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We develop a model of how emotions shape the participation of professions' clients in episodes of jurisdictional contestation. Our model begins with a framing contest between a social movement that disrupts a profession's jurisdictional control and the profession that defends it. We theorize how, through adversarial framing efforts, the movement and profession each seek to evoke emotions in particular ways to shape the actions of clients in their favor. We then explore how the emotional resonance of this framing contest leads individual clients to support, to varying degrees, one or both contestants. We argue that clients experiencing different configurations of pride, anger, shame, and fear—or ambivalence when these emotions overlap in conflicting ways—enact one of five modes of participation. With this article, we contribute to the literature on professions by (a) conceptualizing client participation in jurisdictional contestation across analytical levels, (b) considering the role of a constellation of intertwined social emotions in this process, (c) and introducing a typology of five modes of client participation in jurisdictional contestation. We develop the model by drawing on empirical examples from health-related professions, but we also discuss its generalizability to other work domains and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the availability and characteristics of snags and their use by cavity-nesting birds in the northeastern part of the Canadian boreal forest. We built up two long-term (> 200 years) chronosequences following time since the last fire in the unmanaged boreal forest of northeastern Québec, one in the balsam fir-white birch domain (southern region) and one in the spruce-mosses domain (northern region). We then sampled and characterized snags and live trees in 30 stands from each of these two chronosequences. We also looked for nest cavities on all sampled snags, performed bird inventories by point counts, and calculated tree mortality rate from permanent sample plots. Results show that mortality rates follow a U-shaped pattern, with more snags of large diameter (> 20 cm DBH) in young (< 50 years) and in old (> 200 years) forests. In the latter, we also found more nest cavities than in any other age classes. Although abundance of primary cavity nesters (excavating species) did not vary among age classes, secondary cavity nesters (using cavities already available) tend to be more numerous in older forests. Our results highlight the capacity for young and old-growth forests to provide quality habitat for species that are dependent on large snags. Proper forest management should maintain a mosaic of different age forest stands, including snags, to promote biodiversity and provide important resources for resident bird species.

Wildfires are increasing in importance in many regions of the Canadian boreal forest and are an ongoing risk for forest management activities. We simulated the effects of fires on long-term harvest levels on the 59 forest management units of the province of Quebec, Canada, for the 2020-2100 period. Different climate change pathways (stable, RCP 4.5 or 8.5) and salvage logging rates (20% or 70% of mature burned stands) were simulated. Changes in forest flammability due to climate change, species migration, and forest management were also considered. Under stable climatic conditions, the decline in potential harvest levels due to fire, based on 50 simulations per scenario, ranged between 3% and 33% (mean = 11%) when high salvage logging rates were simulated, compared to 6%-45% (mean = 20%) for low salvage rates. Climate change caused increases in burn rates between -3% and 39% for RCP 4.5 and between 33% and 69% for RCP 8.5 at the end of the 21st century, depending on fire zones. However, the effects of these modified burn rates on harvest levels did not differ substantially from those of baseline burn rates, probably because the projected burn rates were highest during the later part of the simulations (2070- 2100), when their impacts on harvest level calculations were limited. This study indicates that potential harvest levels calculated without considering wildfires are likely to be non-sustainable. Key words: forest landscape modelling, harvest level, wildfire, climate change, salvage logging, 1. Introduction Wildfires have an important influence on forest management activities. In the short term, fire suppression is expensive (Stocks and Martell 2016), as are post-fire silvicultural interventions to restore [...]

