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Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive imaging method for localization of focal epileptiform activity in patients with epilepsy. This study investigates the cerebral functional abnormalities quantified by MEG coherence laterality in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Resting state MEG data was analyzed using MEG coherence source imaging (MEG-CSI) method to determine the coherence in 54 anatomical sites in 12 adult mTLE patients and 12 age- and gender-matched controls. MEG coherence laterality, after Bonferroni adjustment, showed significant differences for right versus left mTLE in insular cortex and both lateral orbitofrontal and superior temporal gyri (p<;0.025). None of these anatomical sites showed statistically significant differences in coherence laterality between right and left sides of controls. Coherence laterality was in agreement with the declared side of epileptogenicity in insular cortex (in 75% of patients) and both lateral orbitofrontal (83%) and superior temporal gyri (84%). Combining all significant laterality indices improved the lateralization accuracy to 92%. The proposed methodology for using MEG to investigate the abnormalities related to focal epileptogenicity and propagation can provide a further means of noninvasive lateralization.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive imaging method for localization of focal epileptiform activity in patients with epilepsy. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a noninvasive imaging method for measuring the diffusion properties of the underlying white matter tracts through which epileptiform activity is propagated. This study investigates the relationship between the cerebral functional abnormalities quantified by MEG coherence and structural abnormalities quantified by DTI in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Resting state MEG data was analyzed using MEG coherence source imaging (MEG-CSI) method to determine the coherence in 54 anatomical sites in 17 adult mTLE patients with surgical resection and Engel class I outcome, and 17 age- and gender- matched controls. DTI tractography identified the fiber tracts passing through these same anatomical sites of the same subjects. Then, DTI nodal degree and laterality index were calculated and compared with the corresponding MEG coherence and laterality index. MEG coherence laterality, after Bonferroni adjustment, showed significant differences for right versus left mTLE in insular cortex and both lateral orbitofrontal and superior temporal gyri (p < 0.017). Likewise, DTI nodal degree laterality, after Bonferroni adjustment, showed significant differences for right versus left mTLE in gyrus rectus, insular cortex, precuneus and superior temporal gyrus (p < 0.017). In insular cortex, MEG coherence laterality correlated with DTI nodal degree laterality ([Formula: see text] in the cases of mTLE. None of these anatomical sites showed statistically significant differences in coherence laterality between right and left sides of the controls. Coherence laterality was in agreement with the declared side of epileptogenicity in insular cortex (in 82 % of patients) and both lateral orbitofrontal (88 %) and superior temporal gyri (88 %). Nodal degree laterality was also in agreement with the declared side of epileptogenicity in gyrus rectus (in 88 % of patients), insular cortex (71 %), precuneus (82 %) and superior temporal gyrus (94 %). Combining all significant laterality indices improved the lateralization accuracy to 94 % and 100 % for the coherence and nodal degree laterality indices, respectively. The associated variations in diffusion properties of fiber tracts quantified by DTI and coherence measures quantified by MEG with respect to epileptogenicity possibly reflect the chronic microstructural cerebral changes associated with functional interictal activity. The proposed methodology for using MEG and DTI to investigate diffusion abnormalities related to focal epileptogenicity and propagation may provide a further means of noninvasive lateralization.

Background: Orexin is a hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide, which third cerebral injection of it mainly exerts inhibitory effects on reproductive functions. It increases significantly the Aromatase (Cyp19) gene expression in the hypothalamus of male rats. Aromatase is an enzyme which converts androgens to estradiol in the hypothalamus of rats. Prenatal or neonatal exposure of females to testosterone masculinizes the pattern of Cyp19 mRNA levels in adulthood. In the present study the effects of central injections of orexin-A on hypothalamic Cyp19 gene expression of adult female rats were investigated, while they had been androgenized on third day of postnatal life., Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, twenty female Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (50 µg/100 µl) on their third day of postnatal life. Adult androgenized rats weighing 180-220 g, received either 3 µl saline or one of 2, 4 or 8 µg/3 µl concentration of orexin via third cerebral ventricle. Five non-androgenized rats, as control group, received intra cerebral ventricle (ICV) injection of 3 µl saline. The hypothalamuses were dissected out and mean Cyp19 mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS software, version 16., Results: Mean relative Cyp19 mRNA level was significantly increased in the hypothalamus of androgenized compared to non-androgenized female rats. Central injec- tions of 2, 4 or 8 µg/3 µl orexin decreased significantly the hypothalamic Cyp19 mRNA level of androgenized rats compared to androgenized-control groups., Conclusion: The results suggested that the orexin may exert inhibitory effects on the gene expression of Cyp19 in the hypothalamus of neonatal androgenized female rats in adulthood.

