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Whether it is the hunt for the last surviving perpetrators of the Holocaust, the restitution of looted artworks, or new evidence of the complicity of governments in that immense crime against humanity by Germany and its allies, U.S. public interest in European war crimes has not flagged since the end of World War II. But the war crimes committed by Japan--including biological warfare, human experimentation, and massacres--have attracted much less attention in the six decades since the war's conclusion, though events such as the publication of Iris Chang's book The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II in 1997 created spikes in public interest. This article talks about the efforts made by the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group of filling the gap in files on wartime atrocities.

The article reports on the foundation of a new program of supervised experiences in teacher education in the U.S. The program has been organized at the University of Maryland and was divided into three categories namely field experiences for shorter, more basic activities, apprenticeships for more advanced, more comprehensive supervised practice and internships, a full-year, full-time supervised experiences of the most advanced kind. With regards to the supervision of candidates participating the program, every apprentice or intern is assigned to work under the direct supervision of an appropriate staff member in the co-operating school or school system.

The article presents a study that proposes to show aspects of the Stay-in-School Campaign, which had been started under the administration of the U.S. Office of Education, supported by the Departments of Labor and Defense. The participation of the Office of Education in the said campaign is in light of its own published findings in 1949 that the number one reason for dropping out seems to be preference to go to work rather than stay in school. However, need-theory offers some help in providing explanation for school staying and leaving, and self-theory of behavioristic psychology can each discuss pupil motivation for staying or leaving.

The article discusses the report of the American board on counseling services. The American Board on Counseling Services was incorporated in October, 1961. This new board supersedes the American Board on Professional Standards in Vocational Counseling, set up in 1957. The new board has the same general purpose as the old: to evaluate counseling agencies which seek the Board's approval. The major change is found in the expanded functions of the new Board, which now evaluates a wider range of counseling services. Several circumstances showed the need for changes in the functions of the prior board. A major circumstance was the request for the changes by counseling agencies, and by groups and individuals who have concerns with counseling. Two major tasks then faced the new board: setting up new evaluative criteria and adapting the Board's operations to the changed purposes and new criteria. The first task absorbed a major portion of the Board's efforts for half a year, and the resulting criteria are presented here to the Association's members.

Background and Objectives: In 2013, all neurosurgery programs were mandated to adopt a 7-year structure. We sought to characterize how programs use the seventh year of training (postgraduate year 7 [PGY7])., Methods: We surveyed all accredited neurosurgery programs in the United States regarding the PGY7 residents' primary role and the availability of enfolded fellowships. We compiled responses from different individuals in each program: chair, program director, program coordinator, and current chiefs., Results: Of 120 accredited neurological surgery residency programs within the United States, 91 (76%) submitted responses. At these programs, the primary roles of the PGY7 were chief of service (COS, 71%), enfolded fellowships (EFF, 18%), transition to practice (10%), and elective time (1%). Most residencies have been 7-year programs for >10 years (52, 57%). Sixty-seven programs stated that they offer some form of EFF (73.6%). The most common EFFs were endovascular (57, 62.6%), spine (49, 53.9%), critical care (41, 45.1%), and functional (37, 40.7%). These were also the most common specialties listed as Committee on Advanced Subspecialty Training accredited by survey respondents. Spine and endovascular EFFs were most likely to be restricted to PGY7 (24.2% and 23.1%, respectively), followed by neuro-oncology (12, 13.2%). The most common EFFs reported as Committee on Advanced Subspecialty Training accredited but not restricted to PGY7 were endovascular (24, 26.4%) and critical care (23, 25.3%)., Conclusion: Most accredited neurological surgery training programs use the COS as the primary PGY7 role. Programs younger in their PGY7 structure seem to maintain the traditional COS role. Those more established seem to be experimenting with various roles the PGY7 year can fill, including enfolded fellowships and transition-to-practice years, predominantly. Most programs offer some form of enfolded fellowship. This serves as a basis for characterization of how neurological surgery training may develop in years to come., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2023. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this report is to chronicle a 2-decade period of educational innovation and improvement, as well as governance reform, across the specialty of neurological surgery. Neurological surgery educational and professional governance systems have evolved substantially over the past 2 decades with the goal of improving training outcomes, patient safety, and the quality of US neurosurgical care. Innovations during this period have included the following: creating a consensus national curriculum; standardizing the length and structure of neurosurgical training; introducing educational outcomes milestones and required case minimums; establishing national skills, safety, and professionalism courses; systematically accrediting subspecialty fellowships; expanding professional development for educators; promoting training in research; and coordinating policy and strategy through the cooperation of national stakeholder organizations. A series of education summits held between 2007 and 2009 restructured some aspects of neurosurgical residency training. Since 2010, ongoing meetings of the One Neurosurgery Summit have provided strategic coordination for specialty definition, neurosurgical education, public policy, and governance. The Summit now includes leadership representatives from the Society of Neurological Surgeons, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the American Board of Neurological Surgery, the Review Committee for Neurological Surgery of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Academy of Neurological Surgery, and the AANS/CNS Joint Washington Committee. Together, these organizations have increased the effectiveness and efficiency of the specialty of neurosurgery in advancing educational best practices, aligning policymaking, and coordinating strategic planning in order to meet the highest standards of professionalism and promote public health.

