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En el marco de un proyecto de recuperación de la raza Serrana de Teruel, se estudió la calidad de la canal de las categorías comerciales de ternero, añojo y cebón (los últimos castrados con 9 meses), con edades a sacrificio de 12, 22 y 22 meses, y pesos vivos de 470, 720 y 660 kg, respectivamente. Veinte terneros se sometieron a cebo convencional con paja y concentrado a voluntad, desde los 4 meses hasta el sacrificio, excepto entre los 15 y 20 meses, en que añojos y cebones recibieron ensilado de cebada a voluntad y 3 kg concentrado/animal/día. El primer año de vida, la ganancia de peso de los terneros fue de 1,5 kg/día; el segundo año, fue superior en añojos que en cebones (1,1 vs. 0,9 kg/día), como consecuencia de la castración. Las canales de los animales enteros presentaron mayor rendimiento y conformación, y menor engrasamiento que las de los cebones ya que la castración favoreció la deposición de grasa intramuscular. Según los resultados, la raza se encuadró entre las rústicas bovinas españolas. Se abren alternativas de producción como el cebón, susceptibles de acogerse a distintivos de calidad diferenciada, que deberían suponer un incentivo para la explotación de la Serrana de Teruel frente a otras razas, lo que garantizaría su conservación a largo plazo. The carcass quality from three commercial categories (yearling, bull and steer castrated at 9 months old) was studied within the framework of a recovery programme in the Serrana de Teruel breed. Ages at slaughter were 12, 22 and 22 months, and live-weights were 470, 720 and 660 kg, in yearling, bull and steer, respectively. Twenty calves were managed under a conventional feeding programme of ad libitum concentrate and straw from 4 months old to slaughter, except between 15 and 20 months old, in which bulls and steers received ad libitum barley silage as forage supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate/head/day. The gain during the first year of age was 1.5 kg/ day, whereas during the second year it was greater in bulls than in steers (1.1 vs. 0.9 kg/day), as a consequence of castration. Bull carcasses had greater dressing percentages and conformation scores and lower fatness degree than steers, confirming a castration-induced intramuscular fat deposition. Considering these results, Serrana de Teruel breed falls within the group of local Spanish bovine breeds. These studies should provide the conditions for a labelled beef product that allows the farmer's survival and the assurance of Serrana de Teruel breed conservation for a long term.

Two experiments were conducted to study the body composition of mature females from two breeds of suckler cattle (Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica) with different origin and purpose. In Exp. 1, body condition score (BCS) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were measured in 64 cows in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (Parda de Montaña vs. Pirenaica breed and dry vs. lactating cows). SFT was similar across genotypes (P>0.05) but physiological stage affected this trait (P0.05). Carcass weights (hot and cold) and dressing percentages (slaughter and commercial) as well as the weight of some metabolically active organs (liver, spleen and kidney) and hide were similar across breeds (P>0.05). The previous traits revealed no differences in the body composition of Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica cattle breeds, highlighting the parallel trajectory of selection for meat production in both genotypes over the last years., Se realizaron dos experimentos para estudiar la composición corporal de dos razas de vacas nodrizas (Parda de Montaña y Pirenaica) con distinto origen y aptitud. En el Exp.1 se midió la condición corporal (BCS) y el espesor de grasa subcutánea (SFT) en 64 vacas según un diseño 2x2 factorial (raza Parda de Montaña vs. Pirenaica y vacas secas vs. lactantes). La SFT fue similar entre genotipos (P>0,05), pero no entre estados fisiológicos (P0,05). Los pesos de la canal (caliente y frío) y sus rendimientos (matadero y comercial), además del peso de algunos órganos metabólicamente activos (hígado, bazo y riñón) y la piel, fueron similares entre razas (P>0,05). Los caracteres previos no revelaron diferencias en la composición corporal de las razas Parda de Montaña y Pirenaica, reflejando la paralela trayectoria de selección hacia la producción de carne en ambos genotipos a lo largo de los últimos años.