Background: The natural products derived from micro-organisms are potential candidates for the discovery of novel drugs. Streptomyces bacteria are prolific sources of secondary metabolites with a wide variety of biological activities. Streptomyces calvus (S. calvus) is one strain of this genus and may be an appropriate candidate for isolating new compounds. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of S. calvus secondary metabolites on the expression of various cytokine genes by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated., Methods: A bacterial sample was inoculated in Mueller Hinton Broth and secondary metabolites were extracted. PBMCs were isolated from venous blood and were treated with S. calvus secondary metabolites for 48 h. The cell proliferation was assessed by Methyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays to survey mRNA expressions of selected pro-inflammatory and inhibitory cytokine genes., Results: Secondary metabolites augmented interleukin-2 and interferon-γ gene expression in PBMCs at low doses and also reduced the levels of immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10. In addition, the proliferation of PBMCs substantially increased in response to metabolite treatment in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: This in vitro study revealed that the secondary metabolites from S. calvus can successfully stimulate human PBMCs. Therefore, these metabolites have the potential to serve as robust immunomodulators.

Purpose: To develop lateralization models for distinguishing between unilateral and bilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) and determining laterality in cases of unilateral mTLE., Background: mTLE is the most common form of medically refractory focal epilepsy. Many mTLE patients fail to demonstrate an unambiguous unilateral ictal onset. Intracranial EEG (icEEG) monitoring can be performed to establish whether the ictal origin is unilateral or truly bilateral with independent bitemporal ictal origin. However, because of the expense and risk of intracranial electrode placement, much research has been done to determine if the need for icEEG can be obviated with noninvasive neuroimaging methods, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)., Methods: Fractional anisotropy (FA) was used to quantify microstructural changes reflected in the diffusivity properties of the corpus callosum, cingulum, and fornix, in a retrospective cohort of 31 patients confirmed to have unilateral (n = 24) or bilateral (n = 7) mTLE. All unilateral mTLE patients underwent resection with an Engel class I outcome. Eleven were reported to have hippocampal sclerosis on pathological analysis; nine had undergone prior icEEG. The bilateral mTLE patients had undergone icEEG demonstrating independent epileptiform activity in both right and left hemispheres. Twenty-three nonepileptic subjects were included as controls., Results: In cases of right mTLE, FA showed significant differences from control in all callosal subregions, in both left and right superior cingulate subregions, and in forniceal crura. Comparison of right and left mTLE cases showed significant differences in FA of callosal genu, rostral body, and splenium and the right posteroinferior and superior cingulate subregions. In cases of left mTLE, FA showed significant differences from control only in the callosal isthmus. Significant differences in FA were identified when cases of right mTLE were compared with bilateral mTLE cases in the rostral and midbody callosal subregions and isthmus. Based on 11 FA measurements in the cingulate, callosal and forniceal subregions, a response-driven lateralization model successfully differentiated all cases (n = 54) into groups of unilateral right (n = 12), unilateral left (n = 12), and bilateral mTLE (n = 7), and nonepileptic control (23)., Conclusion: The proposed response-driven DTI biomarker is intended to lessen diagnostic ambiguity of laterality in cases of mTLE and help optimize selection of surgical candidates. Application of this model shows promise in reducing the need for invasive icEEG in prospective cases.

Advances in modern medicine are resulted from unrestricted and unlimited research disregarding many essentials of a research including ethical issues. Following ethical issues, many of unwanted pregnancies and abortions can be avoided. Several factors such as medical issues including X linked disease, has encouraged couples to select traditional or modern techniques in selecting the gender of their children. Some of these methods are corrected Swim-up method or washing of spermatozoa, Percoll gradient sperm separation method, grass wool column filter method method, albumin separation method, microsort method using FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization), free electrophoresis method, Ph adjustment method, pre implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)/fluorescence in situ hybridization. This technology is confronted with many ethical issues. Ethical considerations PGD in the SEX SELECTION differ in different religions and their perspectives on this issue. In this this review, electronic databases, books and Internet sites were completely searched and full articles including required keywords and techniques were obtained and reviewed. The rites and religions, were different and had legal perspectives and opinions about PGD. In some non-Islamic countries there are strict rules to control the use of technology. Some of these methods are costly and even risky. They also involve ethical issues such as legitimacy of the conceived fetus; recommending final touches in sex selection is still considered a taboo and a big issue in some cultures or mono-sexual families. Islamic views and beliefs are more flexible and the use of these technologies are allowed to preserve the health and lives permit. Islam strongly favors humanity and supports different issues if they are not in conflict with the primary concept of legitimate reproduction and are beneficial to human beings.

