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This article focuses on the history of the customs laboratories in the United States between the 1870s and the 1930s, focusing especially on the decades up to World War I. It pays attention to the various dimensions of these laboratories, in particular the context of their creation. The first customs laboratory was established in New York in 1878, and over the subsequent years, similar laboratories were set up across the country. The evolution of this network was influenced by factors such as the increasing specialization of these spaces, their geographic distribution, and changes in their organization and scope. The article also explores the types of imported merchandise analyzed in these labs; the roles of their staff, especially customs chemists, both within and outside these laboratories; their impact on the circulation of goods and in generating revenue from taxation; and the main challenges faced by customs chemists in adapting and standardizing their work. After discussing the necessity of customs laboratories in the United States, the article examines their progressive specialization, with a detailed study of the customs laboratory in New York. This laboratory was the largest and most significant due to its location and longevity. Finally, the paper considers the relationship between customs labs and the law, and how these spaces adapted to new challenges during the first third of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on publications produced by one of the oldest and leading professional associations dealing with intellectual disability (ID), this paper explores the continual maintenance of expertise over potentially contested classifications. I find that, given unforeseen difficulties among professionals in actually defining and classifying what is currently known as ID as well as the later addition of new stakeholders in the advocacy field, professionals’ understanding of revision shifted over time from a problem to ultimately be solved to a “legacy of revision” used to explain past changes in criteria and anticipate further ones. In analyzing this legacy, I focus on professionals’ understanding of several shifts surrounding diagnostic and classification criteria over the course of the twentieth and into the twenty-first century. To the extent that previous literature suggests that ambiguities surrounding classification are to be expected, this paper shows how professionals in the ID field drew on resonant themes and rhetorically (re)framed past and future changes in their maintenance of expertise in a field that dramatically shifted in what was acceptable in the treatment of people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a comparative analysis of internationalization policy between two distinct nations entrenched in unique sociopolitical and economic cultures, namely Japan and the United States of America (U.S.A.). How do different policymaking processes impact internationalization policy in practice? While Japan's internationalization policy is clearly articulated at the national level, the U.S. does not have a national higher education internationalization policy that emanates from the federal government. Therefore, in this study we analyzed macro-level data from three distinct policymaking sectors to identify U.S. national policy. Our analysis identifies the policy-making process in each nation and elucidates how internationalization policy unfolded in both cases. Second, we compare the development of higher education internationalization policy efforts in the two countries, sequencing events, factors, and rationales that impacted national policy. This approach allowed us to compare the implications of having a centralized versus a pluralistic internationalization policy-making process in the 2000s. Our research shows that, in practical terms, there is more variation in higher education internationalization policy in the U.S. than in Japan. In both countries, policy dynamics were influenced by social and economic factors, and political factors influenced policy in the U.S. An academic and humanitarian rationale for internationalization policy was not central to the essence of the policy in either country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique relationship humans have with rabbits has been coined the "21st century rabbit paradox" because there are few social boundaries surrounding how rabbits are interacted with and used by humans. Though this paradoxical relationship with rabbits has been observed, there is no clear empirical picture of what it looks like. This online survey of 1,006 US adults is the first to measure the prevalence and nature of human interactions with and attitudes toward rabbits across multiple industries. This study finds that experiences with rabbits are quite often nonexistent, the types of experiences respondents have had with rabbits vary widely, and many respondents lacked opinions regarding how rabbits are used by humans. The findings provide a clear picture of just how paradoxical the human relationship with rabbits is in US society and suggests areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information on lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) in the 21st century is scarce. We aimed to elucidate the incidence of LM and LMM using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 17 Registries. Methods: The data of patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2019 were extracted from the SEER database. The percentage of LM/LMM cases among all melanoma patients, age‐standardized incidence rates, estimated annual percentage changes, and the cumulative incidence of LMM after LM were calculated. Results: The SEER data yielded 95,175 patients with LM/LMM between 2000 and 2019. Cases of LM/LMM accounted for 15.7% of all melanomas. The age‐standardized incidence per 100,000 person‐years for LM increased from 4.16 to 5.61 and for LMM from 1.33 to 2.35 between 2000 and 2019. The annual increase in incidence of LM was 2.42%, and that of LMM was 3.32%. The cumulative incidence of LMM after a primary LM after 10‐year follow‐up was 0.94%. