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The mutual influences of C 60 fullerene (C 60 ) and heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, and Pb) on the uptake, transportation, and accumulation of these coexisting pollutants in four rice cultivars planted in agricultural soil were investigated during the whole life cycle of rice. The biomass of the rice plants was not affected significantly by the presence of C 60 . C 60 exposure exerted different impacts on the bioaccumulation of Cd, Cu, and Pb in various rice tissues. For example, the bioaccumulation of Cd in rice 9311 panicles was significantly decreased (p < .05) when it was exposed to 1000 mg/kg C 60 , whereas the changes of Cu and Pb levels in panicles were not statistically significant. C 60 was absorbed by rice roots and transported to the stems and panicles, and it tended to form aggregates in rice tissues. C 60 concentrations in the roots, stems, and panicles of the four rice cultivars that were harvested after a 130-day exposure to 600 mg/kg C 60 were 40-292, 4.4-24.5 and 0.077-1.2 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively. C 60 and heavy metal ions exhibited different uptake and transportation mechanisms, which depended on the rice cultivar, soil heavy metal ion concentration, and C 60 exposure time and concentration. For example, the average C 60 in the four rice cultivars was increased sharply, from 47.4 to 196.3 mg/kg from the tillering to booting stages, whereas Cd levels increased only slightly, from 23.1 to 25.9 mg/kg. The study demonstrated that the bioaccumulation of C 60 and heavy metal ions under co-contamination scenario differs from under single contaminant. The accumulation of C 60 in rice panicles may increase the concern of food safety., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Since 2000, the truth campaign has grown as a social marketing brand. Back then, truth employed branding to compete directly with the tobacco industry. In 2014, the launch of truth FinishIt reflected changes in the brand's strategy, the tobacco control environment, and youth/young adult behavior. Building on a previous validation study, the current study examined brand equity in truth FinishIt , as measured by validated multi-dimensional scales, and tobacco related attitudes, beliefs, and behavior based on two waves of the Truth Longitudinal Cohort data from 2015 and 2016. A fixed effects logistic regression was used to estimate the change in brand equity between panel survey waves 3 and 4 on past 30-day smoking among ever and current smokers. Additional models determined the effects of brand equity predicting tobacco attitudes/use at follow up among the full sample. All analyses controlled for demographic factors. A one-point increase in the brand equity scale between the two waves was associated with a 66% greater chance of not smoking among ever smokers (OR 1.66, CI 1.11-2.48, p  < 0.05) and an 80% greater chance of not smoking among current smokers (OR 1.80, CI 1.05-3.10, p  < 0.05). Higher overall truth brand equity at wave 3 predicted less smoking at wave 4 and more positive anti-tobacco attitudes. Being male, younger, and non-white predicted some of the tobacco related attitudes. Future research should examine long-term effects of brand equity on tobacco use and how tobacco control can optimize the use of branding in campaigns.

The purpose of this study is to understand differences in demographics, frequency of tobacco use, and tobacco-related attitudes between youth/young adults who carry tobacco products and those who do not. Carrying tobacco is hypothesized to affect individuals' smoker identity and thereby their tobacco-related attitudes. Carriers are an influential peer group, often serving as social sources of tobacco for others, setting tobacco-related social norms, and advertising tobacco via the packs they carry. Thus, understanding their characteristics and attitudes can aid in the targeting and tailoring of cessation messaging. In this study, 3,927 attendees ages 13 to 24 years at the Vans Warped Tour were surveyed using iPads and asked to photograph any tobacco products they were currently carrying. Current tobacco users were classified as proven carriers ( n = 363), unproven carriers ( n = 182), or noncarriers ( n = 1,426). Carriers ( N = 545) were older, were more often White, and used tobacco over twice as often as noncarriers. Results indicated carriers and noncarriers differed significantly on most antitobacco attitudes, with carriers feeling less strongly antitobacco.

