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Concept comprehension abilities is a very important aspect in learning mathematics. The low of concept comprehension abilities will affect the quality of student learning, which in turn has an impact on the low achievement of students in school. This also happened at the Vocational public School in Sijunjung regency. One effort that can be done in reacting to it is through the selection of learning models that can create a learning environment that makes students active. Mind Mapping technique is an alternative to increase student activity in learning. This type of research was quasi-experimental. The instrument used in this study was a test consisting of an initial ability test to see students 'initial abilities consisting of high and low initial abilities, a final test to see students' mathematical concept comprehension abilities. Data was analyzed by using the Mann Whitney U test and two-way ANOVA. Based on the results of data analysis, several conclusions were obtained, namely: (1) The Concept comprehension abilities of students who learn with Mind Mapping Techniques was higher than students who learn with conventional learning; (2) Concept comprehension abilities of high, moderate, and low prior knowledge who learn with Mind Mapping techniques was higher than students who study with conventional learning; (3) there is no interaction between model of learning and prior knowledge.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang hubungan antara kemandirian belajar dengan kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa melalui penggunaan software Geogebra . Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 40 orang mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Negeri Padang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes dan angket. Tes yang digunakan berbentuk essay dan memuat indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis, sedangkan angket kemandirian terdiri atas 28 butir pernyataan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode korelasi dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi untuk mengetahui hubungan antara berpikir kritis dengan kemandirian belajar mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa melalui penggunaan software Geogebra pada pokok bahasan Geometri khususnya pada materi jarak bidang ke bidang. Hasil tersebut dilihat bahwa nilai korelasi Pearson sebesar 0,412 menunjukkan kekuatan hubungan antara kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa. Di samping itu, diperoleh nilai Sig. sebesar 0,014 lebih kecil dari 0,05. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kekuatan hubungan antara kemandirian belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa signifikan.

The use of classical learning models that have long been known among mathematics educators. The purpose of this study is to describe students’ perceptions of mathematics education on the use of classical learning models with power points in the learning process in class. This research is a qualitative research that reveals students’ perceptions of mathematics education study programs on the effectiveness aspects of classical learning models, student aspects, material aspects, and aspects of learning strategies through questionnaires and interviews to students consisting of two classes with a total of 66 students. Research subjects were involved in implementing Classical Learning models. The results of this study indicate that 77.27% of respondents agree that the use of classical learning models helps students understand mathematical concepts. As many as 65.15% of students agreed that all students, both low and high concept skills, needed learning using classical learning models. As many as 75.76% disagree that all mathematical material needs to be taught using classical learning models and as many as 63.64% of students think agree that special strategies are needed in teaching mathematics using classical learning models. The student’s perception will continue to be developed in studying mathematics learning strategy courses.

Recent randomized and controlled trials of drugs derived from the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) show that the most frequent adverse symptoms are gastrointestinal, including gallbladder-related side effects such as cholithiasis and cholecystitis. Since the gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates bile secretion and regulates gallbladder motility and emptying, we examined the effect of GLP-1 on the secretion of CCK in normal subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Plasma was sampled from 10 healthy subjects and 10 patients with diabetes. With plasma glucose concentrations clamped between 6 and 9 nmol/l, GLP-1 or saline was infused for 240 min during and after a meal. The plasma concentrations of CCK were measured with a highly specific radioimmunoassay.Basal plasma concentrations of CCK were similar in the normal subjects and in the diabetes patients. During the meal, the CCK concentrations rose significantly during saline infusion, whereas the GLP-1 infusion suppressed the secretion of CCK significantly in both normal subjects and in the diabetes patients.The results show that GLP-1 suppresses the secretion of CCK after a meal in normal and diabetic subjects. The suppression attenuates the gallbladder contractility. Our data, therefore, offer an explanation for the increased risk of adverse gallbladder events during treatment with GLP-1-derived drugs.