"Mirror movements" are an axonal guidance disorder that consists of involuntary contralateral movements that mimic unilateral intentional ones, typically involving the fingers of the hand. They can be isolated or associated with conditions such as Klippel-Feil syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, or congenital hemiplegia. Isolated congenital mirror movements are sometimes caused by autosomal dominant mutation in the genes DCC or RAD51. At least 4 previously reported cases had strabismus, 3 with Moebius syndrome and 1 with Duane retraction syndrome. We report the case of a boy with an unusual incomitant strabismus consistent with orbital dysinnervation and suggest that for some patients with congenital mirror movements the neurological miswiring extends to the orbit, causing congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder., (Copyright © 2015 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A comprehensive review of physics at an [Formula: see text] linear collider in the energy range of [Formula: see text] GeV-3 TeV is presented in view of recent and expected LHC results, experiments from low-energy as well as astroparticle physics. The report focusses in particular on Higgs-boson, top-quark and electroweak precision physics, but also discusses several models of beyond the standard model physics such as supersymmetry, little Higgs models and extra gauge bosons. The connection to cosmology has been analysed as well.

We explore the prospects for observing CP violation in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM) with six CP-violating parameters, three gaugino mass phases and three phases in trilinear soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters, using the CPsuperH code combined with a geometric approach to maximise CP-violating observables subject to the experimental upper bounds on electric dipole moments. We also implement CP-conserving constraints from Higgs physics, flavour physics and the upper limits on the cosmological dark matter density and spin-independent scattering. We study possible values of observables within the constrained MSSM (CMSSM), the non-universal Higgs model (NUHM), the CPX scenario and a variant of the phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM). We find values of the CP-violating asymmetry [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] decay that may be as large as 3 %, so future measurements of [Formula: see text] may provide independent information about CP violation in the MSSM. We find that CP-violating MSSM contributions to the [Formula: see text] meson mass mixing term [Formula: see text] are in general below the present upper limit, which is dominated by theoretical uncertainties. If these could be reduced, [Formula: see text] could also provide an interesting and complementary constraint on the six CP-violating MSSM phases, enabling them all to be determined experimentally, in principle. We also find that CP violation in the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] couplings can be quite large, and so may offer interesting prospects for future [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] colliders.

Purpose: Multiple modalities are used in determining laterality in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). It is unclear how much different imaging modalities should be weighted in decision-making. The purpose of this study is to develop response-driven multimodal multinomial models for lateralization of epileptogenicity in mTLE patients based upon imaging features in order to maximize the accuracy of noninvasive studies., Methods and Materials: The volumes, means and standard deviations of FLAIR intensity and means of normalized ictal-interictal SPECT intensity of the left and right hippocampi were extracted from preoperative images of a retrospective cohort of 45 mTLE patients with Engel class I surgical outcomes, as well as images of a cohort of 20 control, nonepileptic subjects. Using multinomial logistic function regression, the parameters of various univariate and multivariate models were estimated. Based on the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) theorem, response models were developed as compositions of independent univariate models., Results: A BMA model composed of posterior probabilities of univariate response models of hippocampal volumes, means and standard deviations of FLAIR intensity, and means of SPECT intensity with the estimated weighting coefficients of 0.28, 0.32, 0.09, and 0.31, respectively, as well as a multivariate response model incorporating all mentioned attributes, demonstrated complete reliability by achieving a probability of detection of one with no false alarms to establish proper laterality in all mTLE patients., Conclusion: The proposed multinomial multivariate response-driven model provides a reliable lateralization of mesial temporal epileptogenicity including those patients who require phase II assessment., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Kisspeptin and naloxone stimulate the reproductive axis while morphine inhibits its function. We have investigated the effect of central injection of kisspeptin-10 on mean plasma testosterone concentration in morphine or naloxone pretreated rats., Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats that were divid- ed into 12 groups (n=5 per group) received saline, kisspeptin (1 nmol, ICV), naloxone (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously), morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg, sc) or co-administrations of kisspeptin, morphine and naloxone at 09:00 - 09:30. In the co-administrated groups, kisspeptin was injected 15 minutes following morphine or naloxone injections. Blood samples were collected 60 minutes following injections via the tail vein. Plasma testosterone concentration was measured by a rat testosterone ELISA kit., Results: Central injection of kisspeptin or subcutaneous injection of naloxone significantly increased the mean plasma testosterone concentration compared to saline while subcutaneous injections of different doses of morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased testosterone compared to saline. The results revealed that morphine significantly attenuated the testosterone increase after kisspeptin injection compared to kisspeptin while a stimulatory additive effect was observed in the kisspeptin/naloxone group compared to either naloxone or kisspeptin., Conclusion: Morphine and kisspeptin systems may interact with each other to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