The reproductive ecology of the semi-serotinous species black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in northern boreal forests remains poorly understood. There is a general lack of data on cone/seed production and viability as a function of biotic treelevel characteristics and abiotic variables. No studies currently exist to quantify these differences over a large gradient in temperature, elevation, and precipitation. Extensive physical, ecological, dendrometric, and reproductive data were collected from young to very old black spruce stands in northern Quebec. ANOVA and general linear mixed models were used to examine interannual cone production, and the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic explanatory factors in determining total cone production; length of the cone-bearing zone; filled seeds per cone; proportion of filled seeds; and seed viability. The results illustrate that the reproductive ecology of black spruce in northern cold forests is mainly explained by biotic variables such as age and diameter [DELTA]T breast height, and by abiotic variables related to temperature such as elevation, length of the growing season, and growing degree-days. Black spruce exhibits a lower reproductive potential in northern cold forests, making it possibly less resilient to increased fire frequency, particularly in unproductive and very young or very old stands. Key words: black spruce, reproductive ecology, cone production, seed production, germination, boreal forest, forest fire, seed viability, resilience, adaptation L'ecologie de la reproduction de l'espece semi-serotineuse, l'epinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) dans les forets boreales froides est encore peu documentee. Il existe un manque general de donnees sur la production des cones/graines et leur viabilite en fonction des caracteristiques biotiques au niveau de l'arbre et des variables abiotiques. Aucune etude n'existe actuellement pour quantifier ces differences sur un large gradient de temperature, d'altitude, et de precipitations. De nombreuses donnees physiques, ecologiques, dendrometriques et reproductives ont ete recueillies dans des peuplements d'epinette noire jeunes a tres ages dans le nord du Quebec. Des ANOVA et des modeles mixtes lineaires generaux ont ete utilises pour examiner la production annuelle de cones et l'importance relative des facteurs explicatifs biotiques et abiotiques dans la determination de la production totale de cones; la longueur de la cime comportant des cones; le nombre de graines pleines par cone; la proportion de graines pleines; et leur taux de germination. Les resultats indiquent que l'ecologie de la reproduction de l'epinette noire dans les forets boreales nordiques est expliquee par des variables biotiques telles que l'age et le DHP, et des variables abiotiques liees a la somme thermique regionale telles que l'altitude, la duree de la saison de croissance, et les degres-jours de croissance. L'epinette noire presente un potentiel reproductif plus faible dans les forets froides du nord, ce qui la rend moins resistante a l'augmentation de la frequence des feux, particulierement dans les peuplements improductifs et tres jeunes ou tres vieux. Mots-cles : epinette noire, ecologie de la reproduction, production des cones, production des graines, germination, foret boreale, feu de foret, taux de germination, resilience, adaptation, 1. Introduction Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) is one of the most common and commercially important conifer species in the boreal forest of eastern North America (Viereck and Johnston 1990), [...]

Mast year occurrence in trees is often synchronized across large regions. In this study, we used dendrochronological methods based on cone scar characteristics on tree branches in order to reconstruct male and female cone production in balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) during the period 1988-2018. Results indicate that mast years generally occur every second year and can be synchronized across distances >1000 km. The main predictors of current-year cone abundance were cone abundance during the two previous years, which can be considered a proxy for resource availability for cone bud development during the current year, together with relatively warm temperature during cone bud development. Presence of aborted male cones was positively correlated with the occurrence of relatively cold episodes during cone bud development. This finding suggests that the influence of weather on cone crop abundance is at least partly mediated by growth cessation in the developing cone buds. We also suggest that a change in weather patterns before and after the 2005-2010 period is responsible for a switch in mast years from even to uneven calendar years around that time. Key words: balsam fir, boreal forest, conifers, female cones, large-scale synchrony, male cones, mast years. Les annees semencieres chez les arbres sont souvent synchronisees sur de larges territoires. Dans cette etude, nous avons utilise des methodes dendrochronologiques en mesurant les caracteristiques des cicatrices laissees sur les branches pour reconstruire la production de cones males et femelles chez le sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) durant la periode 1988-2018. Les resultats indiquent que les annees semencieres surviennent a tous les deux ans en general, et ce de facon synchronisee sur des distances >1000 km. Les principaux predicteurs de l'abondance des cones durant une annee donnee sont l'abondance de cones durant les deux annees precedentes, soit un indicateur de la disponibilite en ressources pour le developpement des bour geons de cones durant l'annee courante, ainsi que des temperatures relativement chaudes durant le developpement de ces memes bourgeons. La presence de cones males ayant avorte est correlee positivement avec l'occurrence d'episodes relativement froids durant le developpement des bourgeons de cones. Ceci suggere que l'influence des conditions meteorologiques sur la production de cones depend en partie d'interruptions de croissance lors du developpement des bourgeons. Nous suggerons egalement qu'un changement dans les patrons meteorologiques avant et apres la periode 2005-2010 explique une transition des annees semencieres depuis les annees paires vers les annees impaires au cours de la periode d'etude. Mots-cles: annees semencieres, cones femelles, cones males, coniferes, foret boreale, sapin baumier, synchronisme a grande echelle., 1. Introduction Mast seeding can be described as large-scale synchronized fluctuations in the reproductive output of perennial plants (Kelly and Sork 2002). A better understanding of the processes driving these [...]