We have previously demonstrated that the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) does not affect renal hemodynamics or function at baseline conditions in healthy individuals and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is possible that GLP-1 promotes renal NaCl excretion under conditions with addition of salt and water to the extracellular fluid (mimicking a mixed meal/daily NaCl load). The present study was designed to investigate whether GLP-1 induces natriuresis in healthy, volume overloaded individuals. Under fixed sodium intake, 8 healthy men were examined twice in random order during a 3-hour infusion of either GLP-1(1.5 pmol kg-1 min-1) or vehicle together with an intravenous infusion of 0.9% NaCl (750 ml/hour) given throughout both experiments. Timed urine collections were conducted throughout the experiments at voluntary voiding, and subjects remained supine during the experiments. Renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and uptake/release of hormones and ions were measured using Fick’s Principle after catheterization of a renal vein and an artery. During GLP-1 infusion, urinary sodium excretion increased compared to vehicle infusion (193 ± 40 mmol/180 min vs. 89 00B110 mmol/180 min, p Disclosure A. Asmar: None. P.K. Cramon: Employee; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk A/S. L. Simonsen: None. M. Asmar: None. C.M. Sorensen: None. S. Madsbad: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Eli Lilly and Company. Advisory Panel; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Sanofi-Aventis, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. C. Moro: None. B. Hartmann: None. J.J. Holst: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Board Member; Self; Zealand Pharma A/S. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., AstraZeneca. Research Support; Self; Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation. Other Relationship; Self; Antag Therapeutics. Other Relationship; Spouse/Partner; Antag Therapeutics. B.L. Jensen: None. J. Bülow: None.

The aim of study to analyze the needs the development of mathematics learning device on 21st century skills-based Senior High School in Padang City. The population of the study is high school student’s grade XI and Mathematics teacher in Padang city in 2018/2019. The sampling technique used purposive sampling method. The instrument was collected by observation and questioner and Analyzed descriptively. Conclusions of this research are: (1) learning material of high school mathematics class can be developed with 21st century skills-based mathematics learning; (2) Students have sufficient ability to follow 21st century mathematics-based learning; (3) teachers have the ability to use 21st century skills-based mathematics learning tools

To investigate how fluid shifts, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance adapt to long duration (3-6 months) spaceflight.

Several reports have described dramatic increase over recent decades in the incidence of thyroid cancer, even as thyroid cancer-related mortality rates have not changed substantially. Nevertheless, in several retrospective studies the incidence of malignancy in focal

