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Rokomet na mivki je v primerjavi z ostalimi športi športna igra s kratko zgodovino. Njen razvoj se je začel v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja na jugu Italije. Gre za različico dvoranskega rokometa z mnogimi spremembami in prilagoditvami, kot so velikost igrišča, število igralcev na igrišču, menjave igralcev, točkovanje zadetkov ter določanje končnega izida. Glavno vodilo rokometa na mivki je »fair play« t. i. poštena in strpna igra, ki stremi k igri v sproščenem vzdušju, kar pomeni, da mora biti vsaka odločitev sprejeta v skladu s temi načeli. Poleg »fair playa« sta v povezavi s številčno premočjo napadalcev, vodilo te športne igre tudi atraktivnost in kreativnost, ki sta nagrajeni v obliki zadetkov, ki štejejo dvojno. Izvedba specifičnih, napadalnih in atraktivnih tehničnih elementov, ki so značilni le za igro rokometa na mivki in štejejo dvojno, je točno določena. Cilj in namen diplomskega dela je predstavitev zgodovine in organiziranosti tekmovanj rokometa na mivki po svetu in v Sloveniji. Predstavitev značilnosti igre skozi posodobljen prevod pravil igre ter metodike učenja specifičnih tehničnih elementov, ki se uporabljajo med igro in njihovo ustrezno slovensko poimenovanje. Beach handball is a sports game with a relatively short history. Development of beach handball started in early the nineties of the previous century in southern Italy. It is a version of indoor handball with many changes and adjustments such as: court size, number of players on the court, players substitutions, scoring and deciding on the outcome of the game. The philosophy of beach handball is based on the principles of »fair play«, which means that every decision has to be taken in accoradnce with these principles. In addition to "fair play", the guiding principle of this sport, in accordance to an attack with numerical superiority, is attractiveness and creativity, which are rewarded in the form of double-counted goals. The performance of specific, attacking and attractive technical elements that are special characteristic of the beach handball and counts as double goals is precisely defined. The main goal and purpose of the diploma work is to present the history and tournaments organization of beach handball in world and in Slovenia, presentation of the features of the game through the updated translation of the rules of the game and the methodology of learning the specific technical elements used during the game and their corresponding Slovenian naming.

Osnovni namen dela, ki je monografskega tipa, je preučiti poškodbe v rokometu. Delo temelji na sistematičnem pregledu strokovne in znanstvene literature iz področja poškodb pri rokometu. Pri pisanju smo si pomagali z zbiranjem gradiva, s pregledovanjem, povzemanjem in prevajanjem. Uporabljene baze podatkov, iz katerih smo sistematično črpali informacije, so (poleg ostalih virov) Pub Med, CrossRef in Google Schoolar. Na osnovi analize ugotavljamo, da rokomet zaradi specifičnih značilnosti različnih tehnično-taktičnih aktivnosti, ki jih igralci med igro izvajajo (hitre spremembe smeri, kontaktne situacije, veliko število metov ipd.) sodi med športe, v katerih je tveganje za nastanek poškodb veliko. Mehanizmi nastanka poškodb so različni, kot so različni tudi dejavniki tveganja (notranji in zunanji). Tako pod notranje dejavnike tveganja uvrščamo starost, spol, sestavo telesa, fizične sposobnosti, anatomijo telesa, spretnosti in psihološke dejavnike. Pod zunanje dejavnike tveganja uvrščamo športne dejavnike, zaščitno opremo, športno opremo in okolje. Ugotavljamo tudi, da so po navedbah avtorjev poškodbam najbolj izpostavljeni kolenski, skočni, ramenski in komolčni sklep ter glava. Na osnovi zbranih informacij lahko zaključimo, da bi bilo smiselno pri treningu rokometa še več pozornosti nameniti ustrezni telesni pripravi (moč, gibljivost), ki omogoča pravilnejšo in optimalnejšo izvedbo različnih aktivnosti (preigravanja, skoki in doskoki, streli, spremembe smeri gibanja ...) predvsem v medsebojnem kontaktu igralcev. Hkrati pa je treba v trening sistematično vključevati tudi strokovno pravilno izbrano preventivno vadbo. Kombinacija obojega naj bi predvidoma pripomogla k zmanjšanju tveganj za nastanek poškodb v rokometu. S sistematičnim izvajanjem preventivne vadbe in učenjem pravilne tehnike rokometnih gibanj pa je treba začeti že v mlajših starostnih kategorijah. Injuries are a part of each sports activity, professional or recreational. Handball is due to the specific characteristics of different actions of players during the game (rapid changes of direction, contact situation, a great number of throws etc.) one of those sports, where players are often exposed to injuries. The most exposed parts for injuries during training and matches are the knee-, ankle-, shoulder- and elbow joint and the head. The mechanisms of injury are different, as well as the risk factors (internal and external), which influence the injury development. In the first part of the Master’s thesis, we reviewed the existing literature, where authors analyse the issue of injuries in handball and their frequency. In the second part, we analysed sources about the mechanisms of injury in handball and summarized the reflection of authors about this subject. Based on information, obtained through the review of literature, we can conclude that during handball training additional attention should be given to correct execution of different action, like dribbling, jumps and landings, shots, changes in the movement direction and playing with mutual contact of the players. At the same time, we should systematically introduce professionally and properly selected and structured preventive drills to the training. A combination of both is likely to contribute to the reduction of risks for the development of injuries in handball. Systematic preventive drills and learning of the correct technique of handball movements have to be implemented already in younger age categories.

Ustrezna izbira metod dela in vadbe v prvih letih treniranja rokometa pomembno vpliva na kasnejši razvoj in uspešnost igralcev. Že od samega začetka je treba igralce načrtno usmerjati in voditi skozi njihov trenažni proces. Le z dobrimi temelji lahko oblikujemo kakovostne igralce, ki so kos zahtevnostim rokometne igre. Po pregledu strokovne literature lahko pritrdimo pozitivnim vplivom malih prirejenih rokometnih iger na razvoj motoričnih in funkcionalnih sposobnosti, predvsem na razvoj specifične vzdržljivosti, aerobne moči ter specifične odrivne moči rokometašev. Obremenitev posameznik premaguje z naporom, ki se meri s frekvenco srca. V magistrskem delu smo opravili meritve z rokometašicami, starimi od 11 do 12 let. Ugotavljali smo stopnjo napora pri malih prirejenih rokometnih igrah, in sicer pri igri 3 proti 3 z vratarko ter 4 proti 4 z vratarko na igriščih različnih velikosti (24 x 12 m, 30 x 15 m in 36 x 16 m). Na podlagi analiz smo ugotavljali, ali med igralnimi oblikami in velikostjo igrišča prihaja do značilnih razlik v stopnji napora. Merjenke so v treh tednih odigrale 18 modelnih tekem malih prirejenih rokometnih iger, po šest na igriščih vseh treh dimenzij. Stopnjo napora smo merili z merilci Polar Bluetooth Smart, med tekmami smo napor vsake izmed igralk spremljali z aplikacijo Polar Team 2 Pro. Podatke meritev smo vnesli v preglednico programa Excel. S programom SPSS smo izračunali osnovne statistične značilnosti in razlike med vrednostmi frekvenc srca pri igri 3 proti 3 z vratarko ter 4 proti 4 z vratarko na različnih velikostih igrišč (24 x 12 m, 30 x 15 m in 36 x 16 m). Izmed treh postavljenih hipotez smo dve zavrnili, eno pa potrdili. Ugotovili smo, da prihaja do značilnih razlik v vrednostih srčnega utripa pri igri 3 proti 3 z vratarko ter 4 proti 4 z vratarko na igriščih z različnimi dimenzijami (24 x 12 m, 30 x 15 m in 36 x 16 m). Pri igri 3 proti 3 z vratarko ter 4 proti 4 z vratarko značilnih razlik v frekvenci srca nismo uspeli dokazati. Glede na ugotovitve bi trenerjem mlajših kategorij in mladostnikov svetovali uporabo malih prirejenih rokometnih iger kot prevladujočega sredstva vadbe. So primerno sredstvo za razvoj specifične vzdržljivosti, aerobne moči ter specifične odrivne moči rokometašev. A suitable working method in the first years of training handball has an important influence on the later development and performance of players. Since the beginning it is vital to guide players through their training process. Only with solid foundations can we form quality players who are able to face the challenges of the game. After examining professional literature, we can confirm the positive impact of small and modified handball games on the development of motoric skills, especially on specific endurance, aerobic strength and specific starting strength of handball players. An individual’s effort is measured with heart frequency. In this master’s thesis we carried out measurements with 11 to 12 years old girls. We established the level of effort in small modified games: 3 on 3 with a goalkeeper and 4 on 4 with a goalkeeper on fields of different sizes (24x12m, 30x15m and 36x16m). We analysed if there are any major differences between the games in the level of effort. The players played 18 model games in three weeks on small modified fields, 6 on every field size. The level of effort was measured with Polar Bluetooth Smart. Every player’s effort was recorded with Polar Team2 Pro application. The data was then put in an Excel chart. Basic statistical data was then calculated with SPSS programme and the difference between heart frequencies were noted for games 3 on 3 with a goalkeeper and 4 on 4 with a goalkeeper on fields of different sizes (24x12m, 30x15m and 36x16m). Among three hypothesis two were rejected, one confirmed. We established there are major differences in heart rate in games 3 on 3 with a goalkeeper and 4 on 4 with a goalkeeper on fields of different sizes (24x12m, 30x15m and 36x16m). However, there were no noticeable differences between games 3 on 3 and 4 on 4 with a goalkeeper. According to our findings we would recommend coaches of juniors using the method of small modified handball games as the prevailing means of training as they train specific endurance, aerobic strength and specific starting strength of handball players.

Nogometna tehnika je pomemben del nogometne igre. V magistrskem delu smo se bolj poglobljeno ukvarjali z nogometnimi udarci in njihovo kakovostjo. Za izhodišče smo najprej predstavili vrste udarcev, njihov natančen opis in tudi kako jih učinkoviteje učiti. Osredotočili smo se na udarce, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo za udarce na vrata. Pisno in slikovno smo ponazorili kakovostne in nekakovostne udarce ter opisali najpogostejše napake. Glavna tema našega raziskovanja je bila kakovost in uspešnost izvedb udarcev v vrhunskem nogometu. Osredotočili smo se na izvedbe udarcev na vrata igralcev v Ligi prvakov v skupini E, kjer je nastopal v sezoni 2017/2018 tudi slovenski nogometni klub Maribor. Primerjali smo kakovost in uspešnost izvedbe udarcev na vrata med igralci NK Maribora in igralci njihovih nasprotnikov. Vsak udarec smo posebej analizirali in ga ocenili glede na tri stopenjsko lestvico. Ena lestvica je ocenjevala kakovost udarca, druga lestvica pa uspešnost. Naš glavni namen je bil, da najdemo povezanost med tema dvema spremenljivkama, torej kako vpliva kakovost udarca na njegovo uspešnost. Poleg tega smo ugotavljali v kakšni meri igralci izvajajo tehnično kakovostne udarce na vrata, kateri udarec na vrata se uporablja najpogosteje, kateri udarec je največkrat kakovostno izveden in analizo metodike učenja nogometnih udarcev. Namen magistrske naloge je bil tudi primerjava slovenskih nogometašev s tujimi. Primerjali smo kakovost udarcev slovenskih nogometašev z ostalimi nogometaši. Na osnovi naših opazovanj smo predstavili načine, s katerimi lahko kakovost udarcev izboljšamo in kakšen vpliv bo to imelo na nogometno igro. S smernicami smo poskušali usmeriti trenerje in aktivne v nogometu, na kakšen način pričeti z učenjem nogometnih udarcev in s tem nadaljevati tudi pri starejših starostnih skupinah, saj učenje in ponavljanje nogometnih udarcev ni zaključen proces v nobeni fazi nogometaševe kariere. Football technique is an important part of the football game. In the master's thesis, we focused more and more on football kicks and their quality. For the starting point, we first presented the types of kicks, their exact descrition and how to learn them more effectively. We focused on the kicks that are most commonly used for shooting on the goal. Written and pictorial illustrated high-quality and low-quality kicks and described the most common mistakes. The main theme of our research was the quality of kicks in top football. We focused on the performance of kicks on the goal of the players in the Champions League in Group E, where the Slovenian NK Maribor took part in the 2017/2018 season. We compared the quality and performance of kicking at the door between the players of NK Maribor and the players of their opponents. Each kick was separately analyzed and evaluated according to three-tieer scales. One scale assessed the quality of the kicks, while the second ranked the performance of the kicks. Our main purpose was to find the connection between these two variables. That is, how the quality of the kicks on its success is affected. In addition, we have determined to what extent players perform technical quality kicks on the goal, which kick is most commonly used, which kick is often performed well and the analysis of the method of learning football strikes. The purpose of the master's thesis was to compare Slovene footballers with foreigners. We compared the quality of the kicks of Slovenian footballers with other football players. We presented how the quality of the kicks can be improved and what impact it will have on the football game. With the guidelines, we try to focus coaches and active people in football, how to start learning football kicks and continue with older selections, as learning and repetition of football kicks is not a complete process at any stage of a football player's career.

Rokomet je ena najbolj razširjenih in priljubljenih športnih iger tako v Sloveniji kot v svetu. Glede na oblike motoričnih struktur, ki se pojavljajo v igri, uvrščamo rokomet v skupino polistrukturnih kompleksnih športov. Igro sestavlja veliko število motoričnih strukturnih enot, ki jih izvajamo z žogo ali brez nje. Kompleksnost je druga bistvena značilnost rokometa. Kaže se v zapletenosti igre in ni določena le z dejavniki, ki pri igralcih določenega moštva vplivajo na uspeh, temveč tudi z igro nasprotnika. Vse motorične strukture se v igri izvajajo v specifičnih pogojih, ob prisotnosti nasprotnikovih igralcev in ob upoštevanju pravil igre. Krilni igralci so igralci, ki igrajo čisto na strani rokometne postavitve v napadu. Prostor njihovega delovanja je relativno majhen, sam izhodiščni položaj pa mu ne daje možnosti za strele iz razdalje, zato streljajo največ po skoku nad vratarjev prostor z raznovrstnimi streli in različnimi smermi zaleta. Mesto krilnega napadalca je v rokometnem moštvu zelo specifično, vendar s spremembami pravil prihaja v ospredje igra po celem igrišču in tu imajo več možnosti nekoliko manjši, vendar spretni in hitri igralci, kot so krilni igralci (Šibila, 2004). Namen našega diplomskega dela je bil analizirati način izvedbe strelov s krilnih položajev na rokometnem svetovnem prvenstvu 2017 v Franciji pri Slovencih in njihovih nasprotnikih. V ta namen smo na podlagi podatkov iz literature strele najprej sistematično kategorizirali in po potrebi dodali novosti, opažene na analiziranih tekmah. Z natančno videoanalizo tekem smo skušali tudi ugotoviti, v kateri predel gola so krilni igralci največkrat streljali s krilnih položajev in kakšna je bila učinkovitost teh strelov. Izdelali smo tudi primerjavo vseh zabeleženih strelov s krilnih položajev med krili slovenske reprezentance in krilnimi igralci nasprotnikov. Handball is one of the most popular sports in both Slovenia and the world. We classify it in a group of polistructural complex sports, as the game consists of many motor structural units which are performed with or without a ball. Complexity is another essential feature of the handball. It is not only determined with factors that force the players in the team to succeed, but also with the game of the opponent. All motor structures in the game are executed under specific conditions in the presence of the opponents and rules of the game. Wing players are the ones who play on the sides of handball court during the attack. The area where they are positioned does not give them a possibility to shot from distance, therefore they do it mostly by jumping into goalkeeper's space using various shots and directions of jump. The position of the wing player is very specific, but with changes in the rules, the game become quicker and along with it came the opportunity for smaller, but quick and agile players, such as wing players (Šibila, 2004). The purpose of diploma thesis was to analyze the way of shooting from wing positions that was used by Slovenian team and their opponents during the 2017 Handball World Championship in France. For this purpose, the shots will be firstly systematically categorized based on the literature, and if necessary, novelties will be added if they are observed in the analyzed matches. We are going to thoroughly analyze the matches and try to determine in what part of the goal the wing players most often shoot from their position and the effectiveness of these shots. A comparison will also be made between all shots from wing position executed by Slovenian players and their opponents.

IZVLEČEK Kakovostno delo z mlajšimi selekcijami nogometašic ne more temeljiti zgolj na dobri selekciji boljših igralk, saj je takšno selekcijo v Sloveniji glede na število deklic, ki trenirajo nogomet, zelo težko izvesti. Zato je še toliko bolj pomembno, da z vsemi deklicami, ki se vključijo v nogometni trenažni proces, delamo kakovostno že od vsega začetka. S stremljenjem h kakovosti se bo pri delu z mladimi nogometašicami pojavilo manj napak, saj je kasneje v trenažnem procesu največja težava v odpravljanju le-teh. Namen magistrskega dela je opredeliti in predstaviti področja, pomembna za delo z mlajšimi selekcijami nogometašic. Poleg tehnike, taktike in kondicije sta na kratko predstavljena tudi področja razvojnih značilnosti otrok in vodenja treninga. V razpravi je predstavljeno in prikazano, kako poteka sistematično, načrtno in strokovno vodeno delo z igralkami od 6. do 10. leta. Poleg tega je predstavljeno tudi, kako poteka načrtovanje, izvajanje in analiziranje dela z mlajšimi selekcijami nogometašic. Kako poteka metodika poučevanja nekaterih tehničnih in taktičnih vsebin, in kako izdelamo trening, je predstavljeno z grafičnimi prikazi. Prav tako je z grafičnimi prikazi predstavljeno tudi nekaj elementarnih in drugih iger za razvoj gibalne vsestranosti. Za izdelavo grafičnih prikazov vaj, elementarnih iger in poligonov smo uporabili grafični program Tactics Manager version 2.6 in 3.0. ABSTRACT Quality work with younger footballers can not be based on a good selection of better players, as such selection in Slovenia is very difficult to perform according to the number of girls who train football. It is therefore even more important that we work with all the girls who join the football training process from the very beginning. In the pursuit of quality, there will be fewer errors in working with young footballers, since it is later in the training process the biggest problem in eliminating them. The purpose of the diploma work is to define and present the areas of importance for working with younger footballers. In addition to techniques, tactics and fitness, briefly presents the areas of developmental characteristics of children and training management. The discussion presents and illustrates how systematically, systematically and professionally managed work with actors from 6 to 10 years. In addition, it is also presented how the planning, implementation and analysis of work with younger footballers is taking place. How the methodology of teaching some technical and tactical content is being carried out, and how we prepare the training is presented with graphical representations. Graphic representations also present some elementary and other games for the development of the motive versatility. We used Tactics Manager version 2.6 and 3.0 graphical software to create graphic exercises for exercises, elementary games and polygons.

