TEMPUS as an Instrument of Reform

For 1990 there was a budget of 25 million ecus available to cover activities with Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and, to a limited degree, the former East Germany. The budget in 1991 rose to 70 million ecus and covered in addition Bulgaria, Romania and the former Yugoslavia. In 1992 a total of 100 million ecus was available and cover was extended to Albania and the Baltic States, while Slovenia was the only successor state of the former Yugoslavia to participate. The TEMPUS budget for 1993 has risen to some 130 million ecus. In addition, there will be a small amount of money available (3.5 million ecus) for preliminary activities with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. This means that at least for the four countries which have taken part in TEMPUS since the beginning (Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia), an attempt can be made to analyse experience to date with a view to reaching some tentative conclusions on the impact of the programme so far and on the main determining factors involved. This analysis is based partly on an assessment of the written material submitted by projects (final reports of activities carried out in 1990/91 and in 1991/92) undertaken in the TEMPUS Office and partly on discussions held with participants, in particular in the course of an extensive site visit programme [1] being carried out at present.