Based on a pre-observation and interview on the Mathematics Padang Panjang teachers, it was found that the instructional materials they used have not yet facilitate the students to construct their own learning in Mathematics. The purposes of this research were to develop a Constructivism learning materials for 5 th Grade Elementary School students in Padang Panjang, consisted of lesson plan, hand out, and student worksheet. The learning materials were developed use models Cooperative Learning. This research was a combination of Research and Development (R & D) and Experimental. Based on the data analysis, the findings of this research were: (1) The Cooperative instructional materials for 5 th Grade Mathematics was found “valid” for its content and construct (content and construct validity). (2) The Cooperative instructional materials which had been developed fulfill the practicality and that it can be easily used by the teachers without any difficulty. The conclusion of this research is that the Constructivism-based instructional materials with cooperative learning model are: (1) Generated, Hand - outs are valid and meet the requirements of teaching materials is good, (2) LKS in the category is valid , and can be used with minor revisions, (3) RPP compiled in the category is valid and can be used with minor revisions, (4) Prototype handouts , worksheets , and lesson plans produced has good practicalities.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted from the gastrointestinal tract. It is best known for its glucose-dependent insulinotropic effects. GLP-1 is secreted in its intact (active) form (7–36NH2) but is rapidly degraded by the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme, converting >90% to the primary metabolite (9–36NH2) before reaching the targets via the circulation. Although originally thought to be inactive or antagonistic, GLP-1 9–36NH2 may have independent actions, and it is therefore relevant to be able to measure it. Because reliable assays were not available, we developed a sandwich ELISA recognizing both GLP-1 9–36NH2 and nonamidated GLP-1 9–37. The ELISA was validated using analytical assay validation guidelines and by comparing it to a subtraction-based method, hitherto employed for estimation of GLP-1 9–36NH2. Its accuracy was evaluated from measurements of plasma obtained during intravenous infusions (1.5 pmol × kg−1 × min−1) of GLP-1 7–36NH2 in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. Plasma levels of the endogenous GLP-1 metabolite increased during a meal challenge in patients with type 2 diabetes, and treatment with a DPP-4 inhibitor fully blocked its formation. Accurate measurements of the GLP-1 metabolite may contribute to understanding its physiology and role of GLP-1 in diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical importance of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT used in the extra cardiac work-up of patients with infective endocarditis (IE).BACKGROUND: IE is a serious condition with a significant mortality. Besides the degree of valvular involvement, the prognosis relies crucially on the presence of systemic infectious embolism.METHODS: Seventy-two patients (71% males and mean age 63 ± 17 years) with IE were evaluated with (18)F-FDG-PET/CT in addition to standard work-up including patient history, physical examination, conventional imaging modalities, and weekly interdisciplinary conferences. When previous unknown lesions detected by (18)F-FDG-PET/CT were confirmed by succeeding examinations, they were considered true positive new findings and were further assessed for their clinical importance. Number needed to investigate was calculated as the number of patients who needed to undergo (18)F-FDG-PET/CT to find at least one clinical important true positive new finding, not identified by standard work-up prior to (18)F-FDG-PET/CT.RESULTS: (18)F-FDG-PET/CT detected 114 lesions and 64 were true positive, of which 25 were new findings and detected in 17 patients. In 11 patients, the lesions were considered to have a clinical importance; osteomyelitis (n = 7), iliopsoas abscess (n = 1), gastrointestinal lesions (n = 2), and vascular prosthetic graft (n = 1). Number needed to investigate was 7 (11 of 72 patients).CONCLUSIONS: (18)F-FDG-PET/CT detected lesions of clinical importance in one of seven IE patients and may be a substantial imaging technique for tracing peripheral infectious embolism due to IE. Thus, (18)F-FDG-PET/CT may help to guide adequate therapy and thereby improve the prognosis of patients with IE.

The aim of study to improve competency junior high school mathematics teachers in Solok Selatan district in compiling Olympiad questions mathematics and solving problems based on high order thinking skills (HOTS). The target audience for community service is mathematics teachers incorporated in the Subject Mathematics Teacher's Consultation (MGMP) Mathematics in Solok Selatan. The method used in the service includes the presentation of material by the team community service then carried out the pre test and post test, the design of the question HOTS, discussion and question and answer sessions at the math Olympiad. Conclusions of this research is: There is a positive increase in teacher competency after being given training in compiling math Olympiad questions that the posttest results are better than the results pretest in the training to improve the competency of mathematics teachers in compiling the questions Mathematical Olympiad based on high order thinking skills of SMPN in Solok Selatan District

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in combination with hyperinsulinemia increases blood flow and triglyceride (TAG) clearance in subcutaneous (sc) abdominal adipose tissue in lean humans. The present experiments were performed to further investigate the role of insulin for the vasoactive effect of GIP in adipose tissue metabolism and whether the vasodilatory effect of GIP is dependent on C-peptide.Six lean healthy subjects were studied. The sc abdominal adipose tissue metabolism was assessed by Fick's principle during GIP infusion (1.5 pmol/kg/min) in combination with 1) euglycemic-high insulinemic clamp (Eugluc-Hiinsu), raising plasma insulin concentrations to postprandial levels, 2) hyperglycemic-euinsulinemic clamp (Hygluc-Euinsu), and 3) hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, raising plasma insulin concentrations to supraphysiological levels. During the hyperglycemic clamps, endogenous insulin and C-peptide secretion were inhibited by infusion of the somatostatin analogue octreotide.During GIP infusion, Eugluc-Hiinsu, and hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps, sc abdominal adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was similar and increased from 2.1 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.4 ml min(-1) (100 g tissue)(-1) to 7.1 ± 0.6 and 7.6 ± 0.1 ml min(-1) (100 g tissue)(-1), respectively (P.01). ATBF remained virtually constant (2.7 ± 0.4 ml min(-1) [100 g tissue](-1)) during Hygluc-Euinsu and GIP infusion. In addition, adipose tissue TAG clearance increased significantly (P = .03), whereas free fatty acid output (P = .01), glycerol output (P = .02) and free fatty acid/glycerol release ratio (P = .04) decreased during the Eugluc-Hiinsu clamp compared to Hygluc-Euinsu clamp with GIP.In healthy lean humans, insulin is permissive for GIP to induce an increase in blood flow and TAG clearance in sc abdominal adipose tissue. This effect is independent of C-peptide.