Resumen: Las plantas transgénicas con genes de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) que codifican para la producción de toxinas, eficaces contra algunas plagas, son consideradas útiles dentro del manejo de insectos. Sin embargo, estas variedades no controlan satisfactoriamente a todos los noctuidos plagas y, además, inducen a su resistencia. Se evaluaron diversas poblaciones de variantes locales de Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda y S. sunia para conocer su susceptibilidad a la toxina Cry1Ac de la variedad Bollgard® sembrada en Colombia. El Cry1Ac, se obtuvo de un gene de Bt clonado en Escherichia coli y de MVP® (protoxina encapsulada en Pseudomonas). Se expusieron larvas neonatas a dosis seriadas incorporadas a dieta merídica y, también, alimentadas con tejido fresco de algodón transgénico. Se determinó el peso de larvas y pupas sobrevivientes y la emergencia de los adultos. Los resultados, se sometieron a ANAVA y las concentraciones letales (CL) se obtuvieron mediante análisis Probit. Se encontró una aceptable susceptibilidad de H. virescens, CL50 de 3,52 y 3,81 mg/mL, en los periodos 2005A y 2006A respectivamente, y un 100% de mortalidad al alimentar las neonatas con hojas terminales. La CL 50 para H. zea varió entre 3,42 y 6,12 mg/mL; a medida que aumentaba la dosis de la toxina disminuía el peso y se obtuvo un alto porcentaje de pupas deformes. Para Spodoptera spp., las CL50 oscilaban entre 192 y 1.178 mg/mL mostrando su resistencia a la toxina. Se concluye que actualmente el algodón transgénico proporciona un control satisfactorio de los Heliothine pero no del complejo Spodoptera. Abstract: Transgenic plants possessing genes of the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which codify for toxin production effective against some pests, are considered useful within the management of insects. However, these commercial cultivars do not control satisfactorily all noctuids, and besides, at a distance, induce resistance. Diverse populations of native Heliothis virescens, Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda and S. sunia strains were evaluated to determine the susceptibility to the toxin Cry1Ac of the cultivar Bollgard®, planted in Colombia . Cry1Ac was obtained from a Bt gene cloned in Escherichia coli and from MVP® (protoxin encapsulated in Pseudomonas). Neonate larvae were exposed to seriated dose of the toxin, incorporated within meridic diet and also fed with fresh transgenic cotton tissue. Weight and adult emergency of the survivors were determined. Results were submitted to an Anova and LC was obtained by Probit analysis. An acceptable susceptibility of H. virescens, LC50 of 3.52 and 3.81 mg/mL, 2005A y 2006A, respectively, and a 100% mortality when feeding neonates with terminal leaves was found. LC50 for H. zea varied from 3.42 to 6.12 mg/mL; as the toxin dose increased, the pupal weight decreased and a high percentage of deformed pupae were observed. For Spodoptera spp., LC50 oscilated between 192 y 1.178 mg/mL, showing its resistance to the toxin. It was concluded that, at the moment, the transgenic cotton provides satisfactory control of the Heliothine, but no of the Spodoptera complex.

El gusano agrimensor, Mocis latipes, se presentó durante 1979 en altas poblaciones, ocasionando severos daños a las praderas en zonas ganaderas del Huila y Caquetá. Dado que en Colombia se conoce poco sobre la biología de esta plaga se realiza el presente estudio en el laboratorio de Entomología del Centro Experimental Nataima del ICA, en El Espinal, a 420 m.s.n.m. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el gusano pasa por 6 instares larvares, los cuales demoran 17.44 días en promedio, el estado de prepupa dura 0.69 días y el estado de pupa 6.68 días. A una temperatura de 30-2 grados centigrados el ciclo de vida de huevo a adulto tuvo una duración de 27.33 días. Los ataques más severos se presentan en época de verano y baja precipitación. El insecto puede tener 3 a 4 generaciones durante un período de verano seco con duración de 3 a 4 meses. Es posible que a partir de la segunda generación el insecto ocurra en grandes cantidades como plaga gregaria y que al llegar las lluvias muera una gran cantidad de individuos y de esta manera el insecto deje de ser una plaga. El gusano agrimensor se observó alimentándose de las siguientes gramineas: maíz, sorgo, arroz, pasto pará, pasto puntero, pasto guinea, pasto micay, pasto negro, pasto amargo, pasto argentina, pasto buffel y pasto imperial. Se registraron como enemigos naturales del insecto los siguientes organismos: hongo Nomuraea atacando larvas, una mosca (Díptera:Tachinidae) parásito de pupa y el parásito de larvas Euplectrus sp.

Forty-six single male lambs ofChurra Tensina mountain breed with a live-weight ranging from 19.9 . to 24.4 kg ('Temasco' carcass commercial type) were scanned by ultrasound (ALOKAmodel SSD- 900, with a 7.5 MHz probe) to determine M. longissimus dorsi depth and subcutaneous fat thickness between the lOth-lith, 12th-13th dorsal vertebrae and 1st-2nd, 3rd-4th lumbar vertebrae. Lambs were slaughtered and carcasses were cooled at 4 °C for 24 h and halved. The left side was divided according to a standardised jointing procedure, based on six anatomical regions: shoulder, long leg, anterior ribs, ribs, flank and neck. Each joint was then disseCted into ,muscle, bone plus remainder and subcutaneous, inter-muscular, kidney and pelvic fat. Thein vivo ultrasound measureme~ts plus slaughter weight were fitted to predict carcass tissue composition by Stepwise regression analysis. All the developed models were highly significant (P

