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Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: Compilation, Hace ya tiempo que la teoría feminista puso de relieve la existencia de desigualdades de género en los mercados laborales. Desde entonces los análisis al respecto no han dejado de señalar que la subordinación y la discriminación laboral son una realidad para la gran mayoría de mujeres activas. Una situación que persiste incluso en un escenario de incremento de la actividad femenina. Por el contrario parece que se agravan los rasgos estructurales ya existentes y aparecen algunos nuevos. El artículo revisa las presencias de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo señalando la persistencia de la segregación vertical y horizontal y las desigualdades indirectas. Una persistencia que parece estar endureciéndose en un contexto de crisis como el actual. Así parecen entreverse unas trayectorias laborales caracterizadas por un continuum entre precariedad e informalidad y en las que se vislumbra, además, la existencia de una creciente polarización en el propio colectivo de las mujeres ocupadas. En este sentido, si bien persisten las desigualdades de clase social, se percibe el refuerzo de otros ejes de desigualdad: el eje de etnia —incrementándose las desigualdades entre autóctonas e inmigrantes— y el eje de edad —perpetuándose el proceso de transición a un empleo estable. Todos estos procesos tienen lugar en un momento de crisis en la que las actuaciones políticas realizadas están reforzando las desigualdades descritas.Paralelamente se pone de manifiesto la fragilidad de algunas de las medidas y normas en torno a la igualdad de oportunidades aprobadas hace apenas unos años. Por ello concluimos que las desigualdades de género lejos de desaparecer, se transforman., By now, the existence of gendered labour market inequalities is commonly accepted, a fact that was emphasized by feminist theory some time ago. Since then a large number of studies have pointed out the reality of subordination and labor discrimination for most of working women even though women's activity rates have been increasing. On the other hand it seems that existing estructural features are getting worse for women while new ones are appearing. This article looks at women's presence in the labor market pointing out the persistence of horizontal and vertical segregation by gender as well as indirect discrimination. A persistence that it is getting harder in the present context of crisis. In this sense, labour transitions are characaracterized by a contínuum between precariousness and informal work and we can also observe a process of polarization among women workers. In this sense, social class inequalities persist but they have been reinforced by other inequality axis: ethnical —increasingly the inequalities between nationals and immigrants— and age —which are perpetuating the transition to steady work. These changes are taking place in a crisis framework, and politicians are putting into practice measures that are probably intensifying the inequalities mentioned above. At the same time this reveals the fragility of legal measures on gender equality adopted a few years ago. Summing up we conclude that inequalities are far from disappearing but they are transforming.

[ESP] El objetivo de este artículo es relacionar las características de la inserción laboral femenina con su grado de participación en el mercado laboral en los países de la Unión Europea a través de los datos proporcionados por Eurostat. Nos interesa conocer si una mayor participación laboral entre las mujeres va aparejada con un modelo laboral “femenino”, esto es, con empleos a tiempo parcial, temporales, de baja remuneración y en determinados sectores y ocupaciones. O si por el contrario, en los países en los cuales la tasa de empleo femenina es elevada y hay menor brecha con respecto a la de los hombres, el modelo de inserción laboral de mujeres y hombres es similar. La diversidad de los mercados de trabajo y también de las políticas públicas y de las estructuras productivas en un área tan amplia como al UE27, nos impide establecer modelos de inserción laboral femenina claros, aunque sí hemos podido apuntar rasgos comunes con respecto a las desigualdades de género entre países., [EUS]Artikulu honen helburua, hain zuzen, emakumeen laneratze-ezaugarriak emakumeek Europar Batasuneko herrialdeetako lan-merkatuan duten parte-hartze mailarekin harremanetan jartzea da, Eurostat-ek emandako datuen bitartez. Interesgarria zaigu jakitea ea emakumeek lan-munduan parte-hartze handiagoa izateak lotura hertsia ote duen «emakumezko» lan-eredu batekin; esan nahi baita, lanaldi partzialeko lanpostuekin, aldi baterako lanpostuekin, ordainsari txikiko lanpostuekin eta sektore zein lanbide jakin batzuetara mugatzen diren lanpostuekin. Eta, bide beretik, jakin nahi dugu ea emakumeen enplegu-tasa handia den eta gizonekiko alde txikiagoa duten herrialdeetan, emakumeen eta gizonezkoen laneratze-eredua antzekoa ote den. Lan-merkatuen askotarikotasunak, eta baita politika publiko eta ekoizpen-egiturenak ere, EB27 bezalako eremu zabalean, emakumeen laneratze-eredu argiak finkatzea galarazten digu, nahiz eta zenbait ezaugarri komun berezi ahal izan ditugun, herrialdeen arteko genero-desberdintasunei begira., [ENG]The aim of this article is to relate the features of female job placement to their degree of participation in the job market in EU countries via data provided by Eurostat. We are interested in establishing whether greater participation among women goes hand in hand with a «female» labour model, i.e. with part-time and temporary work, low-paid work and in certain sectors and professions - or, whether, conversely, in those countries where the female employment rate is high and there is less wage gap than with that of men, the job placement model of men and women is similar. The diversity of job markets and also of public policies and productive structures in such a wide-ranging area as the EU27 prevents us from establishing clear female job placement models, although we have been able to point to common features regarding gender inequalities between countries.