Background: Placement of the distal shunt catheter into the peritoneum during ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery can be done with either laparoscopic assistance or laparotomy., Objective: To compare outcomes in laparoscopic-assisted vs laparotomy for placement of VPS in the Medicare population., Methods: Patients undergoing VPS placement, between 2004 and 2014, were identified by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes in the Medicare database. Demographic data including age, sex, comorbidities, and indications were collected. Six- and twelve-month complication rates were analyzed., Results: A total of 1966 (3.2%) patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted VPS and 60 030 (96.8%) patients underwent nonlaparoscopic-assisted VPS placement. Compared with traditional open VPS placement, the laparoscopic approach was associated with decreased odds of distal revision at 6- and 12-mo postoperatively (6 mo: odds ratio [OR] = 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.74; 12 mo: OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.94). At 6- and 12-mo postoperatively, multivariable regression analysis demonstrated increased odds of distal revision in patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 Kg/M2, history of open abdominal surgery, and history of laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Additionally, history of prior abdominal surgery and BMI > 30 Kg/M2 were significantly associated with increase odds of shunt infection at 6 and 12-mo, respectively., Conclusion: In the largest retrospective analysis to date, patients with a history of abdominal surgery and obesity were found to be at increased risk of infection and distal revision after VPS placement. However, the laparoscopic approach for abdominal placement of the distal catheter was associated with reduced rates of distal revision in this population, suggesting an avenue for reducing complications in well-selected patients., (© Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2021.)

Objective: Postgraduate training in medicine has been under scrutiny in the last 10 years, with a focus on improving residents' education. The aim of this study was to quantify trends in neurosurgery residency (NSR) training and education over the last 10 years., Methods: The authors assessed Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), National Resident Matching Program, and American Board of Neurological Surgeons records and searched PubMed to collate 2009-2019 data. Analyzed trends included residents' demographic data, programs' characteristics, graduation and attrition rates, match data, resident case logs, and qualitative educational curriculum changes., Results: Significant increases in residents' demographic data (p < 0.05) included the number of female residents (from 12.7% to 17.6%) and the absolute number of residents (from 1112 to 1462). Age (mean 28.8 years), ethnicity, and number of residents per program (mean 13 residents per program) were unchanged. There were 16 new ACGME NSR programs, with currently 115 programs nationwide. The number of applicants per year (324 applicants per year) and the matching rate (mean 64%) remained stable. The mean attrition rate of 2.6% (range 2%-4%) was higher than the mean 2.1% ACGME attrition rate, a rate that decreased from 3% in 2009 to 1.6% in 2019. Education curriculum changes aimed at the standardization of training across the US included residents' boot camp (2009), the Milestones project (2012), and mandatory 7-year training initiated in 2013. An increase in endovascular, functional, trauma, and spine resident caseload was noted. The number of yearly publications about US NSR education has significantly increased (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: NSR education has received greater attention over the last decade in the US. Standardization of training has been implemented. A steady number of students remain interested in neurosurgery, with an increased number of women entering the field. Attention to wellness, in addition to high-quality education, should be further assessed as a factor to improve the overall NSR training and retention rate.

U.S. veterans present with complex medical and psychosocial concerns postdeployment. Identification of psychosocial concerns is necessary for appropriate and targeted social work interventions to improve delivery and receipt of health care through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The purpose of this article is to identify specific psychosocial concerns of veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) presenting at the War Related Illness and Injury Study Center. A retrospective chart review of psychosocial concerns from all OIF/OEF veterans seen fromJune 2008 toJune 2010 provided data for this mixed methods study. Veterans in the sample (N= 356) reported an average of 5.2 psychosocial concerns (SD = 2.32, range = 0 to 11). The most commonly reported concerns were pain (72 percent), sleep (62 percent), cognition (61 percent), vocational issues (53 percent), education (49 percent), finances (42 percent), relationships (37 percent), anger (30 percent), substance abuse (23 percent), and social support (20 percent), though these categories were not exclusive and many veterans endorsed more than one category. Multiple psychosocial concerns reported by veterans suggest the need for targeted social work intervention.

Objective: Organized general surgery has recently proposed creation of a new acute care surgery subspecialty to include emergency care of basic neurosurgical and orthopedic surgical problems. Little is known about neurosurgical attitudes toward this proposal and alternative methods of improving access to emergency neurosurgical care., Methods: During a consensus session at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), electronic data were collected regarding neurosurgeons' attitudes toward acute care surgery, emergency neurosurgical care regionalization, and other regulatory options., Results: Ninety-nine attendees participated in polling, broadly representing private (45%) and academic (34%) practices from all regions of the United States. Eighty-nine percent reported taking emergency calls (75% at least twice per week), with the majority (57%) not receiving a stipend. Only 9% responded that routine emergency cases are frequently transferred from their hospital. The majority (60%) either agreed or strongly agreed that there are problems with neurosurgery emergency coverage in their region. Before the session, 89% were opposed to the acute care surgery initiative as a solution for neurosurgery emergency coverage and 85% favored regionalization of emergency care. Opinions did not change significantly following expert presentations and discussion., Conclusion: Neurosurgeons polled during a 2008 CNS consensus session opposed creation of an acute care surgery specialty within general surgery that covers neurosurgical emergencies, but they favored neurosurgical emergency care regionalization. The CNS consensus sessions provide a forum for discussing socioeconomic and professional issues important to neurological surgery and for formulating preliminary information and strategies of use to regulatory stakeholders in addressing these issues.