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Young children are biased to treat new information communicated to them as conventional, shareable, and known by others in their community. However, some information is privileged in the sense that is not intended to be shared with or known by all. The current study compared judgements regarding sharing conventional versus privileged information. Seventy‐four 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds and adults responded to vignettes in which a protagonist had to decide whether to share conventional (an object name) or privileged information (surprise). Consistent with our hypothesis, there was no developmental change in sharing judgements for conventional information but a clear decrease with age for sharing privileged information. Nonetheless, even 3‐year‐olds were more likely to judge that conventional information should be shared more than privileged information, though this difference increased with age. While children overall treat information as shareable, there is an emerging ability to distinguish how conventional versus privileged information should be shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the Murdoch Mysteries series as a collective whole can be read as a definitive text on the Canadian psyche, on its cultural identity, and its underlying philosophy. Canada shares a history with the United States, and because of this, Canada's peace, freedom, common order, and prosperity, all elements of its identity and moral character, have been defined contingently upon its geopolitical relationship to the United States. The series illustrates that foundational philosophies are not irrelevant to perceptions of truth or interpretations of historical events, that historical narratives may play a role in the formation of the culture and its principles and practices of morality, and that together law and morality define the character and identity of a people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: This paper studies the deceased-donor liver allocation policies in the United States. In the transplant community, broader organ sharing is believed to mitigate geographic inequity (intergeographic variation in transplant rates, patient survival rates, waiting times, and offers) in organ access, and recent policies are moving in that direction in principle. The liver-allocation policy has gone through two major modifications in the last 10 years. Despite these overhauls, geographic inequity persists. Methodology/results: In this study, we develop a patient's dynamic choice model to analyze the patient's strategic response to a policy change. We use this to evaluate several (existing and proposed) organ-allocation policies. On historical data, we show that our model's predictions are more precise than the existing liver simulated allocation model. It more accurately captures (1) a patient's change in organ offer acceptance probability (with their sickness level) and (2) the behavioral change of a patient in terms of organ offer acceptance probability with a change in policy. Next, we study the current acuity circles policy (a one-size-fits-all variant of broader sharing) and conclude that it results in lower efficiency (more offer refusals and a lower transplant benefit) than the previous share 35 policy and performs similarly on geographic equity measures. Finally, we show that broader sharing in its current form may not be the best strategy to balance geographic equity and efficiency. The intuition is that, by indiscriminately enlarging the pool of supply locations from where patients can receive offers, they tend to become more selective, resulting in more offer rejections and less efficiency. We illustrate that a policy that equalizes the supply (deceased donors)-to-demand (waiting list patients) ratios across geographies is better than acuity circles in achieving geographic equity at the lowest trade-off on efficiency metrics. Managerial implications: The key message to policymakers is that they should move away from the one-size-fits-all approach and focus on matching supply and demand to develop organ-allocation policies that score well in terms of efficiency and geographic equity. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1211. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory interventions enable active user engagement, but research is needed to examine the longitudinal mechanisms through which engagement may generate outcomes. This study investigated the social processes following a web-based participatory media literacy intervention. In this program, young women were asked to create a digital counter message against the media content that promotes risk behavior. The effects of the message production were assessed at an immediate post-test and three- and six-month follow-ups. Message production increased collective efficacy at the immediate post-test, which then stimulated the sharing of self-generated messages and interpersonal conversation at the three-month follow-up. These sharing behaviors, in turn, led to critical media use and a negative attitude toward risk behavior at six months. Collective efficacy and sharing behavior sequentially mediated the effects of message production on outcomes. Theoretical and pragmatic implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there are a lot of misinformation and myths related to both the deployment of antennas for 5G and the frequency bands used in such technology. Many of these myths arise from the lack of serious research documents released in common language to be understood by different knowledge areas. This work makes a small contribution in this regard and shows a bibliographic review of the most relevant characteristics related to the problem of deployment of transmitters (a.k.a. base stations), and also takes into account a spectrum sharing scheme. As a case study, we will analyze the CBRS regulation used in the United States for the deployment of 5G, it will provide an overview of engineering problems and also, the areas of research that still need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey study employed a framework of self-presentation motives in physical exercise to advance the understanding of exercise monitoring apps users' sharing behaviours on social networking sites (SNS). 