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Background: Limited evidence suggests that consuming a higher-protein diet during weight loss improves subjective indices of sleep in overweight and obese adults.Objective: We sought to a priori assess the effects of consuming the recommended versus a higher protein Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern during energy-restriction on sleep quality indices.Design: Using a randomized, parallel study design, 51 adults (mean ± SEM age: 47 ± 1 y; BMI: 32.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2) consumed a controlled USDA Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern containing 750 kcal/d less than their estimated energy requirement for 12 wk. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either 5 or 12.5 oz-equivalent (eq)/d of protein foods. The additional 7.5 oz-eq/d came from animal-based protein sources and displaced primarily grains. Objective (wrist-worn actigraphy) and subjective (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale) sleep quality indices were measured at baseline, week 6, and week 12.Results: Among all participants, body mass decreased (-6.2 ± 0.4 kg). Dietary protein intake did not affect any objective or subjective sleep quality outcomes measured (repeated measures ANOVA). Over time, objective measures of time spent in bed, time spent sleeping, sleep onset latency, and time awake after sleep onset did not change; however, sleep efficiency improved (1 ± 1%; P = 0.027). Subjectively, global sleep scores [GSS: -2.7 ± 0.4 arbitrary units (au)] and daytime sleepiness scores (-3.8 ± 0.4 au; both P < 0.001) improved over time. The GSS improvement transitioned the participants from being categorized with "poor" to "good" sleep (GSS: >5 compared with ≤5 au of a 0-21 au scale; baseline 7.6 ± 0.4 au, week 12: 4.8 ± 0.4 au).Conclusions: Although objective sleep quality may not improve, adults who are overweight or obese and poor sleepers may become good sleepers while consuming either the recommended or a higher-protein energy-restricted Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03174769. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of red meat in the United States has progressively declined over the past 35 years. This occurred in conjunction with public recommendations to reduce red meat intake, based mainly on associations between higher red meat intake and increased chronic disease risk. This narrative review presents and discusses results from both observational cohort studies that focus on cardiometabolic disease development and mortality and randomized controlled trials that focus on cardiometabolic disease risk factors. This review will also address the potential effect of categorizations of red meat and processed meats on our understanding of cardiometabolic health implications of consuming red meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the February 2015 final report submitted by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) to the Secretaries of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture, focusing on nutrition-related chronic disease prevention. Topics include the high prevalence of nutrition-related chronic diseases, a scientific evidence on the dietary and eating habits, and the significant changes on the lifestyle patterns.

Background: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends consuming a variety of "Protein Foods" based on "ounce-equivalent" (oz-eq) portions. No study has assessed the same oz-eq portions of animal- vs. plant-based protein foods on essential amino acid (EAA) bioavailability for protein anabolism in young and older adults., Objectives: We assessed the effects of consuming two oz-eq portions of pork, eggs, black beans, and almonds on postprandial EAA bioavailability in young and older adults., Methods: We conducted two investigator-blinded, randomized crossover trials in young ( n = 30; mean age ± SD: 26.0 ± 4.9 y) and older adults ( n = 25; mean age ± SD: 64.2 ± 6.6 y). Participants completed four testing sessions where they consumed a standardized meal with two oz-eq of either unprocessed lean pork, whole eggs, black beans, or sliced almonds. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min postprandially. Plasma EAA bioavailability was based on postprandial integrated positive areas under the curve., Results: Participant age did not affect EAA bioavailability among the four protein foods tested. Two oz-eq portions of pork (7.36 g EAA) and eggs (5.38 g EAA) resulted in greater EAA bioavailability than black beans (3.02 g EAA) and almonds (1.85 g EAA) in young and older adults, separately or combined ( p < 0.0001 for all). Pork resulted in greater EAA bioavailability than eggs in young adults ( p < 0.0001), older adults ( p = 0.0007), and combined ( p < 0.0001). There were no differences in EAA bioavailability between black beans and almonds., Conclusions: The same "oz-eq" portions of animal- and plant-based protein foods do not provide equivalent EAA content and postprandial bioavailability for protein anabolism in young and older adults.

