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In this article, the authors use Bleicher's (2006) conceptualization of "Bildung" as a very individual and never-ending process of critically assessing knowledge as they seek to recast the boundaries of a study abroad experience to include it as a high-impact, transformative exercise for faculty. Autoethnography and personal narratives were used (Denzin, Lincoln, & Rolling, 2006; Ellis & Bochner, 2006) as the mode of inquiry, in which the authors lay bare the authentic and genuine examination of their lived experiences. Getting to know the details of their individual study abroad experiences allowed the authors to frame and re/frame their own dreams, dilemmas, and choices. These reflections provide insight into how study abroad can be leveraged as a high-impact practice for faculty transformation. This line of inquiry is largely absent from the literature, but this article may be a starting point for further research and, hopefully, the establishment of using study abroad as a high-impact practice for faculty development.

Early nonsectarian Sunday Schools provided instruction in spelling, reading, writing, and singing in the years prior to the introduction of free, public education in the United States. This study explores the Sunday school as a laboratory for public school music education. Several of the first Sunday school tunebooks included theoretical introductions with elementary instruction in music reading much like the early school songbooks that followed. Three early tunebooks will be considered, E. Osborn's "The Sunday School Music Book" (1826), Ezra Barrett's "Sabbath School Psalmody" (1828), and Elam Ives, Jr's "American Sunday-School Psalmody" (1832). In each case, the various "experiments" introduced in the tunebooks will be discussed. Some of these experiments were rejected in the public schools, but others had lasting importance.

Limited access to screening and evaluation for autism spectrum disorder in children is a major barrier to improving outcomes for marginalized families. To identify and evaluate available digital autism spectrum disorder screening resources, we simulated web and mobile app searches by a parent concerned about their child's likelihood of autism spectrum disorder. Included digital autism spectrum disorder screening tools (a) were on Internet or mobile app; (b) were in English; (c) had a parent user inputting data; (d) assigned likelihood category to child <9 years; and (e) screened for autism spectrum disorder. Ten search terms, developed using Google Search and parent panel recommendations, were used to search web and app tools in the United States, the United Kingdom, India, Australia, and Canada using Virtual Private Networks. Results were examined for attributes likely to benefit parents in marginalized communities, such as ease of searching, language versions, and reading level. The four terms most likely to identify any tools were "autism quiz," "autism screening tool," "does my child have autism," and "autism toddler." Three out of five searches contained autism spectrum disorder screening tools, as did one of 10 links or apps. Searches identified a total of 1475 websites and 919 apps, which yielded 23 unique tools. Most tools required continuous Internet access or offered only English, and many had high reading levels. In conclusion, screening tools are available, but they are not easily found. Barriers include inaccessibility to parents with limited literacy or limited English proficiency, and frequent encounters with games, advertisements, and user fees.

Background/Context: Since 1975, 3 million refugees have resettled in the United States. However, researchers and educators know little about the lives of refugee children and families entering the American educational system. Much of the extant research groups refugee children in families with other immigrant groups, failing to recognize the complex histories that children fleeing civil unrest bring with them. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: This study brings a spotlight to the story of a refugee family from Guatemala, focusing on their experiences premigration, during migration, and after resettlement in the United States. Our focus was on seldom-heard experiences from the perspective of a refugee family. Members of the family left their home country because of civil war to resettle in a foreign country but within a familiar community. They found resettlement more challenging than they expected; they had difficulty activating cultural capital within this new field because of varying levels of community support. Research Design: This is an intrinsic case study that explores the specific case of a mother and daughter. Participants were interviewed at length about their migration experiences. Interviews were analyzed in multiple cycles of coding, with a focus on the participants' own words and emotional responses. This study uses a Bourdieusian lens for analyses and to aid in defining feelings of unease that the participants described when reflecting on their experiences. Conclusions/Recommendations: Learning about a refugee family's journey is a privileged experience. There is much that educators and others who work with refugee children can learn from extended conversations with families. This study is one example of millions of stories that children bring with them into the classroom. This study's impact is to honor and give a platform to the refugee population whose voices are often not heard in schoolhouses across the country.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted an abrupt shift in the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in practice. The pre-pandemic use of informal ICT was already ubiquitous in social work practice. The purpose of this teaching note is to highlight that social work education must prepare students for practice using ICT during COVID-19 and beyond. Incorporated are findings from an international study on informal ICT use before COVID-19, which confirmed its ubiquity in social work, underscoring the need to educate and prepare social workers to use ICTs. Six knowledge areas important for social work education related to ICT use are discussed: integrating theoretical foundations; ethical considerations; confidentially and documentation; access and equity; risk assessment and management; and supervision and policy.