Unilateral class II malocclusion is a treatment challenge. Several treatment approaches have been recommended; each with particular limitations. Fixed functional appliances are quite popular because of invisibility, minimal interference with speech, and not relying on patient cooperation. This article describes a clinical case treated satisfactorily using unilateral Sabbagh Universal Spring.

Background: Kisspeptin-GPR54 system stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; dysfunction of the gene encoding the GPR54 receptor causes hypogonadism and infertility. Opioid peptides inhibit the reproductive axis. Peptide 234 is a GPR54 receptor antagonist and blocks the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin on HPG axis., Objectives: Interactions of morphine, kisspeptin and peptide 234 on mean plasma testosterone concentration was investigated in rats. ., Materials and Methods: In the present experimental study, seventy male Wistar rats in 14 groups (n = 5 in each group) received saline, different doses of kisspeptin (100 pmol, 1 or 3 nmol, Intracerebroventricular (ICV)), P234 (1 or 2.5 nmol) or Co- administration of kisspeptin, P234, morphine and naloxone at 09:00 - 09:30 am. In the co-administrated groups, kisspeptin was injected at 15 min following P234, morphine or naloxone injections. Blood samples were collected 60 min following injections. Plasma testosterone concentration was measured using the rat testosterone ELISA kit., Results: Injections of kisspeptin (1 or 3 nmol) significantly increased the mean testosterone concentration compared to saline. Injection of different doses of P234 (1 or 2.5nmol) did not significantly decrease mean testosterone compared to saline. Co-administration of kisspeptin and different doses of P234 significantly decreased mean testosterone concentration compared to the kisspeptin group. Co-administration of P234/morphine or P234/naloxone significantly decreased mean testosterone concentration compared to kisspeptin/saline, kisspeptin/morphine or kisspeptin/ naloxone groups., Conclusions: Morphine and kisspeptin/GPR54 signaling pathway may interact with each other to control the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Surgical treatment is suggested for seizure control in medically intractable epilepsy patients. Detailed pre-surgical evaluation and lateralization using Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) is expected to result in a successful surgical outcome. In this study, an optimized pattern recognition approach is proposed for lateralization of mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (mTLE) patients using asymmetry of imaging indices of hippocampus. T1-weighted and Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) images of 76 symptomatic mTLE patients are considered. First, hippocampus is segmented using automatic and manual segmentation methods; then, volumetric and intensity features are extracted from the MR images. A nonlinear Support Vector Machine (SVM) with optimized Gaussian Radial Basis Function (GRBF) kernel is used to classify the imaging features. Using leave-one-out cross validation, this method results in a correct lateralization rate of 82%, a probability of detection for the left side of 0.90 (with false alarm probability of 0.04) and a probability of detection for the right side of 0.69 (with zero false alarm probability). The lateralization results are compared to linear SVM, multi-layer perceptron Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and volumetry and FLAIR asymmetry analysis. This lateralization method is suggested for pre-surgical evaluation using MRI before surgical treatment in mTLE patients. It achieves a more correct lateralization rate and fewer false positives.

