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Tactile perception of surface roughness was investigated in a combined psychophysical and neurophysiological study using 18 embossed, tetragonal dot patterns with varying dot spacings (1.3 to 6.2 mm) and sizes (0.4‐ to 1.2‐mm diameter). Psychophysical subjects explored these surfaces with the pad of the index finger and reported their estimates of subjective roughness. The results were inverted U‐shaped functions of spatial frequency. In neurophysiological experiments, exactly the same surfaces were scanned across the distal pads of macaque monkeys while recording from peripheral mechanoreceptive afferents (SA, QA, and PC afferents). Neural coding hypotheses were tested by comparing various features of the responses with the psychophysical results. Mean rate codes fared poorly as did codes based on “rate fluctuation” (summed absolute values of differences between rate maxima and minima). However, the second central moment of firing rate (variance) for the SA afferents matched the psychophysical data close...

Dear Sir,—The favourable position of Jupiter for scrutiny of his physical features may perhaps have already brought to the Royal Society some notice of the aspect of his belts. Whether that be so or not, I think you will readily excuse the desire I feel to lay before the Society a sketch from my equatorial, which shows the colours of several celestial objects more distinctly than I am accustomed to hear is the case with some other instruments of the achromatic class. The sketch shows the usual equatorial bands, or rather bands nearly in the usual latitudes north and south of the equator. These, to the eyes of my friends and to mine, appear not dark grey, or greyish brown, or brown, but nearly of the colour of some ochraceous sands, or the yellower parts of what is called “red” deal. Several friends to whom I have shown the planet have immediately exclaimed, “how red the bands are;” “never saw them so red before.”

For a long time cod liver oil has been recognized as an easily assimilable nutrient and reconstructive and of special value in wasting diseases. The unpalatability of the oil, however, has led to various devices to make it tasteless or to render it more acceptable to the stomach. Emulsions containing the oil in mixture with other substances were exploited, and doubtless served a useful purpose. The oil, however, but imperfectly concealed, was still disagreeable to many, and other preparations began to appear on the market, which claimed to retain the therapeutic virtues of cod liver oil without its disagreeable characteristics. This practice has been carried so far that now we find for sale cod liver oil preparations from which the oil has been removed in its entirety, and only the name remains. Certain of these products claim to "represent" the oil and to retain all its virtues; others are said

IN this brief communication I propose, without entering into particular details, to suggest the broad lines that I consider desirable for ecological investigations in South, Central and East Africa. The scheme is put forward entirely on my own responsibility, and not with the inspiration or authority of any government. Ecological research being a relatively novel line in scientific investigation, it behoves us to be particularly careful that we base that research upon practical foundations that are sound, and upon concepts that are broad and dynamic. The points that appeal to me as being of the first importance are based upon my own experience in e-cological research in South and East Africa. The territory under consideration comprises that constituted by the Union of South Africa, Swaziland, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Southern and Northern Rhodesia, Nyassaland, Uganda, Tanganyika and Kenya.

Christopher Bryant's defence of scientific sociology+ against its philosophical critics accepts their account of the 'humanistic', 'meaningful' basis of some kinds of sociological explanation.' What he rejects is the idea that sociology must be exclusively humanistic. While agreeing with what we take to be the aim of his paper, that is, to stress the strengths and importance of both modes of explanation as opposed to the prevailing dogmatic assertions of the exclusiveness of either,2 we wish to argue against major aspects of his account of these modes of explanation and the relationships between them. We believe that by accepting the philosophers' characterization of humanistic explanation, and particularly the radical distinction they draw between this and 'scientific' methodologies, Bryant both under-estimates the area of humanistic explanation and fails to explore similarities in and links between the methodologies of the two modes. We also contend that the scientific/humanist distinction is not best handled, as Bryant handles it, as about distinguishable 'categories of reality', which are in any case inadequately specified. Rather, the distinction is between 'levels' of explanation. This makes it possible to regard both kinds of explanation as adequate and makes explicit the links between them.