Purpose: Conduct a systematic umbrella review to evaluate the relationship of physical activity (PA) with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD); to evaluate the shape of the dose-response relationships; and to evaluate these relationships relative to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report., Methods: Primary search encompassing 2006 to March, 2018 for existing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses reporting on these relationships. Graded the strength of evidence using a matrix developed for the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee., Results: The association of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and atherosclerotic CVD-including incident coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke and heart failure-are very similar. Increasing MVPA to guidelines amounts in the inactive US population has the potential to have an important and substantial positive impact on these outcomes in the adult population. The following points are clear: the associations of PA with beneficial health outcomes begin when adopting very modest (one-third of guidelines) amounts; any MVPA is better than none; meeting the 2008 PA guidelines reduces mortality and CVD risk to about 75% of the maximal benefit obtained by physical activity alone; PA amounts beyond guidelines recommendations amount reduces risk even more, but greater amounts of PA are required to obtain smaller health benefits; and there is no evidence of excess risk over the maximal effect observed at about three to five times the amounts associated with current guidelines. When PA is quantified in terms of energy expenditure (MET·h·wk), these relationships hold for walking, running, and biking., Conclusions: To avoid the risks associated with premature mortality and the development of ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and all-cause heart failure, all adults should strive to reach the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.

Background: Data on the protein requirements of elderly adults are limited, because it is impractical to conduct repeated nitrogen balance protocols in these vulnerable humans., Objective: This study was designed to determine the dietary protein requirement of elderly women by using the recently developed minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique., Design: Six white women aged 80-87 y [mean ± SEM: 82 ± 1 y and body mass index (in kg/m²) 26 ± 2] completed a 3-d protocol 7 times. Each woman consumed an adaptation diet for 2 d and on day 3 consumed a complete test diet with a crystalline amino acid mixture containing 1 of 7 protein intakes (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, or 1.8 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) tested randomly. A group-based protein requirement was assessed by using a nonlinear mixed model of protein intake and L-[1-¹³C]phenylalanine oxidation. The breakpoint, at which there was no further decline in the rate of appearance of ¹³C in the breath, was used as an index of the mean protein requirement., Results: The mean protein requirement (95% CI) was 0.85 (0.60, 1.09) g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹. This requirement is 29% higher than the current Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for adults of 0.66 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹ based on the nitrogen balance technique, although the 95% CI includes the current EAR. The corresponding adequate protein allowance of 1.15 (0.77, 1.54) g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹ is 44% higher, although the 95% CI includes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.80 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹., Conclusions: Notwithstanding uncertainty about the validity of the use of the IAAO technique to assess protein requirements, the results of this study with octogenarian women suggest that the current EAR and RDA for elderly women may be underestimated. The limitations of this short-term, noninvasive method underscore the need for new research that uses alternative experimental designs and measuring physiologic, morphologic, and health-related outcomes.

Purpose: Exercise-induced sweat calcium losses have been reported as substantial in male athletes. The first aim of the study was to quantify the increase in 24-h total dermal calcium losses and the net changes in calcium retention in active sportswomen after a 1-h strenuous exercise session. A second aim was to determine the effectiveness of calcium supplementation to offset any calcium loss., Methods: Twenty-six premenopausal sportswomen completed three 8-d intervention phases in a randomized-order, crossover design. The three phases were placebo+no exercise (control), placebo+exercise, and 400 mg of calcium as calcium carbonate (TUMS Ultra) twice daily+exercise. The supervised exercise was 1 h.d(-1) cycling at 65-70% of heart rate reserve. A controlled diet of approximately 450 mg.d(-1) of calcium and 24-h pooled urine and fecal collections allowed determination of calcium balance on days 5-8 of each phase. Twenty-four-hour dermal collections were made at the end of each phase using a whole-body washdown procedure., Results: Exercise increased (P<0.05) dermal calcium losses (means+/-SD, 92+/-49 vs 79+/-31 mg.d(-1) in the nonexercise intervention period), which was no longer significant (P=0.14) when calcium supplementation was provided (83+/-49 mg.d(-1)). Higher (P<0.01) urinary calcium excretion during calcium supplementation is suggestive of higher net calcium absorption. Exercise did not affect urinary calcium excretion indicating lack of compensation for dermal losses. Net calcium retention was positive only during the exercise+calcium supplementation intervention period., Conclusions: Calcium supplementation can correct for negative calcium balance attributable to low calcium dietary intake and additional dermal losses from exercise.