Raznolikost in postopnost v vpeljavi vsebin v otroški nogomet sta bistveni zadevi, s katerima otrokom omogočamo zdrav, pester, vsestranski in dolgoročen gibalni razvoj. Vemo namreč, da se gibalno znanje zaradi pospešenega biološko-telesnega razvoja,najhitreje kopiči prav pri otrocih, zato moramo vsi trenerji, ki se ukvarjamo z mladimi športniki upoštevati, da so kakovost, postopnost in raznolikost učenja, ključni dejavniki s katerimi lahko zagotovimo učinkovitost vadbenega procesa in hkrati kakovost otrokovega duševno-gibalnega razvoja. Pri razvoju mladega nogometaša moramo stremeti k ustvarjanju dobrih osnov in trdnih temeljev, ki mu bodo omogočali, da se skozi leta vadbenega procesa čim bolj približa modelu sodobnega nogometaša, ob tem pa šport dojema kot vrednoto, ga spoštuje in v njem uživa. Prav otroci so tisti, ki lahko zaradi svoje razigranosti, radovednosti in veselja do gibanja, neumorno spoznavajo nove elemente ter jih znova in znova ponavljajo. Ob primernih dražljajih jih tako utrjujejo v gibalni program, kar jim omogoča, da v svoje znanje zaupajo in ga neprenehoma nadgrajujejo. Vse omenjeno od trenerja zahteva, da pri upravljanju vadbenega procesa deluje načrtno, o njem neprestano razmišlja, ga s primernimi vsebinami osmišlja nogometašem ter postopno vpeljuje nove, vedno zahtevnejše elemente. To je mogoče le, ko ima trener dovolj izhodiščnega znanja, da k delu pristopa sistematično, ima izdelano vizijo razvoja nogometaša, pripravlja načrte za posamezna obdobja vadbenega procesa ter s svojim vodenjem na igrišču uresničuje načrtovano. S tem namenom, smo v magistrskem delu predstavili potek otrokovega duševno-telesnega razvoja, kompleksnost razvoja njegovih gibalnih znanj in gibalno-funkcionalnih sposobnosti, usmeritve sodobnega nogometa in model sodobnega nogometaša, postopnost učenja tehnično-taktičnih elementov ter najpomembnejše lastnosti in odlike trenerja mladih. Teoretične vsebine smo obogatili s konkretnim načrtom vpeljevanja vsebin po starostnih sklopih ter temu dodali tudi številne praktične prikaze vaj, kjer smo poleg poteka vadbe opisali in opredelili tudi širši namen načrtovanja, sestavljanja in določanja vadbenih ciljev. Diversity and graduality of content implementation in children's football are two of most essential matters that enable children to enjoy healthy, diverse, versatile and long-term movement development. We know that movement knowledge accumulates fastest at children due to accelerated biological and physical development. That is why all coaches who are working with young athletes should bear in mind that quality, graduality and diversity of teaching are key factors that can guarantee the effectiveness of the training process and the quality of child's mental and physical development at the same time. In youth football player’s development we should strive to create good basics and solid foundations that will throughout the years of the training process enable him to get as close to the model of a modern footballer as possible, while he will perceive sport as a value, respect it and enjoy. Children are those who can, because of their playfulness, curiosity and joy of movement, tirelessly learn new elements and repeat them again and again. Through series of repetition they consolidate them in their motion programs, which enable them to trust in their knowledge and continuously improve it. According to all above, the coach is required to plan his work, constantly think about it, gradually implement new and more difficult elements and through his interpretation make it understandable to footballers. This is only possible when he has enough knowledge to systematically approach to work, has a vision of player’s development, prepares plans for different periods of training process and realizes the planned through his work on the field. For the purpose of this master's thesis we presented the course of a child's mental and physical development, complexity of developing his movement knowledge, motor and functional abilities, trends in modern football, the model of modern footballer, gradual teaching of technical and tactical elements, and main characteristics of a youth coach. Theoretical content was enriched with a concrete plan of content implementations through specific age groups in children's football and with number of practical exercises, where besides the course of the exercises, we also described and defined the purpose of planning, creating and setting the training objectives.

V diplomskem delu smo predstavili nekatere možnosti za implementiranje kondicijske priprave rokometašev v treninge med tekmovalnim delom sezone. V tem obdobju rokometna ekipa igra tekme enkrat do dvakrat na teden, kar predstavlja dodatno težavo za ohranjanje ali izboljšanje določenih telesnih sposobnosti. Zbrali smo literaturo iz različnih področij telesne priprave in ga združili s tehnično in taktično pripravo rokometne ekipe. Pomagali smo si s strokovno literaturo in lastnim znanjem. Najprej smo se poglobili v raziskavo rokometne igre z vidika zahtev in obremenitev, ki jih predstavlja igralcem na različnih igralnih mestih. Različna igralna mesta prinašajo tudi različne obremenitve med samo igro. V nadaljevanju smo razčlenili tudi pojem same kondicijske pripravljenosti, opisali telesne sposobnosti katere so ključne pri rokometni igri in pa razčlenili rokometno sezono na več delov, ki se razlikujejo po svojih značilnostih. V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na tekmovalni del sezone. V glavnem delu smo nato s pomočjo različne literature in lastnega znanja pripravili tudi program treniranja za ekipo slovenske prve lige, katera igra tekme dvakrat na teden in opravi med sedem in osem treningov na teden. Program smo nato podkrepili z opisi posameznih treningov in podali priporočila glede izbora vaj, števila ponovitev in serij. V nadaljevanju smo te serije, ponovitve in vaje poskušali umestiti v rokometni trening tehnike in taktike, kar nam v tekmovalnem delu sezone omogoča, da so igralci večino časa v stiku z žogo in da istočasno ohranjajo ali izboljšujejo tudi kondicijske sposobnosti. Podali smo nekaj idej za trening posamezne kondicijske sposobnosti in kako ga lahko kombiniramo s tehnično in taktično pripravo moštva ter igralcev. Predstavili smo nekaj osnovnih idej, trenerji pa lahko po vnaprej določenih okvirih vadbe za posamezno telesno sposobnost nato kombinirajo različne igre z žogo, vaje za izboljšanje tehničnih sposobnosti igralcev in uigranost celotnega moštva. In this thesis we presented some options for the implementation of the conditional training for handball players in their training during the match season. In this period of time, the handball team plays up to two matches a week, which limits the chance to maintain and improve certain physical abilities. We tried to select the literature from different fields of conditional preparation and combine it with the technical and tactical preparation of the handball team, based on professional studies and our own knowledge. Firstly we focused on the exploration of the game depending on the actual demands of the game on the players in particular positions, knowing that different playing positions lead to different strains throughout the game. In the continuation, we resolved the term physical fitness, described the physical abilities that play a vital part in a handball game and divided the handball season into multiple parts, based on their characteristics. In this dissertation, we focused on the concrete match season. In the main part we prepared a training programme for the Slovenian first league team, which plays matches twice a week and trains seven or eight times a week. We substantiated the programme with descriptions of the individual training sessions and added recommendations regarding the exercises, repetitions, and the number of series. We tried to incorporate these series, repetitions and exercises in the technique and tactics training, which allows the players to be in contact with the ball most of the time and simultaneously maintain or improve their physical abilities in the match season. We offered a few ideas for a training session of a physical ability and how we can combine it with the technical and tactical preparation of the team. We presented some basic ideas for training and based on the determined level of training volume and intensity, coaches can combine different ball games with exercises for improving technical abilities of the players and the playfulness of the entire team.

Rokomet je izjemno zanimiva, in atraktivna igra, ki neprestano spreminja modele igranja, napadanja in branjenja, zato se tudi hitro spreminjajo pravila igre. Uradna rokometna pravila so bila v preteklih letih večkrat spremenjena in dopolnjena. Zadnje večje dopolnitve so bile narejene pred olimpijskimi igrami v Riu 2016. Ena izmed tamkajšnjih sprememb je bila tudi sprememba pravila o pasivni igri v napadu. Ta sprememba je tudi podlaga za mojo diplomsko delo. Pravi, da po opozorilnem znaku za pasivno igro lahko opozorjeno moštvo po novem izvede le še 6 podaj, preden strelja na gol. Če po 6 podajah moštvo ne strelja na gol, eden od sodnikov z žvižgom dosodi pasivno igro. Cilj dosledne uporabe pravila o pasivni igri je preprečevanje neaktivnega igranja in namernega zavlačevanja igre. Moštvo igra pasivno predvsem takrat, ko je rezultat ob koncu igre tesen, kadar ima izključenega enega ali več igralcev ali kadar nasprotno moštvo zelo dobro igra v obrambi. V diplomski nalogi sem s pomočjo ogleda posnetkov analiziral, v kateri fazi tekme je bila pasivna igra največkrat dosojena, kolikokrat je bila moštvu na SP 2017 odvzeta žoga zaradi dosojene pasivne igre v napadu in izmeril, koliko časa preteče od dosojenega opozorilnega znaka za pasivno igro v napadu in do zaključka napada. Analiziral sem tudi koliko podaj je povprečno izvedenih v času od dosojenega opozorilnega znaka za pasivno igro v napadu in do zaključka napada in kolikokrat moštvo napad uspešno zaključi. Nazadnje pa sem analiziral različne kombinacije, ki jih igralci uporabljajo v času od dosojenega opozorilnega znaka za pasivno igro v napadu in do zaključka napada. Handball is an extremely interesting and attractive game that has been constantly changing its models of playing, attack and defence, which leads to the rules of the game being changed frequently. The official handball rules have been modified and supplemented a few times in the past years. The latest significant modifications were made before the Olympic Games in Rio in 2016. One of those changes was also the modification of the passive play rule in attack. This change has been also the basis form diploma thesis. It says that after the warning sign for passive play the team that has been warned can only make 6 more passes before shooting at the goal. If they do not shoot at the goal after 6 passes, one of the referees whistles to call passive play. The aim of a consistent use of the passive play rule is to prevent inactive playing and intentional delay of the game. A team may play passively especially when their team is narrowly in the lead towards the end of the match, when one or more players from the team have been suspended, or when the opponents play very well in the defence. In this diploma thesis I used video recordings to analyse in which phase of the game passive play was most frequently called, how many times a team on the World Championship 2017 was taken the ball away due to passive play in attack, and I measured how much time passed from the referee's warning sign for passive play in attack till the end of the attack. I also analysed the average number of passes in the time from the warning sign till the end of the attack as well as the number of success full endings of these attacks. Finally, I analysed various combinations used by players from the time of the warning sign for passive play till the end of the attack.

Vloga sodnikov v nogometu je pomembna kljub temu ugotavljamo, da je relativno malo literature o nogometnem sojenju in sodnikih. Cilj našega diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti vrsto in količino aktivnosti nogometnih sodnikov v prvi slovenski ligi in v primerjavi s sodniki na velikih tekmovanjih ter v drugih elitnih nogometnih državah (Italija in Anglija). Glavna raziskava je bila opravljena na 12 prvoligaških glavnih sodnikih (starost: 37±5,2), kar predstavlja 75% populacije. Izvedli smo pregled podatkov o srčnem utripu, zbranih preko spletnega sistema Polar Flow na tekmah 1. SNL v sezoni 2017/2018. Rezultati kažejo, da se sodniki med tekmo gibljejo v intervalu med 70% in 90% največje frekvence srčnega utripa. Med drugim polčasom smo, v primerjavi s prvim, ugotovili statistično značilno nižjo frekvenco srčnega utripa (p=0,000) za 3,11 udarca na minuto Podatki tudi kažejo, da imajo slovenski sodniki, z izjemo drugega polčasa nogometne tekme, v povprečju statistično značilno višjo frekvenco srčnega utripa kot sodniki na Evropskem prvenstvu 2000 (p=0,025), a nižjo v primerjavi z angleškimi in italijanskimi sodniki (p=0,000). Na osnovi podatkov bi lahko sklepali o dobri telesni pripravljenosti slovenskih sodnikov primerljivi mednarodnim sodnikom na najvišji ravni. The role and influence of football referees is very important they are regarded as the 23rd player on the field. The aim of our research was to determine the nature and quantity of on-field activities of football referees in the first Slovenian division and in comparison with referees at the highest level and from other elite football countries (Italy and England). The main focus of the study was conducted on 12 first division referees (age 37±5.2), representing 75% of the population. We examined the heart rate data from the 1.SNL matches of the 2017/2018 season, collected through the Polar Flow online system. The results show, that the referees in-game work rate is between 70% and 90% of their HRmax. Findings show, that the heart rate of the Slovenian referees is statistically significantly lower in the second half of the game (p = 0,000) by 3,11 beats per minute. We also found that the Slovenian referees, with the exception of the second half of the games, have an average statistical significance in higher heart rate, compared to the results of the referees at the European Championship 2000 (p = 0,025), but lower heart rate compared to English and Italian first division referees (p = 0,000). Based on the results we can conclude that the Slovenian referees have good physical fitness levels comparable to international referees at the highest level.

Namen in cilji: Glavni namen magistrske naloge je bil na podlagi zbranih podatkov ugotoviti, ali prihaja do statistično značilnih razlik v pojavljanju strukturnih elementov na tekmah lige prvakov RK Celje v sezoni 2016/17. Analizirali smo 14 tekem na podlagi desetminutnih intervalov. Za analizo pogostosti pojavljanja strukturnih elementov smo izbrali 22 spremenljivk, 16 spremenljivk v fazi napada in 6 v obrambi, in na podlagi le-teh oblikovali dve hipotezi. Metodologija: Podatke smo pridobili na uradni strani Mednarodne rokometne zveze (IHF) in jih obdelali v programu IBM SPSS 23. Za vse parametre smo izračunali osnovne statistične značilnosti, normalnost porazdelitve, homogenost varianc in enosmerno analizo variance. Kjer je bila sferičnost kršena, smo uporabili Greenhouse-Geisserjev test, medtem ko smo v primeru ostalih kršenih predpostavk uporabili Friedmanov in Kruskall-Wallisov test. V primeru ugotovljenih značilnih razlik med izidi tekem v igralni uspešnosti smo posamezne razlike testirali s testi mnogoterih primerjav. Ob izpolnjeni predpostavki o homogenosti varianc smo uporabili Tukeyev test, sicer pa Gamess-Howellov test. Rezultati dela: Rezultati kažejo, da prihaja do značilnih razlik med izidi tekem v strelski učinkovitosti drugega polčasa, v številu izključitev v drugem polčasu in v učinkovitosti branjenja strelov z razdalje v drugem polčasu. Ugotovili smo tudi večje število podaj po tekmah, ki so se končale z neodločenim izidom, in razlike v učinkovitosti s protinapada v prvem in drugem polčasu glede na končen izid ob zmagi ali neodločenemu rezultatu. Purpose and goals: The main purpose of the master thesis is to establish whether there are statistically typical differences in structural elements occurrence at the Champions League matches played by RK Celje in the season 2016/17. We have analysed 14 matches in 10-minute intervals. For frequency analysis of structural elements occurrence we chose 22 variables: 16 variables in the phase of attack and 6 in defence. Based on those variables, we formed 2 hypotheses. Methodology: Data was acquired at the official International Handball Federation (IHF) website and was processed in IBM SPSS 23. We calculated basic statistical characteristics, normality of distribution, homogeneity of variance and one-way analysis of variance for all parameters. Where sphericity was violated, we used Greenhouse-Geisser test. In other cases of violated assumptions, we used Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis test. Where characteristic differences in game efficiency among final results of matches were determined, individual differences were tested with tests of multiple comparisons. Where assumption about homogeneity of variance was confirmed, we used Tukey’s test, otherwise Games-Howell test was used. Results: Results have shown that there are characteristic differences among shot efficiency of the second half of the match, the number of exclusions in the second half, and in efficiency of defending shots from the distance in the second half. We have also determined that the number of passes at matches that ended as draws was higher and that there was a difference in effectiveness of fast breaks in the first and second halves when the match ended as a win or a draw.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti značilnosti igre nogometnega kluba NK Brežice 1919 v napadu, v jesenskem delu 2. slovenske nogometne lige 2016/2017. Primerjali smo izvedbo določenih taktično – tehničnih elementov igre v napadu brežiškega kluba z njegovimi nasprotniki. Analizirali smo 8 tekem, ki jih je NK Brežice 1919 odigral v jesenskem delu sezone 2016/2017. Nasprotniki Brežic so bili NK Drava Ptuj, NK Krka, NK Brda, NK Zarica Kranj, NK Ankaran Hrvatini in NK Triglav Kranj. Na vsaki od tekem smo opazovali 5 glavnih spremenljivk, na podlagi katerih, smo ugotavljali značilnosti igre v napadu NK Brežice 1919. Izvedli smo tudi primerjavo med nogometnima kluboma Brežice in Nafta 1903. Primerjali smo določene spremenljivke v napadu, ki se pojavljajo v naši analizi in analizi, ki jo je izvedel Adam Zagorec v svojem diplomskem delu Značilnosti igre ekipe NK Nafta 1903 v jesenskem delu sezone 2016/17. Ugotovili smo, da se modela igre ekip v napadu razlikujeta in da je veliko vlogo pri tem odigrala tudi razlika med kakovostjo ekip v 3. SNL vzhod in 2. SNL. Po analizi značilnosti igre v napadu smo prišli do pomembnih ugotovitev. NK Brežice 1919 si je največ priložnosti ustvaril po protinapadih in hitrih kontinuiranih napadih, kjer je največkrat sledil predložek ali samostojni prodor s krilnih položajev. Največ golov so Brežičani dosegli po predložku, prav vse zadetke so dosegli znotraj kazenskega prostora. Krilni napadalci so poleg tega, da so ustvarjali priložnosti za svoje soigralce, dosegli tudi največ zadetkov. Nogometaši so največkrat izgubili posest žoge zaradi napačnih podaj in številnih preigravanj. Ugotovili smo, da je to posledica modela igre Brežic, ki je temeljil na številnih tveganih globinskih podajah in preigravanji s krilnega položaja. Najmanj žog so nogometaši izgubili v dvobojih za žogo, kar je bila posledica zelo dobre kondicijske pripravljenosti in samega profila igralcev. The purpose of this graduate thesis was to define the characteristics of offensive play of Slovenian football club NK Brežice 1919 in the first half of the 2016/17 Slovenian second national league. We have compared the execution of certain tactical/technical elements of Brežice’s attacking play with their respective oppositions. We have analyzed eight games of the first part of the 2016/17 season. The opponents of Brežice were NK Drava Ptuj, NK Krka, NK Brda, NK Zarica Kranj, NK Ankaran Hrvatini and NK Triglav Kranj. In each of those games we focused on five main variables, helping us determine the characteristics of Brežice’s offensive play. We have also conducted a comparison between football clubs NK Brežice and Nafta 1903. We compared certain variables in attack, found in our own analysis as well as in an analysis conducted by Adam Zagorec in his graduate thesis Characteristics of NK Nafta 1903’s play in the first half of the 2016/17 season. We have realized that the model of offensive play from both teams differ, one of the main reasons being the difference in team quality in the third Slovenian league (3. SNL east) and the second league (2. SNL). After analyzing the characteristics of attacking play we have reached some important conclusions. NK Brežice 1919 created most chances after counter attacks and quick, continuous attacks generally followed by a cross or penetration by the wing players. The most Brežice goals came from crosses, while each of the goals came from inside the penalty area. Wing players, besides setting up their teammates, have also scored the most goals in the team. Players lost possession mostly because of misdirected passes or over-dribbling. We have conducted that this is the consequence of Brežice’s model of play – based on numerous risky through passes and constant wing penetration. The least balls were lost in duels, which is representative of good physical conditioning and mere players’ profile.

