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For 1990 there was a budget of 25 million ecus available to cover activities with Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and, to a limited degree, the former East Germany. The budget in 1991 rose to 70 million ecus and covered in addition Bulgaria, Romania and the former Yugoslavia. In 1992 a total of 100 million ecus was available and cover was extended to Albania and the Baltic States, while Slovenia was the only successor state of the former Yugoslavia to participate. The TEMPUS budget for 1993 has risen to some 130 million ecus. In addition, there will be a small amount of money available (3.5 million ecus) for preliminary activities with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. This means that at least for the four countries which have taken part in TEMPUS since the beginning (Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia), an attempt can be made to analyse experience to date with a view to reaching some tentative conclusions on the impact of the programme so far and on the main determining factors involved. This analysis is based partly on an assessment of the written material submitted by projects (final reports of activities carried out in 1990/91 and in 1991/92) undertaken in the TEMPUS Office and partly on discussions held with participants, in particular in the course of an extensive site visit programme [1] being carried out at present.

At the instigation of the Technical University of Budapest (TUB) and the French Embassy in Hungary, a French-speaking technological unit (Filiere Francophone) has been established at the TUB with the help of the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA) ofRennes and the collaboration often higher education institutions in France and three in Belgium. The project has been financially supported by the European Communities' TEMPUS (Trans-European Mobility Programme for University Studies) scheme (JEP0107).

The title of this paper will immediately make the informed reader ask himself ‘which of Ovid's three wives does he mean?’ Writing about the first two, however, would hardly be more than a paraphrase of the poet's own words:paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxorest data, quae tempus per breue nupta fuit.illi successit, quamuis sine crimine coniunx,non tamen in nostro firma futura toro.(When still almost a boy I was given a completely useless wife who was married to me for a short time. She was succeeded by a spouse who, although flawless, was still not going to remain faithful to me.)

Although in recent years there has been a marked increase in performances and recordings of fifteenth-century music, with a consequent focusing of interest on the performance problems presented by this repertory, a number of fundamental notational ambiguities remain that have received little systematic attention. Among them a particularly pressing problem is that of the relationship between tempus perfectum and tempus imperfectum diminutum in a considerable number of works written between 1440 and 1520.

This article is divided into three sections (the skeleton of time, the flesh of time, and the skin of time) and clearly distinguishes conceptual (or Chronometric) time from perceptual (or psychological) time. The author firstly liquidates a few theoretical avatars such as rhythmic symmetry and then proposes a scale of complexity for duration that goes from order to disorder. The most important point is then addressed, namely, the absolute relativity of temporal perception which has become a function of the quality of the sound objects and the difference between successive objects. The degree of pre‐audibility becomes the true musical substance of the composer. In the last section the author sketches out some problems of memorization as well as the complex relations that exist between the several times of the listener, the performer and the composer.

TEMPUS is an interactive graphics system which enables a user to model the task-oriented activities of several human agents in a three-dimensional environment. The user can create one or more human figures which are correctly scaled according to a specific population, or which meet certain size constraints. These figures may be viewed in any of several graphical modes.

This paper reviews the development and use. of various anthropometric and biomechanical models that have become available as programs operating in different computing environments. Some of the models to be presented are meant to assist in the design of a workstation when visual and physical reach requirements are high (e.g., COMBIMAN, SAMMIE and TEMPUS/BUBBLEPERSON). Other models are meant to analyze and assist in the design of tasks requiring significant physical effort (e.g., UM 2D and 3D Strength Models). Limitations and future needs will be discussed.

