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Chronic exposure to a shock-shock conflict paradigm (2 h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks [1]) produces hypertension in the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR), a cross between the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY). The purpose of the present study was to characterize the regional haemodynamic responses which take place during conflict-stress. A pulsed Doppler flowmeter and miniature probes implanted on the left renal and superior mesenteric arteries and the abdominal aorta were used to record changes in regional flow velocity. Recording of mean arterial pressure (MAP) allowed changes in regional resistance to be calculated. The first conflict session produced intense splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction and hindquarter vasodilation. Pressor responses were moderate. A second group of BHRs was studied during conflict sessions 17-18, prior to the development of hypertension. This group exhibited faster habituation to the stress than the group studied during the first conflict session: MAP and mesenteric resistance returned more rapidly towards pre-stress levels. Relative to naive control rats, this group exhibited a larger peak MAP and less tachycardia in response to a neutral stressor (air-jet stress) and a smaller reduction in renal resistance in response to ganglionic blockade. These data suggest that in this model, pressure load per se is moderate. More attention should be directed towards the role of trophic effects of the neurohumoral factors responsible for the pronounced constriction of splanchnic and renal vasculature in producing hypertension.

It has been suggested in a number of recent reports that there is a possible relationship between parental occupation and malignant disease in children. A proportional mortality analysis relating deaths among children in England and Wales in 1959-63 and 1970-72 to occupation of father as stated on the child's death certificate has not shown any convincing evidence for such associations. Earlier papers published on the subject are reviewed. Although there is some slight evidence for associations between childhood tumours and certain parental occupations there is little consistency between the results reported by different authors. A previously reported association between higher social class and deaths from neoplasms was found also in this study. The explanation for this finding is unknown, and it remains possible that it is an artefact.

Plomin and Foch's conclusion that sex differences in cognition account for very little of the total variability is challenged by demonstrating that, on a complex test of spatial visualization, the difference between males and females accounts for a quite substantial portion of the variability of the test scores. 2 measures of spatial visualization--the ETS Card Rotations test and the Shepard/Metzler Mental Rotations test--were administered to a large sample of college students. The Card Rotations test requires identification of fairly simple abstract forms after rotation within the plane; the Mental Rotations test requires identification of representations of more complex 3-dimensional figures after rotation in 3-dimensional space. Males scored significantly higher than females on both tests. Sex accounted for only 2% of the variance on the Card Rotations test but for 16% of the variance on the Mental Rotations test. Comparable sex differences on the Shepard/Metzler Mental Rotations test have also been found by other investigators.

The relationship between feminism and sex roles was explored in two studies. In female college students, sex-role types were measured by Baucom's (1976) MSC and FMN scales and by Bem's Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1974). Feminism was measured by the Attitude Toward Women Scale (AWS, Short Form) (Spence & Helmreich, 1972) and the Women's Liberation Scale (WLS) (Goldberg, 1976). Two groups of women were predicted to be more profeminist than others. (a) those scoring high on both masculinity and femininity and (b) those scoring high on masculinity and low on femininity. Results of the study supported both hypotheses using the AWS but not the WLS. In the second study, MSC and FMN served as the basis for forming sex-role types, and feminism was measured by participation in NOW. Again, a large number of women high on masculinity and low on femininity were feminists: however, women high on both masculinity and femininity were underrepresented in NOW. Different results in the two studies are discussed in terms of the different ways that feminism was measured.

This report outlines our experiences involving 72 episodes of postradiation dental extraction over an 11-year period. Bone exposures of 3 months or longer developed following 16 of the 72 postradiation extraction episodes (22%). The necrosis rate in the mandible was 29% (13 of 45) and in the maxilla was 11% (3 of 27). The risk of bone necrosis increased when the dose to bone exceeded 6,500 rad, and when 75% or more of the body of the mandible was within the radiation treatment volume. Five of the 13 mandibular bone necroses precipitated by postradiation extractions eventually required radical resection of the affected portion of the mandible. The remaining eight mandibular episodes healed with conservative measures. When possible, given the two above conditions, root canal therapy rather than dental extraction should be employed to resolve mandibular dental infection within the radiation field after radiotherapy.