551 participants were recruited using Qualtrics national research panel. A model of moderated mediation was proposed and analysed. The results suggested that both agentic and communal self-presentation motives significantly predicted fitness sharing on SNS and fitness app use. Perceived self-presentation outcome value for agentic purposes significantly enhances the agentic motive in predicting sharing on SNS. Fitness sharing on SNS mediated the significant effect of both agentic and communal presentational motives on fitness app use. A number of theoretical and design implications to extend the understanding of fitness social sharing to health technology applications were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Voice, Identity, and Listening: Reflections of a Refugee" highlights the importance of listening to and giving voice to refugees in order to better understand and respond to their needs. It mentions the lack of representation and prioritization of refugee perspectives in policies, practices, and research related to them. The article narrates the experience of Meh Sod, a resettled refugee in the United States, and how his voice and experiences were silenced. It also emphasizes the need to include and listen to refugees in order to provide comprehensive and long-term support. Additionally, it mentions the importance of recognizing and sharing the history and culture of refugees in the educational field, as well as including them in debates and decisions that affect them. [Extracted from the article]

Existing scholarship on alliance burden sharing focuses on explaining why smaller allies often undercontribute relative to their larger partners. However, the literature largely neglects the role played by great-power pressure in shaping burden-sharing outcomes. I argue that rather than being a product of rational free riding, allies' defense efforts are often a response to their patron's threat of abandonment. When a patron can more credibly threaten to reduce its protection, and when doing so would impose serious costs on allies, the former is better positioned to elicit burden sharing. I test the theory using data on allied burden sharing in US alliances from 1950 to 2010. The results show that allies exhibit higher levels of burden-sharing efforts when they are geographically vulnerable to attack, whereas allies exhibit lower levels of burden sharing when they are in geostrategic locations valuable to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I/We are immigrants in the United States, passionately engaged in a decolonizing project, working with testimonios encargados. I/We respectfully chose to share them as POC epistemologies to correct its omission in most history and presence of millions of residents of this land. Based on this sharing, we also subvert the Western "I" for a community shared, social "I/We" and advance the poetics aesthetics of testimonios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Leaders from four international organizations in the United States have joined together to promote life story work through distinct yet complementary means. They represent the StoryBoard Collaborative and include the Birren Center for Autobiographical Studies, an organization focused on guided autobiography (gab). It is based on life theme writing and sharing in a supportive small group. The International Institute for Reminiscence and Life Review defines and develops the field through collaboration in practice, research, and education with professional, volunteer and individual applications across the lifespan. It furthers research by establishing a working definition of terms and integrating research in practice and education. Personal Historians, represented by the Association of Personal Historians, provide professional services to preserve the stories of individuals, families and other groups in a variety of media and formats. The Life Story Library Foundation collects, saves and shares life stories as valuable recorded history. Its story wheel system energizes community-based story circles to deepen awareness, bridge differences and revive the culture of listening and storytelling worldwide. The history, mission and goals of these four life story organizations will be discussed and an invitation extended to collaborate with others to lead the life story movement worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of a peace price. The author cites that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union regard the price of peace as too high for the price tag includes several giving ups. The price tag includes giving up sovereignty, sharing of wealth, and rich capacity and ideas and food with the rest of the world. Most of all, it includes a call for a victory of imagination, the imagination of how a warless universe can be coordinated and conducted. He also stated that what is needed in the growing mists of contemporary politics is utopianism, because the pragmatic uses of international warfare are gone forever. Moreover, he discussed what hubris is, where the U.S. is in such situation.