The objectives of this study were to study the relationship between in vivo ultrasound measurements and cold carcass measurements at 4 anatomical points of the backbone, and to establish regression equations to estimate carcass composition within the cold carcass weight range for Ternasco lambs (8 to 12.5 kg) by using ultrasonic measurements taken at a single location. Measurements of subcutaneous fat and skin thickness and of muscle depth and width were taken over the 10th to 11th and 12th to 13th thoracic vertebrae and the 1st to 2nd and 3rd to 4th lumbar vertebrae. These measurements were taken at 2 and 4 cm from the nearest end of the LM to the backbone and at 1/3 of the LM width with the probe perpendicular to and parallel to the backbone. The left sides of the carcasses were dissected into muscle, fat, and bone. Body weight (22.6 kg) and cold carcass weight (10.8 kg) were representative of Ternasco light lambs. Muscle depth measured at 2 cm, 4 cm, and 1/3 of LM width remained regular, with slight ups and downs along the spine. All the pairs of in vivo ultrasound and cold carcass measurements were significantly different (P < 0.05) and had small correlations. All the ultrasound measurements of muscle depth at any location or at any distance to the backbone were less than their equivalent cold carcass measurements, with differences ranging from 0.8 to 5.9 mm. Differences between ultrasound fat thickness + interface (US_FDGI) and cold carcass fat thickness were less than differences between ultrasound fat thickness and cold carcass fat thickness, ranging from −0.9 to −1.0 mm for the former and from −2.1 to −0.5 mm for the latter. The small differences in absolute values between US_FDGI and cold carcass fat thickness suggest that US_FDGI is the best measure of the real fatness level of the lambs. The best prediction equations for muscle, bone, and fat were developed with in vivo ultrasound data measured at the 1st to 2nd lumbar vertebrae perpendicularly to the backbone, but they had limited predictive value. To predict the muscle content of carcass, BW and muscle depth were included, and they explained 59% of variation. Fiftyone percent of total fat was predicted by BW and fat thickness, whereas only 17% of the variation in bone was predicted by 2 fat-related variables. The BW of lambs was an important predictor to improve regression equations but ultrasound measurements were the most important variables when a narrow range of BW was used. Research was funded by project INIA-RTA03-031.

Hepatitis C; Malalties transmissibles; Prevenció Hepatitis C; Enfermedades trasmisibles; Prevención Hepatitis C; Communicable diseases; Prevention Protocolo de actuación dirigido a los profesionales de la salud para el control y la prevención de la hepatitits C Protocol d'actuació dirigit als professionals de la salut per al control i la prevenció de l'hepatitis C Protocol of action aimed at health professionals to the control and prevention of hepatitis C

Il sistema sanzionatorio tributario italiano, improntato ad una spiccata concezione punitiva, è caratterizzato dall'operatività di taluni principi propri del diritto penale. La scelta del legislatore risponde all'esigenza di restituire alle sanzioni tributarie le naturali funzioni afflittiva ed intimidatoria, proprie di tutte le misure punitive, salvaguardando nel contempo il rispetto delle garanzie riconosciute, nel diritto punitivo comune, al soggetto che, avendo leso o anche soltanto messo in pericolo il bene giuridico protetto, deve subire la conseguenza sanzionatoria. Dall'esame della vigente disciplina emerge tuttavia che l’intento di assicurare una giusta conseguenza punitiva non sempre risulta coerentemente perseguito, a causa delle numerose deroghe a quei principi penalistici forse troppo fortemente enfatizzati. Il saggio esamina talune incongruenze riscontrabili nelle previsioni normative che disciplinano i principi di personalità della sanzione, di legalità, imputabilità e intrasmissibilità della sanzione agli eredi, nonché il procedimento di applicazione della misura punitiva e la sua esecuzione. The Italian tax sanctioning system, based on a marked punitive concept, is characterized by the effectiveness of certain principles of criminal law. The legislator's choice to responds to the need to restore to tax sanctions the natural afflictive and intimidating functions, proper of all punitive measures, while safeguarding compliance with the guarantees recognized, in shared criminal law, to the subject who, having harmed or even only endangered the protected legal good, must suffer the sanctioning consequence. However, from the examination of the current legislation it emerges that the aim of ensuring a fair punitive consequence is not always consistently pursued, due to the numerous exceptions to those penal principles that are perhaps too strongly emphasized. The essay examines certain inconsistencies found in the regulatory provisions regulating the principles of personality of the penalty, legality, imputability and non-transferability of the sanction to the heirs, as well as the procedure for applying the punitive measure and its execution.

Journal Article; This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2015 and co-published as a series in Critical Care. Other articles in the series can be found online at http://ccforum.com/series/annualupdate2015. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901. Yes

Episodis inusuals; Malalties poc freqüents; Protocol d'actuació Episodios inusuales; Enfermedades poco frecuentes; Protocolo de actuación Unusual episodes; Infrequent diseases; Action protocol Protocol d’actuacions per a la gestió i el control davant de brots o incidències de malalties poc freqüents que poden ser de diferents etiologies: infecciosa, química, radiològica i histèrica. Dóna a conèixer els signes i símptomes dels brots/incidents més greus, i la freqüència amb què aquests es produeixen. Protocolo de actuaciones para la gestión y el control ante brotes o incidencias de enfermedades poco frecuentes que pueden ser de distintas etiologías: infecciosa, química, radiológica y histérica. Da a conocer los signos y síntomas de los brotes/incidentes mas graves y la frecuencia con la que estos se producen.