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the epidemiological status of LM/LMM in the United States in the 21st century using the population‐based SEER data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the reconfiguration of the global geopolitical landscape in the 21st century, highlighting the fall of the Soviet Union, the economic growth of China, and the emergence of India as important powers. It also mentions the critical situation of Latin America after the debt crisis and the failure of the Washington Consensus. The objective of the article is to analyze Latin America's relations with global actors such as the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union, and how these relations affect the region. Mélany Barragán Manjón, a professor at the University of Valencia, and Ariel Sribman Mittelman, a researcher at the Institute of Latin American Studies and the Caribbean at the University of Buenos Aires and a professor of Political Science at the European University of Madrid, are presented. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Realidad Economica is the property of Realidad Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One student success factor in higher education is students' readiness to learn. An increasing number of students are learning in multiple modalities and the boundaries between course modalities continue to blur. In this context, there is a need to reassess readiness for online learning in ways that can serve all 21st century learners. The purpose of this study was to re-develop and cross-validate a measure of online learner readiness with different online student samples from two universities in the United States (combined N = 10,143). The reduced 25-item instrument retained four latent constructs: self-regulation efficacy, locus of control, communication efficacy, and technology efficacy. The emergence of these four factors replicates previous scale development studies, although individual items diverge from previous readiness instruments. Current and future applications of this redeveloped readiness instrument, the Learning Skills Journey Tool, are discussed, with a specific focus on how it can serve students throughout their learning journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State and local governments in the United States are the implementation agents for a vast swath of federal policies. As the country embarks on an unprecedented foray into fiscal federalism to combat climate change, we face a stark reality: many local governments are not ready. Drawing from recent data and evidence on local sustainability activities, we argue policy makers and managers at all levels of governance need to apply the lessons learned over the last two decades of subnational climate efforts. For local government managers working in the 21st century, climate change will likely be a defining social dilemma of their lifetimes. After years of inaction, the United States has taken a major step in trying to meet its greenhouse‐gas mitigation pledges. But implementation requires understanding both the opportunities and opportunity costs posed by such generational investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monthly temperature and precipitation data for 923 United States Geological Survey 8‐digit hydrologic units are used as inputs to a monthly water balance model to compute monthly actual evapotranspiration, soil moisture storage, and runoff across the western United States (U.S.) for the period 1900 through 2020. Time series of these water balance variables are examined to characterize and explain the dry conditions across the western U.S. since the year 2000. Results indicate that although precipitation deficits account for most of the changes in actual evapotranspiration and runoff, increases in temperature primarily explain decreases in soil moisture storage. Specifically, temperature has been particularly impactful on the magnitude of negative departures of soil moisture storage during the spring (April through June) and summer (July through September) seasons. These effects on soil moisture may be particularly detrimental to agriculture in regions already stressed by drought such as the western U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is a key factor in ecosystems that profoundly affects carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles on land surfaces, vegetation growth, and climate change. Consequently, numerous scholars have researched and authored scientific literature on soil moisture and related topics. Using the Web of Science database, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of 60,581 papers published in the field of soil moisture between 2000 and 2022. The findings revealed the following trends. (1) The number of publications on soil moisture has consistently increased in the 21st century at an increasing rate. For instance, although the annual increase was only 94 publications in 2005, it surged to 321 publications in 2020. (2) The United States (US), China, and developed European countries emerged as primary research institutions and authors. The US occupies a leading position in soil moisture research, boasting the highest number of publications and total citations in the