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Purpose: This research article presents an exploratory case study of the sociotechnical landscape of BookTok, and how young people use it to connect with others around the books they love, or those they love to hate. By observing the interplay between young people, books, and the technology (TikTok) that connects them, this study aims to explore how blending analog and digital media tools makes reading social and fun. Design/methodology/approach: The authors selected three bestsellers available in English and Danish, and BookTokers who made related videos. This study used a qualitative, ethnographic (Pink, 2021) approach to explore interactions on the app. Inductive coding (Saldaña, 2021) helped the authors identify themes, and connect to areas of inquiry. Findings: During the pandemic, TikTok and BookTok offered young people opportunities for reading engagement in social, bookish communities by using technology to promote reading in print. In doing so, their actions made reading and being a reader highly entertaining. Research limitations/implications: As an exploratory case study, this research is not generalizable. But the findings will apply to future work on reading, publishing, and connected learning in a sociotechnical landscape. Practical implications: BookTok connects print and digital formats, offering innovative possibilities for young people's connected learning and reading promotion in schools and libraries. Originality/value: Because TikTok is a relatively new tool, and its sub-community BookTok became popular during the COVID-19 pandemic, research on this topic is still in its earliest stages.

According to Stearns (2009), culture shapes childhood. The way a society defines culture shapes: (a) how childhood is constructed; (b) the production of literary products and services for young people; and (c) training for library professionals. In 21st century America, children are viewed as a vulnerable population in need of protection, as evidenced by the books that are challenged in schools and libraries every year. In Denmark, however, childhood is constructed differently. While the American-style of helicopter parenting described in Finkel and Fitzsimmons (2013) exists, since the 1980s a cultural shift has occurred, as Danes move from what Juncker (2007) calls a silent, attendant culture to a vocal, participatory culture. Today, young Danes' right to access culture is mandated through the Ministry of Culture, and libraries and cultural institutions, working in partnership with schools, are largely responsible for providing such access. According to the Royal School of Library and Information Science's website, Bachelors and Masters degrees in Information Science and Cultural Dissemination emphasize connections between information and knowledge, but also focus on the interplay between knowledge and culture. As library education changes, children's library centers in turn are transformed into cultural institutions that incorporate media in all forms, focusing on culture, creativity, and play. This qualitative study uses participant observation gathered in Denmark during summer 2014 at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, libraries and cultural centers, and online analysis. Findings demonstrate how the Danish LIS program addresses changing constructions of childhood and the roles of information and culture, encompassing both aesthetics and play.

By comparing two federal education systems, namely Germany and the U.S., and their reactions to PISA we show how international, large-scale student assessments (ILSA) have been used by national stakeholders to gain leverage for legitimising or de-legitimising policy reforms in education. From a neo-institutionalist perspective we argue that country-specific path-dependencies and policy legacies, such as different systems of power devolution, testing traditions and also non-governmental actor influence, additionally moderate the impact of ILSA.

Although originally created for economic purposes, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) has increasingly gained weight in education policy in recent years and is now regarded as an international authority in the field, particularly through its "Programme for International Student Assessment" (PISA), which was highly esteemed in many countries and enabled diverse domestic education reforms. OECD derived a variety of policy recommendations from the PISA results. However, which of these were implemented at the national level and how OECD was able to achieve an impact on its member states have not yet been analysed in sufficient depth. To answer these questions, we analyse which OECD recommendations were reflected in Switzerland and the US. As their reception differs across countries, we assess under which conditions policy convergence towards the OECD "model" took place. Then we elaborate on the governance mechanisms that caused policy convergence. We show that in Switzerland PISA's platform for transnational communication enabled policy learning at the expert level, thus leading to a rather high degree of policy convergence. This was not the case in the US, where PISA was regarded only as one of many studies assessing the performance of education systems. (Contains 8 notes and 5 tables.)

An instrument designed to measure a 3-factor model of research motivation was developed and psychometrically examined in the present research. Participants were 437 graduate students in biology, chemistry/biochemistry, physics/astronomy, and psychology. A principal components analysis supported the retention of 20 items representing the 3-factor structure. Intrinsic Reward explained 32.19% of the variance in the data, followed by Failure Avoidance (15.84%), and Extrinsic Reward (7.49%). A follow-up confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 3-factor model provided a better fit to the data than competing 1-, 2-, and 4-factor models. A nomological network of relations with academic achievement motivation, fear of failure, behavioral activation/inhibition sensitivity, and other constructs also revealed support for the measure's convergent and discriminant validity. Implications for theory and research in the achievement motivation and career development domains are discussed. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)

This article examines the utilization of a university counseling center's services by non-international racial and ethnic minority students via an archival approach. A total of 242 participants were included. Data were examined utilizing ANOVA, bivariate correlation, and chi-square analyses. Results support previous assertions that minority students under-utilize university mental health services.

The author discusses the application of a structural theory of discrimination to the case involving Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and Dukes. The author provides an overview on the relevant facts and procedural history of the case and a background of discrimination law, sex discrimination and stereotyping, and class actions. She analyzes the Court's decision, including the concurring and dissenting opinion of Justice Ginsburg and argues the adoptation of a structural approach to discrimination.