Understanding the mechanisms that cause large-scale synchrony in insect population dynamics might yield key insights for predicting potential outbreak occurrence. Here, we evaluated which environmental factors best explain synchronous population fluctuations in the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) (SBW), a major defoliator of coniferous forests in North America. SBW population levels were assessed with pheromone traps during the 1986-2014 period across a 625 000 [km.sup.2] territory located in the province of Quebec (Canada). The populations were characterized by abundance fluctuations that were often synchronized across the whole study area. Interannual population fluctuations were correlated with host tree cone production (a source of food) and high May temperatures, suggesting that synchrony was influenced by food availability and phenological mismatch during shoot development. Cone production was itself correlated with low precipitation during the previous summer. This study indicates that bottom-up trophic factors can drive spatiotemporal synchrony in insect populations and contribute to explain important and sustained population increases during some years. We also suggest that several biological processes, all influenced by weather, are likely to interact to explain population synchrony during the different phases of the approximately 35 year SBW outbreak cycle, complicating the prediction of climate change effects on this insect. Key words: spruce budworm, population synchrony, mast years, boreal forests, phenology. La comprehension des mecanismes qui causent le synchronisme a grande echelle dans la dynamique des populations d'insectes pourrait aider a mieux predire l'occurrence des epidemies. Dans cette etude, nous avons evalue quels facteurs environnementaux expliquent le mieux les fluctuations synchrones des populations de tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) (TBE), un defoliateur important des forets coniferiennes d'Amerique du Nord. Les niveaux des populations de TBE ont ete evalues a l'aide de pieges a pheromones durant la periode 1986-2014 dans un territoire de 625 000 [km.sup.2] localise dans la province de Quebec (Canada). Les populations de TBE etaient caracterisees par des fluctuations d'abondance souvent synchronisees sur l'ensemble du territoire. La fluctuation interannuelle des populations etait correlee avec la production semenciere des arbres hotes (une source de nourriture) et des temperatures elevees lors du mois de mai, suggerant que le synchronisme est influence par la disponibilite de la nourriture et le decalage phenologique lors du debourrement. La production semenciere etait elle-meme correlee avec un faible niveau de precipitations durant l'ete precedent. Cette etude indique que la disponibilite en ressources peut expliquer le synchronisme spatio-temporel chez les populations d'insectes, et contribuer a expliquer les hausses de populations importantes et soutenues lors de certaines annees. Nous suggerons egalement que plusieurs processus biologiques, tous influences par les conditions meteorologiques, pourraient interagir pour expliquer la synchronisation lors de differentes phases du cycle epidemique de la TBE, compliquant la prediction des effets des changements climatiques sur cet insecte. Mots-cles: tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette, synchronisme des populations, annees semencieres, forets boreales, phenologie., Introduction Large-scale synchrony in population fluctuations has been described for many animal species, including small mammals, ungulates, and particularly insects (Liebhold et al. 2012; Myers and Cory 2013). Synchronous population [...]

The classic wood supply optimisation model maximises even-flow harvest levels and implicitly assumes infinite fibre demand. In many jurisdictions, this modelling assumption is a poor fit for actual fibre consumption, which is typically a subset of total fibre allocation. Failure of the model to anticipate this bias in industrial wood fibre consumption has been linked to increased risk of wood supply failure. In particular, we examine the distributed wood supply planning problem where the roles of forest owner and fibre consumer are played by independent agents. We use game theory to frame interactions between public forest land managers and industrial fibre consumers. We show that the distributed wood supply planning problem can be modelled more accurately using a bi-level formulation and present an extension of the classic wood supply optimisation model that explicitly anticipates industrial fibre consumption behaviour. We present a solution methodology that can solve a convex special case of the problem to global optimality and compare output and solution times of classic and bi-level model formulations using a computational experiment on a realistic dataset. Experimental results show that the bi-level formulation can mitigate risk of wood supply failure. Key words: forest management, fibre procurement, annual allowable cut, industrial consumption, bi-level model, game theory. La formulation classique du modele d'optimisation de la possibilite forestiere maximise le rendement soutenu et pose l'hypothese implicite que la demande de fibre est infinie. Dans plusieurs juridictions, cette hypothese represente mal la reelle consommation de fibre qui est typiquement un sous-ensemble de l'attribution totale. L'incapacite du modele classique de prevoir l'effet de ce biais entre la possibilite forestiere et la consommation reelle est liee a une hausse du risque de ruptures de stock. En particulier, nous examinons le probleme de planification distribuee de l'approvisionnement en bois oU des agents independants jouent les roles de proprietaire de la ressource forestiere et de consommateur de la fibre. Nous utilisons la theorie du jeu pour encadrer les interactions entre le gestionnaire de la ressource et le consommateur industriel. Nous demontrons que le probleme de planification distribuee de l'approvisionnement en bois peut etre modelise plus justement avec une formulation biniveau, et nous presentons une extension du modele d'optimisation classique pouvant anticiper le comportement du consommateur de fibre industriel. Nous presentons une methodologie pour resoudre un cas special convexe a l'optimalite globale, et nous comparons les performances experimentales des formulations classiques et biniveaux a l'aide d'un jeu de donnees synthetique realiste. Les resultats experimentaux montrent que le modele biniveau peux attenuer le risque de ruptures de stock. Mots-cles : planification forestiere, approvisonnement en fibre, possibilite annuelle de coupe, consommation industrielle, modele biniveau, theorie du jeu., 1. Introduction In Canada, provincial government authorities allocate timber licences (TLs) to industrial fibre consumers. These TLs, which grant rights to harvest fibre on public forest land, set species-wise upper [...]