Objective: To explore the role and significance of hypoxia inducible factor lα (HIF-lα) and hypoxia microenvironment in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic heterotopic ossification by detecting the expression of HIF-lα in rat model of heterotopic ossification after Achilles tenotomy., Methods: A total of 140 male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 8-10 weeks, and weighing (210.1±10.6) g, were randomly divided into experimental group ( n =70) and control group ( n =70). In experimental group, the Achilles tendon was cut off and clamped to prepare post-traumatic heterotopic ossification model; in control group, only Achilles tendon was exposed. The general condition of rats was observed after operation, and at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days after operation, the Achilles tendon tissue was harvested from 6 rats for gross observation, histological observation, and immunohistochemical staining observation, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of HIF-lα gene and protein at different time points in 2 groups. The X-ray films were taken and histological examination was done at 10 weeks after operation to evaluate the formation of heterotopic ossification., Results: During the experiment, 1 rat died in experimental group at 3 days after operation, and the other rats survived to the end of the experiment. Gross and histological staining showed that the Achilles tendon had no obvious change, with normal tendon structure in control group at each time point. In experimental group, atrophy and necrosis of Achilles tendon stump were observed, with infiltration of inflammatory cells; and the hardness of Achilles tendon tissue gradually increased with the time; there were a large number of irregular connective tissue and cartilage cells. When compared with control group, the HIF-lα mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased in experimental group at each time point ( P <0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that HIF-lα was positive in experimental group. According to the results of X-ray films and histological examination at 10 weeks after operation, heterotopic ossification was found in experimental group, but no heterotopic ossification in control group., Conclusions: The expression of HIF-lα significantly increases at early stage of post-traumatic heterotopic ossification after Achilles tenotomy, suggesting that the local hypoxia microenvironment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification.

A method was developed for the determination of glyphosate (GLY) and glufosinate-ammonium (GLUF) in tea using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The sample was extracted with ultrapure water and dichloromethane for 30 min under ultrasonication, followed by a simple cleanup with a C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and then GLY and GLUF were derivatized using 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC-Cl) in borate buffer for 2 h. The derivatives of GLY and GLUF were separated on a Waters C18 column (50 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) in a gradient elution mode, and finally detected with positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS ) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The quantification analysis was performed by external standard method. The method showed a good linearity (r > 0. 990) in the range of 0.003 125-0.1 mg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) of GLY and GLUF were 0.03 mg/kg. At the spiked levels of 0.375, 1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg, the recoveries of GLY and GLUF were 87.37%-99.11% and 81.44% -86.17% respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n = 6) of GLY and GLUF were 0.68%-1.35% and 1.01%-2.33%, respectively. This method is simple, rapid and characterized with acceptable sensitivity and accuracy to meet the requirements for the analysis of GLY and GLUF simultaneously in tea.

Objective: To investigate the surgical treatment and effectiveness of senile chronic shoulder dislocation., Methods: Between October 2011 and April 2014, 7 elderly patients with chronic shoulder dislocation were treated. There were 2 males and 5 females with an average age of 74 years (range, 61-83 years). The causes of injuries were falling injury in 6 patients and traffic accident injury in 1 patient. The interval between injury and confirmed diagnosis was 4-12 weeks (mean, 6.7 weeks). Preoperative apprehension test and Dugas sign of the shoulder joint were positive. Before operation, the forward elevation, abduction, and external rotation were (50.7±8.4), (44.5±3.3), and (35.8±4.8), respectively; and internal rotation reached T6, T11, L4 in 1 case and reached T10, T12 in 2 cases separately. The Constant-Murley score and Neer score were 51.2±8.3 and 45.4±7.3, respectively., Results: All the incisions healed by first intention, and no complication of fracture or neurovascular injuries occurred. Seven patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean, 16 months), and no re-dislocation happened. At last follow-up, apprehension test and Dugas sign of the shoulder joint were negative. The forward elevation, abduction, and external rotation were significantly improved to (117.5±13.1), (72.0±4.6), and (39.0±3.4)° (t= -33.746, P=0.000; t= -30.614, P=0.000; t= -2.802, P=0.031); and internal rotation reached T6, T10, T12, and L3 in 1 case respectively, and L3 in 3 cases, showing no significant difference when compared with preoperative values (Z= -1.732, P=0.083). The Constant-Murley score and Neer score were significantly improved to 85.4±4.3 and 84.0±4.8 when compared with preoperative score (t= -21.016, P=0.000; t= -29.518, P=0.000)., Conclusion: Surgical treatment of senile chronic shoulder dislocation can improve the range of motion and function of the shoulder joint obviously.