We describe a modification of the biceps femoris myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of ischial pressure ulcer defects. In this modification, all neural and vascular pedicles are preserved and the flap is advanced into the ischial defect rather than transposed as described in the literature. With this method, no transferred tissue is lost. Besides ensuring good tissue survival, the flap preserves a maximum number of reconstructive options in the event of ischial pressure ulcer recurrence. These advantages make the biceps femoris myocutaneous advancement flap our first choice for reconstruction of ischial pressure ulcer defects.

Nine children who were less than fourteen years old and had open physes and ligament injuries of the knee were studied. Despite an initial thorough physical and roentgenographic evaluation, the full extent of the lesion was determined only at operation in seven of the nine patients. The intercondylar eminence of the tibia was avulsed in five patients, four of whom had associated collateral ligament injuries and a positive anterior drawer sign. Despite surgical repair, all nine patients demonstrated some degree of postoperative ligament instability. This was increased in those patients in whom menisectomy had been performed concomitantly with ligament repair. Although none of the children were symptomatic at the time of writing, development of degenerative arthritis in the future must be considered. Ligament injury must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the child suffering from knee trauma. The association of avulsion of the tibial spine and collateral ligament injury is emphasized.

The ability of exercise training to block the generation of hypertension produced by chronic stress in the borderline hypertensive rat was tested. Twenty-three male borderline hypertensive rats, F1 offspring of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats, were divided into three groups. Two groups (8 rats per group) were subjected to 2 hours of daily, predictable, uncontrollable tail shock for 12 weeks. One of these groups was also given 2 hours of daily swim stress (exercise trained). A third group served as a maturation control and received neither intervention (n = 7). After 12 weeks of stress, direct recording of blood pressure verified the pattern observed with tail cuff: shock only group, 180/118 +/- 3/3 mm Hg; exercise-trained and shocked group, 166/108 +/- 4/2 mm Hg; and control group, 160/98 +/- 6/4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the shock only group were significantly higher than in both the other groups (p less than 0.05). The control group differed from the exercise-trained and shocked group only in diastolic BP (p less than 0.05). During a short-term stress session plasma norepinephrine levels in the exercise-trained and shocked group were significantly lower than those in the shock only group (555 +/- 56 vs 776 +/- 84 pg/ml; p less than 0.05). These results indicate that an alteration of autonomic function resulted from the exercise training, but its contribution to the resistance of the exercise-trained and shocked rats to stress-induced hypertension is unclear.

Immune cytolysis and immunofluorescence were used to examine chicken fetal antigen CFA) and chicken adult antigen (CAA) expression on the differentiation/maturation series of definitive erythroid cells obtained from the bone marrow of different aged chickens. We found that erythroid cells undergo changes in CFA/CAA antigenic expression dependent on their differentiation/maturation stages as well as the developmental age of the chicken. All differentiation/maturation stages of erythroid cells in the bone marrow of 12 and 18-day-old embryos express CFA only. Erythroblasts obtained from 7-day post-hatched chickens express either CFA or CAA. All three CFA/CAA phenotypes (i.e., CFA, CAA, and CFA + CAA) are observed in subsequent maturation stages, but only the CFA + CAA phenotype is observed in mature erythroid cells in the bone marrow of 7-day post-hatched chickens. Erythroblasts from 62 day post-hatched chickens exhibit all three CFA/CAA phenotypes. Cells in the subsequent maturation stages express various CFA, CAA, or CFA + CAA phenotypes resulting in a majority of the mature erythrocytes expressing both CFA and CAA, and a small population of mature erythrocytes expressing CAA only. Erythroblasts from adult chickens express both CFA and CAA; however, CFA is lost during erythroid maturation resulting in mature erythrocytes which express CAA only. These studies indicate that both the erythroid differentiation/ maturation stage and the developmental age of the chicken influence CFA and CAA antigenic expression on erythroid cells undergoing cellular differentiation/maturation in the bone marrow.

Large intraluminal cervical carotid artery filling defects consistent with mural thrombi were angiographically demonstrated during acute hemispheric neurologic episodes. These thrombi disappeared benignly as shown by serial angiography in 2 patients treated with intravenous heparin and spontaneously in 1 patient treated surgically. Thus, partially obstructing cervical carotid artery thrombi may lyse either with the use of anticoagulant therapy or else spontaneously. The etiology of the thrombi may partly be related to underlying atheromatous disease.