During acute administration of native glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), we previously demonstrated central hemodynamic effects in healthy males, whereas renal hemodynamics, despite renal uptake of GLP-1 in excess of glomerular filtration, was unaffected. In the present study, we studied hemodynamic effects of GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes under fixed sodium intake. During a 3-h infusion of GLP-1 (1.5 pmol·kg−1·min−1) or saline, intra-arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously, concomitantly with cardiac output estimated by pulse contour analysis. Renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, and uptake/release of hormones and ions were measured using Fick's Principle after catheterization of a renal vein. Urine collection was conducted throughout the experiments at voluntary voiding, and patients remained supine during the experiments. During the GLP-1 infusion, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiac output remained unchanged, whereas heart rate increased significantly. Arterio-venous gradients for GLP-1 exceeded glomerular filtrations significantly, but renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate as well as renal sodium and lithium excretion were not affected. In conclusion, acute administration of GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes leads to a positive chronotropic effect, but in contrast to healthy individuals, cardiac output does not increase in patients with type 2 diabetes. Renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion are not affected.

An 84-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit because of hypercalcemic crisis leading to acute renal failure needing dialysis. The patient had no other history of illness. However, because prostate-specific antigen levels were increased, the patient was referred to F-NaF PET/CT on suspicion of active skeletal metastases. The patient was finally diagnosed with myelomatosis. Although the skeletal uptake of F-NaF was without signs of focal metastasis, the F-NaF PET/CT scanning surprisingly revealed diffuse high accumulation of F-NaF in the lung parenchyma, possibly because of calcium deposition in the lung parenchyma associated to amyloidosis seen in patients with myelomatosis.

In healthy subjects, we recently demonstrated that during acute administration of GLP‐1, cardiac output increased significantly, whereas renal blood flow remained constant. We therefore hypothesize that GLP‐1 induces vasodilation in other organs, for example, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and/or splanchnic tissues. Nine healthy men were examined twice in random order during a 2‐hour infusion of either GLP‐1 (1.5 pmol kg −1 min −1 ) or saline. Cardiac output was continuously estimated noninvasively concomitantly with measurement of intra‐arterial blood pressure. Subcutaneous, abdominal adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was measured by the 133 Xenon clearance technique. Leg and splanchnic blood flow were measured by Fick9s Principle, using indocyanine green as indicator. In the GLP‐1 study, cardiac output increased significantly together with a significant increase in arterial pulse pressure and heart rate compared with the saline study. Subcutaneous, abdominal ATBF and leg blood flow increased significantly during the GLP‐1 infusion compared with saline, whereas splanchnic blood flow response did not differ between the studies. We conclude that in healthy subjects, GLP‐1 increases cardiac output acutely due to a GLP‐1‐induced vasodilation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle together with an increase in cardiac work.