V sodobni nogometni igri ima kondicijska pripravljenost športnikov veliko vlogo. Zato tudi vadba za moč in gibljivost predstavljata pomemben del športnikove priprave. V današnjem času, v katerem je velika poplava informacij o različnih metodah vadbe in njihovih učinkih, in so le te množično dostopne, se pojavlja problem z njihovim ustreznim umeščanjem, pojasnjevanjem in predvsem z učinkovito in neškodljivo uporabo. V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na ugotavljanje pomembnosti upoštevanja načela postopnosti in sistematičnosti, ter možne nevarnosti, ob neupoštevanju le teh. V prvem delu diplomske naloge so predstavljene značilnosti nogometne igre, in dejavniki, ki vplivajo na uspešnost v sami igri. Podrobneje smo se posvetili in predstavili dve gibalni sposobnosti, moč in gibljivost, ter metode, s katerimi ju razvijamo. V glavnem delu je podrobneje predstavljen pomen postopnosti in sistematičnosti pri vadbi moči, kot tudi gibljivosti. V nadaljevanju so opisane osnovne smernice in poudarjene sestavine kondicijskega treninga, ki jih trenerji ne bi smeli spregledati. V diplomskem delu je bilo ugotovljeno, da imata postopnost in sistematičnost veliko vlogo pri boljši pripravi nogometaša. Trener mora upoštevati različne elemente skozi celoten proces, kot so ustrezno strukturirano ogrevanje, izbira ustrezne metode, uporaba dopolnilnih vaj, pravilna tehnika gibanja in medsebojno dopolnjevanje enot. In modern football game physical preparation has a big role. This is why training of strength and flexibility are having great impact on performance of the player. In nowadays, everyone can access to informations about different types of training and their effects, hence this can cause issues with their correct interpretation. In diploma paper, we have focused on importance of systematic and gradual principles in training and possible risk of disregarding the use of principles. In first chapter we have presented features of football game and key factors which influence performance. Strength and flexibility are presented with methods for improving them. In the main part importance of gradual and systematic training of strength and flexibility is presented. Furthermore we have focused on basic guidelines and parts of training that must not be overlooked by coaches. We have found out that graduality and systematic approach are having great influence on performance of individual. Coaches have to consider different elements through complete process, such as structural warm up, use of coplementary exercises, correct tecnique and interconnection of different units

Cilj magistrskega dela je analizirati tehniko, ki jo rokometaši uporabljajo pri spremembah smeri teka v testu »sprint 8 × 40 m s spremembami smeri« in ugotoviti, ali kakovost spremembe smeri vpliva na rezultat, dosežen v testu. Natančneje, zanimalo nas je ali obstajajo razlike v tehniki obrata med izvajanjem omenjenega testa. Nadalje nas je zanimalo: a) ali obstaja značilna povezanost med časom, ki ga merjenci potrebujejo za obrat za 180° ter skupnim časom v celotni ponovitvi testa 8 × 40 m b) ali obstaja značilna povezanost med časom, ki ga merjenci potrebujejo za obrat za 180° in indeksom utrujenosti c) ali obstaja značilna povezanost med časom, ki ga merjenci potrebujejo za obrat za 180° in časom, izmerjenim v prvih 5-ih m testa »sprint z mesta na 30 m z visokim startom« d) ali obstaja značilna povezanost med časom, ki ga merjenci potrebujejo za obrat za 180° in višino skoka v testu »skok z nasprotnim gibanjem« in, e) ali obstaja značilna povezanost med časom, ki ga merjenci potrebujejo za prvi obrat za 180° ter starostjo, igralnim mestom, telesno težo, telesno višino, časom na 5 m, prvim vmesnim časom testa 8 × 40 m, indeksom utrujenosti in višino skoka v testu »skok z nasprotnim gibanjem« in f) ali obstaja značilna povezanost med časom, ki ga merjenci potrebujejo za drugi obrat za 180° ter starostjo, igralnim mestom, telesno težo, telesno višino, časom prvega obrata za 180°, časom na 5 m, drugim vmesnim časom testa 8 × 40 m, indeksom utrujenosti in višino skoka v testu »skok z nasprotnim gibanjem«. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 55 kandidatov za kadetsko in mladinsko moško rokometno reprezentanco Slovenije v sezoni 2017/2018, povprečne starosti 17,47 (SD = 1,63) let. S pomočjo meritev, ki smo jih opravili v času zbora omenjenih reprezentanc, smo pridobili podatke o sprinterskih in skakalnih sposobnostih ter tehniki obrata za 180°. Ugotovili smo, da obstajajo razlike v vseh zgoraj omenjenih ciljih magistrske naloge. The aim of our work is to analyze the technique used by the handball players in the changes of direction in the »8 × 40 m maximal shuttle run« test and to determine whether the quality of changing the direction affects the result achieved in the test. More specifically, we were wondering whether there are differences in the technique during the performance of the mentioned test. Furthermore, we were interested in: a) whether there is a significant correlation between the time required for the 180° turnover and the total time in the test 8 × 40 m b) whether there is a significant correlation between the time required for the 180° turnover and the fatigue index c) whether there is a significant correlation between the time required for the 180° turnover and the time measured in the first 5 m of the »30 m sprint with high start« test d) whether there is a significant correlation between the time required for the 180° turnover and the jumping height in the »counter movement jump« test, and e) if there is a significant correlation between the time needed for the first 180° turnover and the age, the playing position, body weight, height, time at 5 m, the first interim time of 8 × 40 m test, the fatigue index, and the jumping height in the »counter movement jump« test, and f) whether there is a significant correlation between the time required for the second 180° turnover and the age, playing position, body weight, height, time of the first 180° turnover, time of 5 m, the second interim of the 8 × 40 m test, fatigue index, and the jumping height in the test »counter movement jump« test. The survey involved 55 candidates for the cadet and youth men's handball team of Slovenia in the season 2017/2018, with the average age of 17,47 (SD = 1.63) years. With the help of the measurements we performed during the assembly of these national teams, we obtained data on sprinting and jumping abilities and the technique of the 180° turnover. We found that there are differences in all above-mentioned objectives of our work.

Z Diplomskim delom hočemo prispevati, načrtnejšemu in kvalitetnejšemu delu z mladimi nogometašicami v ženskem nogometu v Sloveniji. Cilj dela je izmeriti nekatere gibalne in funkcionalne sposobnosti 13- in 14-letnih nogometašic ter ugotoviti, ali so razlike med tema dvema skupinama v šestih testih statistično značilne. Cilj je tudi izdelati normative na osnovi rezultatov obeh vzorcev za vsako starostno kategorijo posebej in jih medsebojno primerjati ter primerjava z že obstoječimi normativi. Vzorec merjenk je predstavljalo 52 nogometašic iz enajstih slovenskih ženskih nogometnih klubov (30 štirinajstletnic in 22 trinajstletnic). Za meritve smo uporabili teste, ki so bili že večkrat uporabljeni v podobnih raziskavah: sprint 20 metrov (S20m), skok v daljino z mesta (SDM), kombinirani polkrog (KP), tek s spremembo smeri (TSS), vodenje žoge s spremembo smeri (VSS) in trajajoči sem-tja tek (TST). Prav tako so ti testi uporabljeni v vsakoletnem testiranju za dekliške reprezentance. Podatke smo obdelali s pomočjo programa IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Izračunali smo parametre opisne statistike, ugotavljali ali so posamezne razlike testih statistično značilne s pomočjo Kolmogorov-Smirnovega testa in izračunali smo normirane vrednosti za vsak test posebej ter za vsako starostno kategorijo posebej. Zavrnili smo prvo hipotezo (H01), saj so podatki pri testu teka s spremembo (TSS) smeri odstopali od normalne porazdelitve. Rezultati statistične obravnave so pokazali, da med 13- in 14-letnicami obstajajo razlike v povprečnih vrednostih doseženih rezultatov in tako smo zavrnili tudi drugo hipotezo (H02). Vse ostale hipoteze od tretje do osme (H03-8) smo sprejeli saj so se nanašale na vsak test posebej in niso nakazovale statistično značilnih razlik zato smo posledično vse hipoteze sprejeli. Normirane vrednosti so se izkazale kot nove in zahtevnejše v primerjavi s starejšimi raziskavami. Predvsem v testih nogometnih gibalnih sposobnosti je viden napredek v delu z mlajšimi selekcijami kar nakazuje predvsem na bolj sposobne deklice, ki so se odločile, da se bodo ukvarjale z nogometom, seveda verjetno tudi na boljše delovne pogoje in usposobljenost trenerskega kadra. The thesis is a contribution to better, well-planned and more efficient work with young women soccer players in Slovenia. The goal od the task is to measure some motor and funkcional abilities of 13- and 14-year-old women soccer players and to determine whether the differences between these two groups are statstically significat in the six tests. The aim is also to develop normatives based on the results of both samples for each category separately, to compare them with each other and to compare them with existing normatives. The sample of measurments was represented by 52 soccer players from eleven Slovenian women's soccer clubs (30 fourteen and 22 thirteen year-olds). For measurements, we used tests that were repeatedly used in similar surveys: sprint on 20 meters (S20m), combined semicircle (KP), running with changes of direction (TSS), dribbling with changes of direction (VSS) and enduring run here-there (TST). Also these tests are used in the annual testing for girl's national teams. The data were processed using The IBM SPSS Statistics 22. We calculated descriptive statistics parameters, determined whether the individual test differences were statistically significant using the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, and we calculated the normed values for each test seperately and for each age seperately and combined. We rejected the first hypothesis (H01), since the data in the test running with change of direction (TSS) did not deviate from the normal distribution. The results of the statistical treatment showed that there were differences in the mean values of the results obtained between the 13- and 14-year-olds, so we rejected the second hypothesis aswell (H02). All of the hypothesis from the third to the eight (H03-8) were accepted because they related to each test separately and did not indicate statistically significat differences by accepting all hypothesis. The normatives proved to be new and more demanding comared with older research. Especially in the test of soccer motor skills, progress can be seen in the work with youngsters, which suggests that the working conditions and knowedge of the coaches are improving.

Nogomet, kot eden od najpopularnejših športov današnjega časa, hitro napreduje in tako igralce postavlja pred vse večje izzive. Da bi igralci lahko sledili takšnim zahtevam, morajo razviti visok nivo psihomotoričnih sposobnosti. Tega omogočimo s kakovostno športno pripravo. Športne panoge z ligaškim načinom tekmovanja, kot je nogomet so značilne po dveh tekmovalnih in zelo kratkih pripravljalnih obdobjih. Da bi v relativno kratkem pripravljenem obdobju optimalno razvili športnikove sposobnosti, moramo smiselno prepletati in povezati različne kondicijske sposobnosti. V diplomskem delu bomo predstavili hkratno razvijanje moči in vzdržljivosti nogometašev. Namen diplomskega dela je opredeliti in predstaviti področja, pomembna za načrtovanje in ciklizacijo razvoja vzdržljivosti in moči, prilagojenega za nogometaše stare od 16 do 17 let. Ker gre za obdobje pubertete so predstavljene tudi zakonitosti biološkega in gibalnega razvoja. Football is one of the most popular sports of modern times. Due to its rapid global progress and increased competitveness, the players are faced with greater challenges to reach and remain in their prime. In order for competing athletes to reach their optimal levels, they must develop a high level of psychomotor skills. They can achive this with quality sports preparation. The sports industry, comprising of league competition mode, such as football, is characterized by two competitive and very short preparatory periods. In order to develop the athlete's abilities in a relatively short period of time, we must interlace and connect the various fitness capacities. In this diploma research, we present the optimal simultaneous development of strength and endurance of football players. The purpose of this diploma research is to define and present the areas that are important for the design and cyclization when developing endurance and power, adapted for football players aged 16 to 17 years. Since the puberty period is a large factor for the research subjects, the principles of biological and physical development are also presented.

Z razvojem nogometne igre se razvija in spreminja tudi vloga nogometnega vratarja. Ni več dovolj, da zna vratar samo braniti svoj gol, ampak mora znati tudi igrati in sodelovati s soigralci, saj je vedno bolj vključen v samo igro in velikokrat pomaga pri organizaciji igre oz. napada svoje ekipe. Da bi razvil in dosegel vse potrebne lastnosti in sposobnosti sodobnega vratarja, mora biti deležen kakovostnega trenažnega procesa že od začetka. Cilji magistrskega dela so podrobnejša predstavitev sodobnih smernic pri poučevanju mladih vratarjev, izdelati program poučevanja po starostnih obdobjih, podroben prikaz metodike učenja tehnike in taktike z vajami ter predstavitev nekaterih osnov psihološke in kondicijske priprave. Pri pisanju smo uporabili domačo in tujo strokovno literaturo. Pomagali smo si tudi s spletnimi viri, posnetki ter z lastnimi izkušnjami, ki sem jih pridobil kot vratar v mladosti. Za risanje skic smo uporabili program Tactics Manager v. 2.5. Sodobne smernice dela z nogometaši delijo tudi učenje mladih vratarjev na različna obdobja. Predstavili smo prva tri obdobja, od 6-10 let, od 10-12 let in od 12-14 let. Pri programu poučevanja so za vsako starostno obdobje podani ključni napotki in značilnosti vadbe otrok. Vsebine programa so razdeljene v štiri sklope: tehnično, taktično, kondicijsko in psihološko pripravo, katere smo nato še posebej predstavili. Metodika učenja tehnike in taktike je opisana in prikazana z vajami in slikami, označenimi za različna starostna obdobja. Poleg tega smo vključili tudi nekatere vaje in igre za popestritev treninga. Pri kondicijski in psihološki pripravi smo prikazali in opisali določena sredstva vadbe. With the development of the football game, the role of a football goalkeeper is also developing and changing. It is no longer enough that the goalkeeper can only defend his goal, but he also has to be able to play and interact with his teammates, as he is increasingly involved in the game itself and often helps with the organization of the game, attacks their teams. In order to develop and achieve all the necessary qualities and capabilities of a modern goalkeeper, he must receive a quality training process from the beginning. The aim of the master's thesis was to present modern guidelines in teaching young keepers, to develop a program of teaching by age periods, to demonstrate the methodology of teaching techniques and tactics with exercises and to present the basics of psychological and conditioning preparation. In writing we used domestic and foreign professional literature. We also helped with online resources, footage, and with my own experience, which I gained as a goalkeeper in my youth. We used Tactics Manager v. 2.5 to draw sketches. Modern guidelines divide the learning of young keepers to different periods. We presented the first three periods, from 6-10 years, from 10-12 years and from 12-14 years. For the teaching program, the key guidelines and characteristics of children's exercise are given for each age period. The contents of the program are divided into four sections: technical, tactical, conditioning and psychological preparation, which we then presented in particular. The methodology of teaching techniques and tactics is described and illustrated with exercises and images, marked for different age periods. In addition, we included some exercises and games for the enrichment of training. In the course of conditioning and psychological preparation, we demonstrated and described specific training means

Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti in analizirati različne tehnične elemente v napadu in obrambi v končnici 1. slovenske futsal lige. S pomočjo video posnetkov tekem, smo analizirali tri različne tekme v končnici državnega prvenstva. Izbrali smo sledeče glavne spremenljivke: gibanja, varanja z in brez žoge, vodenja, udarjanja, zaustavljanja v napadu in gibanja in odvzemanja v obrambi. Postavili smo 7 hipotez, od katerih smo 2 sprejeli. Z analizo smo ugotovili, da: - igralci najpogosteje žogo udarijo z notranjim delom stopala, - je najpogostejše varanje z zunanjim delo stopala, - je najpogostejši tehnični element zaustavljanja zaustavljanje žoge in hkraten povlek s podplatom - najpogostejši strel na gol je udarec s sprednjim notranjim delom stopala, - predstavlja podaja z notranjim delom stopala kar 70% vseh udarcev, - igra z glavo v futsalu ni pogosta, - je pri odvzemanju žoge v obrambi, v več kot 50% uporabljeno osnovno odvzemanje žoge z notranjim delom stopala, - so vodenja z notranjim delom stopala v futsalu pogosta. The purpose of the analysis was to identify and analyze various tehnical elements in the attack and defense phase of end game in the 1st Slovenian Futsal League. Based on recordings of the matches, we analyzed three different matches in the national championship. We set the main variables: movement, dribbling with and without possesion of the ball, dribbling, rally, stopping in the attack phase and movements and tackling the ball in the defense phase. We formed 7 hypotheses, of which 2 were confirmed. By analysis it was estabisleh that: - players most often rally the ball with the inside of the foot, - is the most common dribbling with the outside of the foot, - the most common tehnical element od stopping is stopping the ball and simultaneously pulling with the sole, - the most common shot on the goal is shot with the frony inner part of the foot, - a rally with the inside of the foot represents as much as 70% of all shots, - a head game is not common in futsal, - when tackling the ball in defense phase is, in more than 50%, used basic tackling of the ball with the inside of the foot, - ball control with the inside of the foot is very common in futsal.