While the current trend among a number of organisations is to integrate performance appraisal with performance management systems or even ‘replace’ it with performance management systems, it is still extremely highly utilized process. The probable reason for this is that the major use of performance appraisal is as a management tool whereby the quality of personnel decisions can be enhanced when an effective system is in place. Ideally the use of a formal process, focused on objective, job orientated criteria, will empower management to make meaningful decisions which will not only be to the benefit of individual workers but will contribute to the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation. Some other objectives apart from fact that it is used as management tool are to determine the administrative and development as well as that of the organization. There are therefore, two fundamental parties involved in appraisal, being the appraisee and the appraiser and it is inevitable that the approach to, or the perception of the subject should be different in some, or many ways. Aspects such as ethics, fairness, motivation, accuracy, validity, rating errors, effectiveness and feedback, should therefore be examined in more detail in order to determine where specific problem areas may lie between males and females. Serious perceptual differences concerning the process will surely create obstacles and eventually lead to an inefficient system. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which differing perception play a role in the acceptance or rejection of the system with regard to males and females in terms of the aspects mentioned above. The diagnostic instrument used in this study was adapted from those of Mount (1983) (named the Leadership Analysis Questionnaire) and Le Roux (1989) to IV include aspects which are more in line with features of the performance appraisal system unique to the participating organisation. The results indicated statistically

Artikulu honen helburua, hain zuzen, emakumeen laneratze-ezaugarriak emakumeek Europar Batasuneko herrialdeetako lan-merkatuan duten parte-hartze mailarekin harremanetan jartzea da, Eurostat-ek emandako datuen bitartez. Interesgarria zaigu jakitea ea emakumeek lan-munduan parte-hartze handiagoa izateak lotura hertsia ote duen «emakumezko» lan-eredu batekin; esan nahi baita, lanaldi partzialeko lanpostuekin, aldi baterako lanpostuekin, ordainsari txikiko lanpostuekin eta sektore zein lanbide jakin batzuetara mugatzen diren lanpostuekin. Eta, bide beretik, jakin nahi dugu ea emakumeen enplegu-tasa handia den eta gizonekiko alde txikiagoa duten herrialdeetan, emakumeen eta gizonezkoen laneratze-eredua antzekoa ote den. Lan-merkatuen askotarikotasunak, eta baita politika publiko eta ekoizpen-egiturenak ere, EB27 bezalako eremu zabalean, emakumeen laneratze-eredu argiak finkatzea galarazten digu, nahiz eta zenbait ezaugarri komun berezi ahal izan ditugun, herrialdeen arteko genero-desberdintasunei begira., The aim of this article is to relate the features of female job placement to their degree of participation in the job market in EU countries via data provided by Eurostat. We are interested in establishing whether greater participation among women goes hand in hand with a «female» labour model, i.e. with part-time and temporary work, low-paid work and in certain sectors and professions - or, whether, conversely, in those countries where the female employment rate is high and there is less wage gap than with that of men, the job placement model of men and women is similar. The diversity of job markets and also of public policies and productive structures in such a wide-ranging area as the EU27 prevents us from establishing clear female job placement models, although we have been able to point to common features regarding gender inequalities between countries., El objetivo de este artículo es relacionar las características de la inserción laboral femenina con su grado de participación en el mercado laboral en los países de la Unión Europea a través de los datos proporcionados por Eurostat. Nos interesa conocer si una mayor participación laboral entre las mujeres va aparejada con un modelo laboral «femenino», esto es, con empleos a tiempo parcial, temporales, de baja remuneración y en determinados sectores y ocupaciones. O si por el contrario, en los países en los cuales la tasa de empleo femenina es elevada y hay menor brecha con respecto a la de los hombres, el modelo de inserción laboral de mujeres y hombres es similar. La diversidad de los mercados de trabajo y también de las políticas públicas y de las estructuras productivas en un área tan amplia como al UE-27, nos impide establecer modelos de inserción laboral femenina claros, aunque sí hemos podido apuntar rasgos comunes con respecto a las desigualdades de género entre países.