SUMMARYIn this paper some theories on tenses are described. These theories appeared in the Netherlands in the first half of the 19th century. The purpose is not just describing the different tense-systems of P. Weiland (1805), W. Bilderdijk (1826), W.G. Brill (1846) and L.A. te Winkel (1866). In the first half of the 19th century some fundamental changes took place. It is shown that these changes are based upon continuity of research of time and tense in the Dutch tradition. This continuity is found on three levels: a) The research was concentrated on the verbal forms, no other information from the sentence was used. b) The grammarians took the relationship between linguistic forms and logical categories as a one-to-one relation. c) The morphological form of the Dutch language determined the grammatical representation of the tense-systems more and more.RESUMECet article contient un expose de quelques theories au sujet du temps dans la langue, apparues aux Pays-Bas dans la premiere moitie du 19eme siecle. Son but n'est pas une simple description des divers "systemes-tempus" de P. Weiland (1805),W. Bilderdijk (1826), W.G. Brill (1846) and L.A. te Winkel (1866). Dans la periode en question quelques changements fondamentaux ont ete realises. Il est demontre que ces changements resultent de la continuite dans la recherche du temps et du tempus selon la tradition neerlandaise. Cette continuite se manifeste sur trois niveaux: a) La recherche s'est concentree sur les formes du verbe; les autres informations de la phrase n'ont pas ete prises en cause. b) Les grammairiens ont insiste sur la relation un a un entre la forme grammaticale et la forme logique. c) La forme exterieure de la langue neerlandaise est devenue de plus en plus determinante pour la representation grammaticale des systemes-tempus.

IBIS 131-132quam dolor hie umquam spatio euanescere possit,leniat aut odium tempus et hora meum.Here “spatio” means “lapse of time” : it is illustrated by A. A. II. 113forma bonum fragile est, quantumque accedit ad annos,fit minor et spatio carpitur ipsa suo.As regards the whole couplet, besides at this place, it is found also after line 40 in all the MSS. except the Galeanus Vaticanus and Phillipps MS. There, though it fits in with the context, it is not required: here (after 130) it is indispensable. It should therefore be omitted from the text after line 40, where its presence is due to that species of interpolation which consisted in the insertion of other portions of a writer's work kindred in meaning, on which see Mr. Hall's Companion to Classical Texts, p. 198.

Tempus edax has by no means been kind to P. Papinius Statius; although his poems have achieved the eternity which he, by convention, hoped and promised for them1), critical opinion has fluctuated regarding their merits 2). In recent years there has been a limited revival of interest but he is still commonly neglected3). Statius has suffered from a tendency to generalise about his work. As a contrast, in this paper, I intend to give detailed attention to some aspects of a single poem, the epithalamion for Stella and Violentilla (Silvae I 2) 4). When Latin epithalamia are mentioned it is only natural to think first of the two exquisite poems of Catullus (61 and 62), just as in English of Edmund Spenser's Epithalamion and Prothalamion. There are parallels in technique between Catullus and Statius, as we should expect, for both are parts of an organic literary tradition. Both were highly conscious craftsmen-poets, seeking by means of a contrived artistry to achieve refined aesthetic effects in language, metre, imagery. Both were members of a poetic coterie: indeed the coterie is the natural habitat of poets and Maternus, in Tacitus' Dialogus, was right to mention Mud felix contubernium as one of the advantages enjoyed by a poet 5). There are, however, obvious and radical differences between the neoteric groups and the groups

In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Aspekt der Frage Wortstellung im Koran behandelt und zwar die Stellung des Subjekts ’allāh und rabb in den einfachen Verbalsätzen im Koran. Um die bestehenden Wortstellungstypen darzustellen, werden die Sätze in drei Gruppen klassifiziert: Klassifikation nach Verb- und Aktions-art, Klassifikation nach der Satzart und Klassifikation nach Satzeinleitungspartikeln. Insgesamt konnten vier Ursachen erarbeitet werden, die zu den verschiedenen Wortstellungen führen: Tempus und Aspekt, unterschiedliche Funktionen der Partikeln und der Pronomina, sowie rhetorische Zwecke und Betonung.This article examines one aspect of word order in the Qurʼān, which is the position of the subjects ’allah and rabb in simple verbal sentences. To present the word order types existing in the Qurʼān, the sentences were classified in three groups: the verb’s type and its aspect (aktionsart), the sentence type, and the type of the particle preceding the sentence. Four factors affecting the word order were found: time and aspect, different functions of a specific particle, rhetorical purposes, and emphasis.