field, whereas China ranks second in both publications and total citations. (3) Regarding international collaboration, the US has established close partnerships with numerous international research institutions. However, China's international cooperation in this field requires improvement. (4) The Journal of Hydrology holds the top position in terms of both the total number of published articles and citations. Research on water resources ranked first in terms of its H-index. (5) Keyword analysis highlighted several current research hotspots, including the coupled covariance effect of soil moisture and land surface environmental factors in the context of climate change, soil moisture utilization rate, crop yield, influence mechanism of soil moisture on soil ecosystem structure, and development of high-precision soil moisture data products. In conclusion, this study provides a systematic review of the research hotspots and trends in soil moisture studies in the 21st century. The objective is to offer a comprehensive reference to aid in understanding the evolutionary patterns of soil moisture research in multiple dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, we examine the system of physical education with a Janus-like perspective. We focus on examining and learning from the past as we anticipate what society, school systems, and the physical education system might look like in the future. Drawing on futuristic scenarios developed for this special journal issue, we ask a timely, pivotal question. What does all of this mean for the future of the field of physical education, including its school programs, teacher education programs, doctoral programs, and salient public policies? The several chapters in this special issue can be viewed as a response to this question—and with a delimited focus on the unique context of the United States. This chapter is structured to provide an overall context for these other contributions. It includes a discussion of relevant theories provided in this special issue and a representative summary of the other articles. Selectivity is apparent and unavoidable in every article, and it can be viewed variously as a strength or limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though economists have examined labor displacement due to digitization, few have considered the new work and value created. Unlike employment relations that brought workers together on the assembly line or in an office in a previous era, platforms enable a greater, more dispersed, and complex division of labor. New and reconfigured types of labor enabled by platforms create identification and measurement challenges. Previous studies of platforms invariably focused on specific organizational forms such as sharing or gigs. They built taxonomies based on the platform's organization – few considered the scope and scale of platform-enabled value creation. To better understand changing labor arrangements in the 21st century, this article introduces a taxonomy to systematically understand work, employment, and value creation in the platform economy. We consider all of the platform-enabled value creation activities including old work displaced or reorganized to new work created. We provide suggestive evidence for the utility of our framework through case studies of Etsy and Amazon Self-Publishing in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A historical perspective of river BOD/DO modeling using the Streeter‐Phelps equation in the past century is presented with cases in the United States, Taiwan, and India. The main emphasis is on the regulatory aspects of modeling during the five decades following the passage of the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA) in the United States. Success of the CWA in river clean‐up is demonstrated via BOD/DO modeling for management use. Continuing interests outside the United States in anaerobic rivers and eutrophication‐related low dissolved oxygen problems are serving as new proving ground for applications of river BOD/DO modeling. In addition, road blocks on BOD/DO modeling under future conditions for water quality management are outlined. Practitioner Points: Water quality‐based control to set end‐of‐pipe limits prior to 1970sSwitched to technology‐based control following the 1972 Clean Water ActBack to water quality‐based control with field data support since 1980Modeling to support technology‐based and water quality‐based control for renewed river BOD/DO problems in the 21st century [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is a crop of historical significance, as it marks the turning point of human civilization 10,000 years ago with its domestication. Due to the rapid increase in population, wheat production needs to be increased by 50% by 2050 and this growth will be mainly based on yield increases, as there is strong competition for scarce productive arable land from other sectors. This increasing demand can be further achieved using sustainable approaches including integrated disease pest management, adaption to warmer climates, less use of water resources and increased frequency of abiotic stress tolerances. Out of 200 diseases of wheat, 50 cause economic losses and are widely distributed. Each year, about 20% of wheat is lost due to diseases. Some major wheat diseases are rusts, smut, tan spot, spot blotch, fusarium head blight, common root rot, septoria blotch, powdery mildew, blast, and several viral, nematode, and bacterial diseases. These diseases badly impact the yield and cause mortality of the plants. This review focuses on important diseases of the wheat present in the United States, with comprehensive information of causal organism, economic damage, symptoms and host