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Presents a study which identified calcite specimens from the Minerva mine near Cave-in-Rock, Hardin County, Illinois, as replacement pseudomorphs of strontian barite after paralstonite. Attempt to identify the mineral optically; How quantitative chemical analyses of the specimens were obtained; What the initial X-ray experiment showed.

The article focuses on the emergence of transitional pairs, coins having the same denomination and date, but have different designs, in the U.S. The author mentions that transition coins were first made during the time of President Theodore Roosevelt, in which he ordered numismatists for the creation of more artistic coin designs. He adds that the president's desire led to the changes in gold issues and the cent.

The article offers information on coinage legislation in the U.S., including the Mint Act of February 21, 1853, Act of February 21, 1857, and Act of April 22, 1864, which impacts coin circulation.

The article discusses the history of coinage law in the U.S., including several obscure clauses.

The article provides an history of coinage acts in the U.S.; discusses how the U.S. U.S. Mint was defined by the Act of April 2, 1792; and reports the role of laws in creating a legacy to the U.S. coinage.

The article discusses mintage figures in determining U.S. coins rarity.

The article discusses that the U.S. Department of Treasury's attempt to establish truly American coinage led to the adoption of 20-cent piece and the relative values of silver and gold likewise played a strong role in finally getting the coin into production in 1875.

The article offers information on various unpopular coinage denominations that does not have value in circulation in the U.S. including Sacagawea and Presidential dollars.

The article discusses the history behind the U.S coinage dated between 1965 and 1966 with topics including its delayed striking, introduction of copper-nickel-clad dimes and introduction of the quarter dollar coins in the circulation.

The article discusses about U.S. coins dated 1965, which were struck mostly in 1966.

The article explores the standardization of American coins which were used as compensation to upheavel the Civil War. Topics discussed include success of base-metal coins, implementation of the Mint Act of 1873 and the use of trade dollar as the U.S. legal tender. An overview on the changes to the value of American coins from 1861 to 2009 is noted. It also highlights the significance of U.S. coinage towards the country's development and civilization.

The article discusses the history of coin denominations standardization in the U.S. coinage designs. Topics mentioned include the hiring of John Reich as second engraver of U.S. Mint under Chief Engraver Robert Scot in 1807, the prompt on general revision of silver and gold coinage designs, and presents the images of the 1854 three dollar piece, 1836 Capped Bust half dollar, and 1871 two cent coin.

The article offers information on several denominations of U.S. coins. It discusses the different features of the said coins including the first issue of Liberty Head nickels in 1883 and the use of thin planchets to counter the risk for silver coinage for clipping. It discusses the features of several coins in the country including the Draped Bust/Small Eagle Reverse half dollars.

The article focuses on some U.S. coins that were minted exclusively in the month of December. It is noted that since at least the 1880s, coins of the 1912 San Francisco Mint nickel denomination had been shipped west to the City by the Bay. It is mentioned that the 1916 Standing Liberty quarter dollar is another well-known coin that barely made it to production before year's end and had difficult gestation periods.

The article presents the author's views on the 1988 Kennedy half dollar coin. The author views that the quantities of circulating half dollars coined during the 1980s varied every year. The author further views that the half dollar has always been his favorite U.S. coin denomination, and collected every series within it by date and mint.

The article offers the author's view on the U.S. coins that are worth collecting. The author states that the 1918 Philadelphia Mint dime shows an obverse design at its pinnacle of perfection. The author notes the Type 1 1917(P) quarter in mint state with struck details was widely hoarded by collectors and was interpreted as a sign that its first edition would be rare. The author mentions the 1795 Flowing Hair half dollar with a grade of Very Fine (VF)-20 or higher.

The article offers information on two half dollars coins, dated 1854 and 1861, that played a significant role in history and since have been preserved in the Chicago Historical Society Museum in Illinois. Both coins are mounted face up on a single strip of black cardboard and because of that it is hard to determine whether they were struck at the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, or New Orleans Mint in Louisiana.

The article discusses ways how to distinguish U.S. Mint's proof coins. It states that these coins could be sorted out through professional certification. It emphasizes that determining a coiner's intent is one way to distinguish these coins from those which are non-proof. It also mentions that prooflike issues from retired proof dies like those in the Washington quarter series don't have similar surfaces as these coins.

The article offers information on the 1916 U.S. coins. It states that in the year 1916, mintages in the U.S. dramatically improves because of the demand in the U.S. exports. It mentions that 29 million pieces of Lincoln cent was struck by the Philadelphia Mint in 1915 and was quadrupled in 1916 with a figure of 132 million.