Zelo pomembno je, da se že pri mlajših igralcih ustrezno načrtuje in izbira ustrezne metode dela in vadbe, da se na koncu oblikuje zelo vzdržljiv igralec z dobro razvitimi psihomotoričnimi sposobnostmi, ki bo kos zahtevnostim dinamične, hitre in zelo zahtevne rokometne igre. Na podlagi člankov, raziskav in mnenj smo dopolnili znanje o pozitivnem vplivu raznih metod, kot npr. metode visoko intenzivnega intervalnega treninga, metode za razvoj sposobnosti sprinterske vzdržljivosti, na razvoj specifične vzdržljivosti rokometaša. Te so učinkovite in izboljšujejo prav vse posameznikove fiziološke spremenljivke, tudi srčni utrip. Zelo pomembna je specifična vzdržljivost igralca, kjer gre za vzdržljivost v specialnih rokometnih gibanjih. Obremenitev posameznik premaguje z naporom, ki se meri s frekvenco srčnega utripa. V magistrskem delu smo opravili meritve z rokometašicami v kategoriji Starejše deklice in Kadetinje, starosti med 13 in 16 let. Na podlagi analiz smo ugotovili, pri kateri metodi dosegajo igralke največji napor. Merjenke so izvedle devet vadbenih enot za vsako metodo za razvoj specifične vzdržljivosti. Stopnjo napora le-teh smo izmerili z merilci srčnega utripa Polar Team2 Pro. Podatke smo zapisovali v preglednico Officeovega programa Excel. Oblikovali smo grafične prikaze dobljenih podatkov. S programom SPSS smo izračunali osnovne statistične značilnosti in razlike med višinami frekvence srca med tremi metodami, znotraj devetih vadbenih enot pri vsaki metodi. Postavili smo si tri hipoteze, katere smo vse tri zavrnili. Ugotovili smo, da pri vseh treh metodah treninga prihaja do značilnih razlik v vrednosti srčnega utripa. Iz dobljenih rezultatov lahko navedemo, da je metoda malih prirejenih rokometnih iger z vidika napora zahtevnejša. Dosega se največji napor v primerjavi z metodama visoko intenzivnega intervalnega treninga in razvoja sprinterske vzdržljivosti. Za načrtovanje vadbe za razvoj spcifične vzdržljivosti mlajših kategorij so primernejše vadbene enote znotraj metode malih prirejenih rokometnih iger. It is very important to plan properly the choice of suitable work methods and practice so that young players can become resistant and obtain highly developed psycho-motoric competences which will help them to cope with the demands of fast, dynamic and extremely demanding handball game. On the basis of the articles, researches and opinions we completed the knowledge about the positive influence of different methods such as high-intensity interval practice and sequential sprinting on the development of the handballers' specific stamina.They are efficient as they improve every single individual's physiological variables including the heart beat.The player's specific stamina proves to be important where stamina in the special handball movements is concerned..Individual players overcome burdening with strain which is measured with the heart-beat frequence. In this Master's work measurements were done in the handball category of Senior girls and cadets aged between 13 and 16.On the basis of the analyses the method which causes most strain to the players came out. The tested players performed nine training units for each method of specific stamina development.Their strain was measured with the heart beat Polar Team2 Pro. All the data were put in the table and transferred in the Excel Office Programme.Graphic views of the final data were also designed. SPSS Programme helped us work out the basic statistic characteristics and differences between the heart-frequence heights among the three methods, inside nine practice units with every method. The three hypotheses we had were all rejected as we noticed that characteristic differences happen in the heart-beat value.The results prove that the method of the small-adjusted handball game regarding strain, is much more demanding compared with the high-intensity interval practice and sequel sprinting methods. Training units with the small-adjusted handball game method are more adequate in planning specific stamina practice in the younger players' categories.

Predmet magistrskega dela je analiza nogometne igre kluba v 1. Slovenski futsal ligi KMN Sevnica v sezoni 2015/16. Problem je vezan na analizo igre in zadetkov. Z danimi podatki smo želeli ugotoviti značilnosti modela igre omenjenega kluba, v sezoni 2015/16. Ekipa KMN Sevnica je predstavljala vzorec merjencev na 18 odigranih tekmah. Analizo igre smo opravili na podlagi 3 glavnih spremenljivk za igro v obrambi (način pridobitve posesti žoge, odvzemanje žoge glede na prostor, število akumuliranih prekrškov), 8 glavnih spremenljivk za analizo igre v napadu (trajanje napada z dodatnim igralcem v polju, število podaj, število udarcev, mesto strela, vrsta napada, število prostih strelov, število kotov, število avtov) in 10 spremenljivk, vezanih na dosego zadetkov (povprečno število doseženih zadetkov, učinkovitost doseganja zadetkov, povprečno število prejetih zadetkov, učinkovitost streljanja proti nasprotnikovim vratom, vrsta napada pri dosegi zadetkov, način doseganja zadetka, čas trajanja napada, časovno obdobje, v katerem je bil dosežen zadetek, oddaljenost od vrat pri dosegi zadetka, število predhodnih podaj pri dosegi zadetka). Postavili smo skupno 21 ničelnih hipotez, od katerih smo jih 16 sprejeli in 5 zavrgli. Statistično značilne razlike med KMN Sevnico in ostalimi nasprotniki, se pojavljajo pri številu podaj, pri organiziranem napadu na postavljeno obrambo, pri napadih z menjavo ritma, pri napadih po dolgi podaji vratarja, pri številu prostih strelov in pri času trajanja napada pri zadetkih. The subject of the master's thesis extends to the analysis of the football game of the selected club. We have chosen a club KMN Sevnica from the 1st Slovenian futsal league in the season 2015/16. The problem is related to the game analysis of the club in the phase of defense, in the phase of attack and at the end on the analysis of the goals scored. With given data we want to determine the characteristics of the game model of this club in the season 2015/16. The team KMN Sevnica has played 18 matches altogether, which represents our model. The analysis was carried out on the basis of 3 main variables for the defense game (the way of KMN Sevnica is acquiring ball possesion, taking the ball according to the place, number of accumulated fouls), 8 main variables for the game analysis in the attack (duration of the attack with extra player in the field, number of passes, number of shots, shooting position, type of attack, number of free kicks, number of corner kicks, number of outs) and 10 variables related to scoring goals. These are: average number of goals scored, effectiveness of scoring goals, average number of goals received, the effectiveness of shooting against the opponent's goal, type of attack while scoring goals, way of scoring a goal, the duration of the attack, time period in which the goal was scored, distance from the goal when it was scored, the number of passes before scoring a goal. We have set up a total of 21 null hypothesis, of which 16 were accepted and 5 rejected. Statistical significant differences among KMN Sevnica and other opponents were found in "the number of passes", "organized attack against the defense", "attack by changing the rhythm", "attack by long pass from the goalkeeper", "the number of free kicks" and "the duration of the attack when scoring goals".

Namen in cilji: Namen magistrske naloge je ugotoviti razlike v igralni učinkovitosti med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno na rokometnem SP 2017 za moške. Cilj je bil zbrati uradne podatke vseh odigranih tekem in jih statistično obdelati. S pomočjo dobljenih rezultatov smo želeli prikazati pri katerih parametrih igralne učinkovitosti se pojavljajo statistično značilne razlike med testiranimi skupinami. Z rezultati analize smo prišli do zaključkov, kaj so bistvene značilnosti razlik med bolj in manj uspešnimi ekipami. Metodologija: Na spletni strani Mednarodne rokometne zveze smo zbrali uradne podatke z vseh odigranih tekem in jih analizirali. Vzorec vseh tekem je predstavljajo 84 tekem prvenstva, (kar pomeni 168 končnih izidov), ki so bile odigrane na SP 2017 v Franciji. Na osnovi končnih izidov smo ekipe razdelili na tri podskupine na zmagovalce, poražence in ekipe, ki so igrale neodločeno. 81 tekem (48,2 %) se je končalo z zmago ene in porazom druge, z neodločenim pa so se končale tri tekme (3,6 %). Iz uradne statistike smo izbrali 17 spremenljivk, ki smo jih razdelili na parametre, povezane z aktivnostmi v napadu in na parametre, povezane z aktivnostmi v obrambi. Iz izbranih parametrov smo izoblikovali hipoteze, ki smo jih v nadaljevanju poskušali potrditi oz. ovreči. S pomočjo računalniškega programskega paketa za statistiko (SPSS), smo za vse parametre izračunali osnovne statistične značilnosti in testno statistiko. Glede na rezultate testa normalnosti porazdelitve in homogenosti varianc, smo nadalje z ANOVO ali Brown-Forsythovim testom ugotavljali razlike med skupinami. Pri parametrih, pri katerih smo ugotovili, da obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike, smo s pomočjo testa LSD post hoc ugotavljali, med katerimi podskupinami prihaja do teh statistično pomembnih razlik. S pomočjo testne statistike smo ugotovili razlike v igralni učinkovitosti med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno. Ugotovitve dela: Pri naslednjih parametrih smo ugotovili, da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno: skupno število strelov, skupno število golov, število golov s črte šestih metrov na sredini, število golov s krilnih položajev, število golov iz protinapada, število asistenc, število tehničnih napak, število odvzetih žog, število blokiranih strelov in število vratarjevih obramb. Purpose and goals: The purpose of this Master Thesis is to figure out the differences in play efficiency between winners, losers and those teams that ended their game at Men's Handball World Championship 2017 with a tie. The goal was to collect official data of all the matches and to statistically analyse it. With the help of end results, we wanted to show, in which parameters of play efficiency can we get statistically significant differences among the tested groups. With the help of our results, we can figure out, which are the main characteristics of differences among more and less successful teams. Methodology: We collected the data of all the played games with the help of International Handball Federation’s website and then we analysed it. Our sample consisted of 84 championship matches, which means 168 results of all the games that were played at the World Championship in 2017. Based on the end results, we divided the teams into winners, losers and the teams that ended their game with a tie. Among those there were 81 winners (48,2 %), 81 losers (48,2 %) and six teams (3,6 %) that ended their match with a tie. With the help of official statistics we chose 17 variables and divided them into parameters that were connected with offence activities and those that were connected with defence activities. With the help of chosen parameters we formed a few hypothesis that we later on confirmed or rejected. We analysed the data using computer statistics software program (SPSS) – calculated all the parameters’ basic statistical characteristics and test statistics. Based on the results of normality distribution test and homogeneity of variance, we continued with the ANOVA and Brown-Forsythe test, with the help of which we wanted to figure out the differences among the groups. In case of parameters, in which we found statistically significant differences, we wanted to determine, with the help of the LSD post hoc test, in what subgroups exactly does this occur. Using test statistics, we also determined the play efficiency among winners, losers and those teams that ended their matches with a tie. Findings: We found out statistically significant differences between winners, losers and those teams that ended their matches with a tie among the following parameters: the total number of shots, the total number of scored goals, the number of goals from the six meter line, the number of goals from the wing position, the number of goals made from the counterattack, the number of assists, the number of technical errors, the number of taken balls, the number of blocked shots and the number of goalkeeper’s defences.

Nogomet je skupinski šport. Posamezniki, vsak posebej, pa odločilno vplivajo ali je skupina uspešna. Način igre v nogometu pred igralce postavlja izjemno visoke zahteve, ne glede na to ali govorimo o funkcionalno-motoričnih oz. gibalnih sposobnostih ali tehnično-taktičnih znanjih. Postopnost priprave moštva narekuje individualno usposabljanje igralcev za skupinsko izvajanje nalog. In nato usklajevanje skupin znotraj zahtev moštvene igre. Pomemben je transfer iz treninga posameznih elementov v igro. Namen je bil prepoznati in pripraviti tehnično-taktične elemente v igri za vsa igralna mesta. Znotraj treninga pripraviti najpogostejše situacije iz igre za posamezno igralno mesto in nato postopoma oteževati stvari in ponujati igralcem široko paleto rešitev. Takšen trening, tako v fazi obrambe kot v fazi napada, znotraj igre, kjer je pomanjkanje časa in prostora vedno večje, igralce izuri v iskanju in izvedbi najbolj smiselnih rešitev v danih trenutkih. Za izhodišče pri pripravi vaj smo uporabili dogodke, ki jih narekujejo načela moštvene taktike v obeh fazah igre in podrobno analizo dogajanja na posameznih igralnih mestih znotraj dvajsetih tekem 1. slovenske nogometne lige v sezoni 2016/2017. Prepoznani so bili mnogi vzorci v igri kot tudi preveliko število individualnih napak. Zato so v nalogi predstavljene nekatere vaje osnovnih tehničnih elementov, situacijske vaje in igralne oblike. Obravnavanih je pet igralnih mest: srednji branilec, zunanji branilec, vezni igralec ali srednji vezni napadalec, zunanji vezni napadalec ali zunanji napadalec in napadalec. Vse vaje so zelo specifično usmerjene in predstavljajo način individualnega ter skupinskega treninga, ki opredeljuje tudi najmanjše podrobnosti. S takšnim načinom specialne priprave vsakega posameznika pa bo domet in učinkovitost celotnega moštva večji. Even though football is a team sport, each individual has a decisive influence on the sucess of the team. Style of play puts players under extremely high demands, regardless of whether we are talking about functional-physical abilities or technical-tactical skills. Gradual preparation of the team dictates individual training of players for group performance and subsequenlty coordinating groups within the requirements of the team match. It is important to transfer individual elements from training to the match. Our purpose was to identify and prepare technical-tactical elements in the match for all playing positions. To prepare during the training most common situations in the match for every single position and then gradually increase intensity and offer players a wide range of solutions. Such training, both in the defense and attack phase, where the lack of time and space is increasing during the match, make the players seek and implement the most sensible solutions in given moments. As a starting point for the preparation of excercises, we have used situations dictated by the principle of team tactics in both stages of the match, along with thorough analysis of twenty matches of the Slovenian First Football League in the 2016/2017 season. We have identified many patterns in the match, as well too many individual errors. Therefore, some excercises of basic technical elements, situational excercises and playing forms are presented in the thesis. We have analysed five positions: centre-back, full-back, centre midfield, attacking midfield and centre forward. All excercises are specifically targeted and they represent a method of individual and group training, which defines even the smallest details. With this kind of individual approach the range and efficiency of the whole team will be higher.