This three-year longitudinal study explored the approach to study and academic performance of a group of male psychology undergraduates. In induction week, 112 new psychology students completed the survey. Later in the year, some of the males were interviewed in small groups. Performance was measured from marks at the end of Years 1 and 3. In Year 1, compared with their female contemporaries, male respondents had higher self-esteem (p less than 0.01), expected higher marks (p less than 0.001) and anticipated performing better than their peers (p less than 0.05). In interviews, males described themselves as being less motivated and less organised than females, but did not consider this a problem. The only difference in marks showed males doing worse in coursework at Year 1 (p less than 0.05). However, significantly more males failed to complete the course. These findings are set in the context of concerns about under achievement of males and discussed in relation to research into transition to university. (Contains 5 tables.)

Developing instruments to assess teacher competence requires a model of competent performance which can guide both the collection and appraisal of evidence in task situations. Following Kane (1992), the validation of statements about teachers' competence is regarded as the evaluation of interpretive argumentation. Based on contemporary insights into teaching and learning, an interpretive model of competent performance is described which, rather than being prescriptive in nature, offers scope for various forms of responsible professional performance. Consequences of professional performance for students/class/organisation are the basis of the model. Acceptable interventions and underlying decision-making processes as well as the associated parts of a professional knowledge base are derived from the consequences. The consequences of these insights for developing domains of competence and collecting evidence are discussed. (Contains 1 figure.)

The monumental reversal of Roe vs Wade dramatically impacted the landscape of reproductive healthcare access in the United States. The decision most significantly affects communities that historically have been and continue to be marginalized by systemic racism, classism, and ableism within the medical system. To minimize the harm of restrictive policies that have proliferated since the Supreme Court overturned Roe, it is incumbent on obstetrician-gynecologists to modify practice patterns to meet the pressing reproductive health needs of their patients and communities. Change will require cross-discipline advocacy focused on advancing equity and supporting the framework of reproductive justice. Now, more than ever, obstetrician-gynecologists have a critical responsibility to implement new approaches to service delivery and education that will expand access to evidence-based, respectful, and person-centered family planning and early pregnancy care regardless of their practice location or subspecialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longitudinal study of U.K. journalism undergraduates records how their attitudes on societal roles of the news media changed during university education. Students became more likely to endorse an adversarial approach toward public officials and businesses as extremely important. Yet students did not support these roles as strongly as an older generation of U.K. journalists did. Students also became less likely to support the role of giving "ordinary people" a chance to express views. This may indicate a "generation gap" in attitudes that journalism educators need to understand. The authors also are concerned that the U.K. journalism workforce--now including many students from such programs--has become more socially elite. (Contains 33 notes and 5 tables.)