Objective: To explore the value of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in predicting the occurrence of heterotopic ossification by observing the expression of MMP-9 in heterotopic ossification of the early trauma rat model., Methods: A total of 132 male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 4-5 weeks, weighing (135.0 ± 6.5) g, were randomly divided into experimental group and control group (n = 66). In experimental group, the Achilles tendon was cut off and clamped to prepare heterotopic ossification model; in control group, only Achilles tendon was exposed by making a incision. The general condition of the rats was observed after operation; at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 days after operation, the Achilles tendon tissue was harvested for gross observation, histological observation, and immunohistochemical staining observation; the serum and Achilles tendon tissue were harvested to detect the expressions of MMP-9 protein and mRNA by ELISA and RT-PCR. The X-ray films at 5 and 10 weeks and histological examination at 10 weeks after operation were used to observe heterotopic ossification., Results: All rats survived to the end of the experiment. The Achilles tendon had no significant change in control group at each time point, showing normal tendon structure. In experimental group, the hardness of Achilles tendon tissue gradually increased with the time; there were a large number of irregular connective tissue and cartilage cells; and immunohistochemical staining for MMP-9 was positive results. The MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression levels of experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group at each time point (P < 0.05). MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression levels of experimental group showed an increasing tendency (P < 0.05). According to the results of X-ray films and histological observation, heterotopic ossification occurred at 10 weeks after operation in experimental group, but no heterotopic ossification was observed in control group., Conclusion: In early heterotopic ossification of rat Achilles tendon, the expression of MMP-9 increases significantly, indicating that it has reference significance in predicting heterotopic ossification.

Objectives: We provided estimates of noncombustible tobacco product (electronic nicotine delivery systems [ENDS]; snus; chewing tobacco, dip, or snuff; and dissolvables) use among current and former smokers and examined harm perceptions of noncombustible tobacco products and reasons for their use., Methods: We assessed awareness of, prevalence of, purchase of, harm perceptions of, and reasons for using noncombustible tobacco products among 1487 current and former smokers from 8 US designated market areas. We used adjusted logistic regression to identify correlates of noncombustible tobacco product use., Results: Of the sample, 96% were aware of at least 1 noncombustible tobacco product, but only 33% had used and 21% had purchased one. Noncombustible tobacco product use was associated with being male, non-Hispanic White, younger, and more nicotine dependent. Respondents used noncombustible tobacco products to cut down or quit cigarettes, but only snus was associated with a higher likelihood of making a quit attempt. Users of noncombustible tobacco products, particularly ENDS, were most likely to endorse the product as less harmful than cigarettes., Conclusions: Smokers may use noncombustible tobacco products to cut down or quit smoking. However, noncombustible tobacco product use was not associated with a reduction in cigarettes per day or cessation.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibitor and non-selective COX2 inhibitor drugs in prevention of heterotopic ossification in rats model so as to provide reference for clinical drugs selection of heterotopic ossification prevention., Methods: Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats, 6 to 8 weeks old, weight (190.0 +/- 8.5) g, were selected; the right Achilles tendon was cut off to induce ectopic bone formation. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): on the 1st day after modeling, celecoxib was given in groups A [2 mg/(kg x d)] and B [10 mg/(kg x d)], indomethacin in groups C [(2 mg/(kg x d) and D [10 mg/(kg x d)], and 2 mL of saline in group E for 10 weeks. The general condition of rats was observed after operation. At 5 and 10 weeks after operation, X-ray films of the right lower limb were taken to observe new bone formation. At 10 weeks after operation, the right Achilles tendon tissue was harvested for histological observation. Based on X-ray and histological results, heterotopic ossification was assessed. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate COX2 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) expression levels in local Achilles tendon., Results: During the experiment, 5 rats died (2 in group B, 1 in group C, and 2 in group D), the other rats survived to the end of the experiment. General observation of Achilles tendon tissue showed that the tendon tissue volume of group B was the smallest, with soft texture and no cartilage-like tissue; the tendon tissue volume of group E was the biggest, with hard texture and cartilage-like tissue. The incidence of heterotopic ossification was 80.0% (8/10), 25.0% (2/8), 88.9% (8/9), 50.0% (4/8), and 100% (10/10) in groups A-E respectively at 10 weeks after operation; significant differences were found between groups B, D and group E (P = 0.002, P = 0.023) and between groups B and C (P = 0.015), but no significant difference was found among the other groups (P > 0.05). COX2 expression level in groups B and D was significantly lower than that in group E (P < 0.05 ), but no significant difference was found among the other groups (P > 0.05); BMP-2 expression level in group B was significantly lower than that in groups A, C, and E (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found among the other groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Celecoxib at a dose of 10 mg/(kg x d) can effectively reduce the incidence of heterotopic ossification in rats.