Predmet diplomskega dela je bil analizirati in predstaviti sodobne značilnosti nogometne igre moštev, ki nastopijo v UEFA Ligi prvakov. Opazovali smo igro v napadu v sezoni 2016/17. Zanimalo nas je, kakšen je celostni pristop ekip v vseh podfazah napada. Hkrati smo želeli predstaviti metodične korake, ki omogočajo učenje in treniranje želene igre. V diplomsko delo smo zajeli 4 moštva (AS Monaco, Atletico Madrid, FC Juventus in CF Real Madrid) ter si ogledali 27 tekem. Zaradi velikega števila tekem, ki jih ekipa opravi v celotni Ligi prvakov, smo se osredotočili le na izločilne tekme (od osmine finala do finala). Analizirali smo tehnično-taktične rešitve in nogometne elemente skupine igralcev ter celotnih moštev. Na podlagi analize igre smo izrisali (s programom Tactics Manager) tipične igralne situacije in na podlagi tega poiskali in oblikovali primerne vaje (s pomočjo programa Soccer Sketch). Cilj in namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti uporabnost igralnih situacij polfinalistov Lige prvakov, predstaviti osnovne metodične korake in igralne oblike, ki služijo oblikovanju igre v napadu in reševanju situacij v fazi napada. S tem omogočamo bodočim študentom in trenerjem konkretne rešitve pri reševanju problemov pri igri v napadu, hkrati pa predstavimo sodobne igre v napadu najboljših evropskih moštev. Z diplomskim delom želimo omogočiti razvoj nogometa in slovenski nogometni stroki približati evropsko raven igre. The subject of this thesis was to analyse and present the modern characteristics of the attack tactics of teams appearing in the Champions League (season 2016/17). We were interested in the overall approach of teams in all sub-phases of the attack. At the same time, we wanted to present the methodical steps that enable us to learn and train the desired play. In the thesis we covered 4 teams (AS Monaco, Atletico Madrid, FC Juventus and CF Real Madrid) and watched 27 matches. Due to the large number of matches played by every individual team in one European season, we focused only on the knockout phase (from the round of 16 to the finals). We analysed technical-tactical solutions and football elements of a group of players and entire teams. Based on the analysis, we created typical playing situations using the program Tactics Manager. With the help of the program Soccer Sketch we then found and designed suitable exercises. The goal and purpose of the thesis was to present the usefulness of the gaming situations of the Champions League semi-finalists, to present the basic methodical steps and game methods that serve to form an attack strategy and to solve situations in the attack phase. We wanted to provide future students and trainers with concrete solutions to solve problems with the attack strategy, and at the same time present modern attack strategies of the best European teams. With the thesis, we want to enable the further development of football and bring the European game level closer to the Slovenian football profession.

Nogomet je moštvena športna igra, ki spada v skupino sestavljenih športov. To pomeni, da igra nogometa vsebuje večje število tehničnih in taktičnih elementov z žogo in brez nje. Več kot jih bo posamezni igralec obvladal, boljši bo in lažje bo dosegel medsebojno usklajenost z drugimi soigralci. Večja usklajenost med soigralci pa ustvarja podlago za večje možnosti rezultatskega uspeha moštva. Poleg tehnično-taktične priprave na rezultat v nogometu vplivata tudi kondicijska in psihološka priprava. Zato je smiselno predvidevanje, da bodo v nogometu uspešnejše tiste ekipe, ki bodo uspele vsa omenjena področja razviti na najvišjo možno raven. Nogometna igra v napadu je sestavljena iz prehoda iz obrambe v napad, priprave napada in zaključka napada, katerega glavni cilj je doseči zadetek. Za dosego zadetka je potrebno veliko medsebojne usklajenosti in tehnično-taktičnega znanja igralcev. Zato se je potrebno zavedati, kako pomembno je trenerjevo poznavanje in razumevanje vsebin nogometne igre ter zakonitosti njenega poučevanja. Namen diplomskega dela je bilo čim bolj široko in podrobno opredeliti področje nogometne igre v napadu, predstaviti pomembnost poznavanja, upoštevanja in povezovanja različnih dejavnikov v procesu učenja nogometne igre ter oblikovati nove smernice za kakovostno in učinkovito učenje ter razvijanje nogometne igre v napadu. V diplomskem delu je predstavljena posodobljena metodična lestvica za učenje in razvijanje taktičnih znanj nogometne igre v napadu. S posredovanjem vaj v pravilnem zaporedju bo proces učenja in razvijanja nogometne igre v napadu hitrejši in učinkovitejši. V metodični lestvici sta združena dva pomembna kriterija – vsebina in postopnost vadbe – kar je ključni razlog za večjo uporabnost in učinkovitost vadbenega procesa. Na podlagi izkušenj dela z mladimi in odraslimi skupinami kakovostnih ter vrhunskih nogometašev so teoretična in znanstvena izhodišča nazorno povezana s praktičnimi. Football is one of the most played team sports in the world. The game itself consists of various technical and tactical elements with and without the ball. That is the reason we can classify it as a complex team sport. Mastering these game elements on individual level – as a player – and as a team plays a big role on how successful the team is, but it’s not the only important part in football. Good physical and psychological preparation is also a key for success. We can assume that the best teams achieve highest level of technical and tactical skill combined with excellent physical and psychological preparation. The attacking phase of the game consists of: transition from defense to attack, preparation of the attack, and execution with the objective of scoring a goal. A great deal of harmony and tactical-technical knowledge is essential for achieving success in the execution of a football attack and that is why the role of a quality coaching is so important. The purpose of this thesis is to provide detailed information about attacking phase in a football play, emphasizing the importance of understanding the key factors in the process of teaching and providing new guidelines of quality and efficient learning process for future sport experts. By coaching the exercises in the correct sequence, the process of learning and developing a football game in attack will be faster and more effective. For this purpose, this thesis presents an updated methodical procedure for learning and developing tactical skills of the football game in the attack phase, with emphasis on two important parts – meaning and progression of the exercises. Experience in teaching youth and excellent football players allows me to link scientific and theoretic guidelines with practical knowledge.

Tema magistrskega dela je vezana na metodiko učenja tehničnih elementov futsala. Uvod vsebuje nekatere osnovne podatke, ki so vezani na šport futsal in nekatere pomembne didaktične pojme, ki jih morajo poznati vsi strokovni delavci, ki delajo kot trenerji v posameznih ekipnih športih. Jedro magistrskega dela predstavlja nabor vaj po metodičnem postopku za učenje tehničnih elementov brez žoge in z njo. Predstavili smo tiste tehnične elemente, ki se pri futsalu največkrat uporabljajo in za vsak tehnični element dodali opis, najpogostejše napake in vaje po metodičnem postopku. Vajam smo dodali tudi skico. V 3. stopnji učenja po metodičnem postopku smo uporabili tudi vaje za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti, kar magistrskem delu daje dodatno uporabno vrednost in poseben čar. V zadnjem delu magistrskega dela smo argumentirali zakaj je učenje tehnike futsala skozi naš uporabljen metodičen postopek učinkovitejši za vse vadeče in ne samo za najbolj nadarjene. Temu smo dodali še vedenje, da bo to magistrsko delo v veliko pomoč vsem trenerjem mlajših selekcij futsala, kakor tudi vsem športnim pedagogom, ki bodo nogomet poučevali v sklopu predmeta športna vzgoja v športni dvorani. The topic of the master's thesis deals with the methods of teaching the technical elements of futsal. The introduction provides some general information about futsal and introduces some vital didactic notions that all professionals, who work as trainers in team sports should be familiar with. The body of the thesis contains a selection of methodic exercises for learning technical elements with or without a ball. We introduced the technical elements most commonly used with futsal and added to them a description, the most frequent mistakes, and the training exercises according to the methodology, which are accompanied by a sketch. In the 3rd stage of learning of the methodological procedure, we also included exercises for developing movement abilities, which not only makes this a very useful thesis for all futsal admirers, but it also distinguishes it from the rest. In the last part of the master’s thesis we argued why learning futsal techniques according to our tested methodological procedure is more efficient for all trainees and not just for the talented ones. with the help of our tested methodical procedure is a better approach. This, as well as believing that this master’s thesis can serve as a guideline not only for all trainers of younger futsal selections, but also for all sport pedagogues that teach football as part of their Physical Education curriculum, was the main motivation for writing this thesis.

Na uspešno izvedeno varanje pri nogometu vpliva veliko dejavnikov, saj je varanje sestavljeno iz več delov. Varanje pri nogometu je sestavljeno iz varanja brez žoge in varanja z žogo. Uspešno varanje je izvedeno takrat, kadar sta oba dela varanja izpeljana tehnično pravilno, v pravilnem ritmu in na optimalni razdalji od nasprotnika. Povedal sem nekaj o sami tehniki v nogometu, preden sem začel opisovati različna varanja. V diplomski nalogi sem se osredotočil predvsem na analizo napak varanja pri nogometu in opisu ter grafičnemu prikazu analitičnih vaj za popravke določenih napak. Grafično sem prikazal in opisal šest varanj. Najprej pravilno izvedbo, nato še napake, ter podroben opis analitičnih vaj za popravo le teh. Diplomska naloga bo koristna študentom fakultete za šport, trenerjem nogometa, pa tudi vsem drugim, ki jih tematika zanima. Z pomočjo grafičnih prikazov in natančnega opisa napak in analitičnih vaj, si bodo lahko pomagali tisti, ki bi svojo tehniko varanja pri nogometu radi izboljšali. Dribbling is an integral part of footbal. It has a lot of components, hence there are several factors that affect dribbling performance. Dribbling is composed of dribbling with and without the ball. A succsessful dribbling is achieved when both aspects of dribbling are performed with the correct technique, rhythm and on an optimal distance from the oponent. Before analysing individual dribbling styles, I summarized the basics behind football technique. The main focus of my work was the analysis of common mistakes during dribbling, as well as offering visual and written description of analitic exercise to correct the mistakes. Six different dribblings were described and graphically presented, starting with the correct performance, proceeding to the common mistakes and detailed description of corrective analitic exercises. My work will be useful to DIF students, football coaches and to all those interested in the topic. Graphic presentation and detailed description of corrective exercises will help individuals to improve their dribbling skills in football.

Namen in cilji: Osnovni namen in cilj preučevanja magistrskega dela je bil s pomočjo zbranih podatkov analizirati vse tekme moškega rokometnega turnirja in ugotoviti razlike v nekaterih pokazateljih igralne učinkovitosti med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno na olimpijskih igrah 2016 za moške v Rio de Janeiru. Na ta način želimo pojasniti bistvene razlike v pojavljanju različnih igralnih parametrov med uspešnejšimi in manj uspešnimi moštvi. Metodologija: V vzorec analiziranih tekem smo vključili vseh 38 tekem (76 končnih izidov). Od tega je bilo 36 (47,4 %) zmagovalcev in prav toliko (36) poražencev (47,4 %). Dve tekmi (5,3 %) sta se končali z neodločenim izidom. Nadalje smo izbrali 17 spremenljivk iz aktivnosti v napadu in obrambi in izoblikovali 17 hipotez. Vse podatke smo pridobili na uradni strani mednarodne rokometne zveze (IHF) in jih obdelali s pomočjo računalniškega programa za statistično analizo (SPSS). Za vse parametre smo izračunali osnovne statistične značilnosti, normalnost porazdelitve, homogenost varianc in enosmerno analizo variance. Za vse parametre, ki ne izpolnjujejo predpostavk normalnosti porazdelitve in homogenosti varianc, smo uporabili Brown-Forsythov test. Z uporabo LSD post hoc testa pa smo ugotovili, med katerimi podskupinami prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik. S pomočjo teh izračunov smo ugotovili razlike med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno. Ugotovitve dela: Rezultati so pokazali, da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike (med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno) pri naslednjih parametrih: skupno število golov, število golov iz protinapada, število golov izpred črte 6 metrov na sredini, število golov izpred črte 9 metrov in blokirani streli. Aims and objectives: The main research purpose and objective of the Master's thesis has been to analyse all the matches played in the men’s handball tournament by using the collected data and to determine differences in some playing efficiency indicators between winning, losing and drawing teams at the 2016 Olympic Games – Men’s tournament – in Rio de Janeiro. In this way, we want to explain the significant differences in the occurrence of various playing parameters between the most and least successful teams. Methodology: 38 matches (76 final results) were included in the sample of analysed matches, of which 36 (47.4%) were winning teams and just as many (36) losing teams (47.4%). Two matches (5.3%) ended in a tie. Moreover, we defined 17 variables that represented the activities of offence and defence and developed 17 hypotheses. All data were obtained from the official website of the International Handball Federation (IHF) and were processed by using a computer program for statistical analysis (SPSS). For all parameters we calculated basic statistical characteristics, normal distribution, homogeneity of variance and one-way analysis of variance. For all the parameters that do not satisfy the assumption of the normal distribution and homogeneity of variance we used the Brown-Forsythe test. By using the LSD Post-Hoc test, we found among which subgroups the statistically significant differences occur. Using these calculations, we determined the differences between the winning, losing and drawing teams. Findings: The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between the winning, losing and drawing teams in the following parameters: total number of goals scored, number of goals scored in counterattack, number of goals scored in front of the 6-meter goal line, number of goals scored in front of the 9-meter goal line and blocked shots.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil ugotoviti značilnosti igre nogometnega kluba Nafta 1903 v jesenskem delu sezone 2016/17 v 3. slovenski nogometni ligi vzhod. Primerjali smo izvedbo tehnično-taktičnih elementov nogometne igre v napadu in obrambi lendavskega kluba z njegovimi nasprotniki. Analizirali smo pet tekem, ki jih je NK Nafta 1903 odigrala v jesenskem delu sezone 2016/17. Opazovali smo osem spremenljivk, na podlagi katerih smo sklepali o značilnostih igre v napadu in obrambi ekipe NK Nafta 1903. Nasprotniki Nafte 1903 so bili NK Lušt Beltinci, NŠ Mura, NK Hotiza, NK Odranci in NK Čarda. Vsako tekmo smo analizirali ter primerjali določene spremenljivke obeh ekip. Nafta 1903 je bila na koncu jesenskega dela sezone na vrhu prvenstvene lestvice. Po koncu analize značilnosti igre smo prišli do določenih pomembnih ugotovitev. NK Nafta 1903 je bila boljša od večine nasprotnikov v posesti žoge in si je največ priložnosti ustvarila po hitrih kontinuiranih napadih na krilnih položajih. Največ zadetkov je dosegla v kazenskem prostoru po predložku ali povratni podaji. Analize kažejo, da je imela Nafta 1903 veliko število protinapadov, iz katerih so poskušali hitro doseči zadetek. Ugotovili smo, da je največ udarcev uspešno zaključila znotraj kazenskega prostora in le malo iz večje razdalje. Izkazalo se je tudi, da je naredila manj prekrškov in imela več kotov od svojih nasprotnikov. Prav tako so bili igralci NK Nafte uspešni po izvedbi dveh enajstmetrovk. Največ žog pa so izgubili zaradi napačnih in neprevidnih podaj. Značilnosti igre obrambe kažejo, da je pridobila Nafta 1903 največ žog v svoji obrambni tretjini. Veliko žog je bilo pridobljenih na sredini igrišča. Obramba je bila postavljena bolj proti zadnjemu delu igrišča. Nasprotnikom od sredine igrišča ni dovolila, da razvijejo svojo igro ali daljši kontinuiran napad. Največ žog si je priborila zahvaljujoč napačni podaji nasprotnika in s prestreženimi podajami. Največje težave so se pojavljale pri organizaciji obrambe po protinapadu nasprotnika, saj je prav po protinapadu Nafta 1903 prejela največ zadetkov. V povprečju je bila Nafta 1903 v dvobojih uspešnejša od nasprotnikov. The purpose of this undergraduate thesis was to assess the characteristics of the game of the football club Nafta 1903 in the fall part of the 2016/17 season in the 3rd Slovenian football league east. We compared the football club’s execution of technical-tactical elements of the game, in both offense and defense, to its opponents. We analysed the five matches that FC Nafta 1903 played in the fall part of the 2016/17 season. We were observing eight variables, on the basis of which we inferred the characteristics of the game, in both offence and defense, of the FC Nafta 1903 team. Nafta 1903 opponents were Lušt Beltinci, FC Hotiza, FC Odranci, and FC Čarda. We analysed each game and compared certain variables of both teams. By the end of the fall part of the season, Nafta 1903 was at the top of the championship ladder. After the analysis of the characteristics, we came to certain important conclusions. FC Nafta 1903 was better with regard to ball possession than most of its opponents and created the most chances after quick and continuous attacks on the wing. The club scored most goals in the penalty area through return passes and crosses. The analyses show that Nafta 1903 had a great number of counter attacks with which they tried to score goals quickly. We found out that the club scored the most goals inside the penalty area and a few from a greater distance. It also turned out that FC Nafta 1903 made the fewest fouls and had the more corner kicks than its opponents. Furthermore, they successfully executed two penalty kicks. They lost the most balls due to incorrect and unwary passes. The characteristics of the game show that Nafta 1903 acquired most balls in its defensive third. Many balls were acquired in the middle of the field. The defense was positioned more to the backmost part of the field. From the middle of the field, Nafta 1903 did not allow its opponents to develop their game or have a longer continuous attack. Most balls were acquired due to the opponent’s incorrect passes and due to intercepted passes. The most difficulties were had with the organising of the defense after a counterattack. It was through counterattacks that Nafta 1903 received the most goals. The opponents scored most goals inside the penalty area. With regards to duels, Nafta 1903 was, on average, more successful than its opponents. Nafta 1903’s players gained most balls through successful duels. They were successful in both clearing the balls and duels in the air.