range, favorable conditions, and disease management strategies. Furthermore, major genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage these diseases are discussed. A detailed description of all the QTLs, genes reported and cloned for these diseases are provided in this review. This study will be of utmost importance to wheat breeding programs throughout the world to breed for resistance under changing environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the increase in studies on border security since the terrorist attacks of September 11th in the United States. It highlights that the literature on border security covers the entire world and that there are numerous conferences and workshops dedicated to this topic. Additionally, it is mentioned that border security is a complex phenomenon and that the control measures implemented by states often generate more insecurity. The militarization of Mexico's migration deterrence policy is discussed and it is shown that not all states respond in the same way to threats on their borders. The symbolic and material deployment of technology on the border between the United States and Mexico is also explored, resulting in processes of hyper-surveillance and loss of privacy. The resistance and activism against the actions of the state to achieve border security are emphasized. It is concluded that border security is a dynamic concept that presents challenges to freedom, individual rights, and democracy. [Extracted from the article]

The global interest in agricultural land, while taking center stage in the agrarian issue in the 21st century, is not a recent process. Differently from what is frequently mentioned in the discussions, the countries of the Center, in addition to being operators of the land foreignization in the Peripheral countries, are also targets of the process, not only in contemporary times. Thus, the objective of the article is to analyze the debate on the foreignization of agricultural land in the United States during the 1970s. We argue that addressing the American case is important, since it allows an increasingly understanding of land foreignization as a structural element of agrarian question and, consequently, the advance of capitalist relations in the countryside, not being present in just a historical moment or in certain regions. With the article it is possible to conclude that foreignization takes on unique characteristics in space and time and different impacts on multiple scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their many differences, Spain and the United States share the burden of a traumatic past. Both countries owe their current reality to the sacrifice of a good part of the population, Black and brown people in the United States, and those defeated in the civil war in Spain. In this article, I draw a comparison between the two countries to contrast memory laws that bring more equity and inclusion to historical narratives, such as Spain’s, with memory laws that explicitly minimize or deny historical events and exclude voices from historical narratives, as those passed recently in many US states. I focus on how Spain’s educational and legislative systems have tackled the teaching of the past in the twenty-first century and the lessons that can be learned from this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is imperative that the field of school psychology in the United States continue to evolve in order to support the development, well-being, and educational success of all students. The confluence of numerous factors, including the sociopolitical zeitgeist, significant societal events, and the need to provide appropriate supports for students from minoritized backgrounds, converge to reveal and inform the importance of the field of school psychology continuing to develop. This special topic section of School Psychology Review focuses on reconceptualizing school psychology for the 21st century. The compilation of articles featured herein is both introspective and forward looking. These articles present important theories, frameworks, and approaches to improve school psychology's responsiveness to the social injustice embedded in many of the core foundations of American society and inform our professional efforts to more effectively support every student. Several foundational orientations are emphasized, including critical consciousness, critical reflexivity, and other mindsets key to engaging in sustained efforts to advance social justice and antiracism. Implications for practice, scholarship, graduate education, and professional standards in school psychology are discussed. Impact Statement Sociopolitical and cultural changes have affected the lived experiences and needs of students, families, and educators, which, in turn, create the contexts within which school psychologists engage and affect the attitudes, assumptions, behaviors, and resources school psychologists bring to their work. This article highlights considerations and opportunities for school psychology faculty, practitioners, and students to advance the development of the field to support the students, families, and communities we serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares changes in American attitudes toward intermarriage with Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, and Whites in the twenty-first century simultaneously, using nationally representative samples from General Social Surveys 2000–2018. Our trend analyses reveal that, since 2000, nearly two thirds or more of Americans have strongly favored, favored, or held a neutral stance on, intermarriage with Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics, but favorable attitudes toward