This article seeks to identify factors associated with the formation and development of nonmetropolitan destinations for older in-migration, thereby explaining why some U.S. counties are more likely than others to be nonmetro retirement destinations. We contend that most nonmetro retirement destinations are established and developed over time through a path-dependent process. When amenities are commodified as recreation and tourism, migration streams tend to be established that ultimately produce sustained in-migration of older persons to selected destination communities. We use data from a variety of official sources and a spatial statistics methodology to examine intercounty variability in net migration rates at ages 60-74. Our findings are consistent with the aforementioned path-dependent development framework. Counties with a long history of population growth, previous experience attracting older in-migrants, attractive natural amenities, and a developed recreation and tourism industry are those most likely to be retirement-age migration destinations. In contrast, agricultural heartland and relatively large population size are associated with lower rates of older in-migration. Older in-migration should be seen as neither a panacea for strapped rural communities nor a "pensions and care issue." Older migrants can be "gray gold," but they can also pose challenges, such as possibly increased demand for public services as they age in place. (Contains 3 figures, 2 tables and 25 footnotes.)

"Threshold concepts" are concepts that, among other things, transform the way a student looks at a discipline. Although the term "threshold" might suggest that the transformation occurs at a specific point in time, an "aha" moment, it seems more common (at least in computing) that a longer time period is required. This time period is referred to as the "liminal space". In this paper, we summarise our findings concerning how computing students experience the liminal space and discuss how this might affect teaching. Most of our findings so far relate to software engineering. As it is likely that similar liminal spaces occur in other engineering disciplines, these findings have relevance across engineering education.

Educators from Europe, Latin America, and the United States convened to explore issues inherent in democratic citizenship. Media literacy, a central component of democratic citizenship, was studied in depth. Data from the camp were examined for evidence of the participants' understandings of media literacy and how it might be taught. Results revealed that the camp participants developed a deeper understanding of media literacy, the importance of its teaching, and ways to teach it. (Contains 2 figures and 3 tables.)

A sample of 112 Asian-Indian Immigrant grandchildren, age 10-16 years, from different parts of the United States completed survey questionnaires regarding the quality of relationship with their grandparents in India. The study explored the factors that affected the quality of relationship between two different generations living at considerable geographical distance and in different cultures. Findings indicated that role importance, amount of contact, and health of the grandparent uniquely contributed to the relationship quality. Results also indicated acculturation was not a significant predictor of relationship quality, although it was a significant predictor of role importance. Limitations to the study relative to acculturation scores and sampling are discussed and further research should address these limitations and the grandparent-parent relationship. Implications include adopting a tri-generational perspective in future studies and practice. (Contains 2 tables.)

There is a national shortage of social workers who have the knowledge and skill competencies needed for practice with our rapidly growing older adult population. In the last decade, research has identified many reasons for the lack of interest in gerontological social work and steps that could be pursued within social work education to remedy the situation. The Geriatric Enrichment in Social Work Education (GeroRich) Program, funded through the John A. Hartford Foundation, engaged 67 social work programs throughout the United States in a process of curriculum change to increase the amount of gerontological content in the foundation social work curriculum. This study examined how the GeroRich program was instrumental in infusing gerontological content into the curriculum. Based on common outcome measures, the GeroRich program was found to be effective in (1) increasing the amount of gerontological content in the curriculum, (2) engaging faculty in the change process, and (3) exposing students to gerontological content. Relatively few variations were found among different program types or geographic settings. The model of curricular change implemented by the GeroRich program may be effective with other curriculum enrichment efforts. (Contains 2 tables.)

This paper reports on empirical research in four countries on the growing interest in the perceived "gap" between school and university human geography. Focusing on urban geography, we investigated the views of teachers and academic geographers about key elements of the field and those that were important for geography education. These views were compared with the urban geography in each country's curriculum and two sets of textbooks for the lower secondary age group. Findings suggest that there is indeed a "gap" between the urban geographies taught at school and university level, at least as represented by the sources we accessed. The teachers' responses to curriculum change in this aspect of geography were mixed-some were keen to embrace new topics, others were happy with the current material. A further stage of the research will examine children's views about, and interests in urban geography, in order to inform curriculum development. (Contains 5 tables, 1 figure and 5 notes.)