The paper presents the experience from Tempus Joint Projects aim to modernize higher education courses and institutions from Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine. Both projects were designed with a focus on the development of curricula in social sciences: social work and social psychology. Main activities were related with the developing new study programs on bachelor and master degree levels. In addition to this, for each beneficiary region was developed an important number of continuing education study modules. Our main objective is to offer an example for use of competence based approach in identifying educational needs for initially and continuing education.

The increasing demand of terminographic support as a language tool in the research projects of international consortia in the scientific-technical area has prompted the need to develop specific glossaries of a given domain or sub-domains that would supply a common unified bilingual or multilingual terminological framework of a specific field of knowledge. Bearing this in mind, the TEMPUS Project entitled ‘Observatoire de Formations en Logistique OFL & de Plateformes d’Excellence en Logistique’ is also focused on creating a terminological data bank that would contribute to facilitate communication and knowledge transfer among the specialists in the maritime transport area in the English and Spanish languages. The main aim of this work is to describe the corpus design and compilation process in logistics and maritime transport that shall be the terminological basis for the LogisTRANS bilingual glossary formalization. Besides this, it shall be outlined the filter preparation tool for terminology extraction which has been especially designed for this work as well as the corpus representativeness measurement method employed.

This work describes an Engineering Educational Network based on remote labs and proposes a methodology to perform a technical evaluation of this network. The educational network is located in the Maghrebian countries, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. The proposed technical evaluation strategy is build starting from international specific standards as ISO/IEC 25010:2011 and is focused on functional suitability and its three components, functional completeness, functional correctness and functional appropriateness. This work is carried out within the framework of the European Tempus IV project called “eSience” and sixteen partners from seven different countries are involved.

The Latin text of the final sentence of chapter 34 of the Res Gestae is now beyond any serious doubt. It runs ' Post id tempus auctoritate omnibus praestiti potestatis autem nihilo amplius habui quam ceteri qui mihi quoque in magistratu conlegae fuerunt '.1 (The Greek version, as preserved in the Monumentum Ancyranum is quoted later.) The purpose of this note is to determine as precisely as possible what these Latin words mean and to discuss their significance. Almost all scholars are agreed that the first six words mean ' After that time I excelled all in auctoritas .2 Then follow words which mean 'but of potestas I had no larger portion than those others who were colleagues of mine in each (qu6que) magistratus'. That, as will be argued below, seems to be the right meaning of these words, so far as Latin usage can be a guide, and it is the guide to be followed at this stage of the inquiry. What is in dispute is whether the word after mihi is quoque or quoque. Some have taken it as quoque, some as quoque. How far does Latin usage help to decide between them ? Mr. M. N. Tod, with whom I discussed this sentence, writes to me words which I have his permission to quote ' As I said to you, quoque seems preferable to quoque. Yet I have a lingering doubt, based on the order of the words. Would not Augustus have written " in quoque magistratu " or possibly " in magistratu quoque " ?'. The answer to this question seems to be that if it is quoque it would fit Latin word-order to bring the distributive quoque, which is explanatory of ceteri, as near as possible to the beginning of the relative clause.3 It is the presence of ceteri which seems to make a distributive natural and so inclines me to think, if for this reason alone, that the word after mihi is a distributive and therefore quoque. On this I fortified myself by the auctoritas of Professor Mynors, who permits me to quote his opinion, which states the point and the degree of its significance with a precision on which I could not improve. He writes: ' I take your point to be that had it said " . . . nihilo amplius habui quam qui mihi . . . conlegae fuerunt ", the EKacTrTE would have gone without saying; but that when it puts in ceteri, and thus makes us think of all the colleagues of successive years as one group of persons, it is felt to be necessary, or at any rate desirable, to distribute them over years by putting in a quoque. (By " felt" and " desirable " I mean " subconsciously felt " and " stylistically desirable ", not more than that). I believe this is true.' To complete this side of the inquiry, the fact that ' mihi ' follows ' qui ' rather than precedes ' conlegae ' is to be explained by the rule enunciated by Professor Wackernagel as long ago as I892,4 that the oblique cases of personal pronouns tend to be drawn towards the beginning of sentences. Thus far the effect of Latin usage and word-order. The next question is whether the Greek version sheds any light on the meaning of the Latin. The Greek text runs a copaTt TraVTCAv afVEyKa, Eou icS ? O1J?V Ti Tr\EX)tOV XOV TC)V UVQpiQVTC) 110. It is to be observed that there is nothing to represent ' Post id tempus ' or ' ceteri ' or the word after ' mihi ', whether it be quoque or quoque. Mr. Tod suggested to me that possibly the translator did not know whether this last word was quJque or quoque, and so omitted any representation of it. ' At best,' he adds, ' he could only give us his own interpretation of the word, not necessarily Augustus's meaning.' Whatever the explanation of its silences, the Greek version does not help the investigation. Wilcken has argued 5 that, if the translator had understood quoque he would have written TCOV Kapo'i UUVapaVTrcov