intermarriage with non-Hispanic Whites have either been generally steady or even slightly declined. Our generalized linear ordinal logistic regression analyses show that either including or excluding control variables, American attitudes have become generally more supportive of intermarriage with Blacks since 2002, with Asians since 2008, and with Hispanics since 2010, but have witnessed insignificant undulating changes in support for intermarriage with non-Hispanic Whites in the twenty-first century. The findings have significant implications for social progress and inter-group relations, hierarchies, and distances in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wartime dominates the 21st century. The term is ubiquitous in contemporary politics, providing an intuitive trope for narrating foreign relations, grappling with intractable policy problems, and responding to shocking events. Such pervasion makes it easy to forget that wartime is a relatively recent political invention. It began as an instrumental and somewhat stylized concept that authorized exceptional violence by promising to contain it within strict temporal boundaries. Yet in the same era that wartime achieved international prominence, war itself became an increasingly ordinary and extended dimension of politics. Today, 'wartime' refers to a number of unconstrained and often self-perpetuating violent practices that have changed global politics and national security policies in deep and enduring ways – nowhere more so than in the United States. To introduce the special issue, this article presents wartime as a neglected and paradoxical topic at the heart of International Relations. It sketches the concept's historical emergence, from innovative Presidential discourse through expansion in World War II and the Cold War, to 21st century entrenchment in daily life and habits of foreign relations. We also make the case for why US wartime marks an especially apt example of a global phenomenon, and one worthy of increased scrutiny within International Relations (IR). Finally, we provide synoptic summaries of the articles that comprise the special issue, showing how they work together to interrogate key aspects of 21st century wartime. We conclude with reflections on how the study of wartime may be extended to better understand its impact on historical and contemporary global politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research around sport-related concussion (SRC) has made great advances during the twenty-first century. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the published SRC research. A bibliometric analysis was conducted of data from articles from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze publication trends, most productive countries, institutions, authors, journals, research fields, and references with the highest citation number. VOSviewer software was used to perform network visualization and keywords co-occurrence analysis. CiteSpace software was used to perform reference co-citation analysis. 1) The number of publications and number of citations of research in SRC progressively increased between 2000 and 2021; 2) the United States was the leading country in research in SRC; 3) extensive cooperation among countries, institutions, and investigators was prevalent in SRC research; 4) P. McCrory, M. McCrea, and K.M. Guskiewicz were the 3 most prolific and influential authors; 5) research in SRC involved multidisciplinary perspectives and approaches; 6) research in SRC mainly covered aspects of primary prevention, diagnosis, and management, and the latter two have gained more attention in recent years; and 7) specific questions about "education," "predictors," "youth," "exercise," "reliability," "validity," and "baseline" were the research frontiers of SRC. Attention to research in SRC has rapidly increased in recent years. Our work is a holistic overview that summarizes the hotspots, frontiers, and prospects of SRC, thus providing valuable information and guidance concerning research directions for those who are interested in or are dedicated to SRC research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Barosu Dergileri is the property of Ankara Bar Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Precipitation is vital for the water‐limited region of the southwestern United States. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 global climate models project 21st century precipitation trends of varying sign for this region, even if forced by an identical anthropogenic emissions scenario. This study investigates the role of the present‐day and future atmospheric circulation in driving the disparity in precipitation trends among models. The wettest model projections are linked to the development of an anomalous mid‐tropospheric trough over the eastern North Pacific Ocean, which depends in part on future unpredictable internal variability. By contrast, future precipitation trends are also linked to models' representation of the present‐day climatological mid‐tropospheric ridge over western North America. Models that fail to properly simulate this ridge in the present‐day climatology are responsible for the most extreme outlier precipitation scenarios for the Southwest for the 21st century: extreme drying in winter and extreme wetting in summer. Plain Language Summary: The southwestern United States contains major population centers and agricultural regions that depend on limited water resources. Computer models used to predict future climate change disagree on how precipitation will change in this region over the 21st century. The goal of this study is to investigate why different models predict different future precipitation changes for this