Purpose: Cannabis behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic among sexual minority (SM) individuals in the United States remain understudied. This study assessed the prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and cannabis sharing, a potential risk for COVID-19 transmission, among SM and heterosexual-identified individuals in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from an anonymous, US-based web survey on cannabis-related behaviors from August to September 2020. Included participants reported past-year nonmedical cannabis use. Associations between frequency of cannabis use and sharing behaviors by sexual orientation were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: Overall, 1112 respondents reported past-year cannabis use; mean age 33 years (standard deviation = 9.4), 66% male identified ( n  = 723), and 31% SM identified adults ( n  = 340). Increased cannabis use during the pandemic was similar among SM (24.7%; n  = 84) and heterosexual (24.9%; n  = 187) respondents. Any sharing during the pandemic was 81% for SM adults ( n  = 237) and 73% for heterosexual adults ( n  = 486). In the fully adjusted models, the odds of daily/weekly cannabis use and the odds of any cannabis sharing among SM respondents were 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42-0.74) and 1.60 (95% CI = 1.13-2.26), respectively, compared with heterosexual respondents. Conclusions: SM respondents were less likely to use cannabis with high frequency during the pandemic but more likely to share cannabis compared with heterosexual respondents. Sharing cannabis was high overall, which may increase COVID-19 risk. Public health messaging around sharing may be important during COVID-19 surges and respiratory pandemics especially as cannabis becomes more widely available in the United States.

ABSTRACT Using 113 staggered changes in corporate income tax rates across U.S. states, we provide evidence on how taxes affect corporate risk-taking decisions. Higher taxes reduce expected profits more for risky projects than for safe ones, as the government shares in a firm's upside but not in its downside. Consistent with this prediction, we find that risk taking is sensitive to taxes, albeit asymmetrically: the average firm reduces risk in response to a tax increase (primarily by changing its operating cycle and reducing R&D risk) but does not respond to a tax cut. We trace the asymmetry back to constraints on risk taking imposed by creditors. Finally, tax loss-offset rules moderate firms' sensitivity to taxes by allowing firms to partly share downside risk with the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses fairness and equality in relation to the use of a sharing-related rotation (taking turns) method for distributing the disputed property in a U.S. decedent's estate as of 2015, and it mentions the 1973 New York case In re Estate of McDowell which deals with two siblings and a dispute over the possession of a chair. Distributive justice is examined, along with several forms of rotations such as single-object and multiple-object rotations.

This article draws attention to the micro-social practices that self-organising resident groups engage in over the years that it takes to build a co-housing community. This ‘social architecture’ is what distinguishes co-housing from superficially similar shared-space neighbourhoods. Co-housing developments are attracting renewed attention in Anglophone neo-liberal economies against a backdrop of crisis in conventional housing. Discussion draws on the views of co-housing residents from participatory research from the UK, USA and Australia. By engaging with a deeper understanding of group processes, shared visions and interpersonal capabilities – the ‘glue’ binding collaborative community relations – this paper challenges the priority usually given to the material characteristics of home and neighbourhood design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses hunger, poverty, and the criminalization of food sharing as of April 2015, and it mentions several aspects of white supremacy and imperialism during America's first Gilded Age between 1877 and 1900. Anti-Asian exclusion in the U.S. is addressed, along with inequality in America and the constitutional law-related aspects of cities' efforts to criminalize and regulate people who provide food to hungry individuals in city-owned parks and on streets and sidewalks.

Intellectual property law assumes that people need monetary incentives to create; to this end, it enables the formation of markets for intellectual works. Remarkably, however, sharing--i.e., socially mediated gifting without any expectation of payment--may work much better than markets for distributing the bulk of intellectual property. This Article explains why. While markets work by using money as the medium of exchange, money is actually a poor incentive for creative labors. Emerging research shows that payment in the currency of gratitude and social validation is a far more effective form of encouragement, and it is something sharing is exquisitely adapted to provide. In addition, sharing can offer a surprising efficiency advantage over markets by lowering net transaction costs. Despite its virtues, sharing of intellectual property rights has received scant attention in the literature. Thus, this Article provides a comprehensive account of intellectual property sharing, explaining what motivates people to share, how sharing compares to markets, what barriers may inhibit sharing, and how to overcome those barriers. The analysis provided here yields a variety of insights about the functioning of real-world transactional systems that deal in intellectual property entitlements. For example, the contemporary stock photography market appears to thrive despite the fact that most photographers receive only negligible remuneration. This Article resolves the paradox by showing that this "market" is better characterized as a dysfunctional sharing scheme--one that could be made more efficient by being transformed into an explicitly social, non-monetary enterprise. In addition, this Article examines Creative Commons, a