The article discusses the application of lead compound case law to any other disciplines for objectivity enhancement in the U.S. It notes the extrapolation of this approach used in providing prima facie obviousness proponents and opponents for certain claimed invention, patent examiners, and judges. It focuses on the concept of Lead Prior Art method in determining the Lead Prior Art consisting basic points that allow the person of ordinary skill in the art (POSITA) to solve a problem.

Heavy drinking among college students has been recognized as a public health problem on American college campuses (e.g., R. Hingson, T. Heeren, M. Winter, & H. Wechsler, 2005). Recently, protective behavioral strategies, or cognitive-behavioral strategies that can be implemented when using alcohol to reduce consumption and resulting negative consequences, have been shown to be associated with less alcohol use and fewer alcohol-related problems (e.g., S. L. Benton et al., 2004; M. P. Martens et al., 2005). The purpose of the present study was to conduct additional psychometric work on a measure designed to assess the use of such strategies: the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS; M. P. Martens et al., 2005). Data were collected on 505 undergraduate students from 2 universities who reported having consumed alcohol at least once in the past 30 days. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized 3-factor version of the PBSS, and scores on each subscale were correlated in the expected direction with both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Thus, the PBSS appears to be reliable and valid for use among college student drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details the process used to revise a subject headings list for the literature of native peoples' law in the U.S. and highlights some of the features of the final product, the Thesaurus for Describing Materials Related to Federal Indian Law and Tribal Law. Under the project, the library staff revised an internal subject headings list to create a supplemental thesaurus to the Library of Congress Subject Headings. Challenges and outcomes of the project are discussed. Librarians, archivists, and others who work with specialized collections or have subject classification challenges can extrapolate from the experience of the National Indian Law Library to address their own needs.

The article describes the function and cooperation of state departments of education in the United States. It discusses the relation of state education departments to day schools of the state. The duties of state superintendents are explored. The article also discusses the tendency to make the state education department the integrating or coordinating force for all phases of public educational activities within the state.

The article discusses the conduct of educational programs in residential institutions for the mentally deficient, with some reference to the educational activities, but focusing on the segment of institutional life known as the school program in the United States. It covers seven groups of items including difficulties and achievements, as seen by institutional authorities, in realizing the goals of the educational program; specific aspects of educational organization and practice; educational facilities and equipment; pupils' recreational activities and organized club groups; use of psychological and standardized achievement tests and training in non-academic fields.

The article presents a report of the Committee on Education and Training of the American Association on Mental Deficiency in the United States. The committee has proposed to undertake a study of the current situation of employment of the mentally retarded in occupations related to the war effort. It has also proposed a study of work-programs under way in residential and public day schools, designed to train for such occupations.

The article presents the report of the American Association on Mental Deficiency's Committee on Education and Training from 1940-1941. Exploratory questionnaires had been formulated and submitted for critical appraisal. The Office of Education sent out its periodic form for reporting statistical items to be used for analysis of data not covered by the Association's schedule. There were six members of the Committee on Education and Training who had followed the development of the study during preceding years and who were familiar with the content and implications of the questionnaire. The results will be read during the Sixth Annual Convention of association which will take place at Hotel Bradford, Boston, Massachusetts on May 13-16, 1942.

The article reports on developments concerning the American Association on Mental Deficiency's Program Committee. It highlights the Committee's meeting in New York. A tentative program was arranged during the meeting which was discussed with the Association president. The final program was finally printed on May 1, 1941.

The author reflects on the laser technology developed for pediatric dentistry in the U.S. He notes that lasers are applied in all dental fields including oral surgery diagnosis, cavity preparation, and endodontics. The author also mentions the importance of laser applications for the treatment of teeth problems in children relative to micro-dentistry.

Early identification of kidney dysfunction in patients with advanced heart failure is crucial for timely interventions. In addition to elevations in serum creatinine, kidney dysfunction encompasses inadequate maintenance of sodium and volume homeostasis, retention of uremic solutes, and disrupted endocrine functions. Hemodynamic derangements and maladaptive neurohormonal upregulations contribute to fluctuations in kidney indices and electrolytes that may recover with guideline-directed medical therapy. Quantifying the extent of underlying irreversible intrinsic kidney disease is crucial in predicting whether optimization of congestion and guideline-directed medical therapy can stabilize kidney function. This scientific statement focuses on clinical management of patients experiencing kidney dysfunction through the trajectory of advanced heart failure, with specific focus on (1) the conceptual framework for appropriate evaluation of kidney dysfunction within the context of clinical trajectories in advanced heart failure, including in the consideration of advanced heart failure therapies; (2) preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative approaches to evaluation and management of kidney disease for advanced surgical therapies (durable left ventricular assist device/heart transplantation) and kidney replacement therapies; and (3) the key concepts in palliative care and decision-making processes unique to individuals with concomitant advanced heart failure and kidney disease.

Edgar Lee Masters published numerous poems, plays, and novels between 1900 and 1942; most go unread, with the exception of Spoon River Anthology, which is among the most popular works of American poetry of the twentieth century. This collection of poems tells of the lives of the inhabitants of a fictional American town--Spoon River, Illinois. Many of the poems consider sickness and health in the community, and the insight they offer into human responses to illness continues to be relevant today, contributing not only to the lasting popularity of Spoon River Anthology, but also the literary value of the work.