region. The key finding is that how well models simulate the present‐day configuration of the atmospheric jet streams over western North America is closely linked to what they predict for future precipitation change in the Southwest. By excluding models with poor representations of the present‐day jet streams, the range of physically plausible future precipitation scenarios for the Southwest can be narrowed to exclude extreme drying trends during winter and extreme wetting trends during summer. Key Points: Global climate models do not agree on the sign of 21st century precipitation trends for the southwestern United StatesFuture precipitation trends in this region are closely tied to the models' present‐day mid‐tropospheric flow over western North AmericaModels with the most biased present‐day mid‐tropospheric flow project the largest drying trends in winter and wetting trends in summer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weedy rice is a close relative of cultivated rice that devastates rice productivity worldwide. In the southern United States, two distinct strains have been historically predominant, but the 21st century introduction of hybrid rice and herbicide resistant rice technologies has dramatically altered the weedy rice selective landscape. Here, we use whole-genome sequences of 48 contemporary weedy rice accessions to investigate the genomic consequences of crop-weed hybridization and selection for herbicide resistance. We find that population dynamics have shifted such that most contemporary weeds are now crop-weed hybrid derivatives, and that their genomes have subsequently evolved to be more like their weedy ancestors. Haplotype analysis reveals extensive adaptive introgression of cultivated alleles at the resistance gene ALS, but also uncovers evidence for convergent molecular evolution in accessions with no signs of hybrid origin. The results of this study suggest a new era of weedy rice evolution in the United States. Whole-genome re-sequencing of weedy rice accessions reveals recent genetic introgression and adaptation that is altering crop-weed dynamics across southern USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial discrimination is one of the most crucial global issues to be addressed because it is against democracy principles and human rights. One of the countries that still faces the problem of racial discrimination is the United States of America (USA). This article discusses the reasons why racial discrimination against African-Americans persists in the United States of America in this 21st century. This study applies an explanatory qualitative approach and a literature study data collection. By using the concept of the norm life cycle by Kathryn Sikkink and Martha Finnemore, this study argues that the internalization of anti-racial discrimination norms in the United States (U.S.), especially adopted from the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), has not been fully completed. This research analyzes three aspects of norm internalization: actors, motives, and mechanisms. From those aspects, this study found that the actors’ efforts to internalize norms are hampered by the RUDs (Reservations, Understandings, Declarations) in the ratification of ICERD. The existence of white supremacy in the United States also disrupts the conformity (motive) needed for internalization. The last, in the aspect of mechanism, especially when it is viewed within the scope of the issuance of laws, there are certain legal decisions or policies which indirectly interfere with the implementation of the mechanism in the form of laws and regulations made by the United States before. The results of this study will benefit by providing a reflection on the issue of racial discrimination that also occurs in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of this paper maintain that challenging the frame of "innovation" as a privileged keyword for higher education is a fresh and useful intervention in the conversation about the neoliberalization of higher education in the United States. Since our home institution, Purdue, is being celebrated by US News for "innovation," the focus on the concept enables us to offer a Purdue lens on the topic. The authors argue that three high profile developments that have taken place since 2013 under the leadership of Purdue President Mitch Daniels—the University Honors College, the Cornerstone Integrated Liberal Arts Program, and Purdue Global—may also be regarded as "ideological innovations." Alongside the laudable aspects of each of these developments, we argue that each serves the administration's plan to decrease faculty power, especially in the humanities, by promoting initiatives that, in each case, increase the precariatization of instructional labor at Purdue and that move curriculum design and the hiring of teaching staff away from traditional academic departments and toward a more centralized model of educational control under the direction of high-level university administrators in and outside the College of Liberal Arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine changes in population level incidence and survival of patients diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the United States in 2001–2016. Data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-18 database. Period analysis was used to calculate one-, two-, and five-year survival. The incidence peaked at 5.6 per 100,000 in 2010 then decreased to 3.9 by 2016, with a decrease in the diagnoses of refractory anemia (RA) and RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) and a relative increase in RA with excess blasts (RAEB). Overall, one-, two-, and five-year relative survival