This study explores the preparation of future teachers and administrators to conduct school, family, and community partnerships. Based on a sample of 161 schools, colleges, and departments of education (SCDE) in the United States, the survey examined not only the courses and content presently offered to prospective educators, but also leaders' perspectives and projections for the future. The results extend previous studies by identifying structural, organizational, and attitudinal factors associated with differences in SCDEs' coverage of partnership topics, preparedness of graduates to conduct family and community involvement activities, and prospects for change. Specifically, SCDE leaders' beliefs that partnership skills were important, required by accreditation organizations, and preferred by school districts hiring new teachers and administrators were significantly associated with more content covered on partnerships, better preparation of graduates, and future plans to require courses on partnerships for undergraduate and graduate students. SCDE leaders pointed to factors that may limit program change including faculty attitudes, university procedures, and state restrictions on additions to graduation requirements. The data suggest that SCDE leaders must be active change agents and team builders to guide their institutions to prepare future educators to conduct effective family and community involvement programs and practices.

In addition to consistent use, condoms must be used correctly. The purpose of this study was to identify prevalence and types of condom-associated discomfort among university students, the outcomes of this discomfort, and the role of discomfort in condom breakage. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 206 students attending a private university in the southern United States. We assessed 3 potential outcomes: breakage, not using condoms throughout sex, and low condom-use motivation. Nearly one third reported discomfort, including tightly fitting condoms, vaginal irritation, and Joss of sensation. Discomfort was associated with breakage (p = .0001), incomplete use (p = .0001), and less motivation to use condoms (p = .018). Gender moderated the latter 2 findings. Adjusted findings indicate that students reporting discomfort were 3.6 times more likely to also report breakage (p = .0009). Continued investigation of this topic is warranted. Prevention education may benefit university students by promoting several key practices, such as adding lubricant to condoms before they dry out and acquiring condoms that fit properly.

The relationship between grief and depression in caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease has not been clearly defined through empirical research. This pilot study examined the relationship between these two variables and determined the strength of their relationship. A racially diverse sample of caregivers was drawn from an urban setting on the east coast of the United States. Results indicated not only that a significant proportion of caregivers experience high levels of grief that may place them at risk of other difficulties, but also that grief is a significant predictor of increased depressive symptoms. Clinical social work implications are examined.

The results that are associated with the study conducted on teenage childbearing, in the United States conducted by the social scientists using innovative methods, are presented. Some concluding comments, on the findings of the study, are also mentioned.

In this paper, we investigate the question of what assessment tools are being used in practice by United States computing programs and what the faculty doing the assessment think of the tools they use. After presenting some background with regard to the design, implementation, and use of assessment, with particular attention to assessment tools, we report on the results of two surveys, distributed to the SIGCSE mailing list and to the chairs of all ABET-CAC accredited computer science programs. This combination of community practice and advice for non-experts could be helpful to someone designing, evaluating, or improving an assessment plan. (Contains 4 figures and 4 footnotes.)