We have developed response-driven multinomial models, based on multivariate imaging features, to lateralize the epileptogenicity in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. To this end, volumetrics and statistical quantities of FLAIR intensity and normalized ictal-interictal SPECT intensity on left and right hippocampi were extracted from preoperative images of forty-five retrospective TLE patients with surgical outcome of Engel class l. Using multinomial logistic function regression, the parameters of various univariate and multivariate models were estimated. Among univariate response models, the response model with SPECT attributes and response model with mean FLAIR attributes achieved the lowest fit deviance (65.1±0.2 and 65.5±0.3, respectively). They resulted in the highest probability of detection (0.82) and lowest probability of false alarm (0.02) for the epileptogenic side. The multivariate response model with incorporating all volumetrics, mean and standard deviation FLAIR, and SPECT attributes achieved a significantly lower fit deviance than other response models (11.9±0.1, p <; 0.001). It reached probability of detection of 1 with no false alarms. We were able to correctly lateralize the fifteen TLE patients who had undergone phase II intracranial monitoring. Therefore, the phase II intracranial monitoring might have been avoided for this set of patients. Based on this lateralization response model, the side of epileptogenicity was also detected for all thirty patients who had preceded to resection with only phase I of EEG monitoring. In conclusion, the proposed multinomial multivariate response-driven model for lateralization of epileptogenicity in TLE patients can help in decision-making prior to surgical resection and may reduce the need for implantation of intracranial monitoring electrodes.

Ghrelin (gh) is a peptide hormone that may affect learning and memory. There is some evidence that ghrelin can have antiepileptic effects. So we decided to investigate the possible effects of ghrelin on spatial memory following PTZ-induced seizures in male rats. Ninety male rats were divided into 9 groups including control, saline, ghrelin (0.3, 1.5 or 3 nmol) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) plus saline or ghrelin (0.3, 1.5 or 3 nmol). All groups were trained in Morris water maze (MWM) for two consecutive days. Our results showed that ghrelin significantly improves spatial memory at the doses of 1.5 or 3 nmol (P<0.05) in normal rats. We also demonstrated the significant impairment of spatial memory in PTZ group (P<0.05). Intrahippocampal injection of ghrelin at the dose of 3 nmol significantly improved spatial memory in PTZ+gh group compared to PTZ group (P<0.05). These findings suggest that ghrelin as a neuropeptide can improve spatial memory in PTZ-treated rats., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ghrelin increases food intakes and body weight. Bombesin decreases food intakes and inhibits the stimulatory effect of Ghrelin on food intakes. Thyroid hormones have a crucial role in the regulation of body weight and yet the effect of bombesin on thyroid axis activity is not fully clear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of Ghrelin or bombesin on mean plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4) concentration and also, the effect of interaction between Ghrelin and bombesin on thyroid axis activity. Forty-nine rats in seven groups received saline or different doses of Ghrelin (4, 10 or 15 nmol) and bombesin ( 2.5, 5 or 10 nmol) and forty-two rats in six groups received simultaneous injection of Ghrelin (10 or 15 nmol) and different doses of bombesin (2.5, 5 or 10 nmol) via lateral cerebral ventricle. Blood samples were collected via decapitation 20 min after the injection and plasma was assayed for plasma TSH, T3 and T4 concentration by Radioimmunoassay (RIA). Ghrelin significantly decreased the concentration of mean plasma thyroid hormones compared to saline. Bombesin did not significantly increase thyroid hormones concentration compared to saline but bombesin blocked the inhibitory effect of Ghrelin on thyroid axis activity. Bombesin may be the antagonist of Ghrelin action.

A new chelating resin is prepared by coupling Amberlite XAD-4 (Serva, Heidelberg, New York) with m-phenylendiamine through an azo spacer, characterized (by elemental analysis, infrared, and thermogravimetric analysis) and studied for preconcentrating nickel(II), cobalt(II), zinc(II), copper(II), and chromium(III) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry for metal monitoring. The optimum pH values for sorption of the above-mentioned metal ions were 8.5, 8.5, 6.5, 6.5, and 5.5, respectively. The resin was subjected to evaluation through batch binding and column chromatography of the mentioned metal ions. Quantitative desorption occurred instantaneously with 0.5 M HNO3. Various flowrates of sorption and desorption of nickel(II) have been studied. The sorption capacity was found to be 3.89, 3.27, 2.96, and 3.44 mmol/g of resin for cobalt, copper, zinc, and nickel, respectively. The chelating resin can be reused for 10 cycles of sorption-desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. A recovery of >98% was obtained for all the metal ions, with 0.5 M HNO3 as the eluting agent. The method was applied for determination of metal ions from an industrial wastewater sample.