Many forms of experimental hypertension depend on the integrity of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle. The current investigation examined the extent to which this forebrain area is necessary for the elaboration of salt-induced hypertension in the borderline hypertensive rat. Eight-week-old male rats were given either electrolytic lesions of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle region or sham lesions. All rats were then placed on a high salt diet (8% NaCl) for 10 weeks. At the conclusion of this dietary period, direct measurement of resting mean arterial pressure revealed that borderline hypertensive rats with lesions of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle had significantly lower blood pressure (128.4 +/- 5.1 mm Hg) compared with sham-operated rats (148.1 +/- 4.1 mm Hg).

Rabbit antisera directed against an onco-developmental antigen on chicken red blood cells have been serologically dissected through specific adsorptions. It is now possible to detect 13 antigenic determinants with the fractionated antisera. The onco-developmental antigen referred to as chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is fetal-specific in the white Leghorn chicken, being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of non-being present on the embryonic but not adult peripheral red blood cells of non-leukemic birds. However, one or more of the onco-developmental antigenic determinants have been detected on adult peripheral red blood cells of non-Gallus avian species, as well as on red blood cells from two adult chicken varieties. For phylogenetic purposes, red blood cells from avian species were characterized for their combinations of CFA determinants. Comparisons among species revealed specific patterns of antigenic expression within phylogenetic groups. Several CFA determinants were restricted in their occurrence to species within a single family, and one determinant was found in all cases where CFA was expressed. The distribution of CFA determinants was used to determine immunological distances among four Galliform species. These distances agreed with the immunological relationships established using different serological markers.

A review was made of 136 cases of carcinoma in situ of the vagina seen over a 30-year period, 1953 to 1982. The patients ranged in age from 17 to 77 years, with a mean age of 55 years. One hundred sixteen patients (85%) presented with an abnormal Papanicolaou smear. Colposcopically directed biopsies were used for diagnosis in 62% of the patients. The upper one third of the vagina was the most common site of disease, with 54% of patients having unifocal lesions. A previous hysterectomy had been performed in 71% of patients, 35% of whom had undergone operation for benign disease. A concomitant, subsequent, or prior neoplasm of the lower genital tract or pelvis was noted in 109 patients. Surgical intervention in the form of either wide local excision or partial or total vaginectomy was the most frequently used method of treatment. Radiotherapy, usually in the form of a vaginal mold, was the second most commonly used method of treatment, and it was used in 27 patients. Radiotherapy and more extensive surgical treatment methods gave the best results. Four patients subsequently developed invasive carcinoma of the vagina.

Patients with retinoblastoma diagnosed from 1969 to 1980 have been followed up for periods of up to 17 years. Data from a previous study of patients diagnosed from 1962 to 1968 have been included for analysis of incidence and second primary tumours, and for study of trends in treatment. The registration rate in Britain (which may be about 10% less than the true incidence) is about one in 23,000 live births, approximately 40% of cases being known to be genetic. There is no apparent trend in incidence during the period covered by these two studies. The three-year survival rate in 88%. Patients with bilateral tumours have a better survival rate than those with unilateral tumours for the first few years, but their long-term survival rate is worse because of later deaths from ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma or second primary neoplasms. Older children tend to have a worse prognosis, which is related to the fact that their tumours are diagnosed at a more advanced stage. There is a significantly higher survival rate for boys than for girls; this is partly accounted for by difference in age and stage at diagnosis between the sexes. Children referred to units specialising in the treatment of retinoblastoma have a higher three-year survival rate than those treated at other hospitals. Comparing methods of treatment between the periods 1962-8 and 1969-80, we find there has been a trend towards more conservative treatment. The use of chemotherapy is now usually reserved for recurrences and metastases and for palliative treatment in terminal retinoblastoma.

Vitamin E(dl-alpha-tocopherol) dissolved in ethanol with polyethylene glycol as the vehicle and administered by intraperitoneal injections of 0.1 mg/gm body weight at two day intervals, was demonstrated to be a potent immunomodulating reagent in young chickens challenged with avian reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed tumor cells. Vitamin E treatment enhanced the mitogen-induced proliferative responses of spleen cells from age matched, unchallenged chickens; reduced the tumor cell-induced suppression of host splenic lymphocyte mitogen responses; and eliminated tumor cell-induced suppressor cell activity. However, inspite of an improved immune status the vitamin E treated-tumor cell challenged chickens exhibited enhanced tumorigenesis.