• Chlorpromazine was administered by mouth, generally in doses of 25 mg. three or four times daily, in nine cases of intermittent acute porphyria with pain and other serious symptoms. This dosage sufficed to control the symptoms in most cases, although it did not cure established paralyses. In three of the patients a single dose of 100 mg. of chlorpromazine was followed by complete clinical remission. The first effect was a relief of the nervous symptoms, including the pain; this improvement was not correlated with any significant changes in excretion of porphyrin or porphobilinogen during the period of study. The drug appeared to interrupt a vicious cycle, after which the patient was able to regain a state of remission spontaneously. Chlorpromazine has been the most consistently effective remedy thus far available for the pain and nervous manifestations of porphyria.

The proprietary preparation "Sanatogen" is claimed to consist of about 95 per cent. casein and 5 per cent. sodium glycerophosphate. The analysis of C. B. Morison 1 is as follows: Water.... 9.97 Total nitrogen.... 12.81 Nitrogen, ppt. by acetic acid.... 12.54 Casein.... 80.01 Ether extract.... 0.11 Ash.... 5.59 Sulphur, total.... 0.73 Sulphur in casein.... 0.64 Phosphorus, total.... 1.49 Phosphorus in casein.... 0.69 Phosphorus in inorganic form.... 0.11 In connection with the above analysis it was demonstrated that sodium glycerophosphate was present. Sanatogen, therefore, consists essentially, on the water-free basis, of about 90 per cent. casein and 5 per cent. sodium glycerophosphate, with a small amount of an unidentified nitrogenous compound containing both sulphur and phosphorus, and a small amount of phosphorus in inorganic combination. The manufacturers claim that the two essential ingredi

THE CLIMAX: HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 216 VARIOUS CONCEPTS AND THESES .217 The climatic climax: the climax is always controlled by the climate prevailing in the region concerned .217 The edaphic climax: in addition to climatic climaxes there are edaphic climaxes 219 The biotic climax: in addition to being limited by climate and edaphic conditions, the climax may be determined by various biotic agencies .224 Succession does not lead inevitably to a definite climax, in fact succession never reaches a true climax. Is there any climax phase at all? .226 There is but one climax to any given climatic region-that is a climatic region in terms of vegetation response: (the monocimax concept) .227 There is more than one kind of climax: (the polyclimax concept) . . . . 229

SUCCESSION: ESSENTIAL NATURE AND DIRECTION: The universality of change .556 The nature and causes of change .557 Concepts: Succession is due to: Any cause, and is either progressive or retrogressive . . . 557 Any cause, and is either progressive or retrogressive; if change be gradual 561 Any cause, and is either progressive or retrogressive; if progressive, due to reactions; if retrogressive, due to causes other than reactions 561 Any cause, but is progressive only ..562 Biotic reactions only, and is always progressive . .562 Any cause except biotic reactions ..563 Biotic reactions only, and is progressive and retrogressive 563 Convergence and divergence ..563 Modifications in succession ..565.

John Phillips was born on the Christmas Day of 1800 (N. S.), at Marden, in Wiltshire. At this period the science of Geology, to which he has devoted himself so ardently, was itself struggling into active life. Men had talked of “Theories of the Earth,” and with much fancy had built it up of concentric rings, but there were scarcely any actual observers of those strata of which they discoursed so poetically.

Angioma of the larynx is a very rare condition. In a careful review of the literature we have been able to find twenty-six cases. The following case is therefore considered worthy of report: History. —Baby H., male, aged 9 months, came under observation August 10, 1912, because of difficulty in breathing. The family history threw no light on the case. The baby had been breast-fed since birth and was well nourished. The present trouble dated from an attack of measles in May. Following this for a period of one month, there was hoarseness, with some difficulty in breathing, and a "croupy" cough. This gradually improved so that for a period of two or three weeks scarcely any abnormality of breathing could be noticed. Three weeks prior to this report he began to have increased hoarseness, some cough, and dyspnea, the inspiration being accompanied by a stridor. This has grown progressively

International audience; La place de Ge Hong (283-343) dans l'histoire de la sexualité en Chine, à travers le Baopuzi neipian.