Objective: To examine racial and ethnic differences in maternal social support in infancy and the relationship between social support and mother-infant health behaviors. Methods: Secondary analysis of baseline data from a multisite obesity prevention trial that enrolled mothers and their 2-month-old infants. Behavioral and social support data were collected via questionnaire. We used modified Poisson regression to determine association between health behaviors and financial and emotional social support, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Eight hundred and twenty-six mother-infant dyads (27.3% non-Hispanic Black, 18.0% Non-Hispanic White, 50.1% Hispanic and 4.6% Non-Hispanic Other). Half of mothers were born in the United States; 87% were Medicaid-insured. There were no racial/ethnic differences in social support controlling for maternal nativity. US-born mothers were more likely to have emotional and financial support (rate ratio LRR] 1.14 95% confidence interval [Cl]: 1.07, 1.21 and RR 1.23 95% CI: 1.11, 1.37, respectively) versus mothers born outside the United States. Mothers with financial support were less likely to exclusively feed with breast milk (RR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.87) yet more likely to have tummy time >12min (RR 1.28; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.59) versus mothers without financial support. Mothers with emotional support were less likely to report feeding with breast milk (RR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.97) versus mothers without emotional support. Conclusions: Nativity, not race or ethnicity, is a significant determinant of maternal social support. Greater social support was not universally associated with healthy behaviors. Interventions may wish to consider the complex nature of social support and population-specific social support needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme heat events are the deadliest weather-related event in the United States. Cities throughout the United States have worked to develop heat adaptation strategies to limit the impact of extreme heat on vulnerable populations. However, the COVID-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges to local governments. This paper provides a preliminary review of strategies and interventions used to manage compound COVID-19-extreme heat events in the 25 most populous cities of the United States. Heat adaptation strategies employed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were not adequate to meet during the co-occurring compound hazard of COVID-19-EHE. Long-term climate-adaptation strategies will require leveraging physical, financial, and community resources across multiple city departments to meet the needs of compound hazards, such as COVID-19 and extreme heat. • Cities faced compound crises of COVID-19 and extreme heat in 2020. • 2020 heat response plans analyzed for 25 largest US cities. • Public health and financial limitations significantly reduced cooling access. • Record breaking temperatures left many vulnerable to heat illness and death. • Adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to manage compound heat events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, it has been recognized that steps, including evaluations or other actions, are needed to ensure that safety, security, and safeguards (the 3S disciplines) during the transport of nuclear material work together, and that conflicts are identified and avoided to the maximum extent possible. In the United States (US), a series of training courses on transport security for nuclear and other radioactive material has been convened at Argonne National Laboratory under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Packaging Certification Program. These courses have focused on both international and domestic US transport, and have recently included information on the interactions among transport 3S disciplines focused only on nuclear material shipments in the US In preparation for a future training course on international transport security, the assessment of the transport 3S disciplines was expanded to address the interactions of the 3S disciplines for international transport. The goal was to gain a better understanding of the synergies and conflicts, addressing multiple areas including regulatory compliance, design, operations, and economics during transport. With a better understanding, steps such as evaluations or other actions, can be taken by stakeholders to maximize 3S synergies and identify and resolve 3S conflicts. A two-phased approach was taken to expanding the international 3S assessment. First, a limited number of international reference documents were reviewed to identify a methodology for gaining the desired comprehensive understanding, which was documented in a paper presented at the Waste Management 2021 Symposia in Phoenix, Arizona. Second, a detailed assessment was undertaken with a view to providing a much more comprehensive look at the interactions, interfaces, synergies, and potential conflicts for the international transport 3S disciplines. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the second, more detailed evaluation, considering relevant International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) requirements, recommendations, and guidance documents for the nuclear material transport 3S disciplines. It lists 25 3S discipline-related topics for consideration and, for each topic, looks at the potential for conflicts and synergies. Of the 25 topics, the detailed 3S assessment identified potential conflicts with 13 of them, and suggested methods for resolving those 13 conflicts are provided. The methodology framework for the overview presented in this paper is to be detailed in an Argonne National Laboratory report. The methodology framework is most effective when applied early in the planning and design phases for transporting packages of nuclear material; and can also be effectively applied when new requirements, recommendations, or guidance for safety, security, or safeguards are issued or when new technology is implemented, such as the ARG-US remote monitoring systems for tracking and monitoring nuclear and other radioactive materials in nuclear fuel cycle facilities and during transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current communication techniques among different types of health professionals are often inefficient and ineffective, leading to provider frustration and suboptimal patient care that can have community-wide implications. Oral health care providers (OHCPs) in the United States prescribe high numbers of antibiotics and immediate-release opioids and have practice sites that are physically isolated from those of other health professionals, making communication more challenging.Objective: This study was conducted to identify barriers to effective communication between community pharmacists and OHCPs to inform the processes for improving provider education and the methods for training future pharmacists.Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used. Community pharmacists with an active license were eligible to participate and were recruited via e-mail. The participants received an electronic survey that assessed current communication methods, obstacles to optimal communication, and comparisons of OHCPs with other prescribers. The survey participants were asked to self-identify their interest in telephone interviews, which were analyzed using thematic coding to assess the role of the pharmacist in combating public health issues such as opioid abuse through interprofessional collaboration.Results: There were 125 participants (response rate 9%) for the survey and 7 participants for the interviews. The most common reasons for which the pharmacists contacted OHCPs were to address incomplete prescriptions (40%) and medication-related problems (35%), with the most common medication-related problems being adverse drug reactions (35%) or cost issues (25%). The most challenging obstacles to communication included lack of time and lack of professional relationships. The pharmacists' impressions of OHCPs were largely positive.Conclusion: Possible strategies to address the identified communication barriers include creation of a universal communication system and establishment of networks between pharmacists and community providers. This study lays the groundwork for future efforts in the field of interprofessional education research and practice, which can be used to improve delivery of community-based care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the first public school music teachers in the United States came from the singing school tradition and taught from the same tune books that had been used in singing schools. After the war, renewed interest in education and the establishment of graded schools soon led to the introduction of music series that were designed to serve the individual needs of each grade and the classroom teachers who often assisted with music instruction. The major music education history texts in the United States claim that music series soon replaced single-volume songbooks since they better served the needs of the new graded school system. Music series represented the new progressive views of education in the years following the Civil War, and the single-volume songbooks that descended from antebellum tune books of the singing school movement are largely dismissed as relics of a bygone era. This study explores the use of these school songbooks in the years following the Civil War, extending many years beyond the introduction of the first music series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is an effective teaching methodology to enhance clinical thinking and reasoning skills among nursing students and practicing nurses. The opportunity to practice in a safe environment maintains a structure that promotes learning at all levels. There are various levels of fidelity as well as cost to facilitate simulation in the neonatal setting. This at times hinders the ability to incorporate simulation into educational practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a discussion on simulation practices in the neonatal setting, an overview of low-cost neonatal simulation exemplars, and implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examine how political changes in Kentucky over the last eight years have shaped access to affordable healthcare. It mentions how Kentucky has shaped accessibility to healthcare through legislation and will discuss how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) impacts graduate students and existing benefits, as well as the various hurdles to students. It also mentions Medicaid expansion used to determine an individual's eligibility for financial assistance when buying insurance through Kynect.