The main environmental factors that drive lichen communities are still poorly known in northern boreal ecosystems. This study compares the effects of forest stand characteristics (height, canopy cover, and age) on fruticose epiphytic and terricolous lichen communities across a large region located at the interface between closed-crown boreal forests and northern open woodlands in the province of Quebec (Canada). The dataset consists of 875 plots spread across a 242 000 [km.sup.2] territory that ranges from the eastern to the western extremities of the province. The biomass of fruticose epiphytic lichens (Alectoria, Bryoria, Evernia, and Usnea) was evaluated at the branch, tree, and plot levels, and terricolous lichen cover (Cladonia spp.) was evaluated at the plot level. The results indicate that epiphytic and terricolous lichens respond significantly but differently to variations in forest characteristics. At the plot level, epiphytic lichen biomass was highest in the oldest stands (>100 years) and lowest in stand with low canopy cover (40%) or stands of intermediate age (60 to 100 years old). Species composition of epiphytic communities was also examined, and some species or genera exhibit a strong association with older stands (Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., Bryoria spp.) or with specific regions along the ca. 1500 km east-west gradient (Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. in the western part, Bryoria spp. in the central part, and A sarmentosa in the eastern part). In terms of conservation, these results indicate that epiphytic lichens communities are potentially sensitive to the preferential logging of older stands. Both epiphytic and terricolous lichen communities are also potentially sensitive to expected climate change effects such as increased fire frequencies or increased forest growth. Key words: lichen, boreal forest, epiphytes, Bryoria, Cladonia. Les principaux facteurs qui determinent la composition des communautes de lichens sont encore mal connus dans les ecosystemes boreaux nordiques. Cette etude compare les effets des caracteristiques (hauteur, couvert forestier et age) des peuplements forestiers sur les communautes de lichens epiphytes fruticuleux et terricoles a travers une vaste region situee a la limite ente les forets boreales a couvert ferme et les forets nordiques ouvertes dans la province de Quebec (Canada). Le jeu de donnees est compose de 875 placettes reparties sur un territoire de 242 000 [km.sup.2] qui s'etend entre les extremites est et ouest de la province. La biomasse des lichens epiphytes fruticuleux (Alectoria, Bryoria, Evernia et Usnea) a ete evaluee a l'echelle de la branche, de l'arbre et de la placette; le recouvrement de lichens terricoles (Cladonia spp.) a ete evalue a l'echelle de la placette. Les resultats montrent que les lichens epiphytes et terricoles reagissent de facon significative mais differente aux variations des caracteristiques de la foret. A l'echelle de la placette, la biomasse des lichens epiphytes etait la plus elevee dans les plus vieux peuplements (>100 ans), et la plus faible dans les peuplements avec un faible couvert forestier (40 %) ou dans les peuplements d'age intermediaire (60-100 ans). La composition en especes des communautes epiphytes a egalement ete etudiee et certaines especes ou genres etaient etroitement associes aux peuplements plus vieux (Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., Bryoria spp.), ou a des regions particulieres le long du gradient est-ouest d'environ 1500 km (Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. a l'ouest, Bryoria spp. au centre et A. sarmentosa a l'est). En termes de conservation, ces resultats indiquent que les communautes de lichens epiphytes sont potentiellement sensibles a l'exploitation preferentielle des vieux peuplements. Les communautes de lichens epiphytes et terricoles sont aussi potentiellement sensibles aux effets apprehendes des changements climatiques tels que l'augmentation de la frequence des feux ou l'augmentation de la croissance de la foret. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: lichen, foret boreale, epiphytes, Bryoria, Cladonia., Introduction The northern boreal zone is at the transition between the closed-crown boreal forest (to the south) and the open taiga (to the north). In North America, this ecosystem is [...]