Let me confess at the outset that the subject of causality invariably puts me in mind of Augustine’s famous complaint about the subject of time: “Quid est tempus? Si nemo a me quaeret, scio, si quaerenti explicare velin, nescio!” ([2], Bk. XI, Chap. XV). ‘What is causality?’ I inquire, warily and wearily. “If no one asks of me, I know; if I wish to explain to him who asks, I know not”. I hope that I may be excused, therefore, if in my remarks I focus less on causality narrowly conceived than on three themes sutured to the concept by the thread of everyday life.

Although a naive feeling of a privileged direction of time has always been present in human thought (Fugit irreparabile tempus, Humpty Dumpty etc.), the scientific concept of irreversibility is relatively modern (19th century).

JUST fifty years ago I was at school in Salisbury. I have only visited it once since until last week, when I had the unique pleasure of rambling over the old but familiar haunts, of course including Old Sarum. On mounting the outer ring of the well-known mound from the Stratford side, a beech tree in the bottom of the ditch reminded me that it was just there our usher carved with his knife on such a tree “Tempus Fugit.” On going down to look for the motto, I only found unreadable abrasions on the bark, but on the north side of the same tree “1817” was distinctly engraved. On examining a tree near, I found on the bark “Carpe Diem, 1831.” This recalled to my memory the fact that our usher's “Tempus Fugit” was suggested by some such motto carved by the usher of another school. Is it worth recording that this carving on the bark of a beech tree is quite legible after an interval of fifty years, while the date “1817” on another is also probably genuine? If so, perhaps it is worth noticing that both legible carvings are on a north aspect not reached by the sun, while the lost motto “Tempus Fugit” would be exposed to the sun with an easterly aspect.

Although a naive feeling of a privileged direction of time has always been present in human thought (Fugit irreparabile tempus, Humpty Dumpty etc.), the scientific concept of irreversibility is relatively modern (19th century).

The account of the military operations of Agricola in his fifth year as governor of Britain, A.D. 81 (or possibly A.D. 82), has caused much perplexity and discussion. The account is extraordinarily brief and vague; it is contained in the first three lines of c. 24, the rest of which is occupied with Agricola's motives for his action, a short notice of Hibernia, Agricola's opinion as to the ease with which it could be conquered, and the information that he had received and detained a fugitive prince from that island (not, it is to be observed, necessarily in that particular year). The three lines run:— Quinto expeditionum anno naue prima transgressus ignotas ad id tempus gentis crebris simul ac prosperis praeliis domuit; eamque partem Britanniae quae Hiberniam aspicit copiis instruxit.

International audience

Exploring alternatives to laboratory animals in education is less important in the context of the number of animals used than from the point of view of society's attitude toward this issue. The situation at the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové has changed, mainly as a result of a Joint European TEMPUS Project. The most important result of this project was general incorporation of alternatives into the curricula at our faculty. There are several standard features of the curricula at the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové: no use of dead animals for dissections; no use of animals for surgical training; no harmful use of living animals; clear and thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of alternatives; and practical experience with alternative in vitro methods for each student.

