for the manufacturing of both paste and mortar geopolymer specimens. It was observed from the findings that geopolymer paste and mortar was flowable and workable when alum sludge is replaced for fly ash at higher replacement content. The addition of alum sludge to the mix improved some properties such as density, strength, water absorption, and the elevated temperature behavior. It was observed that the addition of alum sludge was optimum at the 50% replacement level. The addition of alum sludge up to 50% significantly increased the compressive strength of mortar (up to 80% increase in 28 days strength). The compressive strength of the paste and mortar increased with an increase in curing age. Thus, alum sludge and fly ash can be employed together in the production of eco-friendly cementing material for environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alum-catalyzed Knoevenagel reaction of substituted aromatic aldehydes and active methylene compounds such as malononitrile and barbituric acid using green, eco-friendly solvent, water was developed. The protocol is practically simple and found efficient. The condensation is carried out in a short reaction time and the desired products are obtained in excellent yields. Furthermore, The catalyst utilized is readily accessible, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and safe. The derivatives are among the most frequently used intermediate in heterocyclic synthesis. The synthesized benzylidene derivatives were characterized by spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we reported the expression and potency of the recombinant H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine as our in-house vaccine in a BALB/c mouse model. Recombinant H1N1 HA was produced in SF9 cell line, purified and formulated in MF59 adjuvant. Experimental mice were injected on days 0 and 14 with MF59-formulated vaccine, alum-based vaccine, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ were assessed with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody responses and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and granzyme B ELISA, respectively. Moreover, the mice were challenged to show the vaccine efficacy. A considerable rise in IFN-γ and IL-4, as well as IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, was observed in comparison with the alum-based vaccine and PBS group. Furthermore, our candidate vaccine showed superiority in humoral immune responses and CTL activity versus the alum-based vaccine and PBS group. The challenge showed that the survival rate in the vaccinated groups revealed a significant increase as compared with that in the PBS group. In conclusion, our candidate vaccine showed a robust Th1 response and CTL activity the alum-based vaccine. Moreover, a significant humoral immune response and a higher survival rate were detected in our vaccine as compared with the alum-based vaccine. It seems that the superiority of the MF59-based vaccine is due to the type of vaccine formulation in the candidate vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfade testing (MFT) was used to examine standardized wool samples dyed with 14 natural historic dyes, each prepared with five different mordants, to determine whether the lightfastness and colourimetric properties of these dyes vary as a function of the mordant. The addition of mordants changed the original colour of the dyes as well as potential patterns corresponding to ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* such that the variation of lightfastness ranges from 0.25–0.70 units of Blue Wool Equivalence (BWE). Disregarding the effect of mordants, MFT showed that all dyes have lightfastness equivalent to BW3, indicating that they belong in the category of 'high sensitivity to light'. All dye-mordant combinations vary in lightfastness, such that even the least lightfast dye will have a mordant combination that is more lightfast than the most lightfast dye combined with a mordant that renders it less lightfast. The effect of mordants varies by dye: while one dye may demonstrate a difference in lightfastness of 0.56 units of BWE between the least and most lightfast mordant combination, another may show little or no difference (as low as 0.07 units of BWE). Overall, alum based mordants tend to produce the least lightfast combinations, followed by tin and iron, with copper and chromium producing the most lightfast combinations. This paper shows that there are no simplistic patterns of lightfastness between mordant-dye combinations with these 14 natural dyes. Identifying both dye and mordant is useful to better estimate the lightfastness of a dyed textile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the gelation mechanism of mung bean starch (MBS) as affected by addition of edible alum, the physicochemical properties of MBS gels and their gelation process under 0–0.25 % of alum addition were studied. The results showed that alum incorporation enhanced the gel texture and starch-water interaction in a concentration-dependent manner. With increasing amount of alum addition, the pH value and ζ-potential of MBS decreased, while the swelling power, pasting