Background: Nurse engagement is a modifiable element of the work environment and has shown promise as a potential safety intervention. Purpose: Our study examined the relationship between the level of engagement, staffing, and assessments of patient safety among nurses working in hospital settings. Methods: A secondary analysis of linked cross-sectional data was conducted using survey data of 26 960 nurses across 599 hospitals in 4 states. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between nurse engagement, staffing, and nurse assessments of patient safety. Results: Thirty-two percent of nurses gave their hospital a poor or failing patient safety grade. In 25% of hospitals, nurses fell in the least or only somewhat engaged categories. A 1-unit increase in engagement lowered the odds of an unfavorable safety grade by 29% (P < .001). Hospitals where nurses reported higher levels of engagement were 19% (P < .001) less likely to report that mistakes were held against them. Nurses in poorly staffed hospitals were 6% more likely to report that important information about patients "fell through the cracks" when transferring patients across units (P < .001). Conclusions: Interventions to improve nurse engagement and adequate staffing serve as strategies to improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of socially engaged art (SEA) as social practice in art education in the U.S. It reflects on the experience of a group of university art education students who created two socially engaged art (SEA) projects called Project Unway and Project Unity in the hallways of a middle school. The challenges for social practice in art education are explored, including space and budgetary restraints and the perceived value of activities.