Temeljni namen in cilj diplomskega dela je predstaviti sisteme igre s številnimi izpeljavami in uspešnost le teh v fazi napada na evropskem prvenstvu v nogometu 2016 ter načine doseganja zadetkov, ki jih razdelimo na dve temeljni spremenljivki: oblika organizacije napada in dolžinska komponenta zaključevanje napada. Z analizo iger na EP 2016 smo ugotovili določene zakonitosti nogometne igre v fazi napada najboljših evropskih reprezentanc. V diplomskem delu so predstavljeni sistemi igre z vidika načina doseganja zadetkov v fazi napada: uspešno zaključevanje akcij po krilnih položajih in skozi sredino ter iz protinapada, hitrega kontinuiranega napada in kontinuiranega napada. Osnovna razporeditev 1 – 4 – 3 – 3 opredeljena tudi kot 1 – 4 – 5 – 1 predstavlja trenutno najbolj pogosto izbiro. Še natančneje smo ugotovili, da se največkrat uporablja razporeditev 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 – 1. Glede doseganja zadetkov, so bila najbolj učinkovita moštva, ki so igrala osnovni sistem 1 – 4 – 4 – 2. Moštva so za najuspešnejšo obliko osvajanja prostora uporabljala kontinuiran napad, medtem ko sta bila protinapad in hitri kontinuiran napad enakovredno uporabljena. Protinapad in kontinuiran napad so najučinkovitejše izkoriščala moštva, ki so uporabljala sistem 1 – 4 – 4 – 2 (v liniji). Hitri kontinuiran napad pa moštva z uporabo sistema 1 – 3 – 5 – 2. Dolžinska komponenta zaključevanje napada po krilnih položajih predstavlja najuspešnejšo obliko doseganja zadetkov, kjer prednjačijo moštva s sistemom igre 1 – 3 – 5 – 2, medtem ko je napad skozi sredino najbolj uspešen pri moštvih z osnovnim sistemom 1 – 4 – 3 – 3, oziroma njegovo izpeljavo 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 – 1. The fundamental purpose and goal of the thesis is to present football formations with numerous derivations and performance of these in the phase of attack at the 2016 UEFA European Championship as well as techniques of achieving goals, divided into two basic variables: organizational form of the attack and length component of finishing the attack. By analysing the games at the Euro 2016, we determined particular regulations of the football game in the phase of attack by the best European teams. We presented football formations in terms of achieving goals in the phase of attack: successful completion of actions from wing positions, the centre and the counter-attack, including continuous rapid attacks and continuous attack. The basic formation 1 – 4 – 3 – 3, also defined as 1 – 4 – 5 – 1 currently represents the most common choice in football arrangement. To elaborate, we found out that the most commonly used formation is 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 – 1. In terms of achieving goals, teams that played the basic formation 1 – 4 – 4 – 2, were the most effective. Teams using continuous attack were the most successful in finding space on the pitch while the counter-attack and the continuous rapid attack were used equally. Teams that used the formation 1 – 4 – 4 – 2 (in the line) were the most effective in counter-attack and continuous attack. Continuous rapid attack was used by the team with the formation 1 – 3 – 5 – 2. Length component of finishing the attack from wing positions represents the most successful form of achieving goals, with teams that were dominating the formation 1 – 3 – 5 – 2. The middle attack is the most successful for teams with the basic formation 1 – 4 – 3 – 3 or its derivative 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 – 1.

Načrtovanje vadbenega procesa pri rokometu je zelo zahtevno in kompleksno, saj zahteva ogromno znanja in izkušenj. Proces se sooča s številnimi dejavniki, ki ga opredeljujejo in spreminjajo. Za dobro načrtovanje je treba poznati ključne elemente in procese športne vadbe ter ciklizacije. Kakovosten vadbeni proces je rezultat pravilnega načrtovanja, izbire različnih oblik športne vadbe in metod, s katerimi bomo izboljšali posamezne motorične sposobnosti rokometašev do takšnega ravni, ki je samo z rokometno igro ne moremo doseči. Rokomet je kompleksen šport, pri katerem je potreben razvoj vseh motoričnih sposobnosti, kajti le tako so rokometaši sposobni reševati tehnično-taktične probleme med tekmo v najkrajšem možnem času, s čimer prispevajo tudi k večji dinamičnosti same igre. V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na razvoj gibalnih in funkcionalnih sposobnosti, s katerimi vplivamo na boljšo telesno pripravljenost rokometašev ter prav tako preventivno vplivamo na možnost nastanka poškodb. S pomočjo domače in tuje strokovne literature smo razčlenili vsako motorično sposobnost in teoretično opisali sredstva in metode, s katerimi jih lahko na treningih razvijamo. Prav tako smo opisali in podali praktične primere sestave treningov za razvoj posameznih motoričnih sposobnosti, ki so pomembni za rokometno igro. Namen dela je teoretično in praktično predstaviti celoten vadbeni proces rokometašev ter s tem prispevati k večjemu zavedanju pomena pravilnega načrtovanja priprav in treningov tako trenerjev kot tudi igralcev. Delo bo koristilo trenerjem rokometa na vseh tekmovalnih stopnjah. The structure of handball training process is very complicated because it involves selecting objectives, knowledge and experiences. Planning is a process of thinking in advance what is had to be done and how. It is an anticipatory decision making. It involves selecting objectives and developing action programs for achieving them. Success becomes a matter of planning rather than physical and psychological challenges, this is because plans are predetermined course of actions. Planning has an effective meaning ensuring continuous personality development and improving athletic performance and enabling athletes of top-class age to achieve the highest standard of performance. By choosing different sport exercises and using different training methods, particular motor skills can be improved to the level, which could not be reached only by playing handball. Quality and professional conditioning drill forms are the basis of every handball training. Only the most physically prepared handball players are able to play at high level. Since handball is a complex sport, it is important for the handball players to develope motor skills. Only then, they are able to quickly cope with all the technical and tactical problems during the match, which makes it more dynamic. This diploma thesis focuses on the developement of motor and functional skills, which are important for the handball players to get in the best form and to avoid injuries. On the basis of domestic and foreign literature, every motor skill was analysed. Moreover, means and methods as well as exercises to develope all the motor skills needed were described. The purpose of the diploma thesis is to present how to do a plan, how we structure a handball process for handball players not only in theory but also in practice. In this way, the handball coaches as well as the handball players would become more aware of the importance of the conditioning drill and of improving motor skills. The diploma thesis will be a great help to every handball coach.

Rokomet je dinamičen, hiter in atraktiven šport. Model rokometne igre se nenehno razvija in spreminja, na kar vplivajo tudi spremenjena ali nova pravila. Na olimpijskih igrah V Riu de Janeiru 2016 je Mednarodna rokometna zveza (IHF) razširila in dodala kar 5 pravil. Eno izmed teh pravil je pravilo »vratar kot igralec«. To pomeni, da je na igrišču lahko istočasno sedem igralcev enega moštva, kar se lahko zgodi, ko eden od igralcev v polju zamenja vratarja. Ta sprememba v rokometni igri je sprožila nov sistem igre tako v napadu kot v obrambi. Igra v napadu s sedmimi igralci oziroma igra brez vratarja je lahko zelo rizična. Izgubljena žoga v napadu brez vratarja omogoči nasprotni ekipi lahek zadetek. V diplomskem delu je predstavljena statistika izvedenih napadov s sedmimi napadalci. Predstavljeni so deleži zadetkov, izgubljenih žog in dobljenih zadetkov na prazen gol. Veliko ekip uporablja spremenjeno pravilo, predvsem kadar ima ekipa izključenega igralca. Pri igri brez vratarja je zelo pomembna menjava igralec − vratar, ker se mora vratar pravočasno vrniti v svoj gol. Prav menjava med igralcem in vratarjem je ključnega pomena za uspešno in smiselno igri s sedmimi napadalci. Pri igri s sedmimi napadalci je postavitev oblikovana iz dveh kril, treh zunanjih in dveh pivotov, pri čemer imajo pivoti različne začetne postavitve. V diplomskem delu so razložene tudi različne napadalne kombinacije, ki jih izvajajo ekipe v napadu s sedmimi igralci. Handball is a dynamic, fast and attractive sport. The model of a handball game is constantly evolving and changing. The modification or the addition of new rules contributes to these changes. On the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016 the International Handball Federation (IHF) expanded and added five rules. One of these rules is 'a goalkeeper as a player'. This means that seven players of the same team are on the field at the same time. This is the case when one of the players substitutes for the goalkeeper. Such a change in a handball game has triggered a new game system in the attack and in the defense. A game in the attack with seven players or a game without a goalkeeper can be very risky. The lost ball in the attack without a goalkeeper contributes to an easy hit of the opposing team. The statistics of the attacks with seven players is presented in the thesis. Hits, lost balls and achieved hits scored on an empty goal are also presented. Many teams use the modified rule especially when one of the team's players is suspended. In the game without a goalkeeper the exchange player-goalkeeper is very important because the goalkeeper must return to his goal at the right time. The exchange between a player and a goalkeeper is of key importance for a successful and meaningful game with seven players. When teams play with seven attacking players the positions are as follows: two wingers, three back-court players and two pivots where pivots have different initial positions. Various attack combinations carried out by teams in the attack with seven players are also explained in my thesis.

Z razvojem nogometne igre se razvija tudi nogometna tehnika, ki je eden izmed pomembnih dejavnikov široke priprave nogometaša. Tehnika zaustavljanja žoge ima v tej pripravi zelo pomembno mesto. V igri nogometaš s pomočjo uspešnega zaustavljanja žoge realizira pomembnejše ekipne cilje, kot so ohranjanje posesti in hiter prenos žoge med igralci. Natančna in zanesljiva izvedba tehničnih elementov je v sodobnem nogometu elementov vse bolj pomembna. Namen diplomske naloge je bil natančno opisati in slikovno analizirati kakovostne in napačne izvedbe zaustavljanj žoge. V jedru je prikazana podrobna razčlenitev zaustavljanj žoge v tri večje skupine, vsako kakovostno in napačno zaustavljanje je pa še podrobno opisano in slikovno predstavljeno. Za lažje razumevanje slikovnega gradiva je vsako zaustavljanje razdeljeno v faze, ki omogočajo bralcu še natančnejšo interpretacijo posamezne izvedbe. Slike zaustavljanj so bile narejene z programom bs player, ukazom "print screen" in programom slikar. Delo je namenjeno študentom fakultete za šport, nogometnim trenerjem, učiteljem in vsem ostalim, ki jih ta tematika zanima. V pomoč je kot učno gradivo vsem, ki želijo kakovostno delovati v športu. By the development of football games also a football technique has been developed, which is one of the important factors for the overall preparation of a football player. The trapping technique has a very important place in this preparation. In the game, a football player with a successful trapping the ball achieves important common team goals, such as keeping possession of the ball and quick transfer between players. The precise and reliable implementation of technical elements is becoming increasingly important in modern football. The purpose of this diploma thesis was to accurately describe and analyse the quality and incorrect performance of trapping the ball. A breakdown of trapping the ball into three major groups is shown in the body of the thesis, and each qualitative and incorrect stop is described in detail and presented with the images. For easier understanding of the images, each stop is divided into phases, which allow the reader to even more precisely interpret the individual performance. Images were created using the bs player, "print screen" function and MS Paint software. The thesis is intended for students of Faculty of Sport, football trainers, teachers, and everyone else interested in this topic. It is helpful as a teaching material to all those who want to perform well in sports.

Rokomet je ena najbolj razširjenih in priljubljenih športnih iger v Sloveniji in v svetu. Za uspešnost igranja sta med drugimi dejavniki pomembni tako primerna telesna struktura kot dobro razvite gibalne sposobnosti rokometašev. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil izmeriti in primerjati nekatere telesne značilnosti in gibalne sposobnosti kadetov v treh rokometnih klubih iz Posavja, in sicer RK Brežice, MRD Dobova in RK Krško, nato pa še ugotoviti, ali so razlike med klubi v vsakem izmed testov statistično značilne. Vzorec je sestavljalo 34 rokometašev 8 iz RK Brežic, 11 iz MRD Dobova in 15 iz RK Krško. Vsi izmed merjencev so nastopali za starostno kategorijo kadetov. Za testiranje smo izbrali 5 morfoloških in 5 motoričnih testov. Dobljene rezultate smo nato obdelali v statističnem programu SPSS. Izračunala smo osnovne statistične parametre in jih primerjali med seboj za posamezni klub, nato pa smo z analizo variance ugotavljali še statistično pomembne razlike v rezultatih posameznih testov. Rezultati motoričnih testov so pokazali, da so pri testu šprint na 30 m najuspešnejši rokometaši iz RK Brežice. Pri testu skok v daljino z mesta so povprečno najboljši rezultat dosegli kadeti iz RK Krško. Rezultati troskoka z mesta so pokazali, da imajo najdaljši skok prav tako kadeti iz RK Krško. Na testu 8 x 40 metrov so bili najhitrejši fantje iz RK Brežice. Na stopnjevalnem aerobno vzdržljivostnem testu pa so največ vzdržljivosti pokazali spet rokometaši iz RK Krško. Rezultati so pokazali, da med klubi v posameznih morfoloških in motoričnih testih obstajajo statistično značilne razlike. Pri testu telesne teže se te razlike pojavljajo med MRD Dobova in RK Krško pri testih kožne gube nadlahti in obseg stegna (subglutealno) so razlike med RK Brežice in RK Krško pri obeh testih gibalnih sposobnosti, kjer prihaja do statistično značilnih razlik med skupinami, pri skoku v daljino in 8 x 40 metrov, pa so le te med RK Brežice in MRD Dobova. Handball has been one of the most popular and widely played sports in Slovenia and worldwide. It is believed that the appropriate physical characteristics and well developed movement skills are essential for successful playing of handball. The objective of the diploma thesis was to measure and compare some of the physical characteristics and movement skills of cadets of three different handball clubs in Posavje, namely RK Brežice, MRD Dobova and RK Krško and then to find out if the differences within the three clubs are characteristics of statistics. 34 handball players took part in the research, 8 players of RK Brežice, 11 MRD Dobova and 15 RK Krško. All the participants of the research were cadets. 5 morphological and 5 motoric tests were used for testing. The results were then analyzed in the program SPSS. The basic statistic parameters and the comparison of the results of each club were made, after that the important differences in results of the test were analyzed. The results of the motor tests showed that handball players of RK Brežice were the most successful in the 30 meter sprint test and in the 8x40 meter running test. RK Krško proved to be the best in standing long jump, standing triple jump and aerobic endurance test. The results point out that there are some differences in statistic characteristics of the motor skills tests and morphological test. There are some differences between RK Krško and MRD Dobova as far as body weight is concerned, there are differences in triceps skinfold and thigh girth (sub gluteal) between RK Brežice and RK Krško. Both motoric skills test proved that there are differences only between RK Brežice and MRD Dobova in standing long jump and 8x40 meter running.

Rokomet je ena najbolj razširjenih in priljubljenih športnih iger tako v Sloveniji kot v svetu. Uvrščamo jo v skupino polistrukturnih kompleksnih športov, saj igro sestavlja veliko število motoričnih strukturnih enot, ki jih izvajamo z žogo ali brez nje. Znotraj igre se pojavlja veliko teka z različnimi hitrostmi in načini gibanj. Igra je zapletena, vsebuje mnoga ciklična in aciklična gibanja, zato morajo biti igralci dobro motorično podkovani, sama igra pa vpliva na celosten razvoj motoričnih sposobnosti in morfoloških značilnosti rokometašev (Šibila, 2004). ''Sposobnosti so naravne danosti človeka, ki so odvisne od delovanja različnih upravljavskih sistemov v telesu in se kažejo v zmožnosti izkoristka teh potencialov pri doseganju zastavljenih gibalnih ciljev'' (Pistotnik, 2015). Pri diplomskem delu nas je zanimala gibalna učinkovitost rokometašev. Preverili smo jo s testno baterijo FMS™ (Functional Movement Screen), ki obsega 7 gibalnih testov. Testna baterija je nastala iz ideje fizioterapevta in kondicijskega trenerja Graya Cooka, ki je želel celosten vpogled v gibalne vzorce ljudi. S tem sistemom dobimo odgovore o kvaliteti osnovnih gibalnih vzorcev, odkrivamo asimetrije in disfunkcije ter gibalne omejitve. V naši raziskavi je sodelovalo 75 mladih rokometašev iz različnih klubov po Sloveniji, starih od 14 do 19 let. Rezultati so pokazali, da prihaja do razlik v gibalni učinkovitosti med posameznimi igralnimi mesti. Tako smo ugotovili, da najboljše rezultate v testu FMS™ dosegajo vratarji, najslabše pa krožni napadalci. Pri vseh spremenljivkah je šlo za normalno porazdelitev, kar smo ugotovili s Shapiro-Wilkovim testom. Najboljšo povprečno oceno so rokometaši dosegli v testu dvig v skleco, najslabšo pa v testu globok počep s palico v vzročenju. Handball is one of the most popular sports in both Slovenia and the world. We classify it in a group of polistructural complex sports, as the game consists of a large number of motor structural units which are performed with or without a ball. Within the game there is a lot of running with different speeds and movements. Game is a complex one, it contains many cyclic and acyclic movements so the player’s motor abilities must be at a high level and game itself influences the overall development of such skills and morphological characteristics of handball players. Competences are genetically predetermined characteristics that depend on functioning of different homeostatic mechanisms in the body which result in the ability to use these potentials to reach the set motor goals. The purpose of our diploma thesis was to analyze movement efficiency of young male handball players. For assessing the physical performance we used Functional movement screen (FMS™), which consists of seven motor tests that players needed to perform. This battery of tests was made as a result of the idea of a physiotherapist and conditioning coach Gray Cook, who wanted to have an overall insight in human movement patterns. With all these tests we get answers about the quality of fundamental movement patterns, discover the assymetrics, disfunctions and movement disabilities. In our research 75 young male handball players from different Slovenian clubs have participated. Their age was between 14 and 19. Results have shown that there were significant differences in movement efficiency between players who play at different positions. We also found out that goalkeepers had the best results and the line players had the worst. With Shapiro-Wilk's test we have proved that all of the variables have normal distribution. The best average result was in the push up test and the worst in the deep squat test.