The article presents the author's insights on the use of different styles of lettering or text fonts in U.S. coins. The author cites his observations on the rare use of contemporary styles in the coins and provides information on coinage including the 1938 Jefferson nickel, the 1878 silver dollar, and the 1964 Kennedy half dollar. Moreover, he mentions the contributions of coin designer Felix Schlag and engravers James B. Longacre and Charles E. Barber in the history of the U.S. coinage.

The article looks at the shrinkage of the design features of U.S. coins. It is inferred that the changes were driven by the shifting priorities in the face of rising mintage since 1960 and the replacement of the master hubs. Illustration of changes to various coins that have been affected by the shrinkage are given, including nickels, dimes, and cents.

The article offers the author's view on collecting varieties of Van Allen and Mallis (VAMs) dollars in the U.S. The author states that the most problematic field of variety collecting is the Morgan and Peace dollars because of its high mintages which have countless minor varieties which are ignored by collectors of other type of coins. The author also mentions that the Morgan and Peace dollars attract high percentage of unsophisticated collectors.

The article offers the author's insight on the coin series in the 1950s, wherein, half dollars went into disuse, with few die varieties and low mintages. He states that mintages have been driven by economic growth due factors such as the onset of the Korean War and the economic recession in the 1950s. The author mentions that the Philadelphia Mint never again coined Franklin halves in large amounts through the coin shortage in 1963.

The article offers the author's insight on the dime coinage of U.S. in the 1950s. He says that each of the dimes from all three mints had production totaling below 20 million, which were all scarce in circulation and were subjected to hoardings. He collectors will face difficulty in assembling a set of Roosevelt dimes that have sharp strike and good luster. He discusses the quality of coins in the 1950s as quality control was the least priority of the U.S. Mint.

The article focuses on the nickel production and formation which was published in the journal "The Numismatist" and "The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine." It states that in August 1950, Denver Mint reported a small production of S-nickel worth $131,501.50. It says that the value of 1950-D nickel peaked in 1964 with individual coin selling for $25. It adds that the U.S. coins made in 1950 were produced on strict budgets that directs to over use of dies.

The article provides information on the U.S. coins and their production during 1950s. It mentions the impact of the World War II on the financing of the coin production in the U.S. minting facilities in 1950s. Meanwhile, it says that the coining operations of the San Francisco Mint were ceased in the spring of 1955 due to its smaller size.

The article reports on the emergence of transitional coin designs in the U.S. in 1916. It says that the transition was triggered by the misinterpretation of the 1890 law by the Mint Director Robert M. Woolley. It notes that the decision led to the introduction of three coins including the Winged Head Liberty, the Standing Liberty quarter dollar, and the Walking Liberty half dollar.

The article discusses the designs of the silver dollar coins in the U.S. in 1873, 1878 and 1921. It offers an overview of the coining on the Seated Liberty dollar after the move of Congress to terminate some denominations no longer needed in conducting commerce in 1873. It also is noted that the Morgan and Peace silver dollars of 1921 are considered as transitional pairs of coins which have the same denominations featuring different designs.

The article offers information on the several changes made by the U.S. Mint to various coins in the mid-19th century. It states the changes made to the double eagle gold coin by James B. Longacre, who experimented with its size. It mentions that the copper-nickel 5 cents was introduced in 1866 as a replacement for the despised 5-cent paper notes, which were themselves replacements for the widely hoarded silver half dimes.

The article focuses on the large mintages of nickel 5-cent pieces in 1800s-1900s in the U.S. It mentions the fall of mintage of nickels in 1885 to just 1,472,700 making the date the first key issue of the Liberty Head nickel series. Meanwhile, two milestones occurred in 1912 as Denver, Colorado and San Francisco, California mints had coined nickels for the first time.

The article reflects on the 100 years anniversary of the Liberty Head nickels that dates back from its coinage. Noted is that the Liberty Nickel was conceived to be part of a proposed three-denomination upgrade to the U.S.'s cent, 3 cents and 5 cents with matching designs and composition. The coin bears Charles Barber's bust of Liberty depicting the value of the coin expressed in numerals. However, the Mint rejected the concept and instead made space to include the word CENTS within the coin.

The article discusses quarter dollars, dimes, and nickels, which were all struck in 1923 at the San Francisco Mint in San Francisco, California. It states that the 1923-S nickels, like the cents, were coined in the declining month of 1923. It says that the mintage of the 1923-S dime was almost the same with that of the nickel. It adds that the quarter dollar is the rarest 1923-S coinage, in which only 1,360,000 pieces were produced by San Francisco in 1923.

The article focuses on the 1923-S coinage in the U.S. from the San Francisco Mint issues. It notes that the coins dated 1923 and bearing the "S" mintmark was a high-quality examples of San Francisco Mint issues that exhibited the detail of a Fine-grade coin at best. It states that the 11923-S coinage is sharply struck, well-detailed but seldom found with a pleasing appearance of mint-red color and toning streaks due to improperly mixed planchet alloys.