Highlights • Evaluating claims of unfairness in agricultural markets in the U.S. is feasible. • Understanding specific context and reasonableness of expectations are important. • Poultry growers often made unfairness claims at USDA/USDoJ workshops in 2010. • Many unfairness claims by poultry growers are grounded in reasonable expectations. Abstract We propose a framework for assessing claims of unfairness by agricultural producers. By employing concepts from network exchange theory and considerations of power and dependency, we show that judgments about fairness can be made after considering the structure and context of the network and the way context influences expectations of network actors. Understanding expectations is important because claims of unfairness usually arise when expectations are violated. We test our framework by examining statements made by current and former poultry producers who participated in the May 2010 workshop on issues of concern in the poultry industry, conducted by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Justice. We claim our framework not only helps us know what to look for in assessing claims of unfairness but also helps us understand why unfairness claims might arise or why they did not arise when we might have expected them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to understand the age-related changes, adaptations, and contexts that support older workers in the manufacturing sector. METHOD. In a multiple-case study, 10 older workers from two manufacturing companies completed the Job Content Questionnaire, Health and Productivity Questionnaire, and semistructured interviews and underwent task observations for 8 hr over 4 mo. RESULTS. Age-related changes affecting job tasks included near vision, upper extremity strength, grip strength, joint stiffness, and endurance. Older workers adapted job tasks by changing their work style, using equipment available, and relying on close coworkers for assistance. They adapted their personal lifestyle to maintain the energy necessary to meet job demands. Organizational contexts that supported older workers highlighted job control, social support, and mutual respect. CONCLUSION. This study suggests that occupational therapy practitioners can provide individualized adaptations, environmental modifications, and health promotion strategies to help older workers meet job demands while balancing work and home occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsectarian Sabbath or Sunday schools served as an important entry point for public schooling in the first decades of the nineteenth century. These schools provided the basic spelling, reading, and writing instruction often required for admission into public schools. Singing was also an essential component of Sunday schools, and basic instruction in singing and reading music was included by the late 1820s. This study compares two early Sunday school psalm books, Thomas Hastings' Juvenile Lyre (1827) and Lowell Mason's Juvenile Psalmist (1829), noting several ways that the two volumes and the Sunday School Movement in general anticipated the introduction of public school music education in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid population growth, in-migration and out-migration patterns, the formation of urban spaces have left many communities and their residents isolated and restricted geographically, economically and educationally. An analysis of urban space, without an examination of the larger contextual factors that shape urban education, will result in a continued deficit paradigm of educational theory and processes that attribute students who underperform on student apathy and parental disengagement. To better understand how educational processes, namely postsecondary school choice, influence student outcomes, researchers must take a closer look at how students are prepared to select colleges at the secondary level. This study seeks to examine the college selection processes of high achieving students who attended urban high schools and eventually enrolled in a rural predominantly White institution (PWI). Results indicate that racialized spaces produce dual education systems that impact educational opportunities, student achievement, and college knowledge. Mapping the pathway from urban education to higher education highlight the structural variations of educational systems and provides a framework for understanding college readiness skills. Moreover, it will help us understand how the intersection of race, space and class impacts student outcomes. It is within the social context of urbanization, where urban education and college choice is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of manipulations done by the pharmaceutical industries in the U.S. for ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs sold by them as provided under U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ensuring public health. Topics include role of expert advisory committees in the new drug approval process made by FDA; history of FDA related to sociopolitical influences on the matters of women's health products; and a case of flibanserin that was approved in August of 2015.