viscosity, the leached amylose content, gelation temperature, short-range ordered structure and the crystallinity of MBS gels increased. It is believed that alum addition improved the texture of MBS gels by promoting amylose leaching, starch aggregation and recrystallization. The increase in starch-water interaction might be due to the destruction of MBS structure by polar ions and the formation of clathrates by leached amylose and Al3+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alum sludge is an inevitable by-product from the water purification process, which had been applied as substrates in some constructed wetlands with good performance, especially for phosphorus (P) adsorption. The raw alum sludge is similar to a clay lump with an irregular shape, and there is a concern of it leaching into water. For better reuse, herein, some sludge was fired to produce alum sludge ceramsite (ASC) with a uniform spherical shape via a four-step process of kneading the sludge ball, air drying, preheating at 400 °C for 10 min, and firing at 600 °C for 5 min. Meanwhile, an air-dried alum sludge ball (adASB) was manufactured for comparison. The physicochemical properties and P adsorption ability of ceramsite were investigated subsequently. Through XRD and FT-IR tests, there was no obvious difference between ASC and adASB on the phase structure, but there was a certain amount of Al-OH group loss on the surface of ASC. The structure of ASC was still amorphous, similar to adASB, while ASC possessed more micropore structure and a bigger specific surface area than adASB. Adsorption experiments showed the P adsorption behaviors of ASC and adASB were much similar, and their adsorption kinetics were in accordance with the two-step adsorption kinetics rate equation and pseudo-second-order kinetics equation. The maximum adsorption capacities of ASC and adASB fitted by the Langmuir model were 1.66 mg/g and 1.89 mg/g, respectively. It should be pointed out that, compared with other adsorbents, the ASC produced in this study still had a greater ability to adsorb P. Therefore, ASC should have a great application potential for P removal in wastewater treatment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of laundry wastewater into the septic tank and the condition of the septic tank in the IPLT Balai PIALAM service area which does not meet the quality standards caused the fecal sludge product from the IPLT Balai PIALAM difficult to dry because of the high water content and it still emits pungent smell. IPLT Balai PIALAM has carried out the process of increasing the operating unit and dewatering process unit but has not yet obtained optimum dewatering results. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the chemical conditioning process to increase dewatering efficiency. Chemical agent used in the process are alum, lime, and a combination of alum and lime. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of increasing the dose of chemical agent that can increase the efficiency of sludge dewatering in IPLT Balai PIALAM as well as assess the type and optimum dosage of chemical agent that used in the chemical conditioning process. The parameters used in this study are water content, TSS, TS, SRF, and CST in faecal sludge. The result of chemical conditioning optimization based on the study is the type of the most optimum chemical agent which is the combination of alum and lime ratio of 1:2 with an optimum dose of 14 g/L that can reduce the water content in the sludge from 90,14% to 64,68%, TSS from 73.000 to 6.915, TS from 102.950 to 13.620, CST from 90,29 to 22,4 seconds, and SRF value from 6,69 x 1010 to 1,23 x 1010 m/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical coagulants used in water treatment are detrimental to human health. This research assessed the viability of Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extract compared with Aluminium Sulphate (Alum) as coagulants for treating stormwater. Five hundred mL of each of the eight storm water samples were analyzed through the Jar test method and zone settling rate experiment. Temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, and total suspended solids were assessed before and after adding the coagulants. Results obtained on the percentage reduction in interface height show lesser percentages (0.47, 0.76, 1.14, and 0.19%) when varying concentrations (50, 60, 70, and 80 mg/L) of MO seed extract were employed compared to the superior reduction percentages (87.07, 90.09, 95.27 and 94.57%.) when the same varying concentrations of Alum solution were added. Nonetheless, the percentage reduction in interface heights of the coagulants are significantly (p<0.05) different from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The combined use of plant-based and chemical coagulants, such as aluminium or iron salts can reduce the use of chemical coagulants while providing sufficient efficiency in removing suspended solids. This experimental research investigated the effect of Descurainia sophia seed extract (DSSE) in conjunction with the aluminium sulphate (alum) on turbidity removal efficiency. Methods: D-Optimal design using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for