We have previously shown that Afghans residing in Denmark for at least 12 years exhibit a lower 24-h ambulatory blood pressure compared to Danes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the lower blood pressure reflects attenuated compensatory baroreflex responses in the Afghans. On a controlled diet (2,822 cal/day, 55–75 mmol + 2 mmol Na+/kg/day), 12 young males of Afghan (Afghans) and 12 young males of Danish (Danes) origin were exposed to a two-step lower body negative pressure (LBNP) protocol of −20 and −50 mmHg, respectively, each of 10-min duration. Afghans had lower 24-h systolic blood pressure compared to Danes (115 ± 2 vs. 123 ± 1 mmHg, p

Infectious endocarditis (IE) is a serious condition with a high morbidity and mortality. The optimal management of IE depends not only on correct antibiotic therapy and surgery when needed, but involves identification of the portal of entry and detection of extracardiac infectious manifestations. To discover the latter an (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET)/CT examination has been proposed. However, the diagnostic value of a PET/CT in this setting remains unresolved. Thus, we wished to assess the usefulness of a PET/CT study in patients with IE as a supplemental method to standard work-up in evaluating primary and distant infective foci. A retrospective cohort study of 72 IE patients admitted from 2008 to 2010, which had an (18)F-FDG-PET/CT performed. Findings were assessed in relation to the routine work-up, which served as the "gold standard". One hundred-fifty-nine infectious lesions were identified. (18)F-FDG-PET identified 64 of these, and suggested another 50. Overall sensitivity and positive predictive value was 40 and 56 %, respectively, in detecting both cardiac and extracardiac infective foci. When excluding lungs and organs with high physiological FDG-uptake/secretion, the corresponding values increased to 87 and 52 %, respectively. (18)F-FDG-PET/CT may be an important diagnostic tool in detecting extra cardiac infections in patients with IE, particularly in organs with low physiological glucose uptake.

Summary Purpose Immigration from a Third-World society to a Western society can be associated with higher blood pressure and salt sensitivity. We therefore tested whether immigrants from Afghanistan to Denmark compared with non-immigrant Danes exhibit a (i) higher 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (24-h ABP) and (ii) blunted renin response to a change in salt intake. Methods Twenty-four-hour ABP was measured in 40 men of Afghan (Afghans) and 40 men of Danish (Danes) origin. Each group was divided into young (20–30 years, n = 20) and middle aged (40–60 years, n = 20). A 3-day low (70 mmol per 24-h) and a 3-day high (250 mmol per 24-h) salt intake were in addition instituted in subgroups of the young groups (n = 18). Results Young and middle-aged Afghans exhibited a lower 24-h mean arterial pressure (24-h MAP) than the same respective age groups of Danes (83 ± 1 versus 90 ± 1 mm Hg, P

Objective: Studies have shown unambiguous and conflicting results with regard to cardiovascular and renal effects of glucagon-like peptide1-(7–36)-amide (GLP-1). The present experiments were performed in order to elucidate the effects of GLP-1 on cardiac and renal hemodynamics in healthy subjects. Methods: Healthy middle-aged male subjects were examined twice. During a 3-h infusion of native GLP-1 (1.5 pmol/kg/min) or saline, renal plasma flow was estimated by continuous Cr-EDTA infusion and arterial and renal venous catheterization. Central hemodynamics were measured non-invasively by a Finometer® device and intra-arterial blood pressure was measured continuously. During the whole experiment the subjects remained supine. Results: Presently 4 of 8 subjects have completed both experiments. During GLP-1 infusion, arterial blood glucose decreased (5.7 ± 0.2 vs. 4.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L), while it remained constant during saline infusion. During GLP-1 infusion the systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased 10 ± 2 and 5 ± 2 mmHg, respectively, whereas blood pressure remained unchanged during placebo. Heart rate increased 4 ± 2 beats per minute during GLP-1 and remained unchanged during placebo. The renal plasma flow was equal in both experiments. Conclusions: GLP-1 infusion elicits an increase in arterial pulse pressure and heart rate compared to placebo infusion, while the renal vascular effects were equal. Irrespective that it was not possible to register any change in cardiac output with the Finometer® device, the results indicate, that GLP-1 infusion leads to an increased cardiac output judged from the simultaneous increase in arterial pulse pressure and heart rate, while this does not influence the pre-renal perfusion.