La “Orientación para la elección Académico-Vocacional” representa un instrumento cuyo potencial y diversidad de posibilidades de actuación permite crear nuevas redes de apoyo, de información y seguimiento capaces de generar los cambios actitudinales y organizacionales necesarios para acabar con la actual situación de desigualdad en los entornos de Formación Profesional. Una adecuada gestión de la orientación para la elección favorece que los sujetos comprendan la necesidad de adecuar sus itinerarios formativos a sus metas profesionales, así como que sus logros formativos incrementan sus oportunidades y posibilidades de inserción laboral en los diferentes sectores. Este artículo se asienta sobre un estudio que, en esta perspectiva, plantea una doble finalidad: 1) fomentar los procesos de orientación y elección como medida de mejora de la fase de exploración y planificación de la trayectoria formativa-ocupacional sin discriminación de género; 2) ofrecer un nuevo enfoque que permita redefinir los perfiles y competencias profesionales del colectivo femenino. Para la realización de dicho estudio se ha analizado información mediante la triangulación de datos extraídos de cuestionarios, entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión. Algunas de las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado son: - Existe una fuerte influencia y permanencia de estereotipos socioculturales y laborales que dificultan la elección y/o inserción laboral de las mujeres que deciden formarse y trabajar en estos sectores. - Hace falta concienciación e interés institucional lo que limita la articulación de procesos de orientación y estrategias, que incrementen verdaderas oportunidades de acceso y permanencia de estas mujeres en dichos entornos formativos-profesionales, "Guidance for educational-career choice" is a tool with potential and diverse action possibilities, which enables the creation of new support, information and monitoring networks, capable of generating the necessary attitudinal and organizational changes to put an end to the current situation of inequality in Vocational Training. Proper delivery of guidance for choice favours understanding the need to adapt the subjects learning paths to their career goals, as well as increasing their opportunities and possibilities for employment in different sectors with educational achievements (Lozano S. y Repetto E, 2007). This article is based on a study which, in this perspective, poses a dual purpose: 1) to promote processes of guidance and choice as a measure to improve the occupationaltraining path exploring and planning phase, without gender discrimination; (2) to offer a new approach to redefine women profiles and professional skills. To realize such a study, information has been analysed through the triangulation of data extracted from questionnaires, interviews in depth and discussion groups. Some of the conclusions we came to, are: · Strong influence and permanence of labour and socio-cultural stereotypes that hinde the election and/or employment of women who decide to train and work in these sectors. · Lack of awareness-raising and institutional interest which limits joint guidance processes and strategies to increase opportunities of access and permanence in such professional-training environments

Objetivo: Describir las desigualdades de género en las posiciones de liderazgo y de reconocimiento científico en la Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS), la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología (SEE) y la Asociación de Economía de la Salud (AES), de 2000 a 2009. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de la distribución por sexo de juntas directivas, comités científicos, comité organizador y moderadores de mesa de congresos de la SESPAS, la SEE y la AES, así como del comité editorial de Gaceta Sanitaria, de los editoriales de la revista, y de editores del Informe SESPAS. Resultados: En el periodo 2000–2009, en la SESPAS se produjo un ligero aumento de participación de las mujeres, la SEE cuenta con más paridad de género, y la AES tiene una baja representación de mujeres. Conclusiones: La persistencia de desigualdades de género en las sociedades profesionales de salud pública requiere seguir analizando sus causas, así como promover acciones que permitan cambiar la presente situación., Objective: To describe gender inequalities in positions of leadership and scientific recognition in activities carried out by the Spanish Public Health and Health Administration Society (SESPAS), the Spanish Epidemiology Society (SEE) and the Health Economics Association (AES) for 2000–2009. Methods: We performed a descriptive study of the gender distribution of the boards of directors, scientific and conference organization committees and chairpersons of the SESPAS, SEE and AES. The gender distribution of the editorial board of Gaceta Sanitaria, and of the authors of editorials published in the journal, as well as that of the editors of SESPAS Reports, was also analyzed. Results: Between 2000 and 2009, there was a slight increase in women’s participation in the SESPAS and there was greater gender parity in the SEE. However, representation of women in the AES was low. Conclusions: The causes of gender inequalities in public health professional societies should continue to be analyzed and actions should be taken to change the present situation.