experimental design to investigate the effects of operating factors on responses and the potential interactions between these factors. Results: The results showed that, when starting with an initial turbidity of 200 NTU, the maximum achieved turbidity removal efficiency of 91.45% (Run 1) was attained by using only alum at an optimized concentration of 59.5 mg/L and a pH 6. However, when the initial turbidity was 200 NTU, pH 7, and the alum concentration was reduced to 40 mg/L, and the DSSE/water ratio was increased to 16 mL/L, a turbidity removal efficiency of 93.45% (Run 35) was obtained. Conclusion: DSSE can be used as a plant-based coagulant along with alum to reduce alum consumption and improve the coagulation and flocculation of suspended solids in water. By incorporating this extract, the removal of impurities and reduction of turbidity can be effectively promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grease, oil, hydrocarbon residues, heavy metals, and surfactants are all present in car wash wastewater (CWW), which all can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. This study was designed to assess CWW treatment using an upgraded physical technique combined with a range of conventional and more sustainable coagulants. Physical treatment effectively lowered the oil and grease (O&G) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the CWW by 79 ± 15% and 97 ± 1.6%, respectively. Additional treatment was provided using chemical coagulation–flocculation–settling. In jar test studies, humic acid (HA) and alum were found to provide significantly higher turbidity removal, 79.2 ± 3.1% and 69.8 ± 8.0%, respectively, than anionic polyacrylamide (APA), 7.9 ± 5.6% under influent turbidity values from 89 to 1000 NTU. Overall physical/chemical treatment of CWW yielded 97.3 ± 0.8% COD removal, and 99.2 ± 0.4% O&G removal using HA and alum. Due to the numerous problems created when using synthetic coagulants, naturally occurring coagulants that have no impact on human health, such as HA, are highly desirable options. The findings of this study show that treating CWW provides several advantages for sustainable development, health and well-being, and raising public knowledge and support for water reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbidity is one of the major problems in the treatment of drinking water. Turbid water contains molecules, plankton, and colloids, and is dealt with through the addition of coagulation chemicals in processes called coagulation and flocculation. In this research, three of the most commonly used coagulants utilized in the process of turbid water treatment are examined for their efficiency in reducing turbidity. The three types of different coagulants that have been employed are aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride, and poly aluminum chloride (PACl). The samples are taken from the Tigris River at various levels from the water’s surface (60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 cm). The results showed that PACl is more efficient in removing turbidity than alum and ferric chloride. Ferric chloride is a more efficient coagulant than alum at different ranges of turbid water. In this study, the effects of employing a natural coagulant such as “Walnut coat” with PACl and synthetic polyacrylamide with PACl for removing turbidity are compared to using PACl alone. When compared to PACl alone, polyacrylamide with PACl was effective in removing turbidities of 22.8 and 25.7 NTU. Walnut coat was also proven to be more effective when combined with PACl for lower turbidities (20.7 and 21 NTU). Within the first 5 min of slow mixing with polyacrylamide, large, transparent, and readily settled flocs formed, whereas the same flocs formed after 30 min of slow mixing with PACl and walnut coat as flocculant. With both polyacrylamide and walnut coat as coagulants, better sludge properties were obtained, with low water content and high density that can be readily dried and disposed of.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the type and dose of coagulants on the color removal of POME through the coagulation process. The coagulants used in this study were alum and poly aluminium chloride (PAC). The dose of coagulants was varied to 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/L. The results of this study showed that the optimum dose for coagulant of alum was 6 g/L and the optimum dose for coagulant of PAC was 8 g/L, in which these doses resulted in color removal efficiencies of 80.65±10.30% and 94.12±1.00%, respectively. The PAC coagulant was more effective than the alum coagulant. The kinetic models used to predict the color removal efficiencies were the first- and second-order kinetic models. Based on the kinetic analysis, the MAPE of the first and second-order kinetic models was 9.17-28.28% and 5.48-21.62%, respectively. It means that the second-order kinetic model can predict with higher accuracy than the first-order kinetic model. By the second order kinetic model, the reaction kinetic constant of the coagulation process at alum coagulant of 6/L and PAC coagulant of 0.021 and 0.057 /min, respectively.