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Acer tegmentosum is a type of deciduous tree that grows in Korea. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of hepatic disorders. In this study, chromatography fractionation and isolation have been successfully used to yield 15 compounds, including 10 flavonoids, 4 phenylethyl glycosides, and 1 other glycoside. Their structures were determined on the basis of their physical and spectral properties [(1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS)] and by comparison of these results to similar data in the literature. The total peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity of each isolated compound was evaluated. Among them, the most active components belong to the flavonoids. Among these, quercitrin (1), 6-hydroxy-quercetin-3-O-galactose (6), and (+)-catechin (8) showed stronger activity than the positive control Trolox.

Yamatochaitophorus yichunensis sp. n. is described from specimens collected in northeast China on Acer tegmentosum (Aceraceae). Yamatochaitophorus is also a new generic record for China. Type specimens are deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (NZMC) and the Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH).

International audience; AbstractKey messageWe present comparisons about biomass allocation between males and hermaphrodites of androdioeciousAcer tegmentosumMaxim.. Different biomass allocation patterns were found, and males were shown to have a larger investment into coarse roots and foliage.ContextSexual dimorphism in differences of reproductive costs between genders has been widely reported for trees, but we still know little about allometric relationships between tree components in both genders.AimsWe present biomass allocation patterns and relationships between components of the androdioecious A. tegmentosum in a broad-leaved mixed forest in northeastern China. The objectives of this study were to examine how gender affects the biomass structure of androdioecious species and how the gender-related reproductive efforts affect the allometric relationships.MethodsWe harvested 31 hermaphrodite and 29 male A. tegmentosum trees and opted for diameter at breast height, tree height, and crown length as the independent variables and various biomass components as the dependent variables. Five types of function were used to model allometry equations.ResultsBiomass allocation between genders was different, and the best biomass model for each biomass component varies between genders. Males have a higher investment in foliage and coarse root biomass than hermaphrodites, and hermaphrodites invested more in reproduction than males.ConclusionBiomass equations are strongly gender-related. Males tended to invest a larger fraction of the vegetative biomass into leaves and coarse roots.

This study was designed to examine effects of Korean Acer tegmentosum Maximowocz extract, which has traditionally been used for the treatment of liver damages in fat diet-induced obese rats. 40 male SD rats were divided into three groups: normal diet (Control group, n=10), 40% fat diet- induced obese rats (Obesity group, n=15), and Acer tegmentosum Maximowoczextract diet with 40% fat diet-induced obese rats (ATM group, n=15). Hematological and biochemical variables were measured. Histological examinations of liver and adipose tissues were performed with hematoxylin & eosin stain. Total leukocyte, neutrophil, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, erythrocyte, platelet, hemoglobin, and red distribution width levels were significantly higher, whereas monocyte levels were lower in obesity group than in control and ATM group. Glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL- cholesterol, AST, ALT, and BUN levels in obesity group were significantly greater than those of ATM. ATM group showed significantly lower liver fatty degeneration (steatosis) than obesity group. These results suggest that Korean Acer tegmentosum Maximowocz exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects.

Methanol extracts of domestic plants of Korea were evaluated as a potential inhibitor of neutral pH optimum and membrane-associated 60 kDa sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activity. In this study, we partially purified N-SMase from bovine brain membranes using ammonium sulfate. It was purified approximately 163-fold by the sequential use of DE52, Butyl-Toyopearl, DEAE-Cellulose, and Phenyl-5PW column chromatographies. The purified N-SMase activity was assayed in the presence of the plant extracts of three hundreds species. Based on the in vitro assay, three plant extracts significantly inhibited the N-SMase activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. To further examine the inhibitory pattern, a Dixon plot was constructed for each of the plant extracts. The extracts of Abies nephrolepis, Acer tegmentosum, and Ginkgo biloba revealed a competitive inhibition with the inhibition constant (Ki) of 11.9 microg/ mL, 9.4 microg/mL, and 12.9 microg/mL, respectively. These extracts also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of ceramide induced by serum deprivation in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y.

In this paper, the methods such as Clumping index, Aggregate index, CASSIE index, Diffusion coefficient C, K index in negative binomial distribution and m*-m wao regression, Taylor power law were used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of Thuja koraiensis community. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of Thuja koraiensis community presented significantly aggregate distribution. Based on 2×2 contingency table, interspecific association analysis was conducted by means of Variance ratio method, χ2-test, Association coefficient, together with point correlation coefficient, The overall relevance of pure forest community where Thuja koraiensis population were distributed and scattered forest of Thuja koraiensis community both showed negative correlation. In the pure forest community, Thuja koraiensis was extremely significantly negatively correlated with Sorbus pohuashanensis(pThuja koraiensis was positively correlated with Euonymus rehderianus, Lonicera edulis, Rubus sachalinensis, Acer tegmentosum, and negatively correlated with other species. Studies suggest that protecting species which are positively correlated with Thuja koraiensis to form an environment conducive to the survival of specific species together has certain guiding significance for the protection and utilization of Thuja koraiensis community.

Chronic alcohol consumption causes alcohol-induced lipogenesis and promotes hepatic injury by preventing the oxidation of hepatocellular fatty acids through the suppression of the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). HIMH0021, an active flavonoid compound, which is a component of the Acer tegmentosum extract, has been shown to protect against liver damage caused by alcohol consumption. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine whether HIMH0021 could regulate alcoholic fatty liver and liver injury in mice. Oral administration of 10 days of Lieber-DeCarli ethanol plus a single binge of 30% ethanol (chronic-plus-binge model) induced steatosis and liver injury and inflammation in mice, which appears similar to the condition observed in human patients with alcohol-related diseases. HIMH0021, which was isolated from the active methanol extract of A. tegmentosum, inhibited alcohol-induced steatosis and attenuated the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) during hepatocellular alcohol metabolism, both of which promote lipogenesis as well as liver inflammation. Treatment with HIMH0021 conferred protection against lipogenesis and liver injury, inhibited the expression of cytochrome P4502E1, and increased serum adiponectin levels in the mice subjected to chronic-plus-binge feeding. Furthermore, in hepatocytes, HIMH0021 activated fatty acid oxidation by activating pAMPK, which comprises pACC and CPT1a. These findings suggested that HIMH0021 could be used to target a TNFα-related pathway for treating patients with alcoholic hepatitis.