Objective: To describe differences in and factors associated with former smoking and nicotine dependence among women in Ireland, Sweden, France, Italy and the Czech Republic., Methods: A cross-sectional, random digit dial telephone survey of 5000 women, aged 18 years and older, conducted in 2008. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression models., Results: Respondents from Ireland and Sweden had statistically significantly higher odds of having quit smoking within the 5 years before survey administration compared with respondents from the Czech Republic. Current smokers from Ireland, Sweden, France and Italy are more nicotine dependent than those from the Czech Republic., Conclusions: Respondents from countries with stronger tobacco control policies were more likely to have quit smoking compared with those living in the Czech Republic. However, respondents in countries with some of the strongest policies (Ireland, Sweden, France and Italy) had higher odds of smoking within 30 min of waking, an established indicator of nicotine dependence. More research in this area is warranted, but this study suggests that now that the Czech Republic is beginning to implement strong tobacco control policy, they will probably achieve a rapid decline in population-level smoking. Ireland, Sweden, France, Italy and other countries with established, strong tobacco control policies would do well to consider what additional programmes they can put in place to help their highly nicotine-dependent population of smokers successfully quit.

Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the most prevalent forms of arthritis in the elderly. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of these diseases and identify underlying therapeutic targets. Using GSE1919 microarray data sets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OA and RA cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of these crucial genes were investigated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. Small molecule expression and SNP analysis were also conducted by searching CMap and dbSNP databases. More than 320 genes changed in the arthritic cells and there were only 196 DEGs between OA and RA. OA and RA activated the classic mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation and intestinal immune network for IgA production. Graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune thyroid disease-related pathways were also activated in OA and RA. Parthenolide and alsterpaullone may be treatments for OA and RA and insulin-like growth factor 1, collagen α2(I) chain and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 may be critical SNP molecules in arthritis. Our findings shed new light on the common molecular mechanisms of OA and RA and may provide theoretical support for further clinical therapeutic studies.

It is well-known that tobacco smoke is a definite causative agent important for human health. Epidemiological research has proven that smoking is a cause of various serious and fatal diseases. However, never-smokers comprise a high proportion of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. To determine whether lung cancer patients in never smokers have different genetic mutations from their counterparts in smokers, we comprehensively searched the Cochrane Library, Medline and EMbase from 1966 to Jun 2010 for the following terms: ("non- smoker" or "never-smoker") and ("lung cancer") and ("gene") limited to English and clinical trials. Although a significant fraction of lung cancers in never smokers may also be attributable to tobacco, many such cancers arise in the absence of detectable tobacco exposure, and may follow a very different molecular pathway of malignant formation, including EGFR gene mutation, P53 mutation and metabolic gene CYP1AIIle462Val polymorphism. These genes will help doctors to separate never-smoker lung cancer from smokers, and may present promising targets for therapy of never-smoker lung cancers. Future efforts should focus on further delineation of underlying biologic differences, identifying potential non-tobacco-related risk factors, and refining treatment strategies for different groups of lung cancer patients.