Protinapad je pomemben del rokometne igre, pri katerem se uporabljajo vsi elementi, tako tehnični kot taktični. S protinapadi se igra sodobna hitra igra rokometa in zato število zadetkov na tekmah narašča. Učinkovitost je v protinapadu večja kot v igri na postavljeno obrambo. Protinapad se lahko izvede takoj, ko ekipa pridobi žogo v svojo posest in prenese žogo na nasprotnikovo polovico. Poznamo več učinkovitih oblik izvedbe protinapada, zato je potrebna dobra analiza lastnih igralcev in temu primerna izbira protinapada. Protinapad treniramo postopoma z osnovnimi elementi igre v individulani obliki in šele nato v paru in skupini. Za dobro nadaljne delo je potrebno obvladovanje igre na takem nivoju, da lahko izvajamo gibanja v visoki hitrosti. Taktično lahko protinapad izvedemo na več načinov, predvsem pa tako, da otežimo delo nasprotni ekipi, ki se še ni postavila v obrambo. Za dobro izpeljavo pa morajo biti vsi igralci seznanjeni z njihovo nalogo v napadu in s postavljanjem v prehodu v napad ter s kombinatoriko na nasprotnikovi polovici. V nalogi bom predstavil posamezen protinapad in metodiko postopnega treniranja protinapada. Tako se lahko starejši in mlajši igralci postopoma in lažje naučijo ta del. A counterattack is an important part of handball game, where both, the technical and the tactical elements are used. By counterattack modern and quick handball is played and therefore the number of goals at matches is increasing. The effectiveness in the counterattack is better than in the game played against the set defensive formation. The counter attack is executed right after the team gets the ball in its possession and passes it to the opponent´s half of the court. We know many effective ways of executing the counterattack, thus a thorough analysis of the players is needed to choose the appropriate counterattack. We train the counterattack gradually through the basics elements of the game, first individually and then in a pai or in a group. To achieve quality future work, it is necessary to master the game at the level where the movements are done at high speed. The counterattack can be tactically executed in many ways, mainly to make the work of the opponent team, who has not form the defence yet, more difficult. To execute it well, all the players need to know their tasks in the attack, their positions in switching to attack and the combinations at the opponent´s half. In the thesis I will present the individual counterattack and the methodology of gradually training it. The young and the more mature players learn its accurate execution step by step.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti značilnosti nogometne igre v fazi napada in v fazi obrambe pri ekipah Bayern Münchna in Juventusa v Ligi prvakov v sezoni 2015/2016, ter primerjati posamezne tehnično-taktične elemente nogometne igre med njima. Na podlagi posnetkov smo analizirali obe tekmi osmine finala Lige prvakov. Analizirali smo jih glede na devetnajst glavnih spremenljivk. Spremenljivke smo ločili glede na fazo igre v napadu ter fazo igre v obrambi. V fazi napada smo spremljali deset glavnih spremenljivk, v fazi obrambe pa devet. Pridobljene podatke smo nato statistično obdelali ter med seboj primerjali ločeno za vsako tekmo ter ločeno tudi za podaljška, ki sta bila izvedena na drugi tekmi. Podatke smo po primerjavi združili, združene podatke smo kasneje uporabili pri preverjanju hipotez. Po opravljeni analizi smo ugotovili, da sta se ekipi posluževali popolnoma različnega stila nogometne igre. Moštvo Juventusa se je na obeh tekmah posluževalo zaprtega stila igre, saj je svojo obrambo postavilo globoko na lastno polovico, svoje priložnosti so poskušali izkoristiti z izvedbo hitrih kontinuiranih napadov ter protinapadov. Moštvo Bayern Münchna se je posluževalo odprtega stila igre z izvedbo počasnih kontinuiranih napadov, svojo obrambo je na igrišču postavljalo zelo visoko, svojega nasprotnika so začeli napadati takoj po izgubljeni žogi. Oba vratarja sta se v večini situacij posluževala začetka napada s kratko podajo (Juventus: 32, Bayern: 44), prav tako sta si ekipi bili enotni pri izvedbi napada glede na mesto napada, saj sta svoje napade enakomerno izvajali tako prek sredine igrišča (Juventus: 74, Bayern: 109) kot tudi prek krilnih položajev (Juventus: 83, Bayern: 110). Moštvi sta se med seboj razlikovali predvsem pri izvedbi podaj, saj je nemška ekipa (1.618) skupno izvedla veliko več podaj kot italijanska (582), pri izvedbi le-teh pa so bili tudi bolj natančni. Igralci Bayerna so izvajali veliko kratkih podaj (1.123), medtem ko so se igralci Juventusa več posluževali srednje dolgih (118) in dolgih podaj (96). Nemci so na vrata nasprotnika sprožili več udarcev (Juventus: 28, Bayern: 40), vendar pri tem niso bili tako natančni kot Italijani (Juventus: 18, Bayern: 13), prav tako so si pripravili več priložnosti za dosego zadetka (55) kot njihov italijanski nasprotnik (40). Igralci Juventusa so svojo nadvlado nad nasprotnikom prikazali predvsem v individualnih dvobojih (Juventus: 174, Bayern: 136), saj so bili od nemške ekipe boljši tako v dvobojih z nogo oziroma telesom (Juvetnus: 100, Bayern 88) kot tudi v zračnih dvobojih z glavo (Juventus:74, Bayern:48), v ostalih segmentih igre(število napadov, število podaj, udarci na vrata, ustvarjene priložnosti za zadetek, tehnične napake igralcev, število kotov, posest žoge) pa so v večini prevladovali Bavarci. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to establish the feature of football game in the attacking and defending phase in teams of Bayern München and Juventus in UEFA Champions League in the season 2015/2016, and then compare individual technical and tactical elements of football match between them. The analysis of both matches in the round of 16 of UEFA Champions League is based on the recordings of matches. Nineteen main variables which had been determined before the beginning of analysis were separated according to attacking and defending phase. Ten main variables were observed in the attacking phase and nine in the defending phase. The data were statistically analysed and compared separately for each match and overtimes performed on the second match. The data were then combined and later used for testing hypotheses. It was found out that teams made use of a totally different style of playing. Juventus used the closed style of game which means that the defence was set deep on its half. They tried to shoot on the goal with fast and continuous attacks and counterattacks while Bayern München made use of the open style of game with slow and continuous attacks. Its defence was set very high and they tried to intercept opponents’ attack right after the loss of the ball. Both goalkeepers mostly used short passes (Juventus: 32, Bayern: 44), at the beginning of the attack. Both teams were unified as far as the attack is concerned. Their attacks were evenly performed over the middle of the field (Juventus: 74, Bayern: 109) as well as over the wing positions (Juventus: 83, Bayern: 110). The difference between teams was seen in passes, because the German team (1.618) had many more passes than the Italian one (582). Their performance was also more accurate. Bayern had many short passes (1.123) while Juventus had more medium long passes (118) and long passes (96). Germans had more chances on shooting the goal (Juventus: 28, Bayern: 40), but they were not as accurate as their Italian opponent. Juventus showed its skills mostly at individual duels (Juventus: 174, Bayern: 136), because they were better in duels with leg or body (Juvetnus: 100, Bayern 88) and also in duels with head (Juventus:74, Bayern:48). Bavarians predominated in other segments of the game (number of attacks, number of passes, shoots on goal, opportunity for scoring goal, technical errors, numbers of corners, possesion).

Uspešnost nogometne igre je odvisna od številnih dejavnikov, eden od teh je tudi hitrost, ki se pojavlja v več oblikah in se prepleta z drugimi gibalnimi sposobnostmi in elementi igre. Vadba hitrosti je zaradi visoke prirojenosti in kompleksnosti eden pomembnejših vsebinskih programov dela v nogometu z otroci in mladostniki. V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na gibalno sposobnost hitrosti nogometašev v povezavi z značilnostmi sodobne nogometne igre in treninga mladih v različnih starostnih obdobjih. V prvem delu diplomskega dela smo predstavili značilnosti razvoja otrok in mladostnikov, značilnosti sodobne nogometne igre in njene zahteve z vidika količine in intenzivnosti gibanja. Definirali smo osnovna načela in vrste kondicijske vadbe v nogometu, metode in oblike dela. V nadaljevanju smo opisali specifične pojavne oblike hitrosti v nogometni igri, smernice razvoja hitrosti v različnih starostnih kategorijah in dodali praktične primere. The success of a football game depends on many factors, one of them being speed which comes in many forms and it intertwines with other motoric abilities and elements of the game. Speed training due to its high innateness and complexity is one of the most important substantive programs for children and adolescents. In the diploma paper, the focus was on the motoric ability of speed in footballers in connection with the characteristics of a modern football game and training of the young in different age periods. In the first part of the diploma paper we presented the development of children and adolescents, characteristics of a modern football game and its demands from the viewpoint of quantity and intensity of movement. We defined basic principles and types of conditioning training in football, methods and practices of work. In the continuation we described specific forms of speed in a football game and guidelines of speed development in different age categories, which we supplemented with practical examples.

Veliko raziskav, na temo telesna dejavnost otrok, kaže, da pogosta vadba vpliva na razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti. Kakovostno treniranje najmlajših nogometašev je zahtevno, zahteva dobro izobraženega trenerja in je zelo pomembno, saj vpliva na njihov nadaljnji razvoj, posledično na njihovo športno kariero. Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, ali se gibalne sposobnosti otrok, ki trenirajo nogomet v klubu, razlikujejo od tistih, ki obiskujejo le interesno dejavnost – nogomet. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 32 otrok, 16 otrok je vključenih v vadbo nogometa v nogometnem klubu Kamnik, ostalih 16 pa obiskuje interesno dejavnost – krožek nogometa. Uporabili smo baterijo 5 testov, ki merijo nogometno in osnovno motoriko, pridobljene rezultate smo obdelali s pomočjo statističnega programa SPSS. Ugotovili smo, da obstajajo razlike v gibalnih sposobnostih med otroci, ki trenirajo v klubu in otroci, ki obiskujejo interesno dejavnost. Otroci, ki trenirajo v klubu so v povprečju dosegali precej boljše rezultate pri hitrem teku s spremembo smeri in vodenju žoge s spremembo smeri. Medtem, ko v ostalih testih, pri šprintu na 20 metrov, skoku v daljino z mesta in poligonu nazaj, vzpenjanje-spuščanje, presenetljivo v povprečju boljše rezultate dosegali otroci z interesne dejavnosti. Toda razlike pri teh treh testih med skupinama, so bile manjše, v primerjavi z razlikami med obema skupinama ostalih dveh testov. Most research on physical activity of children shows that frequent physical activity affects the development of motor abilities. Quality work with the youngest soccer players is a very difficult task that requires a well-educated coach and it is very important, because further develepoment depends on it, especially on their sports career. Our goal was to establish whether the physical abilities of children who practice soccer in FC Kamnik differ from those who practice soccer at extra curriculum sport activities. 32 children participated in research, 16 was included in soccer practice in FC Kamnik, the other 16 was included in soccer practice at extra curriculum sport activities. 5 tests that measures basic and soccer motor abilities, were used in our research. The obtained results were analyzed with the SPSS statistical program. The data showed that there are some statistical differences between both groups. Pupils, who train football in FC Kamnik, in average, achieved better results in fast direction changing run and ball control with direction changing. While pupils, who practice soccer at extra curriculum sport activities, were surprisingly better in 20 meters sprint, standing long jump and in backwards obstacle course, ascending and descending. But differences between groups in this three tests were smaller, than differences between groups in other two tests.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena analiza igre branilcev v conski obrambi 5:1 pri rokometu. Obrambna formacija 5:1 je po obrambi 6:0 druga najpogosteje uporabljena obrambna formacija, katere se poslužujejo tako ekipe iz vrhunskega rokometa kot tudi ekipe, ki tekmujejo v ligah nižje kakovosti. V skladu s hitrim razvojem rokometne igre se je razvijala tudi obramba 5:1. Obrambna formacija 5:1 se pri mlajših rokometaših uporablja tudi kot prehodna obramba oz. temelj za prehod iz bolj globokih (3:2:1) k plitkejšim obrambam (6:0). Pri conski obrambi 5:1 je pet branilcev razporejenih ob črti vratarjevega prostora, na sredini igrišča pa je branilec imenovan prednji center, ki se giba nekje na razdalji 8 oz. 9 metrov. Naloge branilcev so različne, načeloma pa ima pri obrambi 5:1 vsak branilec svojo vlogo. Ob različnih prehodih napadalcev na položaj drugega krožnega napadalca lahko spremenimo obrambo v kombinirano bodisi 4+2, 5+1 ali 3+3. Z agresivno igro poskušajo branilci napadalce pri strelih in podajah čim bolj ovirati ter jih s tem prisiliti v napako ali prehiter zaključek napada. V prvem delu diplomske naloge opisujemo sodobni model branjenja s pomočjo obrambe 5:1, drugem delu pa smo se osredotočili predvsem na metodiko učenja obrambe 5:1. Pri tem smo uporabili vire o različnih obrambnih formacijah. Ta diplomska naloga bo lahko služila tudi kot pripomoček, tako trenerjem kot tudi igralcem oz. vsem, ki si želijo nadgraditi svoje znanje o obrambni formaciji 5:1. The diploma work deals with an analysis of defenders playing the 5-1 zone defence in handball. After the 6-0 zone defence, the 5-1 zone is the second most frequently used defence formation, applied by both the highest ranking teams and those competing in lower categories. The 5-1 defence has developed together with a rapid development of handball as a game. In junior categories, the 5-1 defence formation is also used as a transitional defence, i.e. a stepping stone from deep (3-2-1) to shallow (6-0) defences. In the 5-1 zone defence, five players are aligned along the goalkeeper’s zone, with another player – referred to as the front centre – moving at a distance of some 8 or 9 metres. Defenders have different tasks, but in principle, each defender in the 5-1 zone has his or her specific role. When attackers switch to the position of the second pivot, it allows changing the defence into a combined formation, such as 4+2, 5+1 and 3+3 respectively. Playing aggressively, defenders are trying to block the attackers to shoot and pass, which forces them into mistakes or finishing an attack too early. The first part of the diploma describes modern defending by means of the 5-1 defence. The second part focuses on the methodology of teaching the 5-1 defence. To do so, sources on different defence formations were used. This diploma paper could serve as a tool for both coaches and players and anyone else whose goal is to upgrade their knowledge on the 5-1 defence formation.