Die Afrikaanse werkwoordstelsel onderskei tussen verlede, hede en toekoms (met ander woorde tussen verskillende tempusbetekenisse), maar is meerduidig met betrekking tot grammatikaal-aspektuele betekenis. Die Afrikaanse werkwoord spesifiseer nie op 'n verpligte wyse 'n onderskeid tussen perfektiewe, anterior- of imperfektiewe betekenis nie. Die ongemerkte stamvorm (in die hede) en die het ge-vorm (in die verlede) word gebruik om hierdie verskillende aspektuele betekenisse uit te druk. Afrikaans kan derhalwe geklassifiseer word as 'n nie-aspektuele taal (vergelyk Bylund 2013:932). Die aspektuele meerduidigheid van Afrikaans het 'n verreikende effek op die wyse waarop hierdie taal se grammatika in die Afrikaanse akademiese literatuur beskryf of verstaan word. Daar bestaan onder sommige skrywers die siening dat die werkwoordelike vorm van Afrikaans onvoldoende is om sekere aspektuele nuanses en betekenisse uit te druk (vergelyk Brink 1976:93; De Villiers 1962:250; Du Toit 1940:250; Meyer 2010; Paul 2010; Visser 2012; Wybenga 1983:1). Beskrywings soos "maklik", "vereenvoudig", "sonder 'n werklike sisteem" en "problematies" is al gebruik om die Afrikaanse grammatikale temporele uitdrukking te beskryf (vergelyk Anon 2010; Britz 2002; De Villiers 1962:59). Die aanname bestaan selfs by sommige skrywers dat Afrikaans "geen aspek het nie" (vergelyk Van der Merwe 1968a:281). 'n Moontlike rede vir hierdie sienings is die feit dat die uitdrukking van aspek in Afrikaans nog nie voldoende nagevors of beskryf is nie. Die enkele bestaande publikasies oor die onderwerp bied nie 'n goeie verduideliking van die begrip "aspek" nie, en dui nie voldoende die verskillende wyses waarop aspek in Afrikaans uitgedruk kan word, aan nie. Hierdie artikel probeer die tweeledige leemte vul deur eerstens 'n algemeen-teoretiese beskrywing van aspek aan te bied, en tweedens op 'n sistematiese wyse aan te toon watter linguistiese strategies in Afrikaans aangewend word om aspektuele betekenis uit te druk. The Afrikaans verb system distinguishes between past, present and future tense, but is ambiguous with regard to aspectual interpretation. Whereas English has different formal ways to specify aspectual meaning (for example the differences between the past situations indicated by drank, has drunk, had drunk and was drinking) the het ge past tense can be used in Afrikaans for all four these aspectual past tense meanings (namely het gedrink). Afrikaans is therefore regarded as a non-aspectual language (cf. Bylund et al. 2013:932). The aspectually ambiguous nature ofthe Afrikaans verb system has a far-reaching effect on the manner in which the Afrikaans grammar in the Afrikaans academic literature is described or understood. Firstly, there is a view that the verbal form of Afrikaans is inadequate to express certain aspectual nuances and meanings in the same way as, for instance, English (cf. Brink 1976:93; De Villiers 1962:250; Du Toit 1940:250; Meyer 2010; Paul 2010; Visser 2012; Wybenga 1983:1). Secondly, expressions such as "easy", "simplified", "lacking a real system" and "problematic" have been used to describe temporal expression in Afrikaans (cf. Anon 2010; Britz 2002; De Villiers 1962:59). Some scholars even assume that Afrikaans "has no aspect" (cf. Van derMerwe 1968a:281). However, these statements are contentious as it is indeed possible to distinguish between different aspectual meanings in Afrikaans. Although verb inflection is not really used to make these distinctions, other linguistic strategies such as phrasal and lexical constructions can be employed. A possible reason for the above-mentioned views is the fact that Afrikaans aspectual expressions have not yet been researched or described adequately. In fact, since 1940, only ten Afrikaans publications on aspect have been published (cf. Breed 2012:7-14). However, in my opinion, these publications do not offer a good explanation of the different ways in which aspect can be expressed in Afrikaans, and therefore fail to contribute to a better understanding of aspectual expressions in Afrikaans. This article endeavours to fill the dual void by offering a general theoretical description of aspect in Afrikaans, and secondly by