nonprofit program that offers a suite of formal, standardized licenses to surrender selected copyright entitlements. This Article uncovers how the design of Creative Commons is not aligned with people's natural motivations to share, but how, with some modification, it could be. Finally, this Article puts forward a different model for the distribution of rights to intellectual works: informal person-to-person sharing, which has great potential to build our society's creative wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trans-Atlantic alliance must confront a number of fundamental strategic questions about its future. Unpredictability becomes the very essence of security. Political transitions in MENA, cyber security threats and America's increasing focus on Asia, these are collective prooves that NATO has entered a new age. This Paper addresses future threats to NATO, challenges confronting the alliance in addressing them, and a path for moving forward. Conclusion is that the allies must acknowledge that their long-term security will be in jeopardy unless they make difficult decissions about priorities settled at the Chicago Summit. Smart Defense is a new constructive mind-set that could nevertheless become a vulnerable initiative, since the allies will be under considerable pressure to demonstrate concrete deliverables in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most societies, the gift of food conveys social meaning, as well as nutritional sustenance. While food sharing has been widely noted, there has been little focused study of this practice among older adults in the US, who, as a group, are considered nutritionally vulnerable. We completed in-depth interviews with 145 adults (African American, European American, and Native American) aged 70+ years in rural North Carolina. Our objectives are (1) to describe the types of food shared by gender and ethnicity, (2) to identify values and meaning elders associate with giving and receiving food, and (3) to discuss the nutritional and social contribution food sharing makes to the lives of these rural elders. All elders participated in food sharing, as givers, recipients, or both. It is valued by these elders as a way to maintain reciprocity in social relations and to create a feeling of community membership. For older adults, receiving food gifts may augment a diet limited by income and functional status. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographic work indicates that food transfer has social significance, but food transfer has not previously been considered as a nonverbal communication channel. We categorize social food transfer along two dimensions: nature of the behaviour in the transfer (X shares food with or feeds Y), and the state of the food transferred (Y's food never contacted by X, or Y's food previously bitten/tasted/touched by X; we call the latter food consubstantiation (shared substance)). These two dimensions generate the four conditions investigated in this study: no sharing, sharing, sharing with consubstantiation, and feeding. The social significance of these types of situations was assessed in two ways. American college students indicated in a questionnaire both the extent to which they transfer food within different relationships, and what they took to be normative among American college students. Second, a different group of students participated in an Asch impression study in which they observed a videotape of two young adults of opposite sex eating at a restaurant, with the variable across subjects being the four conditions designated above. Viewers were asked to assess the relationship between the young adults, and to rate the degree of intimacy between the adults in terms of mutual feelings and acts of intimacy (e.g. sharing drinks, touching, having sexual relations). Results from both studies are congruent, and indicate that sharing implies a positive/friendly social relationship, and feeding implies a stronger, often romantic relationship. Consubstantiation superimposed on sharing modestly increased judgments of intimacy and closeness of relationship. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the cultural domains of romance and school among young adults in the southern region of the U.S. in the context of the status-centered model of culture sharing. Levels of sharing between males and females in terms of romance and schools; Measurement problems of intracultural variation; Features of the status-centered model of cultural knowledge.

Five alternative sets of predictions are presented of the total acreage of southern pine that would have been planted after clear-cut harvest if existing government Forest Improvement Programs had made different levels of cost-sharing available to nonindustrial private forest owners. The predictions illustrate the importance of separating and accounting for both the number of tracts enrolled and for the size of enrolled tracts. Predictions are obtained from a profit maximization model that represents the owner's decision as a simultaneous choice of reforestation practice and size of tract to harvest and reforest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Andersen's health behavioral model as a framework, this study examined factors associated with the completion of advance directives and the behavior of sharing them with one's family and health care providers. Data were from the 2014 United States of Aging Survey ( N = 1,153; aged 60 or older), and multinomial logistic regression was used for analysis. We found that 73% of respondents had advance directives. However, 28% have not shared their advance directives with anyone. The sense of having completed a great deal of preparation for the future and the number of illnesses were found to be relevant to the behavior of sharing advance directives. Existing educational training and interventions can be expanded to increase public awareness and encourage people to share their completed advance directives with others. Policies mandating physicians to engage in advance directive conversations with patients during annual checkups might improve completion and sharing of advance directives.