Arthrography of the temporomandibular joint is used principally in cases of pain and dysfunction, specifically clicking, popping, or locking joints. The procedure is effective and safe but technically difficult to perform.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of treatment length restriction and follow-up interview style on the outcomes of male alcohol abusers in out-patient treatment. Subjects (N = 48) were randomly assigned to one of four independent groups based on the factorial combination of the two independent variables. Extensive pretreatment data were collected about subjects' drinking and related behaviors, and subjects were then scheduled for monthly interviews. Subjects were interviewed for 18 months postadmission concerning these same factors. Subjects' self-reports were compared with collateral reports, official records, and breath tests. Outcome results showed no effects of follow-up interview style or treatment length restriction on drinking behavior and employment outcomes. However, subjects' drinking behavior postadmission was considerably improved compared to their pretreatment ethanol consumption. Temporal analyses of the drinking behavior data showed that it was possible to predict drinking behavior, especially of the same type, within pretreatment and postadmission intervals. However, it was not possible to predict postadmission drinking from pretreatment drinking. Treatment implications of the findings are discussed.

A joint clinical study was conducted to test the effectiveness of topical dinitrochlorobenzene ointment in the treatment of warts. The feasibility of this therapeutic modality was demonstrated by the fact that warts completely cleared in more than 80 percent of the eighty-four patients enrolled in the study. Healing time average from three to six weeks. Complications incurred are presented and ways to minimize them are reviewed.

These experiments assessed sensitivity to low doses of ethanol and pentobarbital in mice that had been selectively bred with respect to ethanol sleep time (the length of time an animal remains on its back following a hypnotic dose of ethanol). The hypothesis under investigation was that short-sleep (SS) mice might be more sensitive than long-sleep (LS) mice to excitatory effects produced by low doses of depressants. In support of this hypothesis SS mice were more active in an open-field test after ethanol than were LS mice. The lines did not differ in performance on a rotating-rod apparatus after these same doses of ethanol, suggesting that the difference in open-field activity was not attributable to a greater impairment of locomotor activity in LS mice. A similar difference in the open-field activity of the selected lines was observed with pentobarbital.

Traumatic injuries to the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may result in varying degrees of hypomobility of the mandible. The physical and psychological problems associated with restricted jaw opening are outlined. The different forms of ankylosis are mentioned. The rationale behind the various surgical approaches to the problem is outlined, and mention is made of current concepts in joint reconstruction. The importance of supportive adjunctive therapy in the postoperative period, is emphasized.

A description of one method of dealing with nonacademic information from applicants seeking acceptance into a physical therapy curriculum is presented. The strengths of this admission process are interviewer training sessions, use of simulated interviews presented by videotape, subsequent discussion of ratings, specific criteria to support interview ratings, and an arbitration procedure. Attempts were made to increase the objectivity of the interview through frequent meetings of the admission committee to decide on the areas of the interview and specific criteria on which to rate each area. In the areas of weighting factors, training of interviewers, development of specific interview criteria, arbitration procedure, and the use of the computer printout, this admission process could be easily adapted to other allied health programs. Details of the interview are discussed.

Inferior border rib grafting appears to be a useful procedure in providing bony augmentation for severely atrophic edentulous mandibles. Major advantages to the prosthodontic patient are that (1) remodeling and changes in the denture-bearing surfaces are minimal following surgery, (2) the interocclusal space is unaltered, (3) in nonunion body fractures occurring in severely atrophic mandibles, the ribs applied to the inferior-buccal and inferior-lingual aspects of the mandible hold the fragments in a much more favorable position, thus preventing superior elevation of the posterior segment and inferior displacement of the anterior segment, and (4) resorption rates seem acceptable. The patient should be informed of possible consequences. As with all preprosthetic special procedures, a psychosocial analysis may also be indicated.