decreased over time, going from 74.3%, 60.9%, and 42.3%, respectively, in 2008–2010 to 70.9%, 55.9%, and 37.6%, respectively, in 2014–2016. When survival was examined by histology, patients with RA/RARS and RAEB had similar survival expectations in 2008–2010 versus 2014–2016 and a decrease was observed for 5q-MDS. Our results highlight the need for new treatment options in MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TECHNO Review is the property of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first 20 years of the twenty-first century have presented U.S. banks with three recessions, long periods of very low interest rates, and increased regulation. The number of commercial banks operating in the United States declined by 51 percent during this period. This article examines the performance of U.S. commercial banks from 2000 through 2020. An overall picture is provided by examining the evolution of assets, deposits, loans, and other financial characteristics over the period. In addition, new estimates of technical inefficiency are provided, offering additional insight into banks' performance during the recent difficult years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the persistence of racial residential segregation in the United States has made significant progress by moving beyond traditional explanations—socioeconomic differences, preferences, and discrimination—to focus on the complex ways in which these factors interact with the multistage process of residential sorting. Dramatic changes in metropolitan landscapes over the past two decades, however, demand an expanded theoretical framework that can account for stability and change. In this article, we review research on contemporary urban changes that offers insights for explaining segregation's persistence amid widespread change. We identify three broad categories of mechanisms that exacerbate inequities by race and class in residential sorting processes: resource inequality, hierarchy endurance, and consolidated power. We describe developments in measuring segregation and new data and methods for studying urban change that enable researchers to consider the contemporary mechanisms, forms, and scales of segregation in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While traditional civic education in the United States is inextricably linked to notions of a public sphere, this paper argues that the digital era requires a reimagining of this premise. The opaque nature of digital spaces makes it difficult for young people to understand how large of an audience they are interacting with and to what extent a conversation that may feel private is rebounding across public contexts. In this conceptual paper, we (1) use semiotic squares to present publicly private and privately public as two ways to reinterpret traditional presumptions about the role of "the public" in civic education and (2) present the implications of these blended spaces for civic education and civic learning. The paper asks, what does it mean to prepare young people for interaction in the "public" sphere within our classrooms today? By drawing on a vignette of teacher practice, we articulate what civic education could be for students around the world in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Career and technical education courses, funded by a 2018 re-authorization known as the Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act, provide an ideal opportunity for the advancement of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers in the United States. The article takes a close look at the conditions and implications of the re-authorized "Perkins V" for the advancement and promotion of career and technical education courses among tribal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article situates the current (re)configuration of Latin American regionalism within the broader history of capitalist geopolitics. I argue that modern regionalism, in the post-war period and beyond, is better understood through a deeper historicization of geopolitical dynamics that shaped, and were shaped by, global capital accumulation. From the early regional imaginaries of post-independence Latin American leaders, to the emergence of 'continental history' marked by the rise of the continent-sized island in the United States, the origins of regional institutions forms a more longer lineage than is often thought. The article provides a class-relational analysis of the ISI period, the rise (and fall) of neoliberal discipline, and the resurgence of a new Latin American left in the early twenty-first century. Through the lens of capitalist geopolitics, I offer a potential critical-theory route towards understanding the current conjuncture, and what the future portents for Latin American regionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research describes how the history of Black representation in the United States' mainstream media – both on screen and behind the scenes – impacts Black media professionals and complicates the reproduction of authentic Blackness in the twenty-first century. Coupling Hall's model of encoding and decoding with media production studies, we analyze 22 interviews with self-identified Black media professionals at a Black-owned full-service communications company that targets Black consumers for mainstream brands. Findings suggest that mediated representations of Black people, which are inescapable and influential, are also narrow because white audiences' perceptions of authentic Blackness determine which depictions of Blackness are profitable. By contrast, Black media producers argue that profitable Blackness is not authentic because it does not include the diversity of the