This monograph approaches three issues in contemporary Egypt: failures of governance and political development, the continued strength of Islamism, and counterterrorism. Egypt is a major power and political force in the Middle East, as well as a recipient of significant amounts of U.S. aid for military and economic purposes. It is triply important to American interests in the region as a participant in an important peace treaty and accords with Israel, in the ongoing Global War on Terror, and in its own transition to a more democratic and prosperous nation. In this monograph, Dr. Sherifa Zuhur argues that the Egyptian government's efforts to retain tight control over the political landscape is impeding the democratization process. In the name of antiterrorism, these efforts may not put an end to sporadic outbreaks of militant violence which reemerged after the 1999 truce with the larger of these radical groups. The long-protested official state of emergency which grants the Egyptian government extraordinary powers has been extended, and that action required constitutional amendments which were recently approved by referendum. These will be bolstered by a new antiterrorism law. The political opposition has protested these actions, which undo some of the progress previously made with judicial supervision of elections, and prohibit the largest Islamist organization, the Muslim Brotherhood, from transitioning into a legal political party. As a background for understanding these events, Dr. Zuhur explains the nature of problems inherent in Egypt's political and economic development, and how these relate to the various militant Islamist movements emerging within it. This explanation and the current dilemma challenge some of the typical recommendations that are seen in discussions of the "failing" or "failed state" models., ISBN 1-58487-312-4

The paper analyzes the meaning of the phrase "the woman’s status in the society" that is recognized in demography as an important cultural factor of demographic development and transitional changes. The analysis indicates qualitative shifts in the woman’s status and simultaneously reveals its importance at present, not only in traditional, but also in modern and developed societies. On the other hand, it explains the importance of sex as a biodemographic determinant, and introduces the concept of gender that sheds another light on the concepts of sex and woman’s status in the society and integrates them. Gender regimes that subsume the inferiority of women in public and private social structures are examined from demographic perspective, albeit only in those phenomenological aspects that can be supported by demographic research, theories, and analyses. To this end, the paper analyzes the effects of strengthening gender equalities on the fertility and mortality transitions, the gender’s impact on the population distribution by sex in South Asian countries, and highlights the key role of gender in interpreting certain social and economic structures. It also stresses the establishing of gender equality as an important element of population policies. The global dimension of the patriarchal society is illustrated through a series of examples of demographic phenomena from various societies. Gender regimes underlie all of these phenomena. The paper puts foreword certain theoretical hypotheses about gender inequalities, and finds their connections with demographic behaviors and demographic indicators. Finally, it summarizes the role of demography in gender (in)equality research and the demographic perspective of the way and the speed the demographic equality is being established. Demography is seen as an irreplaceable discipline in examining gender inequalities, especially at the global level. With the advance of qualitative methods in demography and with its multidisciplin, U radu se polazi od sintagme "pozicija žene u društvu", koja se u demografiji uvažava kao važan kulturološki faktor demografskog razvitka i tranzicionih promena. Ukazuje se na kvalitativne pomake u ženskom statusu i istovremeno otkriva aktuelnost ovog pitanja, ne samo u tradicionalnim, već i modernim građanskim društvima. Sa druge strane, objašnjava se značenje pola kao biodemografske determinante i uvodi pojam roda koji prethodnim pojmovima daje novu dimenziju i integriše ih. Rodni režimi, koji podrazumevaju podređenost žena u javnim i privatnim socijalnim strukturama, sagledavaju se iz demografske perspektive, samo u onim fenomenološkim aspektima koji se mogu podržati demografskim istraživanjima, teorijom i analizama. Tako se prati značaj jačanja rodnih ravnopravnosti za tranziciju fertiliteta i mortaliteta, sagledava uticaj rodnosti na polni sastav stanovništva u južnoazijskim zemljama, a rodnost se koristi i kao ključ tumačenja pojedinih socio-ekonomskih struktura. Takođe se ističe da uspostavljanje rodne ravnopravnosti postaje relevantan element populacione politike. Niz primera o demografskim pojavama iz različitih društava, u čijoj se pozadini nalaze rodni režimi, ilustruju globalnost patrijarhalnog poretka. U radu se iznose pojedini teorijski postulati o rodnim nejednakostima, nalazi njihova konekcija sa demografskim ponašanjima i demografskim pokazateljima. Na kraju se sumira kakvo je mesto demografije u istraživanju rodnih (ne)jednakosti, i kakvu nam perspektivu o načinu i brzini uspostavljanja rodne ravnopravnosti ona nudi. Demografija se prikazuje kao disciplina koja ima nezamenljivo mesto u ispitivanju rodnih nejednakosti, prvenstveno na globalnom nivou. Sa razvojem kvalitativnih metoda u demografiji i njenim poimanjem kao multidisciplinarne nauke, demografija postaje još bliskija problematici "ženskog pitanja".