Background: Previous studies have shown that exposure to truth® and similar countermarketing campaigns is associated with an increase in anti-smoking attitudes and beliefs in those aged 12-17 years and a decrease in youth smoking. However, it is unclear how such campaigns influence young adults aged 18-24 years., Purpose: To examine levels of awareness and the effect of the national truth campaign on smoking-related attitudes, beliefs, and intentions in young adults., Methods: Data on respondents, aged 18-24 years, from the Legacy Media Tracking Surveys-eight cross-sectional nationally representative telephone surveys administered from 2000 to 2004-were combined and analyzed in 2009. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between confirmed awareness of the truth campaign and smoking-related attitudes, beliefs, and intentions. A second set of models was used to examine the association of attitudes and beliefs targeted by the campaign with smoking intentions., Results: A majority of young adults showed confirmed awareness of the truth campaign. Awareness was associated with roughly half of the anti-smoking attitudes and beliefs, and it was associated marginally with the intention to quit among smokers (p=0.06). Several of the attitudes and beliefs targeted by the campaign were associated with the intention to not smoke (among nonsmokers) and to quit (among smokers)., Conclusions: Messages contained in youth-focused anti-smoking campaigns may promote attitudinal and behavioral change in young adults. Young adults are at risk for both initiation and establishment of smoking, while also being targeted specifically by the tobacco industry, so it is critical to consider this audience when developing and implementing anti-smoking interventions., (Copyright © 2010 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of carboxymethylchitosan-carboxymethylcellulose (CMCH-CMC) film on the adhesion and healing of colonic anastomosis., Methods: Sixty-four healthy adult male SD rats was randomly divided into control group and experimental group (n=32). The model of colonic anastomosis was made according to Buckenmaier's method in all rats. The experimental group was treated by wrapping anastomosis with CMCH-CMC film (3 cm x 2 cm) and the control group was not treated. At 7 days and 14 days after operation, the adhesion formation of colonic anastomosis was observed, the tensile strength of the anastomosis was assessed and compared with 6 normal rats, and the hydroxyproline (HP) content of the anastomosis was detected., Results: There were 3 deaths in the experimental group and 2 deaths in the control group. The adhesive scores of the experimental group on the 7th and 14th postoperative day [(0.50 +/- 0.16) points and (0.45 +/- 0.14) points, (P < 0.05)] were significantly lower than those of the control group [(1.67 +/- 0.15) points and (2.29 +/- 0.18) points, (P < 0.05)], (P < 0.01). Tensile strength were more marked on the 14th postoperative day than on the 7th postoperative day in the control group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 7th day and the 14th day in the experimental group. The tensile strength of the control group and the experimental group on the 14th postoperative day [(178.36 +/- 20.10) and (172.74 +/- 22.18) mmHg] were respectively higher than those on the 7th postoperative day [(138.67 +/- 16.65) and (130.81 +/- 18.38) mmHg] (P < 0.01). The tensile strength of the control group and the experimental group on the 7th postoperative day were respectively significantly lower than that of the normal rats (P < 0.01). The level of HP in the anastomosis was significantly higher on the 7th postoperative day in the experimental group [(84.47 +/- 11.87) microg/mg dried weight] than that of the control group [(55.47 +/- 12.89) microg/mg dried weight), (P < 0.05)], but there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group on the 14th postoperative day [(146.07 +/- 14.81) microg/mg dried weight, (137.14 +/- 16.81) microg/mg dried weight, (P> 0.05)]., Conclusion: The CMCH-CMC film can decrease adhesion the formation of colonic anastomosis, but does not interfere with the healing of colonic anastomosis.

Context: Adults who live in rural areas of the United States have among the highest smoking rates in the country. Rural populations, including Appalachian adults, have been historically underserved by tobacco control programs and policies and little is known about their effectiveness., Purpose: To examine the end-of-class quit success of participants in A Tobacco Cessation Project for Disadvantaged West Virginia Communities by place of residence (rural West Virginia and the urban area of Greater Charleston)., Methods: This collaborative program was implemented in 5 underserved rural counties in West Virginia and consisted of 4 intervention approaches: (1) a medical examination; (2) an 8-session educational and behavioral modification program; (3) an 8-week supply of pharmacotherapy; and (4) follow-up support group meetings., Findings: Of the 725 program participants, 385 (53.1%) had successfully quit using tobacco at the last group cessation class they attended. Participants who lived in rural West Virginia counties had a lower end-of-class quit success rate than those who lived in the urban area of Greater Charleston (unadjusted odds ratio [OR]= 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.48, 0.99), even after taking into account other characteristics known to influence quit success (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35, 0.94)., Conclusions: Tobacco control programs in rural West Virginia would do well to build upon the positive aspects of rural life while addressing the infrastructure and economic needs of the region. End-of-class quit success may usefully be viewed as a stage on the continuum of change toward long-term quit success.

Objectives: To develop, implement, and assess the efficacy of a comprehensive, evidence-based smoking cessation program for entertainment industry workers and their families., Methods: Study participants were recruited from 5 outpatient medical clinics and a worksite setting. Tobacco use data were collected during the initial counseling visit and at 6-month follow-up. Univariate and multivariate regressions were used in analysis., Results: More than 50% of participants (n=470) self-reported 7-day abstinence at follow-up. The majority of participants used combination cessation medications, with more than 50% still using at least 1 medication at 6 months., Conclusions: This evidence-based smoking cessation program using behavioral counseling and combination pharmacotherapy was successful with entertainment industry workers.

Objective: To study the prevention of postoperative adhesion using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)., Methods: The literature was reviewed extensively, concerning the physical and chemical characters of CMC, the mechanism of preventing adhesion, the effect on healing of anastomoses, the experimental researches and the clinical application., Results: CMC was a polysaccharide with favorable biocompatibility, biodegradation, stable physical and chemical characters, and it can prevent postoperative adhesion., Conclusion: CMC is with a wide outlook in prevention of postoperative adhesion.