To survive rational basis scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause, a law must serve a governmental purpose which is at least legitimate. It is well established that legitimate purposes can sometimes be found through speculation and conjecture--that is, they may be hypothesized--in order to avoid the difficulties of identifying actual purpose or the specter of courts second-guessing legislative judgments. But hypothesized purposes can be abused, and such abuse was rampant in the states' defenses of their bans on same-sex marriage, bans which were ultimately invalidated in Obergefell v. Hodges. This Article draws on the federal marriage litigation as a lens for thinking critically about hypothesized purposes. It suggests several lessons about hypothesized purposes that should guide courts in the future. In particular, I discuss (i) the differences between hypothesized purposes, which are grounded in facts and concerns that were conceivably before a legislature, and post-hoc rationalizations, which I define as pretexts that have been manufactured to satisfy rational basis scrutiny but which could not plausibly have been a legislative purpose; (2) how courts should approach hypothesized purposes when there is evidence that a law was impelled by animus; and (3) why hypothesized purposes are inappropriate and should receive skeptical scrutiny when they are offered in support of measures enxated through direct democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential lands constitute a major component of existing and possible tree canopy in many cities in the United States. To expand the urban forest on these lands, some municipalities and nonprofit organizations have launched residential yard tree distribution programs, also known as tree giveaway programs. This paper describes the operations of five tree distribution programs affiliated with the Urban Ecology Collaborative, a regional network for urban forestry professionals. We analyzed the programs’ missions, strategies, and challenges as reported through surveys and interviews conducted with program staff. The programs were led by nonprofit organizations and municipal departments in New York City, NY; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA; Providence, RI; and Worcester, MA. These organizations focused their tree distribution efforts on private residential lands in response to ambitious tree canopy or planting campaign goals. We assessed these programs through the framework of urban forests as social-ecological systems and discuss the programs’ biophysical, social and institutional contexts. Programs face principle-agent problems related to reliance on individual tree recipients to meet goals; their institutional strategies meant to ameliorate these problems varied. Differing organizational and partner resources influenced the programs’ abilities to perform outreach and follow-up on tree performance. Programs attempted to connect with diverse neighborhoods through free trees, targeting areas with low existing canopy, and forging partnerships with local community groups. Given tree recipients’ demand for smaller flowering or fruiting trees, as well as lack of resources for tree survival monitoring on private lands, program leaders appeared to have turned to social measures of success − spreading a positive message about trees and urban greening − as opposed to biophysical performance metrics. We conclude with suggestions for outcomes monitoring, whether those outcomes are social or biophysical, because monitoring is critical to the sustainability and adaptive management of residential tree programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is space really the final frontier, as Star Trek asserts? It seems the final frontier we have been exploring since the dawn of time is understanding ourselves and our relationships with each other. Miller and Katz (2002) say: "The creation of cultures that are truly inclusive provide the possibility of a new vision--a new human frontier." This article uses material from U.S. pop culture from Star Trek to Woodstock and more to explore how ordinary earthlings in the present time can define, measure and build an inclusive organizational culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of a species is reliant on identifying threats to critical vital rates such as survival and dispersal. Accurate estimates of these vital rates and the factors that affect them can be used to better manage populations. The USA Atlantic Coast population of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) benefits from a large-scale conservation effort, but this long-lived species remains especially sensitive to fluctuations in adult survival. The model used here and 8 years of mark-resight data from three breeding populations with varying migration strategies from the United States (migratory; Massachusetts and New Jersey; non-migratory; South Carolina) were used to estimate adult survival and site fidelity. Results indicated a resident population in South Carolina with 100% of the breeding population wintering in that State, a migratory population in Massachusetts with the majority of individuals wintering in Florida (42%), and a partially migratory population in New Jersey with a portion of the breeding population overwintering in that State (33%). Annual adult survival did not vary among populations. Although the average estimate of adult survival was high (0.89), there was an apparent decline in adult survival (from 0.94 to 0.83) over the study period. Given strong site fidelity (0.91), adult mortality is a critical factor for the viability of local populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the temperance songs of American composer Stephen C. Foster in the 19th century. Topics covered include the beginning of Foster's alcoholism in the middle of the century, a focus on alcohol's negative impact on home and family in the songs "Comrades" and "The Wife," how drinking is implied in the "Willie" songs, and comic drinking songs composed with lyricist George Cooper. Also mentioned are Foster's empathy for the drinker and sympathy for the family of the drinker.

The article offers information on ag-gag legislation enacted for punishing whistleblowers on factory farms in Detroit, and mentions amendment of ag-gag legislation for promoting public health and trust in commercial food production industry; dangers of ag-gag legislation; and state laws for same.