Black experience. We leverage participants' understandings of Blackness and the role of media to provide practical insights into how media industries can incorporate notions of diversity and inclusion to create authentic mediated Blackness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a set of comparative data related to racial inequality in the United States and Brazil throughout the twenty-first century. Within the limitations of available data, we highlight four limited but important dimensions, that is, demography, education, the labor market, and earnings that illustrate racial inequality in both countries. In doing so, we aim to investigate and critically update Andrews's work (1992) on the last three decades with available data. Despite some improvements in absolute terms related to racial inequities, we show that in both Brazil and the United States, economic growth periods do not necessarily mean that income among blacks is catching up with that of whites. Similarly, in both countries, economic crisis and recovery phases are experienced differently depending on the individual's race. JEL Classification: D31, D63, J7, J15 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial jurisprudential response to the gig economy above has included the exploration of two new legal personae: algorithmic persons and dependent contractors. The author uses the word 'exploration' here, because neither figure has become an established character on the legal landscape in the United States -- yet. Given the sector's claims of absolute novelty, it may seem that the best way to develop regulations is to identify new positions and actors, define them, and then apply existing regulations and expectations or develop new ones accordingly. This chapter explains why this approach is misguided. First, legal personae have only a tangential relationship with actually existing human beings. Much regulatory energy could be caught up in elaborate definitions and descriptions intended to develop robust regulation, only to find that they create the blueprint for future business models that avert these very frameworks. Second, these legal personae are developed within the existing frameworks of employment law and corporate regulation, which in the United States, are determined by a phantasmagoric understanding of 'the market'. Unless this basic framework is questioned, one can expect that these new legal personae will fail to protect actual workers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the turn of the Millennium, it has become increasingly difficult to understand the socio-political landscape using the traditional models. Although this is a global phenomenon, it is particularly evident in the United States, which is where we will focus the majority of this article. The current era is dominated by a series of overlapping phenomena, rooted in a series of what we term "disconnections," that bring into view a new "spherical" political reality. These disconnections describe situations where the empirical, or observable, world differs from the actual, but often hidden, reality. Deriving from these disconnections, the traditional "flat" understanding of political structures, focused on "traditional" axes of Liberal to Conservative and Libertarian to Authoritarian, ignores an important third dimension that we will examine. This third axis relates to issues of rural / nationalist / science-skeptical versus urban / globalist / science-positive. This article explores how this third axis informs, and is informed, by the three most significant issues facing the world at this moment: climate change, COVID-19, and the attempted coup of January 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Globalization, new media development, and a chaotic job climate have transformed the nature of the workplace in the 21st century. Thus, understanding areas of concern and expanding collaborating networks are essential to progress scientific creation towards integrated efforts. This study aimed to map the global research trends in telecommuting publications, research areas, prolific sources, most cited documents, authors’ co-authorship, institutions co-authorship, countries co authorship, and keywords co-occurrence. Using the Scopus database, a total of 1453 telecommuting publications were disseminated between 1964 and 2020. The findings revealed that the number of publications fluctuated with hike in publications in 2020. It can be interpreted that telecommuting research is miscellaneous by evaluating research fields. About 44.80% of the overall worldwide publications have been contributed by scholars from the United States, leading 77 other countries. Also, among the most prolific sources, the Transportation Research Record was the topmost of the other 159 outlets. The undertaken bibliometric study offers a comprehensive and in-depth view of telecommuting research that may be useful to practitioners and researchers in advancing potential knowledge in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent empirical studies have shown that during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, banks that were more heavily exposed to liquidity risk contracted their supply of credit more sharply. I contribute to the identification of this effect by relying on the use of micro-level data on U.S. mortgage loan applications, which allows me to identify liquidity risk as an important determinant of the contraction of credit in the mortgage market but as separate from the precipitous fall in credit demand, disruptions in the securitization and subprime markets, shifts in asset risk, and changing risk aversion among loan officers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]