systematically presenting the different linguistic strategies that are used in Afrikaans to express aspectual meaning. By means of a search on the "Digitale Bibliografie van die Afrikaanse Taalkunde (DBAT)", ten Afrikaans publications were found that offer a theoretical description or definitions of aspect, i.e. Broos (1960), De Villiers (1942, 1948, 1951, 1962, 1968), Labuschagne (1968), Louw (1987), Potgieter (1982), Scholtz (1940), Van der Merwe (1968b), Van Niekerk (1997) Visser (1968) and Wybenga (1983). This literature is useful to form an overall conceptual framework of aspect in Afrikaans, and also to identify some aspectual expressions in Afrikaans. However, it is inadequate to serve as theoretical framework for the description of aspect in Afrikaans for the following reasons: The publications on Afrikaans aspect do not seem to have taken cognisance of contemporary international research findings on aspect in general. It is difficult to understand and distinguish the definitions and classifications of aspectual meanings made in the Afrikaans literature. There is little agreement between the definitions or classifications given in the different publications for the various aspectual meanings (e.g. the conative, causative, iterative, momental, punctual, ingressive and inchoative), and the description and classification of the perfective and imperfective meanings given in the relevant publications do not agree with contemporary international views on aspect (for example those of Binnick 1991; Bybee et al. 1994; Bybee 2003, Comrie 1976,1985; Dahl 1985; Langacker 1991; McCawley 1971). I consider the classification and definitions offered in the literature for aspectual meanings in Afrikaans unclear, incongruous and mostly incompatible. Apart from some references to Lyons (1977) and Jespersen (1965), non-South African sources on aspect are seldom referred to. It is still not clear which constructs or methods are being used by Afrikaans speakers to express aspectual meaning. According to the received linguistic view of grammatical aspect, it has to do with the point of view from which a situation is perceived. A situation can be viewed from two perspectives. Firstly, it can be viewed as a whole, with the boundaries of the situation included, for example The dog drank the water. This approach is called the perfective aspect. Secondly, a situation can be viewed with a focus on the internal temporal structure of the situation, for example The dog is drinking the water. This approach is called the imperfective aspect. All other aspectual meanings, (for example the habitual aspect such as Elephants eat leaves or the frequentative aspect such as He visits her often) can be regarded as a subtype of one of these two aspectual distinctions. A further distinguishable temporal-aspectual construction, namely the perfect or the anterior, is also relevant to this discussion. The anterior does not stand as a structure in opposition to the perfective or imperfective, but involves multiple points in time and should therefore be dealt with slightly differently than simply to be categorised as grammatical aspect. The two terminologies, namely the perfective and the perfect are often confused with each other or treated as synonyms, but are inherently different. In some traditions, the perfect is rather regarded as a tense category (cf. Comrie 1976:52). The anterior specifies that a process in the past has an effect on a subsequent situation, as it results in a state situation. The expression does not reveal anything about the situation itself, but places the situation in a particular context. Further descriptions and classifications of subtypes are addressed in the article. Although Afrikaans does not use verb inflection to distinguish aspectual meaning as in English, five linguistic strategies are used to specify aspectual meaning, namely i) lexical constructions such as adverbs and conjunction; ii) affixation; iii) reduplication; iv) passive constructions; and v) periphrastic constructions.

A joint curriculum to deliver cooperating MSc biomedical engineering and physics courses by Baltic Universities was developed in the European TEMPUS S-JEP-12402-97 project framework.