Izvleček V diplomskem delu je predstavljena vloga vratarja v rokometnem moštvu, sposobnosti, ki jih vratar potrebuje za uspešno delovanje in osnove tehnike branjenja. Vratarjeve zadolžitve niso vezane zgolj na vratarjev prostor, saj vratar hkrati aktivno sodeluje tudi v igri izven njega. V uvodnem delu so predstavljena rokometna pravila, ki se nanašajo na vratarja, saj le-ta močno vplivajo na naloge vratarjev med samo tekmo. Spremembe pravil v letu 2016 so tako vratarjem dodelile nekatere nove, drugačne naloge. Prav tako so v uvodnem delu predstavljeni nekateri pogledi na vlogo vratarja in trening rokometnih vratarjev. Opredeljene so tudi motorične, antropometrijske in psihosocialne sposobnosti, ki najbolj vplivajo na uspešno delovanje rokometnega vratarja. Poznavanje teh sposobnosti je pomembno zaradi njihovega razvoja v trenažnem procesu. Opisane, predstavljene in prikazane so osnovne tehnike branjenja, ki vsebujejo osnovno postavitev vratarja, vratarjevo gibanje pred vrati, branjenje nizko usmerjenih strelov, branjenje srednje visoko usmerjenih strelov in branjenje visoko usmerjenih strelov. Hkrati pa je predstavljena tudi osnovna postavitev in branjenje strelov iz krilnih položajev, zunanjih položajev in branjenje strelov izpred črte vratarjevega prostora. V delu je izpostavljen problem selekcije mladih za vlogo vratarja, saj je ta selekcija v praksi pogosto nestrokovna in napačna. Pri nastajanju dela so bili glavni viri knjige, članki in druga diplomska dela na to tematiko. Abstract This thesis presents the role of the goalkeeper in the handball team, the skills that the goalkeeper needs for his successful performance and the basics of goalkeeping technique. The handball goalkeeper's duties do not incorporate only goalkeeper activities inside the 6m line, as the goalkeeper actively participates in the game outside of it as well. Handball rules referring to the goalkeeper are presented in the introduction as they strongly influence the the goalkeepers activities during the match. Changes to the rules in 2016 gave goalkeepers some new, different tasks. Some views on the goalkeeper's role and handball goalkeeper training are also presented in the introduction. The motor, anthropometric and psychosocial abilities that have the greatest influence on the successful operations of the handball goalkeeper are also defined. Identifying these skills is important, so they can be developed in the training process. The basic techniques of goalkeeping containing the basic goalkeeper positioning, the goalkeeper's movement in front of the goal, saving of low-targeted shots, saving of medium-high-targeted shots and saving of high-targeted shots are described, presented and shown. The basic positioning and saving of shots from the wing, shots from 9m and shots from the 6m line is also presented, described and shown. The problem of selecting young players for the role of the goalkeeper is also highlighted, as this selection is often done incompetently and incorrect in practice. When creating the work, the main sources were books, articles and other theses on this subject.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil opraviti analizo igre z igralcem manj v napadu na 20 izbranih tekmah skupinskega dela evropske rokometne klubske Lige prvakov v sezoni 2016/17 (EHF Champions League). Želeli smo ugotoviti, kakšne so razlike v številu pojavljanj nekaterih spremenljivk igralne učinkovitosti ob igranju z igralcem manj med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno. Podatke, ki smo jih uporabili pri analizi, smo pridobili s pomočjo video posnetkov tekem in uradnih statističnih podatkov, ki so objavljeni na spletnih strani EHF Lige prvakov. V raziskavo smo zajeli 26 spremenljivk in zapisovali njihovo pogostost pojavljanja. Ekipe smo razdelili v tri skupine glede na končni rezultat tekme, in sicer na zmagovalce, poražence in ekipe, ki so igrale neodločeno. Nato smo določili 26 ničelnih hipotez in podatke obdelali s pomočjo statističnega programskega paketa SPSS. Za vse spremenljivke smo izračunali osnovne statistične vrednosti, nato pa nadaljevali s testno statistiko za ugotavljanje značilnih razlik med izbranimi skupinami. Uporabili smo test enosmerna analiza variance – ANOVA, Brown-Forsythov in Dunnettov T3 Post Host test. Rezultati so pokazali, da z izjemo ene spremenljivke ni statistično značilnih razlik med zmagovalci, poraženci in ekipami, ki so igrale neodločeno. Tako smo po izračunu pojavljanja igralnih aktivnosti z igralcem manj na obravnavanih tekmah potrdili 25 ničelnih hipotez in sprejeli eno alternativno hipotezo, ki pravi, da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike v številu strelov iz krila ob igri z igralcem manj. Iz pridobljenih podatkov spremljanja tekem oz. igre v času z igralcem manj seveda med izbranimi spremenljivkami obstajajo razlike, ki pa so relativno majhne in neznačilne. The aim of the final thesis was to carry out the analysis of the game when attacking with a player less. I analysed 20 matches of the common part of European handball club Champions League in the season 2016/17 (EHF Champions League). We compared the winning teams, defeated teams and the teams that played tie to find out about the differences in the number of occurrences of certain gaming performance parameters when playing with a player less. The data that we used in the analysis were obtained by using video recordings of the games and the official statistics which are published on the website of EHF Champions League. In the research, we included 26 variables and we recorded their occurrence frequency. The teams were divided in three groups according to the final score, namely the winning teams, defeated teams and the teams that played tie. After that, we defined 26 zero hypotheses and processed them by using the statistical software package SPSS. We calculated the basic statistical values of all the chosen parameters and continued with the test statistics to find out about the differences between the chosen groups. The test of one-way analysis variance – ANOVA, the Brown-Forsythe test and the Dunnett's T3 Post Host test were used during the research. The results have shown that except for one parameter, there are no statistically typical differences between the winning teams, defeated teams and the teams that played tie. After calculating the occurrences of playing activities with a player less at the matches discussed, we have confirmed 25 zero hypotheses and accepted an alternative hypothesis claiming that the statistically typical differences in the number of flanks exist when playing with a player less. The acquired data of the explored matches/games when playing with a player less show that the differences between the chosen parameters actually exist but they are relatively small and untypical.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil analizirati zadetke na moškem svetovnem prvenstvu v Braziliji leta 2014. Ugotoviti razlike v načinu doseganja zadetkov v pomembnih treh spremenljivkah med četrtfinalisti in ostalimi na prvenstvu v Braziliji ter med svetovnima prvenstvoma leta 2010 in leta 2014. Na svetovnem prvenstvu 2014 je bilo odigranih 64 tekem in doseženih 171 zadetkov. Z največjim povprečjem 2,67 zadetka na tekmo se je prvenstvo izenačilo s svetovnim prvenstvom leta 1998 v Franciji. Zbrane podatke smo obdelali z osnovnimi postopki opisne statistike na vseh glavnih spremenljivkah. S pomočjo programov Microsoft Excel in IBM SPSS smo izračunali vsote, povprečja in odstotkovne vrednosti. Rezultate smo prikazali v pisni in grafični obliki. Postavili smo tudi tri ničelne hipoteze, ki smo jih s pomočjo Spearmanovega korelacijskega koeficienta vse zavrnili. Bistvene ugotovitve naše raziskave so naslednje: - Prvi zadetek na tekmi je ekipam v 39 primerih prinesel zmago (60,94 %). - Najpogosteje so ekipe za dosežene zadetke uporabile hiter kontinuiran napad (30,99 %). - Več kot polovica zadetkov je bilo po podajah iz krilnega položaja (25,73 %) in prekinitev (25,15 %), zato ne preseneča, da je bilo kar 60,90 % vseh zadetkov doseženih s prvim dotikom strelca zadetka. Strelci so v 78,95 % primerih za dosego zadetka uporabili nogo in tehniko udarca s sprednjim notranjim delom stopala (28,07 %). - Kar 39,18 % zadetkov je bilo doseženih iz oddaljenosti od 5 do 11 metrov in v bližnji vratarjev kot presenetljivih 44,03 %. - Največ zadetkov so dosegli napadalci (38,60 %), kot podajalci pri zadetkih pa so se najbolj izkazali krilni zvezni igralci (22,22 %). - Največji delež zadetkov je bilo doseženih v časovnem obdobju od 61. do 75. minute (19,30 %). - Z uspešnostjo podaj se podaljšuje dolžina napada, zato ne preseneča identičen rezultat največjega deleža 32,05 % pri trajanju napadov (16 sekund ali več) in številu predhodnih podaj (več kot 9 podaj). The thesis focuses on the analysis of goals scored at the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil and on determining the differences in goal-scoring based on three significant variables among the quarter-finalists and other participants at the above-mentioned championship, and also between the matches of the 2010 and the 2014 World Cups. 64 matches were played at the 2014 World Cup and 171 goals were scored. The average score was 2.67 per match, which equalled the highest average score of the 1998 World Cup held in France. The gathered data was analysed using basic methods of descriptive statistics on all major variables. Computer programmes Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS were used to calculate the sums, averages and percentage rates. The results were presented in descriptive and graphic forms. The three null hypotheses which we established were disproved using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. The essential findings of our study are: - The first goal in a match secured the scoring team's victory in 39 cases (60.94%). - Teams most frequently used a fast, continuous attack to score (30.99%). - More than half of goals were scored as a result of passes from the wing positions (25.73%) or set positions (25.15%) therefore it is not surprising that as much as 60.90% of all goals were scored with the first contact of the scorer. In 78.95% of cases, the scorers used a leg and the front inner part of the foot technique (28.07%). - As much as 39.18% of goals were scored from a range of 5 to 11 metres and a surprising 44.03% were scored at the goalkeeper's near post. - The majority of goals were scored by centre-forwards (38.60%) the best assistants were wide-midfielders (22.22%). - The largest number of goals was scored in the time period from 61st to 75th minute (19.30%). - The increased success rate of passes extends the length of the attacks, therefore the identical lar

Trener mora imeti za kakovostno delo v nogometu širok nabor znanj z različnih področij. V nasprotju z delom v mlajših starostnih kategorijah mora pri starostnih kategorijah U17 in U19 razumeti zakonitosti športne forme, saj v teh starostnih obdobjih prihaja v ospredje tudi rezultatski cilj. Na podlagi razumevanja zakonitosti optimalne forme lahko trener načrtuje aktivnosti v različnih obdobjih tekmovalne sezone. Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti vse glavne vsebine, ki jih mora trener znati in razumeti za izvajanje kakovostnega procesa treniranja starostnih kategorij U17 in U19. Z njimi vpliva na razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti in specialnih nogometnih znanj igralcev. V prvem delu diplomske naloge so zato predstavljene značilnosti biološkega, telesnega in spolnega razvoja mladostnikov, saj mora trener na podlagi stopnje njihovega razvoja prilagajati vsebine vadbe. V nadaljevanju se diplomsko delo podrobneje osredotoči na vsebine nogometne tehnike, taktike, kondicije, učnih metod, vodenja procesa treniranja in ciklizacije. Z njihovim poznavanjem in razumevanjem njihovih vplivov na igro posameznika ter ekipe lahko trener metodično in načrtno razvija specialne nogometne elemente in gibalne sposobnosti, s katerimi vpliva na igralčevo nogometno znanje in oblikovanje športne forme. Drugi del diplomske naloge se osredotoča na praktični prikaz uporabe teoretičnih znanj pri procesu treniranja. Podrobneje so opredeljeni letni, sezonski, mesečni (mezocikel) in tedenski (mikrocikel) načrt, primer pripravljalnega obdobja (makrocikel) in načrtovanje samega treninga. S praktičnimi vajami so v metodičnih korakih predstavljeni tudi poučevanje taktike v napadu in obrambi ter razvijanje kondicijskih sposobnosti. As far as quality work in football is concerned, the coach has to be well versed in various fields. Contrary to working with younger age groups, the coach has to understand the laws of physical form in U17 and U19 age groups, because in these age divisions the importance of results comes to the fore. On the basis of understanding the laws of optimal form, the coach can plan activities in different periods of competition season. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to present the main topics that the coach has to know and understand in order to conduct a quality training process of U17 and U19 age groups. He/she also influences the development of physical abilities and special football knowledge of players. Therefore, the characteristics of biological, physical and sexual development of the youth are presented in the first part of the diploma thesis. On the basis of the level of development, the coach has to adjust the content of training. The diploma thesis then focuses on the technique, tactics, shape, teaching methods, leading the process of training and cyclicality in detail. With their knowledge and understanding of their influences on the performance of an individual and a team, the coach is able to develop special football elements and physical abilities methodically and intentionally, which has an effect on the player’s football knowledge and the formation of physical form. The second part of the diploma thesis focuses on the practical demonstration of how to use theoretical knowledge in the process of training. Yearly, seasonal, monthly (mesocycle) and weekly (microcycle) plan, the example of preliminary period (macrocycle) and the planning of training itself are discussed in detail. The teaching of tactics in attack and defence as well as the development of physical abilities are presented methodologically and practically through different exercises.

V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela smo povzeli različne opise ciljev pri delu z mladimi ter opredelili organizacijski in strokovni model in njuno uporabo v praksi. Pri delu z mladimi sta zastavljanje in izpolnjevanje ciljev zelo pomembna, saj tako lahko klub preverja kakovost in napredek dela z mladimi na vseh starostnih nivojih. Ena izmed najvišjih prioritet kluba je, da delo z mladimi poteka kakovostno, nadzorovano in strokovno. Model dela z igralci smo razdelili na organizacijski in strokovni model, ki so jima dodani še predlogi izvedbe v praksi. Organizacijski model pripomore k lažjemu in preglednejšemu načinu izvajanja nalog, zastavljenih v mladinskem programu, strokovni model zagotavlja lažje načrtovanje in izvajanje strokovnega dela, možnost nadzora in evalvacije, transparentnost, preglednost, sistematičnost dela ter standardov in pričakovanja, ki naj bi jih dosegali trenerji, igralci in zaposleni. Oba modela skupaj predstavljata temelj uspešnega dolgoročnega dela z mladimi v rokometu. Predlagane so bile izvedbe organizacijskega in strokovnega modela na primeru RK Maribor Branik. Upoštevanje predlogov izvajanja teh dveh modelov bi izboljšalo delo z mladimi in bi predstavljalo dobre temelje za dvig prepoznavnosti kluba pri delu z mladimi. S tem bi lahko postali konkurenčnejši in bolj prepoznavni na področju tekmovanj pod okriljem organizacije RZS in v tujini, še posebej v primerjavi s klubi, ki že delujejo na višjem organizacijskem in strokovnem nivoju. Prednost tega modela je, da omogoča sprotno evalvacijo dela in s tem takojšno povratno informacijo, ali delo z mladimi poteka dobro. In the theoretical part of the existing diploma thesis we summarized various descriptions of the objectives when working with young players, defined organizational and professional model and practical application of these two models. Setting and achieving objectives is very important when working with young players since quality and progress of work with young players of different age can be measured by the club. One of the top priorities of each handball club is high-quality, supervised and professional workflow when training young players. Proposal of work considering young players is divided into organizational and professional model with practical application suggestions. Organizational model makes work performance easier and transparent while professional model provides easier planning and implementation of professional work, possibility for monitoring and evaluation, transparency, systematic work and standards and expectations which should be pursued by trainers, players and other workers. Both models together represent basis for successful long-term work with young handball players. Suggested proposal of work including organizational and professional model was made on the case of the Handball club Branik Maribor. Taking into account suggested proposal of work would improve work with young players and consequently, it would represent a foundation for increasing the club’s visibility concerning training young players. By doing so, the club would become more competitive in competitions carried out under the auspices of the Handball Federation of Slovenia and abroad. Advantage of this model of work is that allows regular evaluation of work and immediate feedback whether the work with young players is going well.

Rokometaši v starostni kategoriji do 17 let (U17) na državni ravni tekmujejo v kadetski ligi pod okriljem Rokometne zveze Slovenije. Hkrati pa začenjajo tudi z uradnimi tekmovanji na mednarodni ravni. Najpomembnejša turnirja sta zagotovo evropsko in svetovno kadetsko rokometno prvenstvo, kjer se mladi seznanijo z velikimi turnirji. Prav tako pa ne gre zanemariti mladinskih olimpijskih iger, ki so dober približek tradicionalnih. Igralcem ponujajo vpogled v olimpizem, glavni cilj pa je predvsem mladim približati šport ter jih medsebojno povezati skozi igre. Slovenska kadetska reprezentanca igralcev, rojenih leta 1996/97, je od vsega začetka kazala potencial ter dobro organiziranost. S spremembami skozi sezone (selekcija) se je izoblikovala ekipa, ki je postala močno konkurenčna na mednarodnih turnirjih. Naši igralci so leta 2013 v Utrechtu osvojili zlato medaljo ter si s tem zagotovili mesto na mladinskih olimpijskih igrah. Te so se odvijale leto kasneje v kitajskem mestu Nanjing, kjer so slovenski rokometni reprezentanti osvojili 1. mesto ter tako postali prvaki olimpijskih iger mladih. Cadet League is a league under the auspices of the Slovenian Handball Federation, in which play players under the age of 17. The most important tournaments are certainly the European and World Cadet Handball Championship, where young players get familiar with big tournaments. We must not neglect the Youth Olympic Games, which are a good proxy for the traditional Olympic Games. Players are offered an insight into the Olympic world the main objective is to connect young people with sport and to interconnect them through games. Slovenian Youth Team (players born 1996/97) showed potential and good organization skills from the very beginning. With changes throughout the season, changing players and the coach, has created a team of players that is a strong competition on tournaments. In Utrecht in 2013, our players won the gold medal and thereby guaranteed themselves a place at the Youth Olympic Games. The games took place a year later in the Chinese city of Nanjing, where Slovenian national handball team’s players swept the competition and became the champions of the Olympic Games.

Rokomet je ekipni šport, zato je za uspešno igranje in doseganje dobrih rezultatov zelo pomembno sodelovanje med igralci tako v obrambi kot tudi v napadu. Rokometne ekipe v napadu na postavljeno consko obrambo uporabljajo različne aktivnosti, ki so uigrane, in jih trenirajo ter izboljšujejo skozi svoj trenažni proces. Tem napadalnim aktivnostim v rokometu pravimo napadalne akcije oziroma kombinacije. Namen skupne ali skupinske taktike v napadu pri rokometu je, da ekipe lažje dosegajo zadetke oziroma pripravijo čim bolj ugodne položaje za igralce, ki streljajo, zaključujejo napade s streli na gol. Filozofija uspešne rokometne ekipe je, da je igra v napadu čim bolj raznolika, da se napadi zaključujejo iz različnih igralnih položajev in da jih zaključujejo različni igralci (zunanji, krila in krožni napadalci). S tem nasprotniku otežujemo branjenje, saj nikoli ne ve, kdo in kako bo zaključil napad. Temu v rokometu rečemo, da ima ekipa širino v igri v napadu. Za uspešno razvijanje igre v napadu je pomembno tudi vključevanje krilnih igralcev v izvajanje igralnih kombinacij. Krilni igralci lahko v napadu sodelujejo tako z vtekanji na drugega krožnega napadalca kot tudi z zaleti, s križanji in odvlačenji v sodelovanju z ostalimi igralci. Kot že prej omenjeno, pa je ključno, da igralci zelo dobro sodelujejo med seboj in tako uspešno zaključijo čim večje število napadov na tekmah. Handball is a group sport and as such it is most important that the players cooperate in the defence and offence. Handball teams use different techniques in the offence when facing zone defence. The techniques are being trained and perfected through the time. These offence activities are called offence actions or combinations. The purpose of a group offence in handball is to prepare the path for the shooter and to shoot a goal. The philosophy of a successful handball team is to be as diverse in the offense as possible. Further it is important that the shooters or the shooting positions change. Whit this tactic the defence has more problems to defend their goal. For a successful offence it is also important to integrate the outfield players into the shooting combinations. Outfield players can run to the other outside player, make an attempt of a run-up, cross or block the other players. As already mentioned, the most important is a good cooperation between all the players with the attempt to shoot goals.

Zapletena športna panoga, imenovana rokomet, velja za eno izmed najhitrejših ekipnih iger. Na igrišču si nasproti stojita dve moštvi, vsako šteje sedem igralcev, tj. šest plus vratar, cilj igre pa je čim večkrat zatresti mrežo nasprotnika. V dveh delih igre, z eno pavzo, se prepletajo najrazličnejši elementi, ki jih igralci morajo obvladati, če želijo odigrati uspešno igro in na koncu zmagati. Strukturo igre lahko razdelimo na fazo obrambe in fazo napada, obrambo pa najpogosteje delimo na osebno, consko in kombinirano. Prav vsak od teh načinov obrambe je pomemben, tako na primer uporabljamo osebno branjenje za učenje na treningih pri mladostnikih, consko in kombinirano pa bolj v praksi, v sami igri, kjer si izurjeni igralci medsebojno pomagajo in tako z različnimi tehnikami branijo svoj prostor pred golom. Complicated sports branch, named handball, is considered to be one of the fastest team games. Two opposing teams stand on the handball court, each including seven players, six players and a goalkeeper. The goal of the game is to score as many goals as possible. In the two parts of the game, with one timeout, a wide variety of elements intertwine, which players must master if they want to play a successful game and finally win. The structure of the game can be divided into the defense phase and the attack phase. Defense is frequently divided into personal, zone and combined. Each of these methods of defense is important, for example, we use a personal defense when learning and training adolescents, zone in combined defense when actually playing the game, where trained players assist each other and thus with different techniques defend their space before the goal