The aim of the thesis is to understand why European countries show a very different picture of female employment (in their fertile ages) which is not the case for men of the same age. We shed light on the various positions of countries in this framework of earner-carer models, in analysing policy designs, policy outcomes and policy determinants. That is, respectively, family policy indicators, employment of mothers and childless women, gender role attitudes and their interacting effect with policies and employment outcomes. We have used a wide range of primary or secondary quantitative and qualitative data to carry out our comparative analysis, mixing approaches, techniques and methods, from micro-econometric models to macro-level harmonised indicators, supplemented with a case study.The dissertation is divided in three parts, each focusing on one question:(i), Doctorat en sciences de gestion, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This paper addresses a major theoretical debate in the sociology of the ‘welfare state’ to what extent do state interventions into the sphere of domestic relationships (e.g. by the implementation of ‘family policies’) either reinforce existing class and gender based inequalities, or establish progressive changes? This is a component of a more general theoretical and empirical issue: to what extent can and do income transfers and social services (through the tax/welfare system) redistribute income to those groups most disadvantaged in the labour market, either because of their class position, their sex or their life-cycle stage? The paper adopts a historical perspective in unravelling some of these questions, by examining the economic, political and ideological issues surrounding the implementation of family policies in two very different periods in Australia's history: the period of Post War Reconstruction 1942-48, characterised by expansionist economic policies, and the current period of economic recession 1975-81 characterised by contractionist economic policies.

RésuméCet article montre, à partir de l’enquête d’opinion sur la Perception des inégalités et les sentiments de justice comment les inégalités et les discriminations entre les hommes et les femmes sont perçues en France. Dans l’ensemble, et de manière plutôt consensuelle entre les hommes et les femmes, ces inégalités sont jugées plutôt importantes et parfaitement inacceptables. Le sentiment d’être discriminé en raison de son sexe est en revanche très marqué, comme on pouvait s’y attendre : ce sont avant tout les femmes en bas et en haut de l’échelle sociale qui s’en disent victimes. Malgré ce fait, il n’y a pas de consensus sur l’interprétation à donner à ces inégalités. Il apparaît au contraire clairement quatre groupes d’opinion : le premier groupe accepte les inégalités entre les sexes comme la conséquence d’un ordre jugé naturel ; le deuxième les néglige pour les mêmes raisons ; le troisième dénonce au contraire les stéréotypes de genre au nom de l’émancipation ; et, enfin, le dernier, tout aussi critique de l’ordre sexuel existant, cherche à s’en arranger au mieux., SummaryThis paper shows, from an opinion poll on the Perception of inequality and feelings of justice (PISJ 2009), how inequalities and discriminations between men and women are perceived in France. On the whole, these inequalities are judged important and totally unacceptable – and this opinion is rather consensual between men and women. The feeling of discrimination because of her sex, however, is very marked, as might be expected: it is primarily women in top and bottom of the social ladder who claim to be victims. Despite this, there is no consensus on the interpretation of these inequalities. It appears clearly four opinion groups: the first group accepts gender inequality as the consequence of a natural order; the second neglects it for the same reasons; the third denounces gender stereotypes in the name of emancipation and, finally, the last, equally critical of the actual sexual order, seeks the best arrangement.JEL classification codes: J16, A14.