Antiserum prepared against sucrose gradient purified reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) recognized the chicken transferrin receptor. Molecules immunoprecipitated from red blood cells (RBC) obtained from embryonic chickens with either the anti-REV reagent or a chicken transferrin immunomatrix were demonstrated to be identical by co-migration in both reducing and nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gels and in two-dimensional isoelectric focusing analyses, reciprocal immunodepletion analyses and by peptide mapping. The chicken transferrin receptor was shown to be a 190,000 dalton cell surface membrane molecule consisting of two similar disulfide-bonded subunits of approximately 95,000 daltons. The chicken transferrin receptor was expressed on erythroid cell surface membranes as 95,000 dalton monomers as well as 190,000 dalton dimers. The chicken transferrin receptor was expressed on all differentiation/maturation stages, including mature RBC, of both the primitive and definitive type I erythroid cell series. In adult chickens, the transferrin receptor was expressed by immature erythroid cells in the bone marrow, but not by mature circulating RBC. REV-transformed immature lymphoid cells and avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV)-transformed erythroid cells expressed dimers composed of 95,000 and 110,000 dalton subunits. Comparisons among V8 protease derived peptides from 95,000 dalton transferrin receptors obtained from RBC and REV-transformed lymphoid cells revealed a high degree of homology; however, the 95,000 dalton molecules isolated from REV-transformed lymphoid cells exhibited a 56,000 dalton peptide that was unique. Cloned AEV-transformed erythroleukemia cells induced to differentiate by supplementation of the media with 1 mM butyric acid expressed elevated transferrin receptor levels. Both serological and peptide mapping studies demonstrated the human transferrin receptor on K562 cells and the chicken transferrin receptor to be distinct. However, chicken transferrin was shown to be capable of reacting with the human transferrin receptors on K562 cells.

Herpes viruses and Candida albicans are among the most common opportunistic pathogens infecting patients with neoplastic disease, especially those patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Herpes virus infections have increased as treatment of oncological disease has become more aggressive and immunosuppression disorders have become more prevalent. Herpes simplex virus on the lips and mouth of a patient receiving chemotherapy can progress to multiple lesions in the mouth, larynx, and in rare instances can lead to pneumonitis and widely disseminated infection. The management and dental findings of a 13-year-old patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia are described.

The effect of high dietary sodium (8%) on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), borderline hypertensive (BHR), and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was determined weekly by tail cuff plethysmography for one week of baseline and four weeks of diet. After 4 weeks, significant elevations in systolic blood pressure were found in SHR and BHR groups, but not in WKY. BHR studied an additional 4 weeks showed a further progression of hypertension, reaching levels nearly equal to control SHR. Direct measurement of arterial pressure in conscious animals in their home cage confirmed the elevation in pressure in both SHR and BHR groups. Metabolic studies revealed that the high sodium diet reduced body weight in SHR and BHR strains, but not in WKY. Although both urinary volumes and sodium excretion values were significantly lower in SHR and BHR compared with WKY, this effect disappeared when adjustments for body weight were made. Plasma norepinephrine determinations revealed a significant response to cold stress in all groups. Plasma epinephrine was elevated in all strains in response to cold stress; however, a consistent statistical elevation was seen only in WKY. The BHR is discussed as a model for determining the triggers responsible for environmentally-induced hypertension.

Prominent early draining veins have been found in angiograms of four patients studied during an acute benign illness characterized by repetitive focal motor seizures and prominent postictal neurologic deficits. Concomitant intravenous radionuclide gamma camera flow and static images showed increased relative perfusion with a slight positive static uptake on the involved side. Follow-up studies showed no evidence of these abnormalities. These angiographic and radioisotopic findings probably correlate with the clinically observed cortical hyperemia as part of, or subsequent to, focal motor seizures. Alternatively, these findings suggest the possibility that vascular occlusions may be the underlying cause of the patients' illness.

The in vitro incorporation of [14C]glucose into glycogen in lobster muscle was used to measure insulin-like biological activity. Glycogenesis was significantly increased by the same hepatopancreas eluate which was previously found to have the greatest insulin immunoreactivity. Hemolymph but not gut extract also increased the rate of glycogenesis.

Osteochondromatous exostosis of the condyle is rare. When these exotoses become large, they can cause temporomandibular pain and clicking with mandibular movements. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the mass. Adjunctive care may include use of intermaxillary fixation, training elastics, and jaw exercises.

Twenty neonates with a suspected intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computed tomography (CT). The exact site and extent of the hemorrhage in all infants were clearly demonstrated on serial CT scans. In intraventricular hemorrhage, a dense subependymal halo lined the ventricular system and could be recognized for up to 2 weeks. Discrete hemorrhage adjacent to the ventricular system also appeared as discrete nodules rather than as a diffuse hemorrhage. Blood in the ventricular system could be recognized up to 2 weeks when there were blood-cerebrospinal fluid levels. Hydrocephalus was a common sequela and was readily detectable before a measurable change in head size.