Fraxin isolated from Acer tegmentosum is reported to exert potent anti-oxidative stress action. However, pharmacological activities of fraxin remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the potential hepatoprotective effects of fraxin and the underlying signaling mechanism involved. Treatment with fraxin significantly lowered the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity rat model. In the fraxin-treated group, glutathione (GSH) significantly increased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver significantly decreased. Fraxin also showed radical-scavenging activity. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Hep G2. Fraxin protected Hep G2 cells through Nrf2 pathway-dependent HO-1 expression. The results of this study indicate that fraxin shows potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo, presumably through direct antioxidant activity and the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme system.

TheAcer tegmentosum(3 kg) was extracted using hot water, and the freeze-dried extract powder was partitioned successively using dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), butyl alcohol (n-BuOH), and water. From the EA extract fraction (1.24 g), five phenolic compounds were isolated by the silica gel, octadecyl silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Based on spectroscopic methods such as1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and LC/MS the chemical structures of the compounds were confirmed as feniculin (1), avicularin (2), (+)-catechin (3), (−)-epicatechin (4), and 6′-O-galloyl salidroside (5). Moreover, a rapid on-line screening HPLC-ABTS+system for individual bioactivity of the EA-soluble fraction (five phenolic compounds) was developed. The results indicated that compounds1and2were first isolated from theA. tegmentosum. The anti-inflammatory activities and on-line screening HPLC-ABTS+assay method of these compounds in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages were rapid and efficient for the investigation of bioactivity ofA. tegmentosum.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Acer tegmentosum , which contains salidroside and tyrosol, has been used for the treatment of hepatic disorders in eastern Asia. However, little is known about its safety. Aim of the study To determine the safety of Acer tegmentosum , we evaluated its acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity profiles. Materials and methods Salidroside and tyrosol present in Acer tegmentosum were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute oral toxicity testing of Acer tegmentosum was performed in rats. Genotoxicity of Acer tegmentosum was assessed by bacterial reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and bone marrow micronucleus tests. All the tests were conducted in accordance with the good laboratory practices. Results The amounts of salidroside and tyrosol in Acer tegmentosum were found to be 85.01±1.21 mg/g and 3.12±0.04 mg/g, respectively. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, Acer tegmentosum increased the number of revertant Salmonella typhimurium TA98 colonies, regardless of metabolic activation by S9 mixture. In contrast, Acer tegmentosum application did not significantly increase the number of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice. In the acute oral toxicity test, the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of Acer tegmentosum was found to be >2000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion Take together, Acer tegmentosum exhibits mutagenicity, which was evident from the bacterial reverse mutation test. Further studies are needed to identify the components responsible for such an effect and the underlying mechanisms.

The chromatographic separation of methanol extract from Acer tegmentosum twigs led to the isolation of one phytosterol and five phenolic compounds. Using spectroscopic methods, the structures of these compounds were determined as β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), ρ-hydroxyphenylethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Salidroside) (2), ρ-hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (tyrosol) (3), 6’-O-galloylsalidroside (4), Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), Quercetin (6). Compounds 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were isolated from the plant for the first time, but we also found that 2 and 4 were major compounds (high contents). We measured the antioxidant activity (radical/superoxide scavenging activity) and anti-inflammatory activity (nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity in RAW 264.7, BV2 cell lines). The ethyl acetate fraction and compounds 4, 6 had both activities, but the hexane fraction and 2 had only anti-inflammatory activity. Together, all data indicate that A. tegmentosum extract is a source of functional food and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Key words: Acer tegmentosum, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, compound.

The chromatographic separation of the MeOH extract from the twigs of Acer tegmentosum led to the isolation of ten phenolic compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods as 3,7,3',4'-tetramethyl-quercetin (1), 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxy flavone (2), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-hydroquinone (3), (-)-catechin (4), morin-3-O-alpha-L-lyxoside (5), p-hydroxy phenylethyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl-1-O-beta-D-glucoside (7), fraxin (8), 3,5-dimethoxy-benzyl alcohol 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9) and 4-(2,3-dihydroxy propyl)-2,6-dimethoxy phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (10). The compounds were examined for their cytotoxic activity against five cancer cell lines. Compound 3 exhibited good cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines with ED50 values ranging from 1.32 to 3.85 microM.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, tumors themselves can lead to angiogenesis by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is one of the most potent angiogenic factors. Inhibition of angiogenesis is currently perceived as one of the most promising strategies for the blockage of tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the effects of Acer tegmentosum maxim water extract (ATME) on angiogenesis and its underlying signal mechanism. We studied the antiangiogenic activity of ATME by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ATME strongly inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation, as well as vessel sprouting in a rat aortic ring sprouting assay. Moreover, we found that the p44/42 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway is involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis by ATME. Moreover, when we performed the in vivo matrigel plug assay, VEGF-induced angiogenesis was potently reduced when compared to that for the control group. Taken together, these results suggest that ATME exhibits potent antiangiogenic activity in vivo